1.

INTRODUCTION

Over the years, engineers have found many ways to develop the impact force of fluids. Water
turbines are widely used throughout the world to generate power. By allowing fluid under pressure to
strike the vanes of a turbine wheel, mechanical work can be produced. Rotational motion is then produced
by the force generated as the jet strikes the vanes [2]. For example, the Pelton wheel has been used to
make flour. Further, the impulse turbine is still used in the first and also sometimes the second stage of a
steam turbine. Many other applications of fluid jets can be mentioned which reveals their technological
importance. Impact of jets apparatus enables experiments to be carried out on the reaction force produced
on vanes when a jet of water impacts on to the vane. The study of these reaction forces is a vital step in
the subject of mechanics of fluids which can be applied to hydraulic machinery such as the Pelton wheel
and the impulse turbine mention earlier.
In this experiment, we measure the force generated by a jet of water striking a flat plate or a
hemispherical cup, and compare the results with the computed momentum flow rate in the jet. This
experiment aims at accessing the different forces exerted by the same water jet on a variety of geometrical
different plates and weight pan. Under this experiment, the force generated by a jet of water striking a
deflector is measured.

2.0

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page ..1

Introduction ..2
Table of Contents.......3
Objectives .........4
Theory....4
Methodology .7
Results and Discussion..8
Conclusion...11
Reference.11

3.0

OBJECTIVE
1. To demonstrate and verify the integral momentum equation.
2. To find the impact forces on different plate shapes( experimental and theoretical values)
3. To calculate the force generated by a jet of water deflected by an impact and compared to
the momentum change of the jet.

4.0

THEORY
A theoretical model that a solid surface can withstand high force impact is acquired. When a jet of
water flowing with a steady velocity strikes a stationary surface, the water is deflected to flow
along the surface.

Figure 1: The Pattern of Water of Flat Plate

Figure 2: The Pattern of Water of Hemispherical Bowl

Some assumptions are made in order to proceed with this analysis.

Friction between the impact surface and the water jet is negligible.
The magnitude of the jet velocity does not change as the jet is turned.
Velocity profiles are uniform where the flow crosses the control surface
The jet exit is circumferentially symmetrical.

This assumption must be follow directly and if any of the impact surface cause flows that disturb
these assumptions, the measured reaction forces will not match the formulas for reaction forces
given below. Applying the conservation of mass to the jet streams gives
V1 A1 V2 A2 = 0

(1)

Where V stands for average velocity and A stands for cross-sectional area normal to direction of
average velocity. The subscript 1 and 2 represent inlet and outlet of control volume. Magnitude
velocity is assumed not changed, thus equation (1) simplifies to
A1 = A2 = A

(2)

The integral equation for momentum conservation in the z-direction is

F z = V z ( V . n^ ) dA
(3)

Applying the momentum equation in z-direction, force exerted by the jet on the vane, Fz is given
by :
F=Q(Vzout-Vzin)
where:
:density
Q: flow rate
Vzout : velocity after impact
VzIn : velocity before impact

The theoretical forces can be calculated by using the formula :

I.

Impact on plane target

For the plane target =90
Therefore cos =0

Ft
=( 1cos )=1
Qv
II.

Impact on hemispherical bowl

For the hemispherical bowl target =135
Therefore cos =-0.7071

Ft
=( 1cos )=1.7071
Qv
[5]

5.0

METHODOLOGY
a) Flat Plate
1. A flat plate was installed inside the model apparatus.
2. An 800 gram weight pan was position on top of the weight platform and the weight
platform was not in the same level as the level gauge.
3. The pump was switch on and the bench regulating valve was open slowly until the
weight platform reaches the level gauge.
4. After the flow of the water was steady, the pipe was closed to capture 5 Litres of
water and also time was taken.
5. Time taken to captured 5 Litres of water was recorded.
6. Step 2 to 5 was repeated with different weight pan which was 850 gram, 900 gram,
950 gram, 1000 gram, 1050 gram and 110 gram.
b) Hemispherical bowl
1. A hemispherical bowl was installed inside the model apparatus.
2. Step 2 to 5 from flat plate experiment was repeated with different weight pan
which was 800 gram, 900 gram, 1000 gram, 1100 gram, 1200 gram, 1300 gram.

6.0

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Weig

Actual,

ht (g)

Time (second)

Volumet

Velocit

Theoretic

Log

Log

Fa

ric Flow

y, V

al, Ft

Ft

(Newto

Rate, Q

(m/s)

(Newton)

8.205

1.322

0.91

0.121

1.399

4
0.92

0.146
0.175

n)

800

7.848

(m/s)
Readin

Readin

Averag

g1

g2

e Time

(secon

(secon

(secon

d)
31.54

d)
30.53

d)
31.04

1.611x1
-4

850

8.339

30.22

30.11

30.17

0
1.658x1

8.442

-4

900
950
1000
1050
1100

8.829
9.320
9.810
10.301
10.791

29.17
22.54
23.58
17.90
16.84

29.17
28.31
20.17
18.96
17.95

29.17

0
1.714x1

8.730

1.496

6
0.94

25.43

0-4
1.967x1

10.016

1.970

1
1.00

0.294

21.88

0-4
2.286x1

11.641

2.661

1
1.06

0.425

18.43

0-4
2.713x1

13.817

3.749

6
1.14

0.574

17.40

0-4
2.874x1

14.639

4.208

1
1.16

0.624

0-4
Table 1: Data of flat plate.

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
Log Ft

0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.1

1.2

Log V

Graph 3: The graph of log Ft versus log v of flat plate

Table 2 : Data of hemispherical bowl.
Weigh

Actual,

t (g)

Fa
(Newto
n)

Time (second)
Readin Reading Averag
g1

e Time

(secon

(second

(secon

d)

d)

Volumetr

Velocit

Theoretic

Log

Log

ic Flow

y,V

al, Ft

Ft

Rate, Q

(m/s)

(Newton)

(m/s)

800

7.848

900

8.829

1000
1100

9.810
10.791

30.38
31.27
22.15
20.40

31.01
30.54
26.65
21.90

30.70

1.630x1

8.296

1.351

0.91

0.13

30.91

0-4
1.620x1

8.240

1.333

9
0.91

1
0.12

24.40

0-4
2.050x1

10.436

2.139

6
1.01

5
0.33

21.15

0-4
2.360x1

2.846

9
1.08

0
0.45

3.485

1
1.12

4
0.54

3.947

5
1.15

2
0.59

12.040

-4

1200

11.772

18.56

19.67

19.12

0
2.620x1

13.322

-4

1300

12.753

18.13

17.79

17.96

0
2.780x1

14.179

0-4
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
Log

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.9

1.1

1.2

Log V

Graph 4 : The graph of log F_t versus log v of hemispherical bowl

In this experiment, both of the average reading shows that the time taken to collect 5 Liters of
water decrease as the weight of pan increase. This is because of the pressure increase on the jet. The
heavier the weight pan, the greater pressure needed to push the weight platform to the same level as level
gauge. The theoretical force and the actual force were not the same in this experiment due to friction

between the impact surface and the water jet, the magnitude of the jet velocity does not change as the jet
is turned, velocity profiles are uniform where the flow crosses the control surface and the jet exit is
circumferentially symmetrical. That is why assumptions are made in this experiment. But it showed that
both of the force was connected and both of the forces are directly proportional.
The surface of vanes affected the pattern of the water. When the water hit a 90 flat surface
towards jet, the water spread parallel to the surface making the force in y-direction is zero and only the
force in x-direction exist. This is because y=sin (90 ) is equal to 0 and x=cos(90 ) equal to1 .But,
when the fluid hit a hemispherical bowl, the fluid push toward the shape of the bowl and thus x-direction
and y-direction exist. As long as the angle of the surface is not 90

or 0

then force are present in

both direction. By analysing the table and the graph, we get that the theoretical force of hemispherical
bowl is higher than flat plate.
The shape of both graphs of log v versus log F_t is a straight line. This shows that log v is directly
proportional to log F_t. The increase of the velocity of water will increase the momentum of water, this is
due to momentum equal to mass times velocity. The reading of hemispherical bowl with the load of 900g
was incorrect. The time needed of the water to reach 5 Liters with the load 900g should be shorter than
800g theoretically. This error occurred might be because of the human error and parallax error. Example
error that might have happen was observing the level of platform pan is the same with the level of the
level gauge. Other error that can be take into count was, quickly close the valve when the platform reach
the gauge level. The water flow rate was not steady yet and making the collection of water to be
inaccurate. Furthermore, it is also because of repeating the experiment twice. The standard repeatition is
three times so that the average will be more accurate compare to twice.

7.0

CONCLUSIONS
Overall, the experiment succeeded in showing the impact forces acting on different plate shapes.
All the objectives were met when doing this experiment. The result shows that the flat plate and
hemisphere bowl have a directly proportional relation. From conservation of momentum in 2D
collisions, momentum is a vector and it has x-direction and y-direction [3]. The total momentum
in the x-direction and in the y-direction is conserved during a collision. When a fluid hit a 90
flat surface towards jet, the fluid spread parallel to the surface making the y-direction is zero and
only x-direction exist. But, when the fluid hit a hemispherical bowl, the fluid push toward the
shape of the bowl and thus x-direction and y-direction exist. In conclusion, hemispherical bowl
has a larger momentum force than flat plate.

8.0

REFERENCES
[1] R. Sabbah, "Impact of a jet," 2016. [Online]. Available:
http://www.academia.edu/7467087/Impact_of_a_jet. Accessed: Feb. 28, 2016.
Inline Citations: [1]
[2] "EXPERIMENT NO. 3 IMPACT OF JET,". [Online]. Available: http://eerc03-iiith.virtuallabs.ac.in/exp12/9.Jets.pdf. Accessed: Feb.28, 2016.
Inline Citations: [2]
[3]

"Conservation

of

momentum

in

2D

collisions,".

[Online].

Available:

http://www1.dcsdk12.org/secondary/chs/staff/mwkelly/teachers/kellyweb/ConservationofMomen
tumin2DCollisions.htm. Accessed: Feb. 29, 2016.
[4] "Experiment instructions HM 150.08 impact of jet apparatus," 2006. [Online]. Available:
http://www.eng.ucy.ac.cy/EFM/Manual/HM%2015008/HM15008E-ln.pdf. Accessed: Mar. 1, 2016.
Inline Citations: [4]

[5] M. Khalil, E. Alastal, Y. Mohammed, and Mousa, "Hydraulics lab (ECIV 3122) experiment
(3): Impact of jet,". [Online]. Available: http://site.iugaza.edu.ps/mymousa/files/Experiment-3hydraulics-lab-.pdf. Accessed: Mar. 1, 2016.

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