HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE

DENGUE

TYPE OF DISEASE
Dengue is a mosquito-borne infectious disease. This means
that the disease is caused by a pathogen- a parasitic
organism which harms the body of its host.

HOW IS IT CAUSED?
Dengue

is caused by the virus, DEN. There are 4 distinct

serotypes (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN-4), all
belonging to the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae.
Specific

genotypes have been identified within each

serotype, of the virus. This highlights the genetic variability
of the dengue serotypes.

DENGUE VIRUS

FLAVIVIRUS LIFE CYCLE

TRANSMISSION
Dengue

is transmitted via bites of the female Aedes

aegypti mosquito, infected by the DEN viruses.
The mosquito acquires the viruses through feeding on the
blood of an infected human. The viruses infects the AE.
aegypti mosquito mid-gut, then spreads to the salivary
glands, over a period of 8-12 days. This is the incubation
period of the mosquito.
However, other mosquitoes of the Aedes family have also
attributed to dengue outbreaks.

THE AEDES AEGYPTI MOSQUITO

WHAT IS A SIGN AND SYMPTOM?

symptom is a phenomenon that

isexperiencedby the individual
affected by the disease, while a sign
is a phenomenon that can be
detected by someone other than the
individual affected by the disease.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF THE

DENGUE VIRUS
Symptoms

of typical uncomplicated (classic) dengue

usually start with fever within 4 to 7 days after you
have been bitten by an infected mosquito and
include:
High Fever, up to 105 F ( lasts 1-2 weeks)
Pain behind the eyes (Retro-orbital pain)
Vomiting and abdominal pain
Muscle and joint pain
Headache (sometimes severe )
Skin rash

What are some warning signs of Dengue Hemorrhagic

Fever?
Sometimes Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, a serious complication of
Dengue Fever, can develop. Warning signs that the illness is
getting worse tend to develop around the time the fever breaks
(about 3-7 days after symptoms started)
Warning signs include those associated with dengue, as well as:
Severe pain in the abdomen
Persistent vomiting
Bleeding
Bleeding from nose and gums
Vomiting blood
Black sticky stool
Unexpected vaginal bleeding

What are some warning signs of Dengue Hemorrhagic

Fever?

Bleeding

under the skin

Confusion, drowsiness, restlessness
Inability to drink
This form of dengue disease can cause death

Symptoms of dengue shock

syndrome
the most severe form of dengue disease- include all
the symptoms of classic dengue and dengue
hemorrhagic fever, plus
Fluids leaking outside blood vessels
Massive bleeding
Shock ( very low blood pressure )
This form of the disease usually occurs in children
(sometimes adults) experiencing their second
dengue infection. It is sometimes fatal, especially
in children and young adults.

WHAT IS CONTROL AND TREATMENT?

According to the World Health Organization
(WHO), it was proposed a definition of control
as a reduction in the incidence, prevalence,
morbidity or mortality of an infectious disease
to a locally acceptable level. Treatment refers
to the administration or application of remedies
or therapies to a patient for a disease or injury
to help lessen the symptoms and effects of the
disease

LIFE CYCLE OF AEDES AEGYPTI

CONTROL
Control of larvae and pupae to avoid production of adult
mosquitoes:
Throw away, turn over, empty or store under a roof any container that
may accumulate rain water.
Always place a tight lid on containers used for water storage
( buckets,drums)
Verify that there are no larvae or pupae in stored water (empty the
container, wash walls with a brush to remove eggs, rinse and cover )
Maintain running water in fountains, artificial lakes or estuaries. Place
fish (guppies,betas) in ornamental fountains that are always filled with
water.
Empty ornamental fountains that are not in use
Clean animal drinking bowls every day, taking care to wash away eggs.

Control
Ask

Water authority (WASA) to replace broken

water meters.
Repair broken septic tanks and cover vent
pipes with wire mesh
Protect boats and vehicles from rain with
tarps that dont accumulate water
Maintain swimming pool in good condition
and appropriately chlorinated. Empty plastic
swimming pools when not in use.

Mosquito Control
Aedes

mosquitoes usually bite during the day, be sure

to use precautions especially during early morning
hours before day break and in the later afternoon
before dark
Use screens on door and windows
Use mosquito repellent containing DEET (N, N-diethylm-tolumide) or Picaridin, or oil of lemon eucalyptus.
Wear long sleeve shirts, long pants, socks and closed
shoes to avoid mosquito bites at dusk and dawn
especially.

TREATMENT
No

specific antiviral agents exist for dengue. Patients should be

advised to stay well hydrated and to avoid aspirin or aspirincontaining drugs, and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs (such as ibuprofen) because of their anticoagulant
properties which can cause bleeding later leading to shock.
Fever should be controlled with acetaminophen and tepid
sponge baths. Febrile patients should avoid mosquito bites to
reduce risk of further transmission. For those who develop
severe dengue, close observation and frequent monitoring in an
intensive care unit setting may be required. Aggressive
emergency treatment with fluid and electrolyte replacement can
be lifesaving.

INCEDENCE OF DENGUE 2002-2003

Country

Number
of Cases

Anguilla

Antigua and
Barbuda

Argentina

214

Aruba

25

Barbados

740

Belize

41

Bolivia

892

Brazil

780, 644

Cayman Islands

Chile

636

Colombia

76,996

Costa Rica

12,251

Number
of
Cases

Country

Number
Of Cases

Martinique

392

Cuba

3,011

Mexico

9,844

Dominican
Republic

3,194

Nicaragua

2,341

Ecuador

7,305

Panama

711

El Salvador

18,307

Paraguay

1,871

French Guiana

280

Peru

8,875

Grenada

84

Puerto Rico

2,906

Guadeloupe

93

St Lucia

44

Guatemala

7,599

Suriname

1,104

Guyana

202

Trinidad and
Tobago

6,246

Haiti

1,161

United States

29

Honduras

32,269

Venezuela

37,676

Jamaica

90

Country

Prevalence of Dengue in the Global

Community
Global burden of dengue
The incidence of dengue has grown dramatically
around the world in recent decades. The actual
numbers of dengue cases are underreported and
many cases are misclassified. One recent estimate
indicates 390 million dengue infections per year (95%
credible interval 284528 million), of which 96 million
(67136 million) manifest clinically (with any severity
of disease).Another study, of the prevalence of
dengue, estimates that 3900 million people, in 128
countries, are at risk of infection with dengue viruses.

Prevalence of Dengue in the Global

Community

Prevalence of Dengue in Latin America

and the Caribbean

Prevalence Of Dengue in Trinidad and

Tobago 1981-2001

Average Incidence and Mortality Rates of

Dengue within the Caribbean (1997-2007)

Analysis of Data
During the last 15 years, an increase in DHF and classic dengue
has been observed in many countries. The pattern of intermittent
epidemics with long intervals changed to annual outbreaks in
multiple locations and persistent circulation of several serotypes
and situation of hyperendemicity.
Young adults were the most affected in the region, with some
countries showing increments in cases in the paediatric population.
To date, activities to control dengue in the region have been only
moderately effective. It is necessary to improve surveillance and
make efforts to reduce the problem of underreporting. Dengueendemic countries and the global public health community need a
stronger voice to persuade society, funding agencies, and
policymakers of their importance of dengue disease.

Conclusive Factors Contributing to increased Incidence and Mortality in the Caribbean

Population

growth
Urbanisation
Lack of sanitation
Increased human travel
Ineffective mosquito control
Climate change

Questions.

End of Presentation

THANK YOU
WHERE ARE YOUR REFERENCES, REMEMBER THAT UNLESS YOU REFERENCE YOU ARE PLAGARISING 0 MARKS
FORMAT 10, PICTURES 10, CONTENT 10, PRESENTATION OF SLIDES 10 TOTAL 40 MARKS
KEEP UP THE GOOD WORK, N DULALCHAN