You are on page 1of 281
‘United States Office of Air Quality AP-42 Volume Environmental Protection Planning and Standards ‘Supplement E Research Triangle Pek, NC 27711 October 1992 ‘Agency tanoarel GEPA SUPPLEMENT E TO COMPILATION OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION FACTORS VOLUME I: STATIONARY POINT AND AREA SOURCES This report has been reviewed by the Office Of Air Quality Planning And Standards, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, and has been approved for publication. Any mention of trade names or commercial products is not intended to constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. AP-42 Volume I Supplement INSTRUCTIONS FOR INSERTING SUPPLEMENT E OF VOLUME I INTO AP-42 Pp. iii and iv replace same, New Publications In Series. Pp. v through viii replace same. New Contents. Pp. ix through xvi replace same. New Key Word Index. Pp. 1.2+1 through 10 (blank) replace 1.2-1 through 8. Major Revision. Pp. 1.4-1 through 8 (blank) replace 1.4-1 through 6, Major Revision. Pp. 1.5-1 through 4 replace same. Major Revision. Pp. 1.6-1 through 18 (blank) replace 1.6-1 through 10. Major Revision. Pp. 1.81 through 6 (blank) replace 1.8-1 and 2, Major Revision. Pp, 1.9-1 through 6 (blank) replace 1.9-1 through 4. Major Revision. Pp. 1.10-1 through 12 replace 1.10-1 through 6. Major Revision. Pp. 1.11-1 through 8 (blank) replace same, Major Revision. Pp. 2.2-1 and 2 replace same. Major Revision. Pp. 2.3-1 through 4 (blank) replace same. Major Revision. Pp. 2.4-1 through 20 (blank) replace 2.4-1 through 6. Major Revision. Pp. 3.1-1 through 10 replace 3.1-1 through 4. Major Revision. Pp. 3.2-1 through 10 (blank) replace 3.2-1 and 2. Major Revision. Pp. 3.3-1 through 8 (blank) replace 3.3-1 and 2. Major Revision. Pp. 3.41 through 10 (blank) replace 3.4-1 and 2, Major Revision. Delete Section 4.3, "Storage Of Organic Liquids". Replaced by new Chapter 12. Pp. 5.15-3 and 4 replace same. Editorial change. ‘Add pp. 12-1 through 124, New Chapter. e PUBLICATIONS IN SERIES Issue Date COMPILATION OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION FACTORS, FOURTH EDITION 9785 SUPPLEMENT A 10/86 Introduction Section’ Bituminous And Subbituminous Coal Combustion ‘Anthracite Coal Combustion Fuel Oil Combustion Natural Gas Combustion ‘Wood Waste Combustion In Boilers ‘Combustion Sodium Carbonate Primary Aluminum Production Coke Production Primary Copper Smelting Ferroalloy Production Iron And Steel Production Primary Lead Smelting ‘Zine Smelting Secondary Aluminum Operations Gray Iron Foundries Secondary Lead Processing “Asphaltic Concrete Plants Bricks And Related Clay Products Portland Cement Manufacturing Concrete Batching Glass Manufacturing Lime Manufacturing Crushed Stone Processing ‘Taconite Ore Processing Westem Surface Coal Mining Chemical Wood Pulping 6 Industrial Paved Roads Appendix C.i” Panicle Size Distribution Data And Sized Emission Factors For Selected Sources Appendix C2 Generalized Particle Size Distributions BS ESE Ree SOS LER abROLGaeoRl 1 1 1 1 1 Wy s. 1. a T: a a Ti 7 Ti 7, 7, 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8: 8. 1 ny BERRSRES ‘SUPPLEMENT B 9788 Section Bituminous And Subbituminous Coal Combustion ‘Anthracite Coal Combustion (0 Residential Wood Stoves 1 Waste Oil Combustion Refuse Combustion ‘Sewage Sludge Incineration ‘Surface Coating Polyester Resin Plastics Product Fabrication Soap And Detergents Grain Elevators And Processing Plants Lime Manufacturing Crushed Stone Processing Wildfires And Prescribed Burning Unpaved Roads Aggregate Handling And Storage Piles Industrial Paved Roads Industrial Wind Erosion Appendix 3" Silt Analysis Procedures 1 1 if 1 2: 25 4. 4 5 6 8, 8. L i 1 1 1 oohpprea ae BagRRare BRBEL. SUPPLEMENT D Section Section Chapter PUBLICATIONS IN SERIES (Cont.) Date 990 Residential Wood Stoves Refuse Combustion ‘Sewage Sludge Incineration Magnetic Tape Manufacturing Industry Surface Coating Of Plastic Parts For Business Machines Synthetic Fiber Manufacturing Primary Lead Smelting Gray Iron Foundries Chemical Wood Pulping Wildfires And Prescribed Buming Industrial Paved Roads Industrial Wind Erosion Explosives Detonation Generalized Panicle Size Distributions Procedures For Sampling Surface/Bulk Dust Loading Procedures For Laboratory Analysis Of Surface/Bulk Dust Loading Samples 991 Natural Gas Combustion Residential Fireplaces Residential Wood Stoves Refuse Combustion ‘Nonindustrial Surface Coating Waste Water Collection, Treatment And Storage Polyvinyl Chloride And Polypropylene Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Polystyrene ‘Ammonium Phosphates Portland Cement Manufacturing Sand And Gravel Processing Westem Surface Coal Mining Wildfires And Prescribed Buming Wet Cooling Towers Industrial Flares Anthracite Coal Combustion ‘Natural Gas Combustion Liquified Petroleum Gas Combustion Wood Waste Combustion in Boilers ‘Bagasse Combustion In Sugar Mills, Residential Fireplaces Residential Wood Stoves, Waste Oil Combustion Automobile Body Incineration Conical Burners Open Burning Slationary Gas Turbines For Electricity Generation Heavy Duty Natural Gas Fired Pipeline Compressor Engines, Gasoline And Diesel Indusirial Engines Large Stationary Diese! And All Stationary Dual Fuel Engines Soap And Detergents Storage Of Organic Liquids INTRODUCTION... 1 CONTENTS, EXTERNAL COMBUSTION SOURCES. Bituminous Coal Combustion “Anthracite Coal Combustion Fuel Oil Combustion Natural Gas Combustion... Liquified Petroleum Gas Combustion ‘Wood Waste Combustion In Boilers Lignite Combustion ... Bagasse Combustion In Sugar Residential Fireplaces... Residential Wood Stoves Waste Oil Combustion SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL. 1 Refuse Combustion 2 Automobile Body Incineration 3 Conical Bumers 4 Open Buming 2's Sewage Sludge incineration STATIONARY INTERNAL COMBUSTION SOURCES. Glossary Of Terms Highway Vehicles Off-highway Mobile Sources 3.1 Stationary Gas Turbines For Electricity Generation 3.2 Heavy Duty Natural Gas Fired Pipeline Compressor Engines 33 Gasoline And Diesel Industrial Engines .... 3.4 Large Stationary Diesel And All Stationary Dual Fuel Engines EVAPORATION LOSS SOURCES. 41 Dry Cleaning ncn 4.2 Surface Coating . 4.2.1 Nonindustrial Surface Coating . 422 Industrial Surface Coating .. 422.1 General Industrial Surface Coating Can Coating ‘Magnet Wire Coating Other Metal Coating Flat Wood Interior Panel Coating Paper Coating Fabric Coating : ‘Automobile And Light Duty Truck Surface Coating Operations Pressure Sensitive Tapes And Labels Metal Coil Surface Coating Large Appliance Surface Coating ... ‘Metal Furniture Surface Coating ‘Magnetic Tape Manufacturing «1... Surface Coating Of Plastic Parts For Business Machines [Reserved] ‘Transportation And Marketing Of Petroleum Liquids = Cutback Asphalt, Emulsified Asphalt And Asphalt Cement DESRGaREGRE eS 413 (CHEMICAL PROCESS INDUSTRY... 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY. 6.1 62 ‘Solvent Degreasing ...... ‘Waste Solvent Reclamation ‘Tank And Drum Cleaning ..... Graphic Ans... Commercial/Consumer Solvent Use .. Textile Fabric Printing .. Polyester Resin Plastics Product Fabrication . Waste Water Collection, Treatment And Storage Adipic Acid Synthetic Ammonis. Carbon Black Charcoal .. Chior-Alkali Explosives .... Hydrochloric Acid Hydrofluoric Acid Nitric Acid Paint And Vamish .. Phosphoric Acid Phthalic Anhydride Polyvinyl Chloride And Pol propylene Poly(ethylene terephthalate) ... Polystyrene Printing Ink Soap And Detergents Sodium Carbonate Sulfuric Acid... Sulfur Recovery . ‘Synthetic Fibers Synthetic Rubber Terephthalic Acid Lead Alkyl ‘Maleic Anhydride Alfalfa Dehydrating .. Coffee Roasting Cotton Ginning Grain Elevators And Processing Pianis Fermentation “ Fish Processing Meat Smokehouses Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizers. Orchard Heaters... Phosphate Fertilizers. ‘Starch Manufacturing ‘Sugar Cane Processing Bread Baking Urea Beef Cattle Feediots . Defoliation And Harvesting Of Cotton .. Harvesting Of Grain e.« 7. METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY Ammonium Sulfate .. 71 Primary Aluminum Production 72 Coke Production .. 73 Primary Copper Smelting 7.4 Feroalloy Production 7.5 Iron And Stee! Production 1 716 Primary Lead Smelting .. 16-1 77 Zine Smelting .. 171 78 Secondary Aluminum Operations... 78-1 19, Secondary Copper Smelting And Alloying “79-1 7.10 Gray Iron Foundries 7.10-1 7.11 Secondary Lead Processing TAA 712 Secondary Magnesium Smelting. 721 7.13 Steel Foundries. . 1134 714 Secondary Zine Processing 714-1 TAS Storage Battery Production rn TAS-L 7.16 Lead Oxide And Pigment Production .. “716-1 7.17 Miscellaneous Lead Products .. TATA 718 Leadbearing Ore Crushing And Grinding. TAB 8, MINERAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRY.. 814 8.1 Asphaltic Concrete Plants 81-1 82 Asphalt Roofing ..... 82-1 83 Bricks And Related Clay Products 831 84 Calcium Carbide Manufacturing “84-1 86 Porlland Cement Manufacturing "8.61 8.7 Ceramic Clay Manufacturing . “87-1 88 Clay And Fy Ash Sintering 881 89 Coal Cleaning 89-1 8.10 Concrete Batching 8.10-1 8.11 Glass Fiber Manufacturing 811-1 8.12 Frit Manufacturing ...... 8.121 8.13 Glass Manufacturing 8.134 8.14 Gypsum Manufacturing. 8.14-1 8.15 Lime Manufacturing .. 815-1 8.16 Mineral Wool Manufacturing 816-1 8.17 Perlite Manufacturing .....~ 817-1 818 Phosphate Rock Processing... 818-1 819 Construction Aggregate Processing. "819-1 8.20 [Reserved] 821 Coal Conversion ... 822 Taconite Ore Processing 823 Metallic Minerals Processing . 824 Westem Surface Coal Mining 9, PETROLEUM INDUSTRY. 9.1 Petroleum Refining 9.2 Natural Gas Processing 10, WOOD PRODUCTS INDUSTRY. 10.1 10.2 10.3 ‘Chemical Wood Pulping Pulpboard ..... Plywood Veneer And Layout Operations 104 Woodworking Waste Collection Operations 11. MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES. 111 Wildfires And Prescribed Buming 11.2 Fugitive Dust Sources .. 11.3 Explosives Detonation 114 Wet Cooling Towers 104-1 115 Industrial Flares ... C1541 12, STORAGE OF ORGANIC LIQUIDS... 24 APPENDIX A Miscellaneous Data And Conversion Factors APPENDIX B (Reserved For Future Use) APPENDIX C.1 Particle Size Distribution Data And Sized Emission Factors For Selected Sources . APPENDIX C2 Generalized Particle Size Distributions cz APPENDIX C3 Silt Analysis Procedures . 3.1 APPENDIX D Procedures For Sampling Surface/Bulk Dust Loading. ..nssssssunsnnnsnnannssnnes Bel APPENDIX E Procedures For Laboratory Analysis Of Surface/Bulk Dust Loading Samples .. El KEY WorD INDEX Add ‘Adipic Hydrochloric Hydrofluoric Phosphoric Sulfuric. Terephthalic Adipic Acid ‘Aggregate, Construction .. Aggregate Storage Piles Fugitive Dust Agricultural Tilling Fugitive Dust... Alfalfa Dehydrating ‘Alkali, Chior Alloys Ferroalloy Production .. . Secondary Copper Smelting And Allo ‘Aluminum Primary Production ... Secondary Operations . Ammonia, Synthetic Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizers... Anhydride, Phthalic. = ‘Anthracite Coal Combustion Appliance Surface Coating Ash Fly Ash Sintering .. Asphalt Cutback Asphalt, Emusified Asphalt And Asphalt Ct Cement. Roofing ‘Asphaltic Concrete Plants ‘Automobile Body Incineration .. ‘Automobile Surface Coating Bagasse Combustion In Sugat Mills. Baking, Bread ... Bark ‘Wood Waste Combustion In Boilers Batching, Concrete Battery Storage Battery Production .. Beer Production Fermentation, - Bituminous Coal Combustion Bread Baking Bricks And Related Clay Products Bumers, Conical (Teepe) Burning, Open em Business Machines, Plastic Parts Coating ..... Cae Carige Mantactrng Can Coating. Cane Sugar Cane Processing. Carbon Black... Carbonate Sodium Carbonate Manufacturing Castable Refractories. Cattle Beef Cattle Feedlots Cement Asphalt Portland Cement Manufacturing Ceramic Clay Manufacturing Charcoal Gheieat Wood Puiping Chlor-Alkali Clay Bricks And Related Clay Products .. Ceramic Clay Manufacturing Clay And Fly Ash Sintering Cleaning Anthracite Coal Combustion . Bituminous Coal Combustion. Cleaning Conversion .... Coating, Surface... Metal, General. Magnet Wire ... ‘Magnetic Tape Metal Coil Surface . ‘Metal Furniture .. Paper... Plastic Parts For Business Machines Tapes And Label, Pressure Sensitive Coffee Roasting... Coke Manufacturing Combustion Anthracite Coal... Bagasse, In Sugar Mill Bituminous Coal Fue! Oil : Intemal, Mobile. Intemal, Stationary . Lignite LGigufied Petroleum Gas . Natural Gas Orchard Heater Residential Fireplace ‘Waste Oil Wood Stove Concrete Asphaltic Concrete Plants... Concrete Batching Conical (Teepee) Bumers Construction Aggregat Construction Operations Fugitive Dust Sources Conversion, Coal . Copper Primary Smelting... Secondary Smelting And Alloying Cotton Defoliation And Harvesting .. Ginning Dacron ‘Synthetic Fibers ... Defoliation, Cotton Degreasing Solvent Dehydrating, Alfalfa . Diesel Engines, Stationary ... Detergents ‘Soap And Detergents Detonation, Explosives .. Drum ‘Tank And Drum Cleaning Dry Cleaning Dual Fuel Engines, Stationary . Dust Fugitive Sources Dust Loading Sampling Procedures « Dust Loading Analysis Electric Utility Power Plants, Gas lectrity Generators, Stationary Gas Turbine Elevators, Feed And Grain Mills Explosives... Explosives Detonation Fabric Coating .... Feed Beef Cattle Feedlots .. Feed And Grain Mills And Elevators Fermentation... Fertilizers ‘Ammonium Nitrate .. Phosphate .. Ferroalloy Production Fiber Glass Fiber Mamufacturing ber, Synthetic... Fires Forest Wildfires And Prescribed Buming. Fireplaces, Residential Fish Processing Flat Wood Interior Panel Coating Fly Ash Clay And Fly Ash Sintering Foundries Gray Iron Foundries Steel Foundries... Frit Manufacturing Fuel Oil Combustion Fugitive Dust Sources... Fumiture Surface Coating, Metal . Gas Combustion, Liquified Petroleum .... Gas, Natural ‘Natural Gas Combustion Natural Gas Processing : Turbines, Flectricity-generating Gasoline/Diesel Engines ...... inning, Cottor Glass Manufacturing Glass Fiber Manufacturing Grain Feed And Grain Mills And Elevators Harvesting Of Grain Gravel ‘Sand And Gravel Processing Gray Iron Foundries «nnn Gypsum Manufacturing Harvesting Cotton, Grain on Heaters, Orchard Hydrochloric Acid... Hydrofluoric Acid .... Highway Vehicles Incineration Automobile Body Conical (Teepee) RefUS6 an Sewage Sludge... : Industrial Engines, Gasoline And Diesel Industriat Fates sn nu Industrial Surface Coating Ink, Printing Internal Combustion Engines Highway Vehicle : off - 6.16 6.17 33 1s 4.2.2 soe S14 Vol. I .. Vol, It ighway Mobile. Off-highway Stationary .. Iron Ferroalloy Production .... Gray Iron Foundries .. Iron And Steel Mills ‘Taconite Ore Processing ... Label Coating, Pressure Sensitive Large Bore Engines Lead) ‘Ore Crushing And Grinding Miscellaneous Products Primary Lead Smelting Secondary Smelting. Lead Alky! Lead Oxide And Pigment Production Leadbearing Ore Crushing And Grinding ignite Combustion... ‘Lime Manufacturing Liquified Petroleum Gas Combustion Magnesium Secondary Smelting .. Magnet Wire Coating ‘Magnetic Tape Manu! Maleic Anhydride ‘Meat Smokehouses Metal Coil Surface Coating Metal Fumiture Surface Coating ‘Mineral Wool Manufacturing Mobile Sources Highway OfF-highway : Natural Gas Combustion... Natural Gas Fired Pipeline Compressors. ‘Natural Gas Processing .. Nitric Acid Manufacturing ‘Nonindustrial Surface Coating .. Off-highway Mobile Sources Off-highway Stationary Sources . oil Fuel Oil Combustion Waste Oil Combustion ... Open Buming Orchard Heaters. Ore Processing ‘Leadbearing Ore Crushing And Grinding .. Taconite Organic Lig ee Paint And Varnish Manufacturing... Panel Coating, Wood, Interior Paper Coating Paved Roads Fugitive Dust Perlite Manufacturing Petroleum Liquified Petroleum Gas Combustion .. Refining... a Storage Of Organic Liquids ‘Transportation And Marketing Of Petroicum Liquids Pharmaceutical Production : Phosphate Fertilizers Phosphate Rock Processing Phosphoric Acid Phthalic Anhydride Pigment Lead Oxide And Pigment Production Pipeline Compressors, Natural Gas Fired Plastic Part Surface Coating, Business Mac Plastics... ee Plywood Veneer And Layout Operat Poly(ethylene terephthalate) . : Polyester Resin Plastics Product Fabrication Polypropylene .... : Polystyrene Polyvinyl Chioride Portland Cement Manufacturing Prescribed Burning Printing 19K Reclamation, Waste Solvent . Recovery, Sulfur Refractories, Castabie Residential Fireplaces Roads, Paved Fugitive Dust. Roads, Unpaved Fugitive Dust Roasting Coffee Rock Phosphate Rock Processing... Roofing, Asphalt... Rubber, Synthetic’... Sand And Gravel Processing . Sewage Sludge Incineration .. Sintering, Clay And Fly Ash ‘Smelting Primary Copper Smelting .. Primary Lead Smelting .. : Secondary Copper Smelting And Alloying Secondary Lead Smelting ....... ‘Secondary Magnesium Smelting Zine Smelting. Smokehouses, Meat... : Soap And Detergent Manufacturing Sodium Carbonate Manufacturing . Solvent ‘Commercial/Consumer Use... Degreasing .... Waste Reclamation .. Starch Manufacturing Stationary Gas Turbines .. Stationary Sources, Off-highway ... Steel Tron And Steel Mills. Foundries... Storage Battery Production .... ‘Storage Of Organic Liquids Sugar Cane Processing .. Sugar Mills, Bagasse Combustion In Sulfur Recovery : Sulfuric Acid Surface Coating Synthetic Ammonia Synthetic Fiber Synihetic Rubber ‘Taconite Ore Processing ‘Tank And Drum Cleaning Tape, Magnetic, Manufacturing «1. ‘Tape Coating, Pressure Sensitive ..... “Teepee (Conical) Bumers ‘Terephthalic Acid ... Tiling, Agricultural Fugitive Dust... ‘Trangponation And Marketing Of Petroleum igids ‘Truck Surface Coating, Light Duty ‘Turbines, Natural Gas Fired ... Unpaved Roads Fugitive Dust Ute rane Vamish aint And Vamish Manufacturing Vehicles, Highway And Off-highway . Waste Solvent Reclamation ... ‘Waste Oil Combustion... ‘Waste Water Collection, Treatment and Storage. Wet Cooling Towers = Whiskey Production Fermentation .. Wildfires, Forest. Wine Making Fermentation ..... Wire Coating, Magnet .... Wood Pulping, Chemical ... Stoves ‘Waste Combustion In Boilers Interior Panel Coating Woodworking Waste Collection Operations Zine Secondary Processing ‘Smelting 1.2. ANTHRACITE COAL COMBUSTION 1.2.1 General! 4 ‘Anthracite coal is a high-rank coal with more fixed carbon and less volatile matter than either bituminous coal or lignite; anthracite also has higher ignition and ash fusion temperatures. In the Uaited States, nearly all anthracite is mined in northeastem Pennsylvania and consumed in Pennsylvania and its surrounding states. The largest use of anthracite is for space heating. | Lesser rerounts are employed for steam/electric production; coke manufacturing, sintering and pelletizing; and aiher industrial uses, Anthracite currently is only a small fraction of the total quantity of coal combusted in the United States. ‘Another form of anthracite coal bumed in boilers is anthracite refuse, commonly known as culm, Gulm was produced as breaker reject material from the mining/sizing of anthracite coal and was typically dumped by miners on the ground near operating mines. It is estimated that thers are Ov°% 15 Rehan Mg (16 millon tons) of culm scattered in pies throughout northeastern Pennsylvania, The heating value of culm is typically in the 1,400 to 2,800 kcalrkg, 2.500 to 5,000 Buufb) range, compared to 6,100 to 7,800 keal/kg (12,000 to 14,000 Btu/b) for anthracite coal 1.2.2 Firing Practices"? ‘Due to its low volatile matter content, and non-clinkering characteristics, anthracite coal is largely used in medium-sized industrial and institutional stoker boilers equipped with stationary OF traveling grates. Anthracite coal is not used in spreader stokers because of its low volatile mallet aa ent aad relatively high ignition temperature. This fuel may also be bumed in pulverized coal-fired (PCfred) unis, but due to ignition difficulties, this practice is imited to only a few plants ip eastem Pennsylvania, Anuhracite coal has also been widely used in hand-fired fumaces. Culm has Deen combusted primarily in fluidized bed combustion (FBC) boilers because of its high ash content and low heating value. Combustion of anthracite coal on a traveling grate is characterized by & coal bed of 8 to 13 em Gt 5 inches) in depth and a high Dist of underfie air atthe rear or dumping end ofthe erat, his high blast of air lifts incandescent fuel particles and combustion gases from the grate and reecs the prices against along rear arch over the grate towards the front of the fuel ed. where Fresh OF green” fuel enters. This special fumace arch design is required to assist in the ignition ofthe green fel 'A second type of stoker boiler used to bum anthracite coal is the underfeed stoker. Various types of underfeed stokers are used in industrial boiler applications but the most common for areacite coal firing is the single-etortside-dump stoker with stationary grates. In this unit, coal is fed intermittently to the fuel bed by a ram. In very small units the coal is fed continuously by a serew Feed coal is pushed through the retort and upward towards the tuyere locks. Airis supplied through the tuyere blocks on each side ofthe retort and through openings in the side grates. Overfire tir is commonly used with underfeed slokers to provide combustion air and turbulence in the flame zone directly above the active fuel bed. In PC-fired boilers, the fuel is pulverized to the consistency of powder and pneumatically injected through burers into the fumace. Injected coal particles bum in suspension within the fumace region ofthe boiler. Hot flue gases rise from the fumace and provide heat exchange with boiler tubes in the walls and upper regions of the boiler. In general, PC-fired boilers operate either in a wet- bottom or dry bottom mode; because of its high ash fusion temperature, anthracite coal is bumed in 10/92 Extemal Combustion Sources 121 dry-bottom furnaces. For anthracite culm, combustion in conventional boiler systems is dificult due to the fuel’s high ash content, high moisture content, and low heating value, However, the burning of culm in a fluidized bed system was demonstrated ata steam generation plant in Pennsylvania, “A fluidinee bed Consists of inert particles (e.g., rock and ash) through which air is blown so th ae highs eg BY the hot inert bed particles. Fluidized beds can also handle fuels with ash contents Till ss 75 percent. Heat released by combustion is transferred to in-bed steam-gencrating tubes ‘Limestone may be added to the bed to capture sulfur dioxide formed by combustion of fuel wife 1.2.3 Emissions And Controls*6 Particulate matter (PM) emissions from anthracite coal combustion are a function of fumace Fring configuration, firing practices (boiler load, quantity and location of underfite air, soot blowing, ‘yash reinjection, etc), and the ash content of the coal. Pulverized coal-fired boiler: emit the highest Caan OF FM per unt of fuel because they fire the anthracite in suspension, which results in a high Pere nage oF ash carryover into exhaust gases, Traveling grate stokers and hand fired units produce {RSs PM Pet unit of fuel ied, and coarser particulates, because combustion takes place in a quiescent fuel bed without significant ash carryover into the exhaust gases. In general, PM emissions tow Eapcling grate stokers will increase during soot blowing and flyash reinjection and with higher fuel bed underfeed air fowrates. Smoke production during combustion is rarely a problem, becauce or anthracite’s low volatile matter content. Limited data are available on the emission of gaseous pollutants from anthracite combustion, @ {tis assumed, based on bituminous coal combustion data, that a large fraction of the fuel sulfur is ‘mitted as sulfur oxides. Also, because combustion equipment, excess ait rates, combustion emperatures, etc, are similar between anthracite and bituminous coal combustion, nitrogen oxide Emissions are also assumed to be similar. Nitrogen oxide emissions from FBC units buming cuim are {ypically lower than from other anthracite coal-buming boilers due to the lower operating temperatures which characterize FBC beds, Carbon monoxide and total organic compound emissions are dependent on combustion etfciency. Generally their emission rates, defined as mass of emissions per unit of heat input, decrease with increasing boiler size, Organic compound emi pulverized coal units and higher for underfeed and overfeed st efficiency levels. Controls on anthracite emissions mainly have been applied to PM. ‘The most efficient pariculate controls, fabric filters, scrubbers, and electrostatic precipitators, have been installed on large pulverized anthracite-fired boilers. Fabric filters can achieve collection efficiencies exceeding 99 Percent, Electrostatic precipitators typically are only 90 to 97 percent efficient, because of the characteristic high resistivity of low sulfur anthracite fly ash. tis reported that higher efficiencies can be achieved using larger precipitators and flue gas conditioning, ‘Mechanical collectors are frequently ‘employed upstream from these devices for large particle removal, Older traveling grate stokers are often uncontrolled. Indeed, particulate control has often been Fonsidered unnecessary, beeause of anthracte's low smoking tendencies and the fac tata significant e@ fraction of large size flash from stokers is readily collected in flyash hoppers as well as in the breeching and base of the stack. Cyclone collectors have been employed on traveling grate stokers, 122 EMISSION FACTORS 10/92 and limited information suggests these devices may be up to 75 percent efficient on particulate, Fiyash teinjection, frequently use in traveling gate stokers to enhance fuel use efficiency, tends fo ineroase PM emissions per unit of fuel combusted. High-energy venturi scrubbers can generally achieve PM collection efficiencies of 90 percent or greater. [Emission factors and ratings for pollutants from anthracite coal combustion and anthracite ‘culm combustion are given in Tables 1.2-1 through 1.2-7. Cumulative size distribution data and size Specific emission factors and ratings for particulate emissions are summarized in Table 12-5, Grcontrolled and controlled size specific emission factors are presented in Figure 1.2-1. Paice s lusuibution data for bituminous coal combustion may be used for uncontrolled emissions from pulverized anthracite-fired furaces, and data for anthracite-fired traveling grate stokers may be used for hand fired units REFERENCES FOR SECTION 1.2 1. Minerals Yearbook, 1978-79, Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C, 1981. >, Air Pollutant Emission Factors, APTD-0923, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, April 1970. 3, "Operating Experience atthe Shamokin Culm Burning Steam Generation Plant’, P. Bendet De Senela, W. Smith, G. Tsoumpas, Stone & Webster Engineering Group, New York, New York, J Laukaits, Shamokin Area Industrial Corporation, Shamokin, Pennsylvania, Presented at the 7th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, Atlanta, Georgia, June 1983. 4, Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, Fourth Edition, J. Perry, Editor, MeGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, New York, 1963. 5, Background Information Document For Industrial Boilers, EPA 450/3-82-006a, U.S. Envhonmental Protection Agency, Rescarch Triangle Park, North Carolina, March 1982. 6, Steam: fis Generation and Use, Thiny-Seventh Edition, The Babcock & Wilcox Company, New York, New York, 1963. 7. Draft report. Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42 Section 1.2--Amihracite Coal ‘Combustion, Technical Suppor Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standart, s. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, October 1992. 8, __Inhalable Particulate Source Category Report for Extemal Combustion Sources, EPA Contract No. 68-02-3156, Acurex Corporation, Mountain View, California, January 1985. 10/92 External Combustion Sources 1.23 COMBUSTION IN STOKER FIRED BOILERS! ‘TABLE 12-1. EMISSION FACTORS FOR SPECIATED METALS FROM ANTHRACITE COAL e@ Enmission Factor Rating: E) Emission factor Emission factor Average emission Average emission Pollutant range range factor factor Ibfton kgMg. Ioyton kgimg Mercury 8.7E-05 - 1.36-04 4.45.05 - 6.5E-05 1.29804 6.45.05 Arsenic BDL - 2.45.04 BDL - 1.26.04 1.85E-04 9.25E-05 Antimony BDL BDL. BDL Beryllium 3.0E-05 - $.4E-04 —1,5E-05 - 2.7E-04 3.078-04 1.54E-04 Cadmium 4,5E-05 - 1.1604 2.35.05 - 5.55.05 7.10E-05 3.55E-05 Chromium 5.9E-03 - 4.95-02 3.08.03 - 2.5E-02 2.768-02 1.38E-02 Manganese 9.88-04 - 5.3E-03 4,95-04 - 2.78.03 3.56E-03 1.78E-03 Nickel ‘7.8E-03 - 3.5E-02 398-03 - 1.8502 2.56E-02 1.28E-02 Selenium _4.78-04 - 2.1E-03 2.45-04 - 1.16.03 1.266-03 630-04 BDL = Below detection limit. ‘TABLE 1.22. EMISSION FACTORS FOR TOTAL ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (TOC) AND METHANE (CH,) FROM ANTHRACITE COAL COMBUSTORS! Toc CH, Source category Average Average Average Average emission emission emission emission factor factor Rating | factor. ~—factor-—-Rating Tpyton kgMg Ibjton_kg/Mg Stoker fired boilers 0.20 0.10 E NA NA - Residential space NA NA 8 4 E heaters NA = Data not available. 124 EMISSION FACTORS 10/92 e@ TABLE 12-3. (ENGLISH UNITS) EMISSION FACTORS FOR SPECIATED ORGANIC ‘COMPOUNDS FROM ANTHRACITE COAL COMBUSTORS’ ‘Emission Factor Rating: E) Stoker fired boilers Residential space heaters Pollutant Emission factor Emission factor | Average emission Ibjton range factor Ipjton. Ipjton Biphenyl 256-02 - Phenanthrene 6.8E-03 9.1E-02- 0.43E-01 3.63 ‘Naphthalene 1.3E-01 9.0E-03- 0.0482 3.27 ‘Acenaphthene NA 1.4E-02- 6.75E-01 0.43 Acenaphthalene NA 1.4B-02- 3.048-01 1.46 Fluorene NA 9.08-03- 5.78E-02 0.38 Anthracene NA 9.0B-03- 4.5E-02 0.38 Fluoranthrene NA 9.68-02- 3.3E-01 4.86 Pyrene NA 5.4E-02- 246-01 1.83 Benzo(a)anthracene NA 1.4E-02 - 2.0E-01 1s e Chrysene NA 2.3E-02 - 2.2E-01 2.62 Benzo(k)fluoranthrene NA 1.4E-02- 6276-02 0.37 Benzo(e)pyrene NA 4.SE-03- 14SE-02 0.09 Benzo(a)pyrene NA 3,88-03 - 9.0E-03, 0.06 Perylene NA 16E-04- 2.3E-03 146-02 Indeno(123-cd) perylene NA 4.SE-03- 14B-02 0.10 Benzo(gstui) perylene NA 4.346-03- 1.2E-02 0.08 Anthanthrene NA 1.9B-04- 1,18-03 6.2-03 Coronene NA 1.1E-03- 8.08-03 0.06 NA = Data not available. 10/92 External Combustion Sources 125 TABLE 1.2-4 (METRIC UNITS) EMISSION FACTOR: COMPOUNDS FROM ANTHRACITE CO, (Emission Factor Rating: E) ‘S FOR SPECIATED ORGANIC. AL COMBUSTORS? Stoker fired Residential space heaters boilers Polfatant Emission factor | Emission factor | Average emission ke/Mg range factor keyg kgMg Biphenyl 1256-02, : 7 Phenanthrene 3.4E-03 4.6E-02- 2.1B-02 3.63 ‘Naphthalene 0658-01 4.5E-03 - 0.0241 3.27 Acenaphthene NA 7.0E-03- 3.38E-01 0.43 ‘Acenaphthalene NA 7.08-03- 1.98E-02 1.46 Fluorene NA 4.5E-03- 2.898-02 0.38 Anthracene NA 4.5E-03- 2.38-02 0.38 Fluoranthrene NA 4.8E-02- 1.78-01 4.86 Pyrene NA 2.7B-02- 1.2E-01 1.83 Benzo(a)anthracene NA 7.0E-03 - 1,0E-01 Las Chrysene NA 1.2E-02 - 1.1E-01 2.62 Benzo(k)fluoranthrene NA 7.0E-03- 3.148-02 037 Benzo(e)pyrene NA 2.3E-03- 7.25E.03 0.09 Benzo(a)pyrene NA 1.9E-03 - 4.58-03 0.05 Perylene NA 3.8E-04- 1.25.03 146-02 Indeno(123-cd) perylene NA 2.3E-03- 7.0E-03 0.10 Benzo(gstui.) perylene NA 2.17E-03- 6.0E-03 0.08 Anthanthrene NA 9.5E-05- 5.5E-04 626-03 Coronene NA 5.5E-04- 4.0B-03 0.06 NA = Data not available. 126 EMISSION FACTORS 10/92 -yeoo aypesunue Sunuing soomes 19m ME ‘Tony wRD Burung sIaHIOq Oe “UORSNAWOD Ped PSTIPMML = OKA“ smpmns wearad 1ySt0H8 = SE a Sst SOE a st € sraway] 9000S [PRUEPISE a 28561 »S6E @ 6 st s30[10q feo pazyantna a st 6z a 60 s1 gostoa 984 a S561 2S6E 2 oF zw srotJ0g pany J9401S Suney say woyal Suny away woyal AsoBaqe> 20xn0g sonoe HoIssrIug, s0198e UOISSTIA, Zos XOn SUOLSMEWOD TVOO ILIOVUHINY WOW Cos) aaIxOId UASTAS anv %5y) saNNOdWOO JAIXO NADOULIN OI SUOLIVA NOISSINA 9-CT ATAVL “ajquireae you wed = WN ‘qwaoued wy8to% ‘Jong Jo wauuco ys? = ye YN VN a vN WN @ s or sign pasty PUP, a ash Cass © VWOD 800 =D _—VSHO_ VoD “9100 Paty ROIS Fonea Swaa wove | Suney Swix oval | unex BW/SX OVAL sores HOISSI, 301984 VOISSIEO s0}08d WOISSIE a S1qgSaPUED-Wa SIqessTTEN KoBawe9 somos 'SUOLSAGINOD TVOO SLIOVYHINV WOW (a) GVA ONY “Wak SALLVW ELV TAOLLIVd UO SAOLOVA NOISSING ‘SCT TTEVL External Combustion Sources 12-7 10/92 TABLE 1.2.7. EMISSION FACTORS FOR CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) AND CARBON DIOXIDE (CO,) FROM ANTHRACITE COAL COMBUSTORS! co CO, Emission Factor [Emission Factor Source category Tbton_ke/Mg__Rating | Ibfion _kg/Mg Rating Stoker fired bolles 0.6 03° Bl S680 OSC FBC boilers* 03 ois ig NANA : NA = Data Not Available FBC = Fluidized bed combustion; FBC boilers burning culm fuel; all other sources burning anthracite coal. TABLE 12-8. CUMULATIVE PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND SIZE SPECIFIC EMISSION FACTORS FOR DRY BOTTOM BOILERS BURNING PULVERIZED ANTHRACITE COALS (Emission Factor Rating: D) Cumulative mass % < stated size ‘Cumulative emission factor! ‘kg/Mg ({bfton) coal, as fired Particle | Uncontrotied Controtted® Uncontrolted Controlled? ‘ee size’ (om) Maltiple | Baghouse Mattipte Baghouse cyclone eyclone 1s 32 6 9 1.6A G.2A) 063A (126A) 0.0079 (o.016A) 10 2B 35 a 124 @3A) O.SSA(LL10A) 0.0067 (0.0134) 6 7 46 51 9A (7A) 046A (092A) —_0.0051A (010A) 25 6 a 32 0.34 (0.6A) 024A (0484) 0.0032 (0.0064) 1.25 2 B a O.1A (0.28) 0.134 (026A) 0,021 (0.0044) 1.00 2 10 18 0.14 (0.2) 010A (020A) 0.00184. (0.006) 0.625 1 7 005A (0.14) 0.074 (0,144) a TOTAL 100 100 100 SA (OA) 1A.QA) 0.014 (0.024) a, A= coal ash weight %, as fired, ’, Estimated control efficiency for multiple cyclone, 80%; baghouse, 99.8%. ©. Expressed as acrodynamic equivalent diameter. 4. Insufficient data, 128 EMISSION FACTORS 10/92 el 0.0108 aa ong a ele pas bee 3 Soul on Sum ose iw eg vi Beal an ee # i oa oe oud Ce a Perticle dtaneter (us) Figure 1.2-1. Cumulative size specific emission factors for dry bottom oilers buming pulverized anthracite coal. 10/92 Extemal Combustion Sources 129 1.4 NATURAL GAS COMBUSTION 1.4.1 General!"? Natural gas is one of the major fuels used throughout the country. It is used mainly for {industrial process steam and heat production; for residential and commercial space heating; and for tlectric power generation. Natural gas consists of a high percentage of methane (generally above 80 percent) and varying amounts of ethane, propane, butane, and inerts (typically nitrogen, carbon Gioxide, and helium). Gas processing plants are required for the recovery of liquefiable constituents and removal of hydrogen sulfide before the gas is used (see Natural Gas Processing, Section 9.2). ‘The average gross heating value of natural gas is approximately 8900 kilocalories per standard cubic meter (1000 British thermal units per standard cubic foot), usually varying from 8000 to 9800 kcal/scm (900 to 1100 Bry/sct. 1.42. Emissions and Controls Even though natural gas is considered to be a relatively clean-buming fuel, some emissions ‘can result from combustion. For example, improper operating conditions, including poor air/fuel ‘mixing, insufficient air, ctc., may cause large amounts of smoke, carbon monoxide (CO), and organic compound emissions. Moreover, because a sulfur-containing mercaptan is added to natural gas to permit leak detection, small amounts of sulfur oxides will be produced in the combustion process. Nitrogen oxides (NO,) are the major pollutants of concem when buming natural gas. ‘Nitrogen oxide emissions depend primarily on the peak temperature within the combustion chamber as ‘well as the furnace-zone oxygen concentration, nitrogen concentration, and time of exposure at peak temperatures. Emission levels vary considerably with the type and size of combustor and with operating conditions (particularly combustion air temperature, load, and excess air level in boilers). Currently, the two most prevalent NO, control techniques being applied to natural gas-fired boilers (which result in characteristic changes in emission rates) are low NO, bumers and flue gas recirculation. Low NO, bumers reduce NO,, by accomplishing the combustion process in stages. Staging partially delays the combustion process, resulting in a cooler flame which suppresses NO, formation, The three most common types of low NO, burners being applied to natural gas-fired boilers are staged air burners, staged fuel burners, and radiant fiber bumers. Nitrogen oxide emission reductions of 40 to 85 percent (relative to uncontrolled emission levels) have been observed with low NO, bumers. Other combustion staging techniques which have been applied to natural gas-fired boilérs include low excess air, reduced air preheat, and staged combustion (¢.g., bumers-out-of-servive and overfie ait), ‘The degree of staging is a key operating parameter influencing NO, emission rates for these systems. Ina flue gas recirculation (FGR) system, a portion of the flue gas is recycled from the stack to the bumer windbox. Upon entering the windbox, the gas is mixed with combustion air prior to being fed to the bumer. The FGR system reduces NO, emissions by two mechanisms. ‘The recycled flue gas in made up of combustion products which act as inerts during combustion of the fuel/air mixture. ‘This additional mass is heated in the combustion zone, thereby lowering the peak flame temperature and reducing the amount of NO, formed. To a lesser extent, FGR also reduces NO, formation by lowering the oxygen concentration in the primary flame zone, The amount of flue gas recirculated is @ ey operating parameter influencing NO, emission rates for these systems. Flue gas recirculation is 10/92 Extemal Combustion Sources 141 normally used in combination with low NO, burners. When used in combination, these techniques are @ Capable of reducing uncontrolled NO, emissions by 60 10 90 percent, ‘Two post-combustion technologies that may be applied to natural gas-fired boilers to reduce NO, emissions by further amounts are selective noncatalytic reduction and selective catal reduction. These systems inject ammonia (or urea) into combustion flue gases to reduce inlet NO, emission rates by 40 to 70 percent. Although not measured, all particulate matter (PM) from natural gas combustion has been estimated to be less than 1 micrometer in size. Particulate matter is composed of filterable and condensible fractions, based on the EPA sampling method. Filterable and condensible emission rates are of the same order of magnitude for boilers; for residential furnaces, most of the PM is in the form. of condensible material. The rates of CO and trace organic emissions from boilers and furnaces depend on the efficiency of natural gas combustion. ‘These emissions are minimized by combustion practices that Promote high combustion temperatures, long residence times at those temperatures, and turbulent, ‘mixing of fuel and combustion air. In some cases, the addition of NO, control systems such as FOR and low NO, bumers reduces combustion efficiency (due to lower combustion temperatures), resulting in higher CO and organic emissions relative to uncontrolled boilers, Emission factors for natural gas combustion in boilers and furnaces are presented in Tables 1.4-1 through 1.4-3. For the purposes of developing emission factors, natural gas combustors have been organized into four general categories: utility/arge industrial boilers, small industrial boilers, e ‘commercial boilers, and residential furnaces, Boilers and furnaces within these categories share the ‘same general design and operating characteristics and hence have similar emission characteristics when combusting natural gas. ‘The primary factor used to demarcate the individual combustor categories is heat input. 142 EMISSION FACTORS e . 1) cm LOAD REDUCTION COEFFICIENT & a a o oe LOAD, percent Figure 1.4-1. Load reduction coefficient as function of boiler load. (Used to determine NO, reductions at recduced loads in large boilers), 1092 Extemal Combustion Sources 143 curen Suds (uoqeamba 40) ¢ pow Ye We J0 worsod JeStudan ax ur peroooo sane atenonswd Te St Wa O|a}suOpNOD “wen Suriduns (oteambo 10) ¢ pomayy yaa ue Jo zomg xp 01 oud 40 uo parsonoa JoNew Bieinomed yeu $F Wd BQN “onjea Bupeoy aBesoe stip 01 anon Sunred pauroeds ain yo ones aun Aq sore worssyua uaa oxp BuXydynm £q sonqea Buneoy seB fame sayno on potrenuod 29 Aeur 1qUI SHE UL SHOIDeY UOISsTIHD ayy, -(F9S/Mg OOOI) cAVPOA OLZE JO anTwA SuNeay soysry se jeMeU OSeIAAKE UE UO paseg qa ‘pay sef reinyeu sumjoyaueiniiod wom se possaidyy = -B a1qvoridde 100 = WN a " 08t 2 sro 8v ationuosu, (€0>) seowumy renuapisoy, 2 se ozt 2 sy wu. ettonuosu, (I> £0) sset}09 ferrourBoD, a st oct a zo 66 potronuosuy (OT - 01) sFoN10q reensMpuy emg VN WN a = 08-91 ‘peyfanuooun Got) ssoroq eunsnpur Bey, Suneyc¥ Olt gt 01/84 | Suny eB gO tt gO1/8x (indy way sy/rag_ of pid erarsuapuoy Brocco) adi sorsnqutog ar'gNOLISMEINOD SVD TVANLVN WOW (Wa) ALLV ALVINOLLAVA AOI SUOLVA NOSSING TPT ATIVE EMISSION FACTORS 1092 144 Berane sip ov anjea Sunray poutzods amp Jo ones amp M4 20% pauraauoo aq eur ayger siya Uy stoIoey woWSsTAIS UL, “G98/ME ODOT) «tPA OLB J storypuoo peo} paonpas 9q [1 SioI10q pam}osTUOD WOH SUOES! ‘wononpas peoy Aq sor085 Aidyqnur “speoy poonpar ty “(ely “Ws 01/8 do00) AL SLZ) ttt Peet) 1/83 Ory 250 ‘suo ssoy0q peBeyped 01 Aide ssoraey worse “3 Yon eM SION “T-p'T aun Ur YwOKDH}209 amy AqrenueBues 10,1 CON se passasdxg > ¥y ‘S08 (RAMEY 50 1uoTUOD aTYTRS aBeraAL WO Poseq “L sOURIDFY = ‘anqea Buoy Oey oISsIUED UaAKT otp BuECqdarnus Aq Sanger BuMeay SUH yemTEL Ja470 OF 10 anyea Sunvaq soyty ses pemeu aBeroww ue NO poseg =“ “pam sed jemeu sumnjor/uranod wom se possaxdygy “atqvonddy ON = VN @ OF 09 @ 6 ‘0st v 90 96 ‘rresvooun, ED) SOR HIST vn YN a 9% 08s v 90 96 openastoas Se ani - PomONIUCD 2 a ser 2 a oz, v 90 96 ssoumg YON 807 - Pettonuod 2 w oe a oor cost v so 96 portenwoouy, FEO 2 “ os 2 of oy v 90 96 onnoos v8 an ~ paqjonuaD, a 9 086 aa 18 o0et v 90 96 sseumg FON #07 - peltonuoy v se ws v ort ove v 0 96 poranuooun, COT OTT SOT THEME TETAS VN YN a s 088 v 90 96 ‘voneinaspox Sv anid ~ pem}ONUO YN vN a 8 vet y 90 %6 sawing ¥ON #07 - portestuo) v oF or v oss 0088 v v0 96 oyroswooun, Supra gayoust —ugorAan | Sure yot/at goin | Sur gUgpLIal ¢typV/4 “Gnd og BYRNE gOT “2218) 00, pon 0S ay, sorsnqw03, qe'gNOLLSNAWOO S¥O TVUALYN WOU (00) SaIXONOW NOSAVS ANV ‘(YON) SAGIXO NIOOUU! IN (COS) AGIXOIT YAATNS YOI SYOLIVA NOISSING “THT ATAVL 145 Extemal Combustion Sources 10/92 “Spunodwoo onto Jo woared 4¢ sastduioo auexpont 3g aouat9yo4 “spunodwoo orueau0 30 iuoasad Z¢ sosudmoo aueyjou g ’ ° 4 ‘spumodwoo oymeB10 Jo wusosad 11 sostidmoo ouecpout ?g 29U0 ‘2nyea Suneoy aBeraae su 01 onjen BuB=Y payroods -€0) sr9109 rerarouOD oxjorooun, 2 ofS 6 a soazt 90361 ——(OOT-OT) st>H0q eMsnpuy jTewS ° gt 8 YN YN ojjozuosu (or<) sxoy0q Temnsnpur aBreYANID Suney Boor movay Suney MOV tT (indy won sryrug 601 °921) OL 300 adky, sorsnquiog, vgNOLISASINOO SVD TVANLYN WOW OOD SANNOAWOD DINVOYO TVLOL ANV (COD) AAIXOIT NOMIVO UO SUOLOVA NOISSINA “E-+'T TTEVL 10/92 EMISSION FACTORS 14-6 References for Section 1.4 10/92 Exhaust Gases From Combustion and Industrial Processes, EPA Contract No. BHSD 71-36, Engineering Science, Inc., Washington, D.C., October 1971. Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, Fourth Edition, J. H. Perry, Editor, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, New York, 1963. Background Information Document For Industrial Boilers, EPA-450/3-82-006a, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, March 1982. Background Information Document For Small Steam Generating Units, EPA-450/3-87-000, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 1987. Fine Particulate Emissions From Stationary and Miscellaneous Sources in the South Coast Air Basin, Califomia Air Resources Board Contract No. A6-191-30, KVB, Inc., Tustin, California, February 1979. Draft report. Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42. Section | 4--Natural G: ‘Technical Support Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, September 1992. mbustion, ‘Systematic Field Study of NO,, Emission Control Methods For Utility Boilers, APTD-1163, U. SS, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, December 1971. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, AP-42, U. S, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, September 1985. External Combustion Sources 147 1.5 LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS COMBUSTION 1.5.1 General! Liquified petroleum gas (LPG) consists of butane, propane, or a mixture of the two, and of trace amounts of propylene and butylene. This gas, obtained from oil or gas wells as a gasoline refining byproduct, is sold as a liguid in metal cylinders under pressure and, therefore, is often called bottled gas. Liquified petroleum gas is graded according to maximum vapor pressure, with Grade A. being mostly butane, Grade F mostly propane, and Grades B through E being varying mixtures of ‘butane and propane.” The heating value of LPG ranges from 6,480 kealfliter (102,000 Btu/gallon) for Grade A to 6,030 kcal/liter (91,000 Btu/gallon) for Grade F. The largest market for LPG is the domestic/commercial market, followed by the chemical industry and intemal combustion engines. 1.5.2 Emissions and Controts!4 Liquified petroleum gas is considered a “clean” fuel because it does not produce visible emissions, However, gaseous pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), organic compounds, and nitrogen oxides (NO,) do occur. The most significant factors affecting these emissions are bumer design, bumer adjustment, and flue gas venting. Improper design, blocking and clogging of the flue vent, and insufficient combustion air result in improper combustion and the emissions of aldehydes, CO, hydrocarbons, and other organics. Nitrogen oxide emissions are a function of a number of variables, including temperature, excess air, fuel/air mixing, and residence time in the combustion zone. ‘The amount of sulfur dioxide (SO,) emitted is directly proportional to the amount of sulfur in the fuel, Emission factors for LPG combustion are presented in Tables 1.5-1 and 1.5-2. Nitrogen oxides are the only pollutant for which emission controls have been developed. Propane and butane are being used in Southern California as backup fuel to natural gas, replacing distillate oil in this role pursuant to the phascout of fuel oil in that region. Emission control for NOx. have been developed for firetube and watertube boilers firing propane or butane. Vendors are now ‘warranting retrofit systems to levels as low as 30 to 40 ppm (based on 3 percent oxygen). ‘These low- NO, systems use a combination of low NO, bumers and flue gas recirculaion, Some bumer vendors ‘use water or steam injection into the flame Zone for NO, reduction. This is a trimming technique which may be necessary during backup fuel periods because LPG typically has a higher NO,-forming ‘potential than natural gas; conventional natural gas emission control systems may not be sufficient to reduce LPG emissions to mandated levels. Also, LPG bumers are more prone to sooting under the ‘modified combustion conditions required for low NO, emissions. The extent of allowable combustion ‘modifications for LPG may be more limited than for natural gas. ne NO, control system that has been demonstrated on small commercial boilers is flue gas recirculation (GR). Nitrogen oxide emissions from propane combustion can be reduced by as much as 50 percent by recirculating 16 percent of the flue gas. Nitrogen oxide emission reductions of over 60 percent have been achieved with FGR and low NO, burners used in combination. 10/92 External Combustion Sources 15-1 TABLE 1.5-1. (ENGLISH UNITS) EMISSION FACTORS FOR LPG COMBUSTION®> (Emission Factor Rating: E) Pollutant Butane Emission Factor Propane Emission Factor 16/1000 gal 10/1000 gal Industrial | Commercial | Industrial | Commercial Boilers Boilers! Boilers Boil Filterable particulate matter® 0.6 0s 06 04 Sulfur oxides! 0.098. 0.095 0.103 0.105 Nitrogen oxides® 2 15 19 4 Carbon dioxide 14,700 14,700 12,500 12,500 Carbon monoxide 3.6 24 32 19 Total organic compounds 0.6 06 05 05 a 15-2 Assumes emissions (except SO, and NO,) are the same, on a heat input basis, as for natural gas combustion. The NO, emission factors have been multiplied by a correction factor of 1.5 hich is the approximate ratio of propane/butane NO, emissions to natural gas NO ‘emissions. SCC Codes 102101001, and 10301001 for industrial and commercial/institutional butane ‘combustion. SCC Codes 10201002, and 10301002 for industrial and commercial/institutional Propane combustion, SCC Codes 10500110, and 10500210 for industrial and commercial/nstitutional LPG combustion, Heat input capacities generally between 10 and 100 million Btu/hour. Heat input capacities generally between 0.3 and 10 million Bru/hour. Filterable particulate matter (PM) is that PM collected on or prior to the filter of an EPA Method 5 (or equivalent) sampling train. Expressed as $0. $ equals the sulfur content expressed on g1/100 ft? gas vapor, For example, if the butane sulfur content is 0.18 gr/100 ft? emission factor would be (0.09 x 0.182) 0.016 Ib of SO/1000 gal butane burned. Expressed as NOp. EMISSION FACTORS 1092 ‘TABLE 1.5.2. (METRIC UNITS) EMISSION FACTORS FOR LPG COMBUSTION"? (Emission Factor Rating: E) Pollutant Butane Emission Factor Propane Emission Factor kg/1000 liters g/1000 liters Industrial | Commercial | Industrial | Commercial Boilers” Boilers Boilers” Boiler Filterable particulate matter® 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.05 Sutfur oxides! ols O.o1s 0.012 0.0128 Nitrogen oxides® 25 18 23 a7 Carbon dioxide 1,760 1,760 1,500 1,500 Carbon monoxide 04 03 04 02 Total organic compounds 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 ‘a. Assumes emissions (except SO, and NO,) are the same, on a heat input basis, as for natural 10/92 gas combustion. The NO, emission factors have been multiplied by a correction factor of 1.5 ‘which is the approximate Tatio of propane/butane NO, emissions to natural gas NO, emissions. SCC Codes 102101001, and 10301001 for industrial and commercial/institutional butane combustion. SCC Codes 10201002, and 10301002 for industrial and commercial/institutional propane combustion. SCC Codes 10500110, and 10500210 for industrial and ‘commercial/nstitutional LPG combustion, Heat input capacities generally between 3 and 29 MW. Heat input capacities generally between 0.1 and 3 MW. Filterable particulate matter (PM) is that PM collected on or prior to the filter of an EPA Method 5 (or equivalent) sampling train. Expressed as SOp, $ equals the sulfur content expressed on gr/100 ft3 gas vapor. For example, if the butane sulfur content is 0.18 g1/100 {0 emission factor would be (0.011 x 0.18) = 0.0020 kg of SO/1000 liters butane burned. Expressed as NO2 External Combustion Sources 15-3 References for Section 1.5 1 154 Ait Pollutant Emission Factors, Final Report, Contract No. CPA-22-69-119, Resources Research, Inc., Reston, VA, Durham, NC, April 1970, E, A. Clifford, A Practical Guide to Liquified Petroleum Gas Usilization, New York, Moore Publishing Co., 1962, Nitrous Oxide Reduction with the Weishaypt Flue Gas Recirculation System, Weishaupt Research and Development Institute, January. 1987. Phone communication memorandum dated May 14, 1992. Conversation between B. Lusher of Acurex Environmental and D. Childress of SuburbaryPetrolane, Durham, NC. EMISSION FACTORS 10/92 1.6 WOOD WASTE COMBUSTION IN BOILERS 1.6.1. General!“5 ‘The burning of wood waste in boilers is mostly confined to those industries where it is available as a byproduct. It is bumed both to obtain heat energy and to alleviate possible solid waste disposal problems. In boilers, wood waste is nomally bumed in the form of hogged wood, sawdust, shavings, chips, sanderdust, or wood trim. Heating values for this waste range from about 2,200 to 2,700 keal/kg (4,000 to 5,000 Btu/b) of fuel on a wet, as-fired basis. The moisture content of as-fired ‘wood is typically near 50, weight percent but may vary from 5 to 75 weight percent depending on the waste type and storage operations. Generally, bark is the major type of waste bumed in pulp mills; either a mixture of wood and bark waste or wood waste alone is bumed most frequently in the lumber, furniture, and plywood. industries. As of 1980, there were approximately 1,600 wood-fired boilers operating in the U. S., with ‘a tolal capacity of over 30 GW (1.0 x 10!! Bru/). 1.62 Firing Practices"? Various boiler firing configurations are used for buming wood waste. One common type of boiler used in smaller operations is the Dutch oven. This unit is widely used because it can bum fuels with very high moisture content, Fuel is fed into the oven through an opening in the top of a refractory-lined furnace. ‘The fuel accumulates in a cone-shaped pile on a flat or sloping grate. ‘Combustion is accomplished in two stages: (1) drying and gasification, and (2) combustion of gaseous products. ‘The first stage takes place in the primary furnace, which is separated from the secondary furnace chamber by a bridge wall. Combustion is completed in the secondary chamber before gases center the boiler section. ‘The large mass of refractory helps to stabilize combustion rates but also ‘causes a slow response to fluctuating steam demand, In another boiler type, the fuel cell oven, fuel is dropped onto suspended fixed grates and is fired in a pile. Unlike the Dutch oven, the refractory-lined fuel cell also uses combustion air preheating and positioning of secondary and tertiary air injection ports (o improve boiler efficiency. Because of their overall design and operating similarities, however, fuel cell and Dutch oven boilers have comparable emission characteristics. ‘The most common firing method employed for wood-fired boilers larger than 45,000 kg/ar (100,000 thm) steam generation rate is the spreader stoker. With this boiler, wood enters the furnace through a fuel chute and is spread either pneumatically or mechanically across the fumace, where ‘small pieces of the fuel bur while in suspension. Simultaneously, larger pieces of fuel are spread in a thin, even bed on a stationary or moving grate. The buming is accomplished in three stages in a single chamber: (1) moisture evaporation; (2) distillation and buming of volatile matter, and (3) ‘buming of fixed carbon. This type of operation has a fast response to load changes, has improved ‘combustion control, and can be operated with multiple fuels. Natural gas or oil is often fired in spreader stoker boilers as auxiliary fuel. This is done to maintain constant steam when the wood ‘waste supply fluctuates and/or to provide more steam than can be generated from the waste supply alone. Although spreader stokers are the most common stokers among larger wood-fired boilers, overfeed and underfeed stokers are also utilized for smaller units. Another boiler type sometimes used for wood combustion is the suspension-firing boiler. This boiler differs from a spreader stoker in that small-sized fuel (normally less than 2 mm) is blown into the boiler and combusted by supporting it in air rather than on fixed grates. Rapid changes in 10/92 Extemal Combustion Sources 16-1 combustion rate and, therefore, steam generation rate are possible because the finely divided fuel articles bum very quickly. A recent development in wood firing is the fluidized bed combustion (FBC) boiler. A fluidized bed consists of inert particles through which air is blown so that the bed behaves as a fluid ‘Wood waste enters in the space above the bed and bums both in suspension and in the bed. Because of the large thermal mass represented by the hot inert bed particles, fluidized beds can handle fuels with moisture contents up to near 70 percent (total basis). Fluidized beds can also handle dirty fuels (up to 30 percent inert material), Wood fuel is pyrolyzed faster in a fluidized bed than on a gate due to its immediate contact with hot bed material. As a result, combustion is rapid and results in nearly complete combustion of the organic matter, thereby minimizing emission of unbumed organic ‘compounds. 1.6.3 Emissions And Controls! ‘The major emission of concem from wood boilers is particulate matter (PM), although other pollutants, particularly carbon monoxide (CO) and organic compounds, may be emitted in significant ‘quantities under poor operating conditions. ‘These emissions depend on a number of variables, including (1) the composition of the waste fuel bumed, (2) the degree of flyash reinjection employed and (3) furnace design and operating conditions. ‘The composition of wood waste depends largely on the industry from which it originates. Pulping operations, for example, produce great quantities of bark that may contain more than 70 ‘weight percent moisture, sand, and other non-combustibles. As a result, bark boilers in pulp mills may emit considerable amounts of particulate matter to the atmosphere unless they are well controlled. On the other hand, some operations, such a5 furniture manufacturing, generate a clean, dry wood waste (eg., 2 to 20 weight percent moisture) which produces relatively low particulate emission levels when Properly bumed. Still other operations, such as sawmills, burn a varying mixture of bark and wood ‘waste that results in PM emissions somewhere between these two extremes. Fumace design and operating conditions are particularly important when firing wood waste, For example, because of the high moisture content that may be present in wood waste, a larger than usual area of refractory surface is often necessary to dry the fuel before combustion. In addition, sufficient secondary air must be supplied over the fuel bed to bum the volatiles that account for most Of the combustible material in the waste. When proper drying conditions do not exist, or when secondary combustion is incomplete, the combustion temperature is lowered, and increased PM, CO, and organic compound emissions may result. Short term emissions can fluctuate with significant variations in fuel moisture content. Flyash reinjection, which is commonly used with larger boilers to improve fuel efficiency, has a considerable effect on PM emissions. Because a fraction of the collected flyash is reinjected into the boiler, the dust loading from the furnace and, consequently, from the collection device increase significantly per unit of wood waste bumed. More recent boiler installations typically separate the collected particulate into large and small fractions in sand classifiers. ‘The larger particles, which are ‘mostly carbon, are reinjected into the fumace. The smaller particles, mostly inorganic ash and sand, are sent to ash disposal. Currently, the four most common control devices used to reduce PM emissions from wood- fired boilers are mechanical collectors, wet scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators (ESPs), and fabric filters. The use of multitube cyclone (or multictone) mechanical collectors provides particulate control for many hogged boilers. Often, two multiclones are used in series, allowing the first collector to 1.6.2 EMISSION FACTORS 1092. remove the bulk of the dust and the second to remove stnaller particles. ‘The efficiency of this arrangement is from 65 to 95 percent. ‘The most widely used wet scrubbers for wood-fired boilers are Venturi scrubbers. With gas-side pressure drops exceeding 4 kPa (15 inches of water), particulate collection efficiencies of 90 percent or greater have been reported for venturi scrubbers operating on ‘wood-fired boilers. Fabric filters (i., baghouses) and ESPs are employed when collection efficiencies above 95 percent are required. When applied to wood-fired boilers, ESPs are often used downstream of ‘mechanical collector precleaners which remove larger-sized particles. Collection efficiencies of 93 to 99.8 pervent for PM have been observed for ESPs operating on wood-fired boilers. ‘A variation of the ESP is the electrostatic gravel bed filter. In this device, PM in flue gases is removed by impaction with gravel media inside a packed bed; collection is augmented by an clectrically charged grid within the bed. Particulate collection efficiencies are typically near 95 percent, Fabric filters have had limited applications to wood-fired boilers, The principal drawback to {fabric filtration, as perceived by potential users, is a fire danger arising from the collection of ‘combustible carbonaceous fly ash. Steps can be taken to reduce this hazard, including the installation of a mechanical collector upstream of the fabric filter to remove large buming particles of fly ash (. sparklers"). Despite complications, fabric filters are generally preferred for boilers firing salt-laden wood. This fuel produces fine particulates with a high salt content. Fabric filters are capable of high fine particle collection efficiencies; in addition, the salt content of the particles has a quenching effect, thereby reducing fire hazards. In two tests of fabric filters operating on salt-laden wood-fired boilers, particulate collection efficiencies were above 98 percent. Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO,.) from wood-fired boilers are lower than those from coal- fired boiters du to the lower nitrogen content of wood and the lower combustion temperatures which characterize wood-fired boilers. In those areas of the U.S, where NO,, emissions must be reduced to their lowest levels the application of selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) to waste wood-fired boilers has either been accomplished (SNCR) or is being Contemplated (SCR), Both systems are post-combustion NO, reduction techniques in which ammonia or urea) is injected into the flue gas to selectively reduce NO, to nitrogen and water. In one application of SNCR to an industrial wood-fired boiler, NO, reduction efficiencies varied between 35 and 75 percent as the ammonia:NO, ratio increased from 0.4 t0 32. Emission factors and emission factor ratings for wood waste boilers are summarized in Tables 1.6-1 through 1.6-9. Cumulative particle size distribution data and associated emission factors are presented in Tables 1.6-10 and 1.6-11. Uncontrolled and controlled size-specific emission factors are plotted in Figures 1.6-1 and 1.6-2. All emission factors presented are based on the feed rate of wet, as-fired wood. 10/92 Extemal Combustion Sources 16-3 miletpte cyctone 4 sien fiyash relngection Serubeer Uncontrolted. 1 factor 1s . Aa ° TE ee re 4 68 a eo TO Particle dtameter (un) Nutttpte cyclone controtled entstten factor Figure 1.6-1. Cumulative size specific emission factors for bark fired boilers. 16-4 EMISSION FACTORS 10/92 (paays s@ *yueq/po0m 64/54) Worse} UOSs {ue paL [os3u0> ~ aaaiig aeinuesé 2130380439818 Aug eo (paays se *q4eq/poos 64/64) ‘4eq3e} uo|ssiue paltouzuca saqqnios s2228228 288 88 s8 $3 $3 sagas (pays se *448G/poOn 64/64) “soazeg uoyssiua pa[[ouzuo> 9uo {242 OLd}3L%W enz2e-c ee nae Sa a a e422 6 S oe 40 60 100 20 reinjection 1 | 4 6 10 Particle diameter (ym) \_ muttipte cyctone without flyash Uncontro} led: hss ea ees Be ese 65 352 3.5 (paayy se 9209/p00m 64/52) 4go3ae) Uo[ss tus pal .ousuesun Extemal Combustion Sources Figure 1.6-2, Cumulative size specific emission factors for wood/bark fired bollers. 1.65 uuonsnqwoo poq pazIpIMt = Jat “P (ony uoyuog a) fang Bpy/uoqseo 34 01 poLaAKoD ‘suoqresorpéy [eIOI se pamsvou sUOISSTU “9 “2o1Aep TomuDD Wad yy -q “anya, Sunway soutey (ai/ma Cosh) S9vTeo4 OOSe Pu aumistour wu2ovad wyBlaM OG 50 Sopradoud aBesOAw MHA aISEM POOM ParE-sE 19M UO Pas~G@ q 081 006 VN YN pela Dad a ove 001 2 sro 600 svatog s24015 a 061 06 2 sro 800 sioqjoq wan yomartiea fon sane Tova wi Sune aovar awit _qsodare3 aaineg “09 01 vy NOLISNEINOO ALSWAK OOM Wo OD) AAIKOIG NOMIV ANY (O01) SENACEWOD SINVOYO LOL WOd SAOIV NOISSING €-91 aTAVE 10/92 EMISSION FACTORS 16-6 “wonsnqui poq parpIML = OGL I ‘somes fang ors wf 20 poos rom Arensmun se ons ‘erenbape ue sso] ame uORAPUOD LORSAgIHOD JF pos 29 pros (Sossxnuaned wy) Bes aut UESENIEA JOYS, ‘yreq 40} songea Zay8ny pe oom 305 pasn 24 pmo (sasoqnuasEd ui) aBues oq JO INU MOT -P ‘pasy se "wu20sed wyB!aM gO‘O JO onea TeoxdAl ¥ axOqE qayuoo weSomu pooat Jo; pasn oq pus (sasansaned) ofr xp wy sonqea STH “wcawo> wefan pooK Jo uonDuny ¥ Aquewsd sy ones FON > “eowap yomuoo Wd uy a omen Suny s8y (ven 00s") SOX 00S'Z Pu aumsrou usosad1yBreM Og Jo SemRdoxd ORUIIAE HN “SropaTioo eagrezou SuysoTfo surstwo pea Uo 1249 moguls ¥ axey 10USSop NoRDoluts YSEAY EN POUMSSE S11 ANTE aANEIOrS POOL ang“ rw aumsrow uaaiad wtam 0 jo sonzodasd oexaAe ym D Neodymium 1.3B-05 D Pracseodymium 1.5E-05° D Todine 8.0B-06P D Tin 1.5B-05> D Molybdenum. 9.5B-05? D Niobium 1,78-05° D Zirconium 1,76-04> D Yttrium, 2.8B-05° D Rubidium 6.0.04 D Bromine 1.86-04 D Germanium 1.78.06? D e 8. Based on wet, as-fired wood waste with average properties of 50 weight percent moisture and 2500 kcal/kg higher heating value, Data measured after PM control device, b. Based on data from one source test. 1.612 EMISSION FACTORS 10/92 ‘TABLE: 1.6-8 (ENGLISH UNITS) EMISSION FACTORS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS (HAPs) FROM WOOD WASTE COMBUSTION?'* Hazardous Air Pollutant Emission Factor Average Emission Emission Range Factor Factor Tjton_ Ibyton Rating Arsenic 1.4E-06-2.4E-04 8.86-05 c Cadmium 2.7E-06-5.4E-04 1.7E-05 c Chromium 6.08-06-4.68-04 136-04 c Manganese 3.0B-04-5.2E-02 8.98.03 c Mercury 2,68-06-2,1E-05 6.5E-06 c Nickel 3.4B-05-5.8E-03 5.6E-04 c Selenium 1,7E-05-1.8E-05 1.8E-05 D Formaldehyde 2.38-04-3.3E-02 6.6603 c Acetaldehyde 6.18-05-2.4E-02 3.06-03 c Benzene 8.66-05-1.46-02 3.68-03 c Naphthalene 5.0B-05-5.8E-03 2.3603 c 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin _2.128-011-5.11E-O11 366-011 D Based on wet, as-fired wood waste wit ‘and 4500 Buuy/lb higher heating value. Data meast External Combustion Sources ith average properties of 50 weight percent moisture ured afier PM control device. 1.613 TABLE 16-9 (METRIC UNITS) EMISSION FACTORS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS (HAPs) FROM WOOD WASTE COMBUSTION! Hazardous Air Pollutant Emission Factor Average Emission Emission Range Factor Factor kg/Mg kg/Mg Rating Arsenic 7.08-07-1.2E-04 4.4E-05 c Cadmium 1,38-06-2.7E-04 8.5E-06 c Chromium 3.08-06-2.3-04 6.5E-05 c Manganese 1SE-04-2.65-02 448-03 c Mercury 1,3E-06-1.0B-05 3.76-06 c Nickel 1.7B-05-2,95-03 2.88.04 c Selenium 8.5E-06-9.0E-06 8.8806 D Formaldehyde 1.28-04-1.66-02 3.38.03 c Acetaldehyde 3.0B-05-1.2E-02, 1.5E-03 c Benzene 4.3E-05-7.0B-03 1.8E-03 c Naphthalene 2.5E-05-2.9E-03 1.1E.03 c 2.3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin__1.1E-011-2.6E-011 1.8E-011 D 16-14 Based on wet, as-fired wood waste with averag ‘and 2400 kcal/kg higher heating value. Data measured after PM control device, EMISSION FACTORS properties of SO weight percent moisture 10/92 furan ysekty yen s1aq01S Jopwards uo wep wo, -agpe ‘ouatonge raxtueo pareMNsy “SURO YIN UO BIEP Way "> “uoppafuras yseiy Mom ssaxOrs Jopeards UO wep WoIf —_P “sioflog paiy-poom 10 uonngynstp ezis Sv pasn 9q osye Avy “siayoIs paoopun uo wIEP WokL > “rptoureyp waywamnbo araeusporee se passed = “4 “anqea Bonet souty (quia cost) Bvteox oos7 paw asmstous nuantad nidyve so Semadudl afesone YK asta POOH PorE-SE TaN Wo Peed | “a}QUIEAT YON = VN 16-15 (0) (ero) ws) 9 co oro | 0 id of oe cor ot oot oot oo ‘WIOL (yoo) (ro) = (960) 7002 «YN 1800 8FO. YN Is YN € or WN seo sro) (8Iv'0) = (Ze) rd sr) <0 ovo | OTD LO 4 a5 6 9 % 9 00 (60) ro) = (wr) ord (6%) ae 300 6 tIz0 O08 87 19 96 +8 of 9 a g (980) wre) ays) 3 0 YLT s9 86 om +5 oe sz ¢ ord (os) 079) 2 £0 Ove ore o 86 a 08 98 9 2 amy ors) (v9) 6 oso LZ wee ve 86 we 16 06 or a Oro cro 6D L's) (9) g ero «ITO SHO BBE see ub 86 se 96 v6 st a a 9 AA | s2qGniog } ,suopho | ,eu0jKo pad | grqqnisg | yeuopso | sau0pho a Beanie | Baten | opostoun Bann | SAN | apateoun | _ co ots oto, patianuog, portonu0 Tpaiy se eq (uovaD 3w/8A} ‘O28 POWIS 5 % SSeU OANUIMEND JOINS UOISSIOND DATTETHET) ([aDaa) Huy TeURAS opesoNee|o Arp 10y y] 3 =Buwy sore] VOSS) TiSwaO@ Ge -WUva/GOOM YOd YOLOVA NOISSINT OIOIAS dK GNV NOLLNGRLISIG AZIS PDLAVE TALLY TNINND “T-9'T ITEVL 10/92 “wonsofinas usedty mom “uonoofunar ysecy, ‘s;oup awoTeamba orueusposse se pas 1s @® “anyea Suey sx (GVA 005's) F414 gOS" pur aumstow yuoatd wom O¢ Jo SonLadoud oBEI0AE UML aIEAL OOM pauy-sE SoM uo Pee (88°) oo oD (sp) wT sb L % oot oot oot oot ‘WiOL (oro) (0) rr) ozo 9€0 * 8 st 6 seo ovo op €€0 & 1 7 et oor (ps'0) zo + 97 st sci 9s ot op % sz a oc ” 8 9 8 9 6 se or 9 6 or 06 & st ures | _ouopa%o pears | auo1t> | ouopots Sdn | Sido | pajanuooy Sdn | Sidninyy jaxuoony (and) paytosrsooun, namo | a Porjomuog porranuos (gal NAVA YOI AOLOVA NOISSINA OLNORAS AZIS Ipary se Sueq (uoyaD Sy/a4) JO}Des UOISSIMD oANe|MUIM) 221s pares 5 % sso axnemnumE q(C Suney s0}0ey wosstug) +1 SHITIOR y GAY NouNensisia azis vpUIva SALE INWNO ‘O10 STAVE 10/92 EMISSION FACTORS 1.6-16 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 1.6 1. Draft report. Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42 Section 1,6--Wood Waste, ‘Combustion in Boilers, Technical Support Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, October 1992, 2. Steam, 38th Edition, Babcock and Wilcox, New York, NY, 1972. ‘Atmospheric Emissions From the Pulp and Paper Manufacturing Industry, EPA-450/1-73- 002, U. S. Environmental Proiection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, September 1973. 4. C-B Bark Buming Boilers, C-E Industrial Boiler Operations, Combustion Engineering, Tnc,, Windsor, CT, 1973. 5, Nonfossil Fuel Fired Industrial Boilers - Background Information, EPA~450/3-82-007, U. , Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, March 1982. 6. Control of Particulate Emissions From Wood-Fired Boilers, EPA 340/1-77-026, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1977. 7. Background Information Document, For Industrial Boilers, EPA 450/3-82-006a, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, March 1982. 8, “Emission Control Technologies For Wood-Fired Boilers’, E. Aul, Jr. and K. Bamett, Radian Corporation, Presented at the Wood Energy Conference, Raleigh, NC, October 1984, 9. "Noncatalytic Ammonia Injection For NO, Reduction on a Waste Wood Fired Boiler”, G. Moilanen, Sierra Environmental Engineers, Inc., Costa Mesa, Califomia, and K. Price, C. ‘Smith, and A. Turchina, Proctor & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, Presented at the 80th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, New York, NY, June 1987 10. “Information on the Sulfur Content of Bark and Its Contribution to SO, Emissions When Bumed as a Fuel", H. Oglesby and R. Blosser, Journal of the Air Pollution Control Agency, 30(7):769-772, July 1980. 11. Inhalable Particulate Source Category Report for Extemal Combustion Sources, EPA Contract No. 68-02-3156, Acurex Corporation, Mountain View, CA, January 1985. 10/92 Extemal Combustion Sources 1.6-17 1.8 BAGASSE COMBUSTION IN SUGAR MILLS 1.8.1. Process Description!“ Bagasse is the matted cellulose fiber residue from sugar cane that has been processed in & sugar mill. Previously, bagasse was burned as means of solid waste disposal. However, as the cost of fuel oil, natural gas, and electricity have increased, the definition of bagasse has changed from refuse toa fuel. ‘The USS. sugar cane industry is located in the tropical and subtropical regions of Florida, ‘Texas, Louisiana, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. Except for Hawaii, where sugar cane production takes place year round, sugar mills operate seasonally from 2 to 5 months per year. ‘Sugar cane is a large grass with a bamboo-like stalk that grows 8 to 15 fect tall. Only the stalk contains sufficient sucrose for processing into sugar, All other pars of the sugar cane (i.e. leaves, top growth and roots) are termed “trash.” ‘The objective of harvesting is to deliver the sugar cane to the mill with a minimum of trash or other extraneous material. The cane is normally bumed in the field to remove a major portion of the trash and to control insects and rodents. ‘The three most ‘common methods of harvesting are hand cutting, machine cutting, and mechanical raking. The cane that is delivered to a particular sugar mill will vary in trash and dist content depending on the harvesting method and weather conditions. Inside the mill, cane preparation for extraction usually involves washing the cane to remove trash and dirt, chopping, and then crushing. Juice is extracted in the milling portion of the plant by passing the chopped and crushed cane through a series of grooved rolls. The cane remaining after milling is bagasse. Bagasse is a fuel of varying composition, consistency, and heating value. These characteristics depend on the climate, type of soil upon which the cane is grown, variety of cane, harvesting method, amount of cane washing, and the efficiency of the milling plant. In general, bagasse has a heating value between 1,700 and 2,200 kcal/kg (3,000 and 4,000 Btu/1b) on a wet, as-fired basis. Most bagasse has a moisture content between 45 and 55 percent by weight. Fuel cells, horseshoe boilers, and spreader stoker boilers are used to combust bagasse. Horseshoe boilers and fuel cells differ in the shapes of their furnace area but in other respects are similar in design and operation, In these boilers (most common among older plants), bagasse is fgravity-fed through chutes and piles up on a refractory hearth. Primary and overfire combustion ait flows through ports in the furnace walls; buming begins on the surface pile, Many of these units have dumping hearths that permit ash removal while the unit is operating In more-recently built sugar mills, bagasse is bumed in spreader stoker boilers. Bagasse feed to these boilers enters the fumace through a fuel chute and is spread pneumatically or mechanically ‘across the furnace, where part of the fuel bums while in suspension. Simultaneously, large pieces of fuel are spread in a thin, even bed on a stationary or moving grate. The flame over the grate radiates heat back to the fuel to aid combustion, The combustion area of the furnace is lined with heat ‘exchange tubes (Waterwalls). 1.8.2 Emissions and Controts'“3 ‘The most significant pollutant emitted by bagasse-fired boilers is particulate matter, caused by the turbulent movement of combustion gases with respect to the buming bagasse and resultant ash. Emissions of SO and NO, are lower than conventional fossil fuels due to the characteristically low levels of sulfur and nitrogen associated with bagasse. 10/92 External Combustion Sources 184 Auxiliary fuels (typically fuel oil or natural gas) may be used during startup of the boiler or When the moisture content of the bagasse is t00 high to support combustion, If fuel oil is used during these periods, SO and NO, emissions will increase. Soil characteristics such as particle size can affect the magnitude of PM emissions from the boiler. Mill operations can also influence the bagasse ash content by not properly washing and preparing the cane. Upsets in combustion conditions can cause increased emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned organics, typically measured as volatile organic compounds (VOCS) and total organic compounds (TOCS), Mechanical collectors and wet scrubbers are commonly used to control particulate emissions {from bagasse-fired boilers. Mechanical collectors may be installed in single cyclone, double cyclone, (oF multiple cyclone (i.e., multiclone) arrangements. ‘The reported PM collection efficiency for mechanical collectors is 20 to 60 percent. Due to the abrasive nature of bagasse fly ash, mechanical Collector performance may deteriorate over time due to erosion if the system is not well maintained. The most widely used wet scrubbers for bagasse-fired boilers are impingement and venturi Scrubbers. Impingement scrubbers normally operate at gas-side pressure drops of 5 10 15 inches of water; typical pressure drops for venturi scrubbers are over 15 inches of water. Impingement Scrubbers are in greater use due to lower energy requirements and fewer operating and maintenance problems. Reported PM collection efficiencies for both scrubber types are 90 percent or greater. Gaseous emissions (¢.g., S09, NOx, CO, and organics) may also be absorbed to a significant extent in a wet scrubber. Alkali compounds are sometimes utilized in the scrubber to prevent low pH Conditions. If CO>-generating compounds (Such as sodium carbonate or calcium carbonate) are used, CO, emissions will increase, Fabric filters and electrostatic precipitators have not been used to a significant extent for Controlling PM from bagasse-fired boilers due to potential fire hazards (fabric filters) and relatively higher costs (both devices), Emission factors and emission factor ratings for bagasse-fired boilers are shown in Table 1.8-1 (English units) and Table 1.8-2 (metric units). 1.82 EMISSION FACTORS 10/92 TABLE 1.81. EMISSION FACTORS FOR BAGASSE-FIRED BOILERS* (ENGLISH UNITS) Emission factor Pollutant 1/1,000 tb steam? Ibjton bagasse! Particulate matter Rating ‘Uncontrolled 39 15.6 Cc Controlled Mechanical collector 21 84 ‘Wet scrubber 04 16 B pm.to! Controlled Wet scrubber 034 1336 D Carbon dioxide ‘Uncontrolled® 390 1,560 A Nitrogen oxides Uncontrolled 03 12 c @ rice onic mater Uncontrolled 2.5E4 10-3 D Reference 5. Based on 2 pounds of steam produced per pound of wet bagasse fired. ‘Based on wet, as-fired bagasse containing approximately 50 percent moisture, by weight. Includes only filterable PM (ie., that particulate collected on or prior to the filter of an EPA ‘Method 5 (or equivalent) sampling train, €. CO, emissions will increase following a wet scrubber in which CO,-generating reagents (such as sodium carbonate or calcium carbonate) are used. f, Based on measurements collected downstream of PM control devices which may have provided some removal of POM condensed on PM. eese 10/92 Extemal Combustion Sources 1.83 TABLE 1.8-2. EMISSION FACTORS FOR BAGASSE-FIRED BOILERS* (METRIC UNITS) Emission factor, Pollutant ‘kg steam? kg/Mg bagasse” Rating Particulate matter Uncontrolled 39 78 c Controlled Mechanical collector 24 42 Wet scrubber 04 os B pu-104 Controlled Wet scrubber 034 0.68 D Carbon dioxi Uncontrolled” 390 780, A Nitrogen oxides Uncontrolled 03 06 c Polycyclic organic matter Uneontrotted? 25E4 5.0E-4 D Reference 5. Based on 2 kg of steam produced per kg of wet bagasse fired. Based on wet, as-fired bagasse containing approximately 50 percent moisture, by weight Includes only filterable PM (j.e., that particulate collected on or prior to the filter of an EPA Method 5 (or equivalent) sampling train. ¢. CO, emissions will increase following a wet scrubber in which COy-generating reagents (such as sodium carbonate or calcium carbonate) are used. £, Based on measurements collected downstream of PM control devices which may have provided some removal of POM condensed on PM, 18-4 EMISSION FACTORS 10/92 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 1.8 1. Potential Control Strategies for Bagasse Fired Boilers, EPA Contract No. 68-02-0627, Engineering-Science, Inc., Arcadia, California, May 1978. 2. Background Document:_Bagasse Combustion in Sugar Mills, EPA-450/3-77-077, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, January 1977. 3, Nonfossil Fuel Fired Industrial Boilers - Background Information, EPA-450/3-82-007, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, March 1982, 4. A Technology Assessment of Solar Energy Systems: Direct Combustion of Wood and Other Biomass in Industrial Boilers, ANL/EES-TM--189, Angonne National Laboratory, ‘Argonne, Illinois, December 1981. 5, Draft report. Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42 Section 1,8--Bagasse Combustion in Sugar Mills, Technical Support Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, September 1992.n factor, 10/92 External Combustion Sources 18-5 1.9 RESIDENTIAL FIREPLACES 1.9.1 Generat!? Fireplaces are used primarily for aesthetic effects and secondarily as a supplemental heating source in houses and other dwellings. Wood is the most common fuel for fireplaces, but coal and densified wood “logs” may also be bumed. The user intermittently adds fuel to the fire by hand. Fireplaces can be divided into two broad categories, 1) masonry (generally brick and/or stone, assembled on site, and integral to a structure) and 2) prefabricated (usually metal, installed on site as a package with appropriate duct work) Masonry fireplaces typically have large fixed openings to the fire bed and have dampers above the combustion area in the chimney to limit room air and heat losses when the fireplace is not being used. Some masonry fireplaces are designed oF retrofitted with doors and louvers 10 reduce the intake of combustion air during use. Prefabricated fireplaces are commonly equipped with louvers and glass doors to reduce the intake of combustion air, and some are surrounded by ducts through which floor level air is drawn by natural ‘convection, heated and retumed to the room. Many varieties of prefabricated fireplaces are now available ‘on the market. One general class is the freestanding fireplace, the most common of which consists of an inverted sheet metal funnel and stovepipe directly above the fire bed. Another class is the "zero clearance” fireplace, an iron of heavy gauge slcel firebox lined inside with firebrick and surrounded by multiple stecl ‘walls with spaces for air circulation, Some zero clearance fireplaces can be inserted into existing masonry fireplace openings, and thus are sometimes called “inserts.” Some of these units are equipped with close fitting doors and have operating and combustion characteristics similar to wood stoves. (See Section 1.10, Residential Wood Stoves.) Masonry fireplaces usually heat a room by radiation, with a significant fraction of the combustion heat lost in the exhaust gases and through fireplace walls. Moreover, some of the radiant heat entering, the room goes toward warning the air that is pulled into the residence to make up for that drawn up the chimney. The net effect is that masonry fireplaces are usually inefficient heating devices. Indeed, in cases ‘where combustion is poor, where the outside air is cold, or where the fire is allowed to smolder (thus drawing air into a residence without producing appreciable radiant heat energy), a net heat loss may occur in a residence using a fireplace. Fireplace heating efficiency may be improved by a number of measures that either reduce the excess air rate or transfer back into the residence some of the heat that would normally be lost in the exhaust gases or through fireplace walls. As noted above, such measures are commonly incorporated into prefabricaicd units. As a result, the energy efficiencies of prefabricated fireplaces are slightly higher than those of masonry fireplaces. 1.9.2. Emissions!"13 ‘The major pollutants of concem from fireplaces are unburnt combustibles, including carbon monoxide, gaseous organics and particulate matter (i, ¢., smoke). icant quantities of unburnt combustibles are produced because fireplaces are inefficient combustion devices, with high uncontrolled ‘excess air rates and without any sort of secondary combustion. The lattcr is especially important in wood uming because of its high volatile matter content, typically 80 percent by dry weight. In addition to 1092 External Combustion Sources 1941 ‘unbumt combustibles, lesser amounts of nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides are emitted. Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) are a minor, but potentially important component of wood smoke. A group of HAPs known as polycyclic organic matter (POM) includes potential carcinogens such as benzo(a)pyrene (BaP). POM results from the combination of free radical species formed in the flame zone, primarily as a consequence of incomplete combustion. Under reducing conditions, radical chain propagation is enhanced, allowing the buildup of complex organic material such as POM. ‘The POM is generally found in or on smoke particles, although some sublimation into the vapor phase is probable. Another important constituent of wood smoke is creosote. ‘This tar-like substance will bum if the fire is hot enough, but at insufficient temperatures, it may deposit on surfaces in the exhaust system, Creosote deposits are a fire hazard in the flue, but they can be reduced if the chimney is insulated 10 Drevent creosote condensation or if the chimney is cleaned regularly to remove any buildup, Fireplace emissions are highly variable and are a function of many wood characteristics and operating practices. In general, conditions which promote a fast bum rate and a higher flame intensity enhance secondary combustion and thereby lower emissions. Conversely, higher emissions will result from a slow bum rate and a lower flame intensity. Such generalizations apply panicularly to the earlier stages of the buming cycle, when significant quantities of combustible volatile matter are being driven out of the wood. Later in the buming cycle, when all volatile matter has been driven out of the wood, the charcoal that remains bums with relatively few emissions. Emission factors and their ratings for wood combustion in residential fireplaces ure given in Tables 1.9-1, and 19-2, EMISSION FACTORS 10/92 ‘Table 1,9-1. (ENGLISH UNITS) EMISSION FACTORS FOR WOOD COMBUSTION IN RESIDENTIAL FIREPLACES Device Pollutant Emission Factor* Rating Ibjton Fireplace PM-10° 34.6 B Carbon Monoxide® 252.6 B Sulfur Oxides? 04 A Nitrogen oxides” 2.6 c Carbon Dioxide! 3398.8 c TOC (Total Organic Compounds) Non-methane® 26.0 ph POM! 1.6E-3 Bt Aldehydes 24 B Hydrocarbons! 175.4 pt 10/92 1. Units are in Ibyton (Ibs of pollutantton of dry wood bumed). b, References 2, 5, 7, 13; contains filterable and condensable particulate matter (PM); PM emissions are considered to be 100% PM-10 (ie. PM with an aerodynamic diameter of 10ym or less). References 2, 4, 5,9, 13. References 1, 8. References 4, 9; expressed as NOy. References 5, 13, References 1, 7. Pe meee While the emi should not be used to estimate emissions from a spet Reference 2. source. and are not representative of the general source populatio Reference 11 References 2, 4, 5. or External Combustion Sources Data used to calculate the average emission factor were collected by various methods. on factor may be representative of the source population in general, it Data used to calculate the average emission factor were collected from a single fireplace 193 Table 1.9-2. (METRIC UNITS) EMISSION FACTORS FOR WOOD COMBUSTION IN RESIDENTIAL FIREPLACES Device Pollutant Emission Factor Rating gkg Fireplace PM-10° 173 B Carbon Monoxide” 1263 B Sulfur Oxides? 02 A Nitrogen oxides® 13 c Carbon Dioxide! 1699.4 c TOC (Total Organic Compounds) Non-methane® ph POM! Bl ‘Aldehydes B Hydrocarbons! ph a, Units are in g/kg (grams of pollutant/kg of dry wood bumed). References 2, 5, 7, 13; contains filterable and condensable particulate matter (PM); PM. emissions are considered to be 100% PM-10 (ie., PM with an aerodynamic diametcr of 10qm or less). c. References 2, 4, 5,9, 13. 4. References 1, 8. c. References 4, 9; expressed as NO», e@ f. References 5, 13 g. References 1, 7. h, Data used to calculate the average emission factor were collected by various methods. While the emission factor may be representative of the source population in general, it should not be used to estimate emissions from a specific source. i, Reference 2. J. Data used to calculate the average emission factor were collected from a single fireplace and are not representative of the general source population. Reference 11. or References 2, 4, 5. 194 EMISSION FACTORS 10/92 References for Section 1.9 1. DeAngelis, D. G., et al., Source Assessment: Residential Combustion Of Wood, EPA-600/2- 80-042b, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, March 1980. Snowden, W. D., et al. Source Sampling Residential Fireplaces For Emission Factor Development, EPA-450/3-76-010, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, November 1975. 3. Shelton, J. W., and L. Gay, Colorado Fireplace Report, Colorado Air Pollution Control Division, Denver, CO, March 1987. 4, Dasch, J. M., "Particulate And Gaseous Emissions From Wood-burning Fireplaces," Environmental Science And Technology. 16(10):643-67, October 1982. Source Testing For Fireplaces, Stoves, And Restaurant Grills In Vail, Colorado, EPA Contract No. 68-01-1999, Pedco Environmental, Inc., Cincinnati, OH, December 1977. Written communication from Robert C. McCrillis, U. $. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, to Neil Jacquay, U. S, Environmental Protection Agency, San Francisco, CA, November 19, 1985. Development Of AP-42 Emission Factors For Residential Fireplaces, EPA Contract No. 68- 19-0155, Advanced Systems Technology, Inc., Atlanta, GA, January 11, 1990. DeAngelis, D. G., et al., Preliminary Characterization Of Emissions From Wood Fired Residential Combustion Equipment, EPA-600/7-80-040, U. S. Environmental Protection ‘Agency, Cincinnati, OH, March 1980. Kosel, P., et al., Emissions From Residential Fireplaces, CARB Report C-80-027, California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA, April 1980. Clayton, L., et al., Emissions From Residential Type Fireplaces, Source Tests 24C67, 26C, 29C67, 40C67, 41C67, 65C67 and 66C67, Bay Area Air Pollution Control District, San Francisco, CA, January 31, 1968. . Lipari, F., et al., Aldehyde Emissions From Wood-Burning Fireplaces, Publication GMR- 4377R, General Motors Research Laboratories, Warren, MI, March 1984. . Hayden, A. C. S., and R. W. Braaten, "Performance Of Domestic Wood Fired Appliances," Presented at the 73rd Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, June 1980. . Bamett, $.G., In-Home Evaluation of Emissions From Masonry Fireplaces and Heaters, OMNI Environmental Services, Inc., Beaverton, OR, September 1991. 1092 Extemal Combustion Sources 195 1.10 RESIDENTIAL WOOD STOVES 1.10.1 General-3 ‘Wood stoves are commonly used in residences as space heaters, They are used both as the primary source of residential heat and to supplement conventional heating systems. Five different categories should be considered when estimating emissions from wood buming devices due to differences in both the magnitude and the composition of the emissions: = the conventional wood stove, : the noncatalytic wood stove, = the catalytic wood stove, = the pellet stove, and - the masonry heater. ‘Among these categories, there are many variations in device design and operation characteristics. ‘The conventional siove category comprises all stoves without catalytic combustors not included in the other noncatalytic categories (J. ¢., noncatalytic and pellet). Conventional stoves do not have any emission reduction technology or design features and, in most cases, were manufactured before July 1, 1986, Stoves of many different airflow designs may be in this category, such as updraft, downdraft, crossdraft and S-flow. Noneatalytic wood stoves are those units that do not employ catalysts but do have emission reducing technology or features. ‘Typical noncatalytic design includes baffles and secondary combustion chambers. Catalytic stoves are equipped with a ceramic or metal honeycomb device, called a combustor or converter, that is coated with a noble metal such as platinum or palladium, The catalyst material reduces the ignition temperature of the unbumed volatile organic compounds (VOC) and carbon monoxide (CO) in the exhaust gases, thus augmenting their ignition and combustion at normal stove operating temperatures. As these components of the gases bum, the temperature inside the catalyst increases to a point at which the ignition of the gases is essentially self sustaining. Pellet stoves are those fucled with pellets of sawdust, wood products, and other biomass materials pressed into manageable shapes and sizes. These stoves have active air flow systems and unique grate design to accommodate this type of fuel. Some pellet stove models are subject to the 1988 New Source Performance Standards (NSPS), while others are exempt due to a high air-to-fuel ratio (ie, greater than 35-t0-1). ‘Masonry heaters are large, enclosed chambers made of masonry products or a combination of masonry products and ceramic materials. These devices are exempt from the 1988 NSPS due to their weight (ic., greater than 800 kg). Masonry heaters are gaining popularity as a cleaner buming and 1092 External Combustion Sources 1.10-1 ‘heat efficient form of primary and supplemental heat, relative to some other types of wood heaters. In ‘ masonry heater, a complete charge of wood is bumed in a relatively short period of time, The use of masonry materials promotes heat transfer. Thus, radiant heat from the heater warms the surrounding area for many hours after the fire has bumed out. 1.102 Emissions*30 ‘The combustion and pyrolysis of wood in wood stoves produce atmospheric emissions of articulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, organic compounds, mineral residues, and to a lesser extent, sulfur oxides. ‘The quantities and types of emissions are highly variable, depending on a number of factors, including stage of the combustion cycle. During initial buming stages, after a new ‘wood charge is introduced, emissions (primarily VOCs) increase dramatically. After the initial period of high bum rate. There is a charcoal stage of the bum cycle, characterized by a slower bum rate and decreased emissions. Emission rates during this stage are cyclical, characterized by relatively long periods of low emissions and shorter episodes of emission spikes. Particulate emissions are defined in this discussion as the total catch measured by the EPA Method SH (Oregon Method 7) sampling train.! A small portion of wood stove particulate emissions includes "solid" particles of elemental carbon and wood. ‘The vast majority of paniculate emissions is condensed organic products of incomplete combustion equal to or less than 10 micrometers in aerodynamic diameter (PM-10). Although reported particle size data are scarce, one reference states that 95 percent of the particles emitted from a wood stove were less than 0.4 micrometers in size. Sulfur oxides (SO) are formed by oxidation of sulfur in the wood, Nitrogen oxides (NO,) are formed by oxidation of fuel and atmospheric nitrogen. Mineral constituents, such as potassiust and sodium compounds, are released from the wood matrix during combustion, ‘The high levels of organic compound and CO emissions are results of incomplete combustion of the wood. Organic constituents of wood smoke vary considerably in both type and volatility, ‘These constituents include simple hydrocarbons of carbon numbers 1 through 7 (Cl - C7) (which exist as gases or which volatilize at ambient conditions) and complex low volatility substances that condense at ambient conditions. These low volatility condensible materials generally are considered to have boiling points below 300°C ($72°F), Polycyclic organic matter (POM) is an important component of the condensible fraction of ‘wood smoke, POM contains a wide range of compounds, including organic compounds formed through incomplete combustion by the combination of free radical species in the flame zone. This group which is classified as a Hazardous Air Pollutant (HAP) under Title II of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments contains the sub-group of hydrocarbons called Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons An. Emission factors and their ratings for wood combustion in residential wood stoves, pellet stoves and masonry heaters are presented in Tables 1.10-1 through 1.10-8, “These tables include emission factors for criteria pollutants (PM-10, CO, NO,, SO,), C5, Total Organic Compounds (TOO), speciated organic compounds, PAH, and some elements. The emission factors are presented by wood heater type. PM-10 and CO emission factors are further classified by stove certification category. Phase II stoves are those cenified to meet the July 1, 1990 EPA standards; Phase I stoves meet the July 1, 1988 EPA standards; and Pre-Phase I stoves do not meet any of the EPA standards 1.102 EMISSION FACTORS 1092 put in most cases do meet the Oregon 1986 certification standards.! ‘The emission factors for PM and CO in Tables 1,10-1 and 1.10-2 are averages, derived entirely from field test data obtained under sctual operating conditions. Sull, there is a potential for higher emissions from some wood stove, pellet stove and masonry heater models. ‘As mentioned, particulate emissions are defined as the total emissions equivalent to that collected by EPA Method 5H. This method employs a heated filter followed by three impingers, an ‘Unheated filter, and a final impinger. Particulate emissions factors are presented as values equivalent to that collected with Method SH. Conversions are employed, as appropriate, for data collected with ‘other methods, See Reference 2 for detailed discussions of EPA Methods SH and 28. ‘Table 1.10-7 shows net efficiency by device type, determined entirely from field test data. Net or overall efficiency is the product of combustion efficiency multiplied by heat transfer efficiency. ‘Wood heater efficiency is an important parameter used, along with emission factors and percent degradation, when calculating PM-10 emission reduction credits, Percent degradation js related to the loss in effectiveness of a wood stove control device or catalyst over a period of operation. Control degradation for any stove, including noncatalytic wood stoves, may also occur as a result of deteriorated seals and gaskets, misaligned baffles and bypass mechanisms, broken refractories, or other damaged functional components, ‘The increase in emissions which can result from control degradation hhas not been quantified. However, recent wood stove testing in Colorado and Oregon should produce results which allow estimation of emissions as a function of stove age. 10/92 Extemal Combustion Sources 1.10-3 ‘TABLE 1.10-1. (ENGLISH UNITS) EMISSION FACTORS FOR RESIDENTIAL WOOD COMBUSTION* Pollutant/ Emission ‘Wood Stove Type® Pellet Stove Type? | Masonry EPA Certification? | Factor Heater Rating e Conv. | Non-Cat | Cat | Certified | Exempt | Exemps Iofton | tbton | tb/ton | tbton | tbvton | Ibyton B 306 © 258 24.2 B 200 196 B 46 162042 B 306 196 = 0442 88 56 B 2308 Phase I B 1044 Phase I B 408 107.0 39.4 All B 2308 ©1408 1048S 30.4 22 1490 Nitrogen Oxides! 2.90 208 13.8 Sulfur Oxides! B 4 04 04 04 Carbon Dioxide) cs 2,951.6 3,671.2 3,849.4 Total Ocean Compounds! Methane E 64.0 26.0 Non-Methane E 28.0 172 4. Units are in (bs. of pollutaniton of dry wood bumed). b, _Pre-Phase I = not certified to 1988 EPA emission standards; Phase I = certified to 1988 EPA emission standards; Phase If = certified to 1990 EPA emission standards; All = average of emission factors for all devices. ©. Conv = Conventional; Non-Cat = Noncatalytic; Cat = Catalytic. 4. Certified = Certified pursuant to 1988 NSPS; Exempt = Exempt from 1988 NSPS (i.e, air-fuel ratio >35:1). €. Exempt = Exempt from 1988 NSPS (ie., weight >800 kg) f. References 5-13, 22-26, 28. 8 Defined as equivalent to total catch by EPA method SH train, ho Rating = C. i. Rating = E. J. References 12, 22-26, 28, k. References 14, 15, 18. The data used to develop the emission factors showed a high degree of Variability within the source population. The use of these emission factors on specific sources may not be appropriate. 110-4 EMISSION FACTORS 10/92 ‘TABLE 1.10-2. (METRIC UNITS) EMISSION FACTORS FOR RESIDENTIAL WOOD COMBUSTION* Pollutant’ Emission ‘Wood Stove Type® Pellet Stove Type? | Masonry EPA Certification | Factor Heater Rating Conv. | Non-Cat | Cat | Cenified | Exempt | Exempt? eke | eke | eke | ke gk ke B 153 129124 B 100 98 B 730 812d All B 193, 08102. 44 28 Carbon Monoxide! Pre-Phase I B 154 Phase I B 522 Phase I B 4A 535 19.7 All B 1154 04524 19.7261 TAS. e@ Nitrogen Oxides! 1a 10 6g! Sulfur Oxides! B 02 02 02 02 Carbon Dioxide) c 1475.8 1,835.6 1,924.7 Total Organic ‘Compounds! Methane E 320 130 Non-Methane E 140 8.6 a. Units are in (grams of pollutant/kg of dry wood burned). b. __Pre-Phase 1 = not certified to 1988 EPA emission standards; Phase I = certified to 1988 EPA emission standards, Phase 11 = certified to 1990 EPA emission standards; All = average of emission factors for all devices. cc. Conv = Conventional; Non-Cat = Noncatalyti catalytic. 4. Certified = Certified pursuant to 1988 NSPS; Exempt = Exempt from 1988 NSPS (i... air-fuel ratio >35:1). cc. Exempt = Exempt from 1988 NSPS (i.e., weight >800 kg). f. References 5-13, 22-26, 28. & Defined as equivalent to total catch by EPA method SH train. nh Rating=C. i, Rating = E. j. References 12, 22-26, 28. K. References 14, 15, 18. ‘The data used to develop the emission factors showed a high degree of variability within the source population, The use of these emission factors on specific sources ‘may not be appropriate, 1092 External Combustion Sources 1.105 TABLE 1.10-3. (ENGLISH AND METRIC UNITS) ORGANIC COMPOUND EMISSION FACTORS FOR RESIDENTIAL WOOD COMBUSTION! (Emission Factor Rating: E)* WOOD STOVE TYPE? Cone) Conventional Catalytic Ib/ton wkg Tbjton gkg Ethane 1.470 0.735 1.376 0.688 Ethylene 4.490 2.245 3.482 174i Acetylene Lis 0.562 0.564 0.282 Propane 0.358 0.179 0.158 0.079 Propene Lag 0.622 0.734 0.367 i-Butane 0.028 0.014 0.010 0.00 n-Butane 0.056 0.028 0.014 0.007 Butenes® 1.192 0.596 ons 0.357 Pentenes 0.616 0,308 0.150 0.075 Benzene 1.938 0.969 1.464 0.732 Toluene 0.730 0.365 0.520 0.260 Foran 0.342 on 0.124 0.062 Methyl Ethyl Ketone 0.290 0.145 0.062 0.031 2-Methyl Furan 0.656 0.328 0.084 0.042 2,5-Dimethyl Furan 0.162 0.081 0.002 oon Furfural 0.486 0243 0.146 0.073 O-xylene 0.202 0.101 0.186 0.093 1.106 a, The data used to develop the emission factors showed a high de ¢ of variability within the source population. The use of these emission factors on specific sources may not be appropriate, Units are in Ibyton (bs. of poltutaniton of dry wood bumed). ©. I-butene, i-butene, t-2-butene, c-2-butene, 2-me-I-butene, 2-me-butene are reported as butenes. d. L-pentene, t-2-pentene, and c-2-pentene are reported as pentenes. EMISSION FACTORS 1092 e ‘TABLE 1.10-4. (ENGLISH UNITS) POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON (PAH) EMISSION FACTORS FOR RESIDENTIAL WQOD COMBUSTION* (Emission Factor Rating: E)? STOVE TYPE Pollutant Conventional® | Noncatalytie! | Catalytic? | Exempt Pellet” Thon Tojton Ibyton Tojton PAH ‘Acenaphihene 0.010 0.010 0.006 Acenaphihylene 0.212 0.032 0.068 ‘Anthracene 0.014 0.009 0.008 Benz0(a)Anthracene 0.020 <0.001 0.024 Benzo(b)Fluoranthene (0.006 0.004 0.004 2.60.05 Benzo(g.h.i)Fluoranthene 0.028 0.006 Benzo(k)Fluoranthene 0.002 <0.001 0.002 Beno(g,ini)Perylene 0.004 0.020 0.002 Benzo(a)Pyrene 0.004 0.006 0.004 Benzo(e)Pyrene 0.012 0.002 0.004 Biphenyl 0.022 Chirysene 0.012 0.010 0.010 7526-05 Dibenizo(a,h)Anthracene 0.000 0.004 0.002 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a) Anthracene 0.004 Fluoranthene 0.020 0.008 0.012 5.ABE-05 e@ Fluorene 0.024 ord 0.014 Indeno(1,2,3,cd)Pyrene 0.000 0.020 0.004 9-Methylanthracene 0.004 12-Methylbenz(a)Anthracene 0,002 3-Methylchlotanthrene <0.001 1-Methylphenanthrene 0.030 Naphthalene 0.288 0.144 0.186 ‘Nitronaphthalene 0.000 Perylene 0.002 Phenanthrene 0.078 0.118 0.489 3.328-05 Phenanthro! 0.000 Phenol <0,001 Pyrene 0.024 0,008 0.010 4848-05 PAH Total 0.730 0.500 0.414 a. Units are in Ib/ton (Ibs. of pollutani/ion of dry wood burned). b. ‘The data used to develop these emission factors showed a high degree of variability within the source population and/or came from a small number of sources. The use of these emission factors ‘on specific sources may not be appropriate. Reference 18, |. References 16,19-21 References 15-19. Reference 28, Exempt = Exempt from 1988 NSPS (i... air-fuel ratio >35:1). meee 10/92 Extemal Combustion Sources 110-7 ‘TABLE 1.10-5. (METRIC UNITS) POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON (PAH) EMISSION FACTORS FOR RESIDENTIAL, WQ0D COMBUSTION* (Emission Factor Rating: 5) STOVE TYPE Pollutant Conventional’ | Noncatalytic! | Catatytic® ] Exempt Pellet? akg gkg akg oke PAH ‘Acenaphthene 0.005 0.005 0.003 Acenaphthylene 0.106 0.016 0.034 ‘Anthracene 0.007 0.004 0.004 Benzo(a) Anthracene 0.010 <0.001 0012 Benzo(b)Fluoranthene 0.003 0.002 0.002 1306-05, Benzo(g,h,i)Fluoranthene 014 0.003 Benzo(k)Fluoranthene 0.001 <0.001 0.001 Benzo(g,hi)Perylene 0.002 0.010 0.001 Benzo(a)Pyrene 0.002 0.003 0.002 Benzo(e)Pyrene 0.006 0.001 0.002 Biphenyl 01 Chrysene 0.006 0.005 0.005 3.766-05 Dibenzo(a,h)Anthracene 0.000 0.002 0.001 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a) Anthracene 0.002 Fluoranthene 0.010 0.004 0.006 2.746-05 Fluorene 0.012 0.007 0.007 Indeno(1,2,3,cd)Pyrene 0.000 0.010 0.002 9-Methylanthracene 0.002 12-Methylbenz(a) Anthracene 0.001 3-Methyichlotanthrene <0,001 1 -Methylphenanthrene 0.015 Naphthalene o.144 0.072 0.093 Nitronaphthalene 0.000 Perylene 0.001 Phenantiirene 0.039 0.059 0.024 1666-05, Phenanthrot 0.000 Phenol <0.001 Pyrene oo12 0.004 0.005 2428-05 PAH Total 0.365 0.250 0.207 a. Units are in g/kg (grams of pollutant/kg of dry wood burned). b. The data used to develop these emission factors showed a high degree of variability thin the source population and/or came from a small number of sourees. ‘The use of these emission factors fn specific sources may not be appropriate. c. Reference 18, |. References 16,19-21, References 15-19. 1.108 EMISSION FACTORS Reference 28. Exempt = Exempt from 1988 NSPS (ie., air:fuel ratio >35:1), 10/92 ‘TABLE 1.10-6. (ENGLISH AND METRIC UNITS) TRACE ELEMENT EMISSION FACTORS FOR RESIDENTIAL WOOD COMBUSTION® (Emission Factor Rating: E)° WOOD STOVE TYPE Conventional Noncatal Catalytic tb/ton ghkg Ho/ton wks Ib/ton wkg Cadmium (Cd) 226-05 1.1E-05 2.05.05 1.0E-05 46-05 2.36-05 Chromium (Cf) <1.08-06 <1.0E-06 <1.0E-06 <10E-05 <1.0B-06 <1.0-E06 Manganese (Mn) 1.7E-04 8.76.05 1404 7.08-05 2.204 1.1E-O4 Nickel (Ni) 14505 7.0E-06 2.06-05 1.0E-05 2.26.06 _1.0B-06 Element 4. Units are in Ib/ton (ibs. of pollutant/ion of dry wood bumed) and g/kg (grams of poltutanvkg of dry wood bumed), Emission factors are based on data from References 15 and 18. bb. The data used to develop these emission factors showed a high degree of variability within the source population. ‘The use of these emission factors on a specific source may not be appropriate. TABLE 1.10-7. SUMMARY OF WOOD HEATER NET EFFICIENCIES* ‘Wood Heater Type Net Efficiency (%) Reference Wood Stoves Conventional 34 un Non-Catalytic 68 10, 13,27 Catalytic 68 aa Pellet Stoves? Cenified 68 2 Exempt 56 28 ‘Masonry Heaters All 38 29 a a. Net efficiency is a function of both combustion efficiency and heat transfer efficiency. ‘The percentages shown here are based on data collected from in-home testing, b. Certified = Certified pursuant to 1988 NSPS. Exempt = Exempt from 1988 NSPS (i.¢., airfuel ratio >35:1). 1092. Extemal Combustion Sources 1.109 References for Section 1.10 1. Standards Of Performance For New Stationary Sources: New Residential Wood Heaters, 53 FR 5573, February 26, 1988. 2. Weant, G. E., Emission Factor Documentation For AP-42 Section 1.10: Residential Wood Stoves, Fe 450/4-89-007, U. 8. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1989, 3. Gay, R., and J. Shah, Technical Support Document For Residential Wood Combustion, EPA- 4504-85-012, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. February 1986, 4. Raw, J. A., and J. J. Huntzicker, Composition And Size Distribution Of Residential Wood Smoke Is, Presented at the 21st Annual Meeti Aerosol ing of the Air and Waste Management Association, Pacific Northwest International Section, Portland, OR, November 1984, 5. Simons, C. ., et al., Whitehorse Efficient Woodheat Demonