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Everyt hing you want ed t o know about Sent ence Correct ion grammar.
But , did not know who t o ask.
PARTS OF
SPEECH
PARTS OF
SENTENCES
KEY CONCEPTS
ON GMAT
VERBAL
OUR INSTRUCTORS
Arun Jagannat han
Verbal Faculty
Over the past 11+ years, Arun has coached and mentored over 4000
students, teaching at major test prep institutions in India. Arun has 99th
percentile on the GMAT! He has personally designed the CrackVerbal
GMAT curriculum from the ground up to include every feature he saw as
missing in traditional courses and has also devised all-new techniques to
help out students. He is an active and well-respected presence on
popular online GMAT forums such as Pagalguy.com (member since
2003,and one of the official MBA consultants), beatthegmat.com and
gmatclub.com.
Saikiran Dudyal a
Verbal Faculty
With Saikiran, what started off with taking tuition classes for Science and
English for school kids at home manifested into a career in no time. With
an experience of close to 6 years in this industry, Saikiran has trained
hundreds of students for a plethora of courses ranging from Spoken
English and Communication skills to GMAT, GRE, SAT, PSAT, ACT, IELTS
and TOEFL.He likes to read, cook and listen to music during his spare
time.
Al Ameen
Verbal Faculty
Al-Ameen is an alumnus of ISB hyderabad and has 710 on the GMAT. He
has worked with a lot of top brands in helping them re-target their
audience and has been instrumental in delivering a digital audience to
all his clients. Having backpacked to more than 10 countries so far,
Al-Ameen is a Rapper, Karaoke Artist and an Emcee who has been
featured in the Economic Times. He has been on stage for over 11 years
so far.Nietzsche and Camus. Loves to go on really long cycle rides
whenever possible.
Srikant h Singh
Shrikant is an alumnus of ISB Hyderabad and IIT Kharagpur. He had
4+ years of experience in Analytics before his MBA and is currently
working with Amazon as a Planning Manager. He loves teaching and
interacting with students as he believes that it keeps him on his toes.
Mohammed Junaid
Quant Faculty
Junaid, an M.Sc. in Mathematics, has a total of 5 years of experience in
Teaching. Having taught 100s of students for a plethora of Test Prep
courses like GMAT, GRE, SAT etc. Junaid loves solving Problems and
Puzzles in his free time. A volley ball player in the college, Junaid is a
also a cricket enthusiast.
Adit ya Kumar
Quant Faculty
Aditya is an engineer by qualification, an alumnus of the famous M.S
Ramaih institute of Technology. His foray into teaching was a
serendipitious accident, but once he discovered how good he was at it,
he has not looked back. He has 3 years of test-prep experience, teaching
GMAT, GRE and SAT. His super-power is his ability to uncomplicate a
tangled mess of information into simple, byte-sized facts. He loves
numbers and think they tell a story, if you listen closely enough. His
TABLE OF CONTENTS
# 1 Nouns ...........................................................................................? ? ? ? ..? 8
# 2 Pronouns ? ....................................................................? ? ? .......................13
# 3 Adject ives .? ? .? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ...............................................? ? ? ...16
# 4 Verbs .........? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ......................? ? ? ? ? ? .................18
# 5 Adverbs .........? ..................? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .................21
# 6 Preposit ions ....................? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .................23
# 7 Conjunct ions ........? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ..........? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .................25
# 8 Int erject ions .........? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ...........? ? ? ? ? ? .................27
# 9 Part s of Sent ences ..? ? ? .....? ? ? ................................................................28
# 10 Phrases and Cl auses ...............? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .................31
# 11 Verbal s ..........................? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .................33
# 12 Punct uat ions ................? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .................36
# 13 Subject Verb Agreement .............? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .................37
# 14 Pronouns ........? ? ? ? ? .............? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .................39
# 15 Modif iers .......................? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .................40
# 16 Comparisons .........? ? .......? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .................43
# 17 Tenses ........? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ..................................47
# 18 Idioms ..........................? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .................49
INTRODUCTION
This 5-Day Handbook will help you brush-up your basic grammar, especially that required to
ace the Sentence Correction section on the GMAT.
In this guide, we will discuss concepts as elementary as parts of speech, parts of sentences,
tenses, idioms etc, but they will all be dealt with from a GMAT perspective.
- You need not memorize numerous grammatical terms and rules to score 700+ on the
GMAT. These are mentioned here only to help you understand concepts. You simply need
to understand how to apply grammatical concepts to crack SC problems!
- You need not go through the entire deck in one sitting. This material has been organized
day-wise rather than section-wise on purpose. Every day, spend time reading and digesting
only the pertinent section and nothing more.
Here?s the good news ? GMAT Sent ence Correct ion t est s you on onl y 7 grammar concept s,
namely:
1. Subject Verb Agreement
2. Pronouns
3. Modif iers
4. Paral l el ism
5. Tenses
6. Comparison
7. Idioms
PARTS OF SPEECH
The English language consists of just 8 basic Parts of Speech. Some words portray the name of
a person or place. Some describe actions. Some join two or more words and others describe
the quality of an object.
Let us look at this sentence:
Wow! Sophia and her l it t l e sist er sang beaut if ul l y at t he part y.
This sentence is composed of all the 8 parts of speech:
Adverb: beautifully
Pronoun: her
Preposit ion: at
Verb: sang
# 1 NOUNS
A noun is a ?naming word?. It is used to name an object, place, person,
animal, trait or action.
Examples:
-
Names of
Names of
Names of
Names of
By adding suffixes to words, we can make them nouns. For example, prosper-prosperity,
aspire-aspiration,exclaim-exclamation etc.
Common noun suf f ixes are - ness, -ity, -ure, and ?ition
Amusingly, at times the same noun can be countable and uncountable, leading to a different
meaning.
Examples:
Noise (as countable noun): Did you hear the noise coming from back side?
Noise (as non-countable noun): Increasing vehicles on the road are creating noise pollution.
Work: One of her most famous works included her latest Arabic song.
Work: Without any work, William felt bored.
Are you cl ear about count abl e and uncount abl e nouns? Test yoursel f
wit h t his mini exercise dril l !
If you notice in these examples, singular verbs are used with collective nouns as a whole unit
and plural verbs in case of a collection of individual elements.
More examples:
Association, audience, class, club, college, committee, community, company, crowd,department,
electorate, enemy, family, firm, generation, government, group, jury,orchestra, population,
press, public, school, staff, team, university, and the names ofspecific organizations such as the
Royal Bank of Scotland, the AIR, Oracle, Maruti.
You can check out a huge l ist of Col l ect ive Nouns here!
Possessive Nouns
Possessive nouns refer to those nouns that are used to illustrate that something belongs to
somebody or something. We generally add ('s) to a singular noun and an apostrophe (') to a
plural noun.
Examples:
The girl?s dress (one girl)
The girls?dresses (two or more girls)
If you observe these examples, in the first case, as there is only one girl, ('s) is added to the
singular noun. And in the second case, there are more than a single girl, an apostrophe (') is
added to the plural noun.
Wat ch t his short int eract ive present at ion t o l earn more about
Possessive Nouns!
Other examples of abstract nouns are concepts like independence, power, trust, happiness,
intelligence, sympathy, anger, hatred, compassion, beauty, skill, integrity, misery, beliefs, pain,
knowledge, and so on.
Singul ar and Pl ural Nouns
In GMAT, one of the most vital noun-related questions includes the differences between the
singular and plural nouns.
- A Singular noun refers to one entity only, such as pen, dog, moon, girl, etc.
- Plural nouns refer to more than one entity such as flowers, dresses, tables, hands, lamps, etc.
- Usually, plural nouns end in ?s?or ?es?but this is not a thumb rule. Not all nouns ending with
?s?or ?es?are plural nouns such as Thomas Gates.
Compound Nouns
Compound nouns refer to those nouns that are constructed by two or more words. Some
compound nouns are adjoined by a hyphen. You must have come across these types of nouns
quite often.
Examples:
Output, newspaper, toothpaste, father-in-law,
dry-cleaner, underpass, whiteboard, paper-clip,
check-in, carpet, eyeball, moonlight, rainbow,
bodyguard, houseboat, inside, joystick,
well-being, and so on
Try out t his mini-dril l t o see how wel l you have underst ood Compound
Nouns!
Concret e Nouns
Concrete nouns refer to those nouns that you can experience with your five senses. These
nouns can be touched, seen, heard, felt or smelled. Concrete nouns can be recognized by at
least one of your five senses.
Examples:
- This perf ume has a captivating fragrance.
- Learn how to eat with f ork and knif e.
- The t eacher shouted at the st udent s.
# 2 PRONOUNS
A Pronoun refers to a word that works as a substitute for a noun. It is used to replace a noun or
another pronoun such as I, my, us, he, she, we, you, thou, these, those, this, that, they, it,
everyone, each, all, both, such, who, your, his, her, our, their, somebody, everybody, etc.
Pronouns remove the unnecessary elements of repetitiveness from your sentences.
For Example:
While writing an essay on your best friend Sam, instead of writing
Sam is my best friend. Sam is eight years old. Sam?s father is a doctor? .
With pronouns, we can rephrase the essay like:
Sam is my best friend. He is eight years old. His father is a doctor? ..
Types of Pronouns
1. Subject Pronouns
Subject pronouns refer to those pronouns are that are used as a subject or predicate noun
such as I, he, she, you, we, they, it, who, etc.
Examples:
- They will reach the party hall in half an hour.
- She is a teacher.
2. Object Pronouns
Object pronouns refer to those pronouns that are used as an indirect object, direct object, or
object of a preposition such as you, me, her, him, them, whom, it, us.
Examples:
- Can you please tell me the way to the City hospital?
- Please return the book to me in two days.
Test your knowl edge of Subject and Object Pronouns here and here!
3. Singul ar Pronouns
Singular pronouns are those pronouns that appear to be plural at their surfaces. Infact, only
singular verbs are used after these pronouns. Can you recall some of these? Such as each, any,
anybody, everybody, everyone, anything, nobody, etc
Examples:
Each of these students was involved in the prank.
Nobody has submitted the assignment to me.
Some of the Singular indefinite pronouns are: each, every, everyone, anyone, someone,
nobody, etc.
Some of the Plural Indefinite pronouns are: few, many, others, several, etc.
Some of the singular/ plural indefinite pronouns are: most, any, none, etc.
7. Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns refer to those pronouns that replace possessive nouns.
For e.g. my, mine, your, yours, her, hers, his, our, ours, its, their, theirs, whose.
Examples:
- Your dress is very pretty.
- Our team will win this match.
# 3 ADJECTIVES
An adjective refers to a word that describes, identifies or quantifies words, making them more
meaningful. Adjectives are necessary to make the meanings of sentences more precise and
relevant. Common suffixes for adjectives are -able, -ous, and ?er. They are placed directly
preceding a noun or noun phrase.
Such as beautiful, soft, healthy, taller, ten, wooden, green, etc
Examples:
He looks handsome in formals.
Sandra is short er than her sister.
# 4 VERBS
Verbs refer to words that depict action, existence, or happening. The verb is possibly the most
significant parts of speech. It is not possible to make a meaningful sentence without a verb in
it. Even the shortest sentence comprises a verb. Such as ?Shoot!? Words like are, was, play, run,
teach, write, are all verbs.
Examples:
The children wil l pl ay in the evening.
She visit s the hospital twice a week.
Verbs are usually referred to as ?action?words. This is true to a great extent. Such as do, work,
dig, add, cook, and so on. However, some verbs instead of expressing an action, describe the
idea of existence such as be, exist, belong, seem, and so on.
Examples:
Henry seems very happy.
Let it be here.
Types of Verbs
1.
Helping verbs refer to those verbs that have no meaning on their own, however they are vital
for the correct grammatical structure of the sentence. These verbs do not convey much when
used alone. Helping verbs are generally used with the Main verbs.
Examples:
-
He must
The shop wil l
Andrew can
Main verbs
Main verbs refer to those verbs that have a proper meaning of their own. They express
something concrete.
Examples:
- Michael sings.
- Dogs bark.
Test your underst anding of Transit ive & Int ransit ive Verbs here!
