TheEffectsofCoffeeandAlcoholConsumptiononCardiovascularExercisePhysiology

ReaMittal
GroupMembers:DannyAchek,StephanieWilliams,AgusteyMongia
Biology240MSection002

Introduction:
Cardiovascularfitnessisverydependentonmanyindividualizedfactorsperperson,
manyofwhichwereexaminedinthisexperiment.Cardiovascularphysiologycanalsobe
measuredinmanyways,suchascardiacoutput,pulsecount,andbloodpressure.These
parametersgenerallyincreaseinvalueafterexercise(PennStateBiologyDepartment,2016).
Habitualexerciseandlifestylehabitsstronglyinfluenceonesphysiology.Individualizedfactors
suchascaffeineandalcoholconsumptioncouldproportionallyalterthesechangesin
cardiovascularparametersafterexercise.
Researchrelatedtothesetwofactorshasbeendoneinthescientificfield.Apaper
publisheddetailedasimilarstudywiththecaffeinefactorpresentinthisexperiment.Healthy
menwhoconsumed400mgcaffeinepillspriortoexerciseexperiencedstatisticallysignificant
elevatedheartrates,meanarterialpressures,anddiastolicbloodpressuresduringrecovery
comparedtoacontrolgroup.Thepaperattributesthisdifferenceduetoincreasedsympathetic
nerveactivityfromcaffeineingestion(Bunsawat,etal.,2015).
Anotherstudyinvestigatedtheeffectsofalcoholconsumptiononcardiovascularresponsesto
physicalandmentalstressors.Thosewhoconsumedalcoholhabituallydemonstratedstatistically
significantdecreasedresponsesinheartrate,cardiacoutput,vascularresistance,andmeanblood
pressure.Moderatealcoholconsumptionthereforeprovedtobebeneficialincardiovascular
measures(Jones,etal.,2013).
ThelabobjectivesweretocollectcardiovascularphysiologydataforindividualsinBiology
240Mslabsections.Thisdataallowedforcomparisonsbetweenmanycardiovascular

parametersbeforeandafterexercise.Thehypothesiswasthatcardiovascularparametersafter
exercisewouldincreaseinhigherproportionsforindividualswhoconsumedcaffeinepriorto
exercisingandinlowerproportionsforthosewhoregularlyconsumealcohol.
Thiswastestedbycollectingindividualizedcardiovascularmeasurementsperparticipant.
Personalhistoriesoftheindividualswerealsocollectedtoallowforfurtherinvestigationof
individualcardiovascularparameters.Withthis,thepopulationwasseparatedintofoursections:
thosewhoconsumedcaffeinepriortoexercisingversusthosewhodidnt,andthosewho
consumeanyalcoholonaweeklybasisandthosewhodont.Thesepopulationsallunderwent
thesameamountandintensityofexerciseandhadtheircardiovascularparametersmeasured
beforeandafterexercise.Thatallowedforanalysisinhowtheindependentvariablesaffected
cardiovascularphysiologydifferentlyafterexercise.

MaterialsandMethods:

Experimentaldesign

Thisexperimentinvolved114maleandfemalestudentsatPennsylvaniaUniversity,
UniversityParkintheBiology240labsections.Restingmeasurementsweretakenofcertain
cardiovascularparameters.Halfoftheclassconsumedcaffeinepriorclassandthereforepriorto
havingtheirrestingandexercisemeasurementstaken.Cardiovascularmeasurementsweretaken
onceagainaftercompletingaminutelongperiodoflowintensityexercise.Measurementswere
takenoncemoreaftercompletinganotherminuteofhigherintensityexercise.Allofthedatawas
pooledandrecordedanonymouslyinasharedExceldocument.Therewerenopurposefulor
apparentdeviationsfromthestandardprotocollabmanual(PennStateBiologyDepartment,

2016).However,fourindividualsdidntreportYesorNoforthepretreatmentcoffeeonthe
Exceldocumentandonepersondidntreportpulsecountssotheywereexcludedfromstatistical
analysis.

Methodofdatacollection

Personalhistorydatawascollectedforeachstudentandanonymouslyrecordedontoashared
Excelfileamongthelabssections.Thepersonalhistoryinformationprovidedfactorsforfuture
analysis,suchasage,sex,weight,height,smokinghabits,caffeinehabits,alcoholhabits,and
exercisehabits.Anyonewhoreporteddrinkinganyalcoholweeklywascategorizedintothe
habitualalcoholdrinkingpopulation.
Priortoexercising,restingmeasurementsweretakenofcardiovascularparameters,including
restingpulsecount,restingsystolicbloodpressure,andrestingdiastolicbloodpressure.Those
measurementswererecordedtoallowforcomparisonlater.Studentsalsonotediftheywerepart
ofthechosenexperimentalpopulationwhoconsumedcaffeinepriortoattendingclass.
Afterhavingtheirrestingmeasurementstaken,studentsparticipatedintwominutesof
exercise.Astepexercisewasusedwheredatawasstandardizedbyadministeringasmaller33
cmstepboxforindividualsundersixtysixinchesinheight.Individualssixtysixinchesorover
usedalarger40cmboxThefirstminuteofexercisewasatalowerintensity,wherestudents
completedfifteentotalstepsinaminute.Theirpulsecountandbloodpressureweremeasured
fifteensecondsaftercompletingexercisebyotherstudents.Studentsthenparticipatedinahigher
intensityexercise,characterizedbysteppingontheblockthirtytimesinoneminute.
Cardiovascularparametersweremeasuredonceagainaftercompletingtheexercisebyother
students.

Methodofdataanalysis

AllofthedatawascompiledanonymouslybyunidentifiablePennStateIdnumbers.Once
theExceldocumentwascompiled,datacouldbeanalyzedbystatisticalmethodsavailablein
MicrosoftExcel.Excelfunctionswereusedtocalculatepercentagedifferencesbetweenresting
andafterexercisestates(forboth15steps/minuteand30steps/minute),averages,standard
deviations,standarderrorsofthemean,ttestpvalues,andgraphs.

Results:

Thecardiovascularphysiologicaleffectsofcoffeeconsumptionandhabitualalcohol
consumptionwereexaminedinthisexperiment.

CoffeeversusNoCoffeePriortoExercising:
Table1:AverageRestinglevelvaluesofpulsecount,systolic,anddiastolicbloodpressure

Pulse

Coffee

NoCoffee

average
SD
SE
Average
SD
SE
38.7882352 6.10919461 0.85545835 36.0305172 8.01575256 1.05251987

count
Sys.BP

9
120.686274

3
12.1975246

5
1.70799508

Dias.BP

5
73.8823529

6
10.5539510

4
117

6
9.66636418

6
1.26925579

6
1.47784874

72.5172413

2
10.5634945

9
1.38705478

Table2:Averagevaluesofnormalizedorpercentdifferenceofpulsecountafter15and30step
exercise


Pulse

Coffee
av.%diff

SD

SE

NoCoffee
av.%diff

SD

SE

count
15steps

17.1016723

17.1016723

2.39471311

24.9444671

28.5127455

3.74390690

30steps

2
51.7621310

2
27.4219711

6
3.839844

8
55.7426974

34.6677141

2
4.55209388

Table3:Averagevaluesofnormalized/percentdifferenceofsystolicbloodpressureafter15and
30stepexercise

Systolic

Coffee
av.%diff

SD

SE

NoCoffee
av.%diff

SD

SE

Pressure
15steps

7.9876728

11.9757587

1.67694164

8.31894008

11.317640

1.48607904

30steps

91
17.529299

5
18.6741677

7
2.61490651

17.8047498

8
14.608726

1
1.91821979

15

Table4:Averagevaluesofnormalized/percentdifferenceofdiastolicbloodpressureafter15and
30stepexercise

Coffee
Diastolic av.%diff

SD

SE

NoCoffee
av.%diff

SD

SE

Pressure
15steps

10.64772

20.3930877

2.85560346

6.96336054

17.9560377

2.35774326

30steps

908
5.859245

3
5.85924523

0.82045844

5
11.1624786

4
16.8134587

3
2.20771528

239

CoffeeGraphs:AstericksdesignatesignificanceviaTtestresult

Graph1:Averagerestinglevelsofpulsecount,systolic,diastolicbloodpressureincluding
standarderrorbars

Average Coffee vs No Coffee Resting Values

140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

Pulse count

Sys.BP
Coffee

Dias.BP

No Coffee

Graph2:Averagevaluesofnormalizedpulsecountafter15and30stepexerciseincluding
standarderrorbars

Average Percent Difference in Pulse Count After Exercise Coffee vs No Coffee

60
50
40
30
20
10
0

15 steps
Coffee (av %d)

30 steps
No Coffee(av. % d)

Graph3:Averagevaluesofnormalizedsystolicbloodpressureafter15and30stepexercise
includingstandarderrorbars

Average Percent Difference in Systolic Pressure After Exercise Coffee vs No Coffee

20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

15 steps
Coffee (av %d)

30 steps
No Coffee(av. % d)

Graph4:Averagevaluesofnormalizeddiastolicbloodpressureafter15and30stepexercise
includingstandarderrorbars

Average Percent Difference in Systolic Pressure After Exercise Coffee vs No Coffee

20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

15 steps
Coffee (av %d)

30 steps
No Coffee(av. % d)

Noneofthenormalizedttestresultswerestatisticallysignificantwithapvalueof0.05forthose
whodrankcoffeeordidntdrinkcoffeepriortotheexperiment.Restingpulsecounthasa
significantttestresultbetweenthosewhodrankcoffeepriorandthosewhodidnt,withap
valueof0.00446.Graphs1,3,and4demonstratedextremelysimilarresultsbetweenthecoffee

andnocoffeedrinkers.Graph2depictedhigheraveragenormalizedvaluesofpulsecountafter
exerciseinthenocoffeepopulation,andeventhoughthesedifferenceswerentstatistically
significanttheywerenotable.

Table1A:TTestforRestingData
CoffeeAverage

NoCoffeeAverage

TTestBetween
CoffeeandNo

PulseCount
SystolicPressure
DiastolicPressure

41.68382538
106.6191626
71.26389354

37.59948276
117.6551724
71.72413793

Coffee
0.044552476
0.086464759
0.502088343

Table2A:TTestforNormalizedPulseCount

15Steps
30Steps

Coffee

NoCoffee

TTestBetweenCoffeeandNo

(%difference

(%difference

Coffee

)
)
17.10167232 24.94446718
51.76213103 55.74269747

Table3A:TTestforNormalizedSystolicPressure

0.080238667
0.505330477

Coffee

NoCoffee

TTestBetweenCoffeeandNo

(%difference

(%difference

Coffee

15

)
)
7.987672891
8.31894008

Steps
30

17.52929915

0.88275416

17.80474987

0.932492291

Steps

Table4A:TTestforNormalizedDiastolicPressure
Coffee

NoCoffee

TTestBetweenCoffeeandNo

(%difference

(%difference

Coffee

15

)
)
10.64772908 6.963360545

0.322163526

Steps
30

5.859245239

0.178153725

11.16247864

Steps

HabitualAlcoholVersusNoAlcoholData:
Table5:Averagerestingvaluesofpulsecount,systolic,anddiastolicbloodpressure

Pulse
count
Sys.BP

NoAlcohol

Alcohol

average
SD
SE
Average
SD
SE
37.7892857 8.98956098 1.20128061
37.57 5.16158808 0.68366904
1
115.75

8
11.7508220

7
1.57026964

121.614035

3
9.04898255

3
1.19856701

Dias.

72.7142857

10.7968249

BP

1.44278642

73.6315789

10.0136185

1.32633617

Table6:Averagevaluesofnormalizedpulsecountsafter15and30stepexercise

Pulse

NoAlcohol
av.%diff

SD

SE

Alcohol
av.%diff

SD

SE

count
15steps

18.5425145

23.7335420

3.17152796

23.5597517

23.5135708

3.11444854

30steps

6
48.4150723

8
31.1753361

5
4.16597952

2
57.2520682

8
31.1064465

5
4.12014949

Table7:Averagevaluesofnormalizedsystolicbloodpressureafter15and30stepexercise

NoAlcohol

Alcohol

Systolic av.%diff
SD
SE
av.%diff
SD
SE
15steps 9.84750295 12.8759595 1.72062247 6.01180274
9.6264421 1.27505340
30steps

9
19.7370458

8
17.2949563

4
2.31113576

9
15.6753471

16.0613262

5
2.12737463

Table8:Averagevaluesofnormalizeddiastolicbloodpressureafter15and30stepexercise

No

Alcohol

Diastolic
15steps

Alcohol
av.%diff SD
SE
av.%diff
SD
SE
8.6159056 10.7968249 1.44278642 8.53825059 18.0595405 2.39204457

30steps

31
9.7794857

3
22.1432073

2.95901054

7
7.65912732

38

2
17.6256229

8
2.33457078
5

AlcoholGraphs:AstericksdesignatesignificanceviaTtestresult

Graph5:Averagerestinglevelsofpulsecount,systolic,diastolicbloodpressureincluding
standarderrorbars

Average Alcohol vs No Alcohol Resting Values

140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

Pulse count

Sys.BP
No Alcohol

Dias.BP

Alcohol

Graph6:Averagevaluesofnormalizedpulsecountafter15and30stepexerciseincluding
standarderrorbars

Average Percent Difference in Pulse Count After Exercise

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

15 steps

30 steps
No Alc (%d)

Alc (%d)

Graph7:Averagevaluesofnormalizedsystolicbloodpressureafter15and30stepexercise
includingstandarderrorbars

Average Percent Difference in Systolic Pressure After Exercise

25
20
15
10
5
0

15 steps

30 steps
No Alc (%d)

Alc (%d)

Graph8:Averagevaluesofnormalizeddiastolicbloodpressureafter15and30stepexercise
includingstandarderrorbars

Average Percent Difference in Diastolic Pressure After Exercise

12
10
8
6
4
2
0

15 steps

30 steps
No Alc (%d)

Alc (%d)

Noneofthenormalizedttestresultsforhabitualalcoholdrinkersvsindividualstraditionally
abstainingfromalcoholwerestatisticallysignificantwithapvalueof0.05.However,theresting
systolicpressurebetweenhabitualalcoholdrinkersandthosewhoabstainwasstatistically
significantwithapvalueof0.00372.Graph6alsodepictshowthehabitualdrinkersonaverage
hadhigherpulsecountsafterboth15and30countexercises,eventhoughthisdifferencewasnt
statisticallysignificant.Graph5and8bothdepictextremelysimilarrestingvaluesanddiastolic
pressureafterexercisevaluesforbothpopulations.

Table5A:TTestforRestingData
NoAlcoholAverage

AlcoholAverage

TTestBetween
AlcoholandNo

PulseCount
SystolicPressure
DiastolicPressure

47.5288371
113.343885
75.35095256

44.56896552
127.4310345
78.65517241

Alcohol
0.587304881
0.003719983
0.640670584

Table6A:TTestforNormalizedPulseCount
Pulse

NoAlc

Alc

TTestBetweenAlcoholandNo

count

(%difference

(%difference

Alcohol

15Steps
30Steps

)
)
18.54251456 23.55975172
48.41507234 57.25206821

0.261448331
0.134343418

Table7A:TTestforNormalizedSystolicPressure
Systolic

NoAlc

Alc

TTestBetweenAlcoholandNo

Pressur

(%difference

(%difference

Alcohol

e
15

)
)
9.847502959 6.011802749

0.076252475

Steps
30

19.73704589

0.198702824

15.67534713

Steps
Table8A:TTestforNormalizedDiastolicPressure
Diastoli

NoAlc

Alc

TTestBetweenAlcoholandNo

(%difference

(%difference

Alcohol

Pressure
15Steps
30Steps

)
)
8.615905631 8.538250597
9.779485738 7.659127323

Discussion:

0.982708849
0.574930655

Noneofthenormalizedresultsfromtheexperimentwerestatisticallysignificantwithap
valueof0.05.Ifapvalueof0.1isused,thenormalizedsystolicpressurettestbetweenalcohol
andnoalcoholpopulationswassignificant,seeninTable7A.Withapvalueof0.1,thettest
betweencoffeeandnoncoffeeindividualswassignificantwiththeirnormalizedpulsecounts
after15stepcountexercises,seeninTable2A.
Restingdataforthepopulationswhodrankcoffeepriortoexercisingandthosewhodidnt
hadasignificantpvalueforthettestinpulsecount.Thiswastobeexpected,becausecaffeine
isknowntoincreaseheartrateingeneralasastimulant.Therefore,observingthisinthedataas
expectedvalidatestheotherfindingsinthisexperimentaswell.Therestingdataforthehabitual
alcoholdrinkersversusalcoholabstainingpopulationshadasignificantpvalueforthettestin
systolicpressure.Therestingsystolicttestforthealcoholpopulationswasextremelysignificant
withapvalueof0.00372.Thisdoesntcorroboratewithoutsideresearchinformation.Studies
havebeendonerevealingthathabitualmoderateconsumptionofalcoholtypicallyleadstoa
reductioninrestingsystolicbloodpressure(Carroll2015;Jonesetal.,2013).
Acrossbothfactors,somegeneraltrendsoccurredasexpected.Averagepercentdifferences
inpulsecountincreasedasexerciseintensityincreasedwithbothtestpopulations.Average
percentdifferencesinsystolicpressurealsoincreasedasexerciseintensityincreasedwithboth
testpopulations.Graph2andGraph7visuallydepicthowtheaveragepercentdifferencesin
pulsecountgenerallyremainedelevatedinthenocoffeeandalcoholgroupscomparedtotheir
respectiveoppositepopulation.Thiswasaninterestingobservation,consideringthealcohol
subgroupwasexpectedtohaveloweraveragepulsecountsthanthenonalcoholdrinkinggroup
basedonoutsideresearch.Lessfluctuationincardiovascularparametershasbeenobservedin

individualswhomoderatelyconsumealcohol(Jones,etal.,2013).Thedatainthisexperiment
didnotsupport,norstatisticallydisprove,thosefindings.
Averagepercentdifferencesinsystolicpressurealsoincreasedasexerciseintensityincreased
withbothtestpopulations.Systolicbloodpressurevalueshavebeennotedtoincreaseinnon
habitualcoffeedrinkswhodrankespressocoffeefortheexperiment(ZimmermannViehoff,et
al.,2015).However,ourlabdidnotseparatehabitualcoffeedrinkersfromnonhabitualcoffee
drinkerswhenchoosingcandidatestodrinkcoffeeforthisfactorspecificallypriortoexercising.
Averagepercentdifferencesindiastolicdifferencesshowedadifferenttrend,wherethe
percentdifferencesincreasedinthenoncoffeetestgroupanddecreasedinthecoffeetestgroup,
asseeninTable4.Table8demonstratedasimilartrendtoalesserdegree,wherethenonalcohol
drinkinggrouphastheaveragepercentdifferencesoftheirdiastolicpressureincreasearounda
percentasexerciseintensityincreased.Thealcoholdrinkinggrouphadtheirdiastolicpressure
averagepercentdifferencedecreasebyaroundapercentaswell.Thesediastolicpressure
differencesweremoreprofoundinthecoffeeversusnocoffeepopulationshowevertheywere
stillnotstatisticallysignificant.
Theexpectationsbeginningtheexperimentwerethatcardiovascularparametersafter
exercisewouldincreaseinhigherproportionsforpeoplewhoconsumedcaffeinepriorto
exercisingandinlowerproportionsforpeoplewhoregularlyconsumedalcohol.The
expectationsdidnotmatchourresults.Whilenoneofthenormalizedresultsweresignificant,the
onlynormalizedcardiovascularparametersthatchangedvisuallyatallfromlookingatthe
graphsweretheaveragepercentdifferencesinpulsecount.Thenocoffeegrouphadgenerally
higheraveragepercentdifferencesinpulsecountsafterexercisecomparedtothecoffeegroup.

Thehabitualalcoholdrinkinggrouphadhigheraveragepercentdifferencesinpulsecount
comparedtothosewhoabstainfromalcohol.Bothofthesefindingsindividuallycontradictwhat
wasexpected.
Noneofthesenormalizedfindingsinvolvingtheexercisingeffectsweweretestingwere
statisticallysignificant,thereforeourhypothesisisnotdirectlyprovedwrong.Nevertheless,the
datadidnotsupporttheexpectationseither.Thestatisticallysignificantincreaseinresting
systolicpressurebetweenhabitualalcoholdrinkersandthosewhoabstainwasnotexpected.A
studywasdoneobservingthecardiovasculareffectsofacutealcoholdoseswhereincreasesin
heartratewerefoundfollowedalcoholconsumption(Buckman,etal.,2015).However,the
increaseinsystolicpressurecannotbeexplained.Thecoffeedrinkershadstatisticallysignificant
higherrestingheartratespriortoexerciseasexpectedhoweverthenormalizeddatadifferedfrom
whatwasexpected.
Thereweremanysourcesoferrorinthisexperimentthatcouldattributetothestatistically
insignificantresults.Theexperimentalgroupwhodrankcoffeebeforeexercisingwaschosenon
avolunteerbasis,wheresomestudentswhodidntlikecoffeewereforcedtoparticipateifthe
numberswerenteven.Participantswithsimilarhistoriesofcaffeineconsumptionwouldideally
bepicked.Anerrorwiththealcoholfactoranalysisisthatthepopulationwasdividedinto
studentswhocompletelyabstainfromalcoholandstudentswhoconsumeanyalcoholatall
duringtheweek.Manystudieshavenoteddifferencesinbetweeneffectsfrommoderatealcohol
consumptionversusheavyalcoholconsumption,whichwasnotconsideredwhendividingthe
populationsinthisexperiment.Thismissinginformationcouldconfoundtheresultsfound.Also,
individualsunder21arentallowedtopurchasealcoholandconsumingalcoholonaweekly

basismaybeconsideredahighriskactivity.Therefore,individualsinvolvedwithhighrisks
behaviorsaremorelikelytobecomeinvolvedinotherones,suchassmokingcigarettes.These
populationscouldoverlapwithconfoundingresults.Anothererrorinthisexperimentisthat
cardiovascularmeasuresweresupposedtobetaken15secondsafterexercise.Groupsmayhave
nottimedthiscrucialstandardizingwaitingperiodcorrectly,eitherimmediatelytaking
measurementsorwaitingtoolongintransitiontotakethemeasurements.Therefore,different
testsubjectswouldhavevaryingamountsoftimetocooldownafterexercise,affectingthe
elevationoftheircardiovascularparameters.
Modifyingthecurrentexperimenttobettercontrolthecoffeeandnoncoffeedrinking
populationscouldallowformorereliableresults.Inastudyfollowingcaffeineimpactsonthe
cardiovascularsystem,participantswerepickedwhoallhabituallydrankcaffeineatsimilar
frequencies(McMullen,etal.,2011).Thatwouldallowformorepreciseresultssincethe
experimentalgroupwouldbemoreuniformintheiraffectstocaffeine.Wealsodidnotcontrol
howmuchcaffeinewasconsumedpriortoexercising.Someindividualscouldhavegottenalatte
withlesscaffeineorthreeespressoshotssincetherewasnoonetoregulatethemorstandardize
drinks.McMullensstudyalsocontrolledforthis,allowingformorereliableresults.Bringing
coffeetoclassandstandardizingthecaffeineintakewithindividualsalreadyaccustomedto
coffeewouldhelpthisexperiment.Additionalexperimentscouldalsoexaminetheimpactof
otherfactorsoncardiovascularphysiology,suchasBMI,dietaryhabits,andrace.
Thisexperimenthassignificanceinpossiblyidentifyinglifestylefactorsthatcanimprove
cardiovascularfitness.Cardiovasculardiseases,suchascoronaryarterydisease,canbeavoided
ifonemakeseffortstoimprovetheirgeneralandcardiovascularhealth.Researchintothisfield

willhopefullyyieldresultsthatwilldecreasemortalityratesfromcardiovasculardiseases
throughpreventativemeasures.

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