CHARTS AND REFERENCES

CHARTS AND REFERENCE TABLES

Numbers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

wac
npa
ymni
dpa
zapt
Skpe
Sakwi
Saglga
napcuka
wikcmna

30

wikcmna ymni

40

wikcmna dpa

100

opwiGe

dkuSni

teens - ak

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

ak waj
ak npa
ak ymni
ak dpa
ak zapt
ak Skpe
ak Sakwi
ak Saglga
ak napcuka
wikcmna npa
wikcmna npa sam
waj
31 wikcmna ymni sam
waj
99 wikcmna
napcuka sam
napcuka
474 opwiGe dpa sam
wikcmna Sakwi sam dpa
21

more, beyond sam

Times of Day
wchofa
(noon)
wichfayaSni
(morning)
aptu
(day)

wichofhiyye sam
Htaytu
(afternoon)

Htakyaka
(dusk)

po
(dawn)
hahpi
(night)
hacka
ismya
(early morning)

Htaytu
(evening)
hacka
(midnight)
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CHARTS AND REFERENCES

Days of the Week
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday

aptu Tokheya
aptu npa
aptu ymni
aptu dpa
aptu zapt
owkayujajapi aptu
aptu waK

Months and Seasons

April*
ducks return moon
May
tree leaves blossom month
June
wild turnip moon
July
choke-cherry moon
August
red plums moon
September
yellow leaves moon
October
leaves shaken-off moon
November
snowy moon
December
mid-winter moon
January
hardship moon
February
racoon moon/dead moon
moon of the popping trees

cawPe to wi
tmpsila wi
caP spa wi
Kta Sa wi
cawPe Gi wi
cawPefasna wi
wanyetu wi
wanchoka wi
teH wi
wict'a wi
canpopa wi
iStawicyaza wi

March
sore-eyes moon

TaSni wi

indiscernible moon
Seasons
Spring
sun time
Summer
potato time
Autumn
changeable time
Winter
snow time

maGksica agl wi

wtu (w yetu)
bloktu
ptaytu
wanyetu

The traditional Lakhta year begins with the first Thunderstorm of the Spring. Because of this, April is
generally the first month of the year.

TaSni wi sometimes appeared, but no one could tell for certain until the seasons revealed it. It is
considered the last month of the year, if it appears.

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CHARTS AND REFERENCES

Time-related Terms
tu or ytu (suffix, expresses the concept of time)
maKa year
wanyetu year, winter
maKcaGe - season
wi month; sun, moon
ok week
aptu day
wiywapi calendar
Weather
osn cold
okxte hot
wakya agli or oSceca
storming
iwblu blizzard
washihe - hailing

maGju rain
whihe snowing
maSt sunny
Tat wind, windy

Lakota Cosmology/Sacred Hoop

CanglSka WaK - Medicine Wheel, "Sacred Hoop"
North - Buffalo Nation
Pte Oyte

West - Thunder Beings

Wakya Oyte

East - Elk Nation

HeHka Oyte
or SiNt Spela Oyte

South - Winged (Birds)

Zitkla Oyte

Direction
West
wiyHpeyata
North
wazyata
East
whinpxa
South
itkaGa

Value
Generosity
Wactognaka
Respect
yuniha
Wisdom
wokspe
Courage
cat t'iza

Color
black
spa
red
lta
yellow
zi
white
ska

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CHARTS AND REFERENCES

Famous Names
Black Elk
Crazy Horse
Red Cloud
Sitting Bull
Spotted Tail

HeHka Spa
TaSka Wtko
MaHpya Lta
TaTka IytaNka
Sit GlSka

Important Places
All places are in South Dakota unless otherwise indicated:
Badlands - makSica
Bear Butte - MaT Pha
Black Hills - He Spa (traditional) or Pha Spa (modern)
Chadron (NE) - Cap Wakp OTwahe
Devil's Tower (WY) - MaT Tpila
Hot Springs - Mni Kta OTwahe
Kyle - Pejta Hka
Manderson - OyHpe
Mt. Rushmore - Wicte Kkapi
Oglala - MaKsa Wakp
Pine Ridge - Owakpmni OTwahe
Porcupine - Pah Sit
Rapid City - Mni Luzha Wakp OTwahe
Red Shirt - Ogle Lta
Wounded Knee - Cakp Opi

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CHARTS AND REFERENCES

The Lakota bands c. 1850
The Lakota, known also as the Teton
Sioux, were divided into 7 bands: the
Oglala, the SicaNGu (or Brul), the
OohenuNpa (or Two Kettles), the
Sihasapa (or Blackfeet Sioux), the
Itazipco (or Sans Arc Sioux), the
Minneconjou, and the HNkpapa. This
map presents general locations only,
since the Lakota were highly mobile.
The Oglala, for example, ranged from the
present-day Nebraska pan-handle region
to the northern Black Hills, and camped
far into present-day Wyoming and
Montana, especially in the Powder River
region. The Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851
officially recognized the Lakota landbase, and the Treaty of 1868, secured by
Chief Red Clouds victory against the
U.S. Army, established the Great Sioux
Reservation.
To the East, the Nakota (comprised of the Yankton and Yanktonai bands) camped along the Missouri
River, and the Dakota (or Santee) settled in Western Minnesota and Eastern South Dakota. The Dakota
bands included the MdewakaNtoN, the SisitoNwaN (or Sisseton), the WaHpekute and the WaHpetoNwaN (or
Wahpeton) bands.

The Great Sioux Reservation

According to the Treaty of 1868, the entire western half of modern South Dakota was set aside as the Great
Sioux Reservation. The discovery of gold in the Black Hills, Congress dismay at Custers defeat at the
Little Bighorn, and pressure for land for
white settlement led to many illegal takings
and divisions from 1874 up to the 20th
Century. The remaining vestiges of the
Great Sioux Reservation are the modern
Sioux Reservations in South Dakota.
1 Pine Ridge (Oglala Lakota)
2 Rosebud (SicaNGu Lakota)
3 Standing Rock (HuNkpapa, MinnecoNju,
Itazipco Lakota)
4 Cheyenne River (OhenuNpa, Sihsapa,
and MinnecoNju Lakota)
5 Lower Brule (SicaNGu Lakota, Yankton
and Yanktonai Nakota)
6 Crow Creek (Yankton and Yanktonai
Nakota, Wahpekute and Mdewakanton
Dakota)
7 Yankton (Nakota and Dakota)
8 Sisseton (Sisseton and Wahpeton
Dakota)
9 Flandreau (Dakota)

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CHARTS AND REFERENCES

Linguistic Relationships of the Lakota Dialect

The Lakota language is often referred to by anthropologists and linguists as "Teton Sioux." Lakota is one
of three dialects of the Sioux language group, one of several languages in the Siouan Family, a sub-group
of the Macro-Siouan Phylum of American Indian languages. Lakota is one of over 100 American Indian
languages still in use today. There are about 6,000 fluent speakers of Lakota today.

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