Act ive and Passive Verbs
We generally speak in Act ive voice in which the subject of the verb is the agent. It expresses ?
?Who does what?.
Examples:
The teacher explained the lesson to the students.
The customer ordered the dinner.
Conversely, the Passive voice is used quite less in comparison to active voice. In passive voice
the subject receives the action of the verb being performed by the object. It expresses ?
?What was done by whom?
Examples:
The lesson was explained to the students by the teacher.
The dinner was ordered by the customer.
# 5 ADVERBS
Adverbs refer to those words that modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a phrase or a
clause. An adverb depicts time, place, manner, cause, or degree and answers questions such as
?where?, ?when?, "how," "how much", etc. Some adverbs are characterized by the suffixes like
?ly? and ?ily? such as easily, softly, eagerly, slowly, more, fast, willingly and so on.
Examples:
- Robin finished his homework quickl y in order to watch the cricket match.
- She was eagerl y waiting for her results to be out.
The main difference between adjectives and adverbs is that adjectives describe ?nouns?and
adverbs describe ?verbs?. An adverb can be placed just before or just after a verb, such as
"She answered all the questions conf ident l y?.
Types of Adverbs
There are different types of adverbs as mentioned below:
1. Adverbs of Manner answer the question ?How?? This adverb is generally placed after the
direct object or if there is no direct object, after the verb itself.
Examples: anxiously, carefully, kindly, loosely, suddenly, etc
2. Adverbs of Time answer the question ?When?? This adverb is generally placed either at the
very beginning of the sentence or at the end.
Examples ? tomorrow, tonight, frequently, seldom, later, etc
3. Adverbs of Pl ace answer the question ?Where?? This adverb is generally placed after the
object, otherwise after the verb.
Examples above, here, indoors, towards, elsewhere, etc
4. Adverbs of Degree answer the question ?To What Extent?? This adverb is generally placed
before the word it modifies.
Examples nearly, almost, just, quite, too, etc
5. Adverbs of Frequency answer the question ?How many times?? This adverb is placed after
the verb ?to be?.
Examples weekly, rarely, daily, often, sometimes, etc
# 6 PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions refer to those words that connect nouns, pronouns to other words in a sentence.
Prepositions are placed before a noun or a pronoun and provide a grammatical relation to a
verb, adjective, or another noun or pronoun. Thus, a preposition depicts a chronological,
logical or spatial relationship such as on, at, by, over, above, against, in, from and so on.
In the following examples we will see how prepositions can alter the position of the same
object.
Examples:
-
As you can see above, in each of these sentences, a preposition positions the noun ?pen?.
# 7 CONJUCTIONS
Conjunctions refer to the words or phrases that help to link words, clauses, phrases, or
sentences.
Such as but, and, because, as, yet, or and so on. Interestingly, some conjunctions like ?but? and
?for? can also be used as prepositions.
Examples
-
In the first sentence, the subordinating conjunction ?if? is establishing a dependent clause ?if
you eat nutritious diet? and in the second sentence, the subordinating conjunction is
establishing a dependent clause ?after he graduated from college?.
# 8 INTERJECTIONS
Though sound to be complicated and huge, interjections refer to tiny exclamations that do not
have any relevant grammatical significance, though they are used quite often, especially in
verbal conversation. Interjections are basically used to express an emotion or sentiment such
as Hey! Oh! Ouch! Um! Shh! Interjections may or may not be followed by an exclamation mark
(!) in written communication. In most cases, interjections are positioned in the starting of the
sentences.
Examples:
-
Interjections fill in the gaps when people do not know exactly what to say such as um and er.
Examples:
- To reach the famous bakery shop, you take? er? a left turn.
- I will reach home by? um? six in the evening.
# 9 PARTS OF SENTENCES
Parts of sentences are nothing but a collection of phrases and clauses that portray how
sentences are constructed by linking these together. Though parts of speech and parts of
sentences are not directly linked, a thorough knowledge of these two will build up your
confidence to face GMAT. In a part of sentence, a subject could be anything, a noun, a pronoun
or even a phrase or a clause. To form a grammatically correct English sentence, you need to be
clear about various concepts like subject, object, predicate, phrase, clause and modifiers. Once
you go through these, you will get a clearer picture how to approach GMAT questions.
Consider the following sentences:
- After it stopped raining
- While he was sleeping
- Until you reach home safely
Do you find anything ambiguous about these sentences? Are they complete by themselves?
Certainly not! These sentences come under the category of ?sentence fragments?as these
sentences express unfinished ideas. Anyone who will read these sentences will be requiring
more information to get a complete idea of the writer or speaker.
Now, consider these sentences:
- Jenny drove his car.
- He wept.
- Joseph ran.
Do you find above sentences complete? Certainly yes! Thus, these are not examples of
sentence fragments. A sentence fragment doesn?t mean it has to be short, it only means that it
is incomplete.
So, now you must got an outline what goes into constructing a meaningful sentence
composed of phrases and clauses. Let?s delve a little more into what are the different parts of
sentences, what functions they perform and how these should be connected to form
grammatically correct sentences and avoid errors relating to run-on sentences, lack of
subject-verb agreement and lack of parallel structure.
Subject
Subject refers to the person or a thing who or which performs the action of the verb. In
simpler words, subject is the ?noun?to which the sentence's verb refers to. A subject is like a
?leader?of the sentence. Examples:
- Jul ie is eating the lobster.
- Annie has written this poem.
In the first sentence, the verb or the action is ?eating?. This action is performed by Julie, who is
the subject of the sentence. In the second sentence, Annie is the subject who is performing
the action of ?writing?.
Object
Object refers to the person or a thing upon whom or upon which the action of the verb is
performed. It showcases the subject?s action or relates to the subject. In the first example, the
action of ?eating?is performed upon the ?lobster?. So, lobster is the object of the sentence. And
in the second example, the action of ?writing?is performed upon the poem, so poem is the
object in this sentence. A sentence may have indirect objects along with the direct ones.
Examples:
- Please send me that email .
In this example, ?email?is the direct object and ?me?is the indirect object.
Predicat e
Predicate refers to what a person or a thing does or did or what happened to a person or to a
thing? A predicate consists of a verb and other parts of speech.
Certain rules for predicate include
- The predicate must agree in number with the subject
- It must have the correct tense, and it must be in the proper voice (active or passive)
To clarify, in the first sentence, the phrase ?is eat ing? is the predicate and in the second
sentence ?has writ t en?is the predicate of the sentence. Thus, it is necessary for the predicate
to have a verb, infact at times, a verb all by itself can also be a predicate. Nevertheless, it will
be wrong to conclude that a predicate and a verb are synonymous, as some verbs are not
predicates and some predicates will have something more than just verbs.
Cl auses
A Cl ause refers to a collection of words that consists of both a Subject and a Predicate, but
may not be able to convey full meaning independently. Some sentences may contain a single
clause and some multiple clauses knitted within other clauses.
Examples:
- The student, who came f irst , is very hard-working.
- Mary failed in her exams, which I didn?t expect .
Types of Cl auses
1. Independent Cl ause
Independent clause is a clause which can stand by themselves and form a complete sense on
its own. It does not require any other clause as it comprises sufficient information to construct
a complete sentence.
Examples:
- Betty didn?t like the food but she enjoyed the dessert.
In the above sentence, we have two independent clauses ? "Betty didn?t like the food" and
"she enjoyed the dessert ", joined by a coordinating conjunction ("but").
2. Dependent Cl ause
Dependent clause is a clause that does not form a complete sense by itself. It is dependent on
some other clauses to form a meaningful sentence.
Examples:
- If you l end me t hat book, I will be grateful to you.
- When I was in New York, I worked for a law firm. o-list
NOTE:
Phrases t oget her f orm a Cl ause and Cl auses f orm a Sent ence.
As several punct uat ion marks--such as commas, semicol ons, and col ons are based on
phrases and cl auses, it is crucial t o underst and t he dif f erences bet ween phrases,
cl auses, independent and dependent cl auses.
# 11 VERBALS
(GERUNDS, PARTICIPLES & INFINITIVES)
A verbal refers to a word formed from a verb but works as a different part of speech such as
nouns or adjectives. These words signify action in a general way, without limiting the action to
any time, or asserting it of any subject.
There are 3 kinds of Verbals ? Gerunds, Participles & Infinitives
Gerunds
A gerund refers to a verbal that terminates in -ing and works as a noun and is positioned
similarly in a sentence that a noun would generally such as subject, direct object, subject
complement, and object of preposition.
Examples:
- In college, he was famous for his dancing.
- My favorite pastime activity is f ishing.
In the above examples, words like ?dancing?and ?fishing?are used as a noun and not as a verb,
making them gerunds.
Part icipl es
A participle refers to a verbal that usually ends in ?ing or ?ed and is used as an adjective.
Though it is more of an adjective, it has some characteristics of verbs and some of adjectives.
Since participles function as an adjective, they can only modify nouns or pronouns.
Examples:
- The night sky was dotted with shoot ing stars.
- Her cheeks were stained with drying tears.
2.
3.
4.
Dist inct ion bet ween Inf init ives and Preposit ional phrases
There is a clear distinction between infinitives and prepositional phrases. An infinitive
consists of ?to + verb?, whereas a prepositional phrase consists of ?preposition + a noun or
pronoun and any modifiers.?
Examples:
Inf init ive: Ask him t o sit in the class.
Here ?to?is the preposition and ?sit?is the verb.
Preposit ional Phrase: The traveler rested under t he shaded t ree.
Here ?under?is the preposition, ?the shaded?is the modifier and ?tree?is the noun.
# 12 PUNCTUATIONS
Punctuation marks enable us to structure our sentences more accurately. For e.g.
period/ full-stop(.), comma (,), question mark (?), exclamation mark (!), colon (:), semi-colon (;),
apostrophe (&), brackets (()), quote (?), hyphen (-) etc.
The colon (:) and semi-colon (;) are tested on the GMAT.
1. Col on(:)
The colon is used in 2 situations:
Whil e int roducing a l ist :
- Beth is planning to buy a few vegetables: capsicum, ladyfinger, carrot, cabbage,
cauliflower and snake gourd.
Whil e int roducing an expl anat ion or an exampl e:
- There was only one possible explanation: the flight had never arrived.
2. Semicol on(;)
Semicolons are used to split sentences that are grammatically independent but still have
closely linked meaning.
Example:
- Annie is fond of ice creams; Joseph prefers chocolates.
Sometimes, conjunctions can be used in place of semicolons.
Example:
- Annie is fond of ice creams but Joseph prefers chocolates.
We cannot use a comma in place of a semicolon ? this would result in what is
known as a ?run-on sentence?.
Example:
- Annie is fond of ice creams, Joseph prefers chocolates.
# 14 PRONOUNS
Col l ect ive Nouns
The team is going to play the match tomorrow.
This sentence is correct because ?the team of 11 players?is not seen as a collection of
individuals but as a single subject, requiring a singular verb ?is?.
On the GMAT, there are only two pronoun concepts you need to remember:
1. Pronouns must agree in number with the nouns they replace.
Example:
- The plight of the animals after it was chased out of the forest was piteous.
Plural ?animals?requires plural pronoun ?they?and plural verb ?were?.
- The plight of the animals after they were chased out of the forest, was piteous.
2. Pronouns must have unambiguous antecedents. i.e. it must be clear what noun each
pronoun refers to.
Example:
- The tourists are afraid of the leeches as they suck their blood.
- ?they?and ?their?have ambiguous antecedents ? who is sucking whose blood?
# 15 MODIFIERS
A modifier is a non-compulsory constituent in a phrase or a clause. It changes the meaning of
another element in the sentence, on which it is dependent. A modifier can be long or short. On
the GMAT, modifiers can be pretty long.
Basic Rul es f or Modif iers:
1. The modif ier shoul d be pl aced as cl ose as possibl e t o what it modif ies;
ot herwise t he ent ire meaning of t he sent ence get s al t ered drast ical l y.
Examples:
Possessing fifteen legs, Shyam had never seen such a creature in his life.
Who has fifteen legs? Shyam or the creature? The creature, of course!
Thus, the modifier ?Possessing fifteen legs? should be placed close to ?creature? and not
?Shyam?. Possessing fifteen legs, the creature was unlike anything Shyam had ever seen in his
life.
2. An adject ive can modif y onl y a noun or a pronoun; adverbs can modif y al most anyt hing
except a noun or a pronoun.
Examples:
- Adjective modifying nouns and pronouns:
This is a f ascinat ing book. (the adjective ?fascinating?modifies the noun ?book?)
A modifying phrase can appear not only at the start of a sentence, but also in in the middle or at
the end.
Examples:
- Mrs. D?Souza, t he t al l l ady, teaches us English.
- He fell to the floor, his l imbs f l ail ing hel pl essl y.
?That? is used for an essential modifier ? its removal will change the meaning of the sentence.
?Which? is used for a non-essential modifier ? its removal will not affect the meaning of the
sentence.
# 16 COMPARISONS
Compared it ems must be l ogical l y simil ar.
Example:
- The doctors of City hospital are more dedicated than other hospitals.
This sentence is incorrect because it is comparing doctors with hospitals, which is illogical.
The correct sentence is:
- The doct ors of City hospital are more dedicated than t hose of other hospitals.
Compared it ems must be grammat ical l y simil ar.
It means that nouns should be compared with nouns, verbs with verbs, etc. It is grammatically
wrong to compare a noun with an adverb or an adjective with a pronoun.
Example:
Paul likes eating yogurt more than to drink buttermilk.
This sentence is incorrect because it is comparing ?eating?(gerund) with ?to drink?(infinitive).
This is grammatically incorrect.
The correct sentence is:
Paul likes eat ing yogurt more than drinking buttermilk.
Il l ogical Comparisons
- The flowers in this vase are much more beautiful than other vases.
This sentence indicates an illogical comparison, as it is ridiculous to compare flowers with
vases.
A logical comparison would be:
- The f l owers in this vase are much more beautiful than the f l owers in other vases.
- The f l owers in this vase are much more beautiful than t hose in other vases.
Comparative forms are used when we compare two things, and superlative forms are used
when we compare more than two things.
Examples:
- Between Charles and Stephen, Charles is smartest.
- Among all the students, Rene is more intelligent.
Both the above sentences are incorrect! In the first sentence, as the comparison is between
two people, comparative form should be used. In the second sentence, as the comparison is
between more than two people, superlative form should be used.
- Bet ween Emily and Kate, Kate is t al l er.
- Among all the students, Rene is the most int el l igent .
Read more about Comparat ive and Superl at ive f orms here!
Word Omissions
In comparisons, certain word omissions are grammatically correct.
For example:
-
# 17 TENSES
Types Of Tenses
Tenses are verb forms used to indicate time in English language.
Basically there are three types of tenses:
1. Past tense
2. Present tense
3. Future tense
There are four variations of each of these three tenses:
- Simple
- Perfect
- Continuous
Past Tense ? Used to talk about events/ actions that happened in the past
Example: Harry sang in the class yesterday.
Present Tense ? Used to talk about general truths or events/ actions/ facts that are true at
present.
Example: Harry sings in the class everyday.
Fut ure Tense ? Used to talk about events/ actions that will happen sometime in the future
Example: Harry will sing in the class tomorrow.
# 18 IDIOMS
An idiom is a phrase or a group of words that has a figurative meaning different from its literal
meaning. The idioms tested on the GMAT, however, have more to do with the way certain
phrases are framed. Idioms are not governed by logic or rules ? they are just the way they are!
Examples:
- The Great Himalayan Blue Monkey is nat ive t o Himachal Pradesh.
- The Board concurred wit h his suggestions.
- You are old enough to dist inguish good f rom bad.
For GMAT test-takers whose first language is not English, idioms are a tough nut to crack, simply
because there is no logic or rule to learn them.
The best way to learn idioms is to create your own study list. Make sure that you learn only the
?right versions?of the idioms ? if you try to learn what is right and what is wrong, you may end
up getting confused on test day!
On the bright side, the GMAT will never give you a Sentence Correction question based solely
on idioms. Every question will test you on multiple concepts.