Formulae

1. Heat withdrawn from an infinite reservoir

Wmax AE Q1 T0 ds

2. Heat withdrawn from a finite reservoir

T1 T2

T1.T2

T0Q1
Increase in Unavailable energy or decrease in AE=
3. Availability of Closed system
AE Wmax Wmax Watm
useful

AE (u1 T0 s1 P0 v1 ) (u2 T0 s2 P0v2 )

AE 1 2
4. Availability of Open system undergoing process 1-2

C2
g.z1
C2 2
g . z2
AE h1 T0 s1 1

T
s

2 0 2

2000 1000
2000 1000

AE 1 2
..neglecting KE and PE

5. Irreversibility
I Wrev Wact

Power producing devices

Wact Wrev

Power consuming devices

I T0 . s univ
6. Wact

q Wact ke pe h

7. Effectiveness or Second Law efficiency

W
II act
Power producing devices
Wrev

Wrev
Wact

Power consuming devices

Where Q1 = heat supplied

T0 = Atmospheric temperature

AE = Available energy
1 h1 T0 s1

2 h2 T0 s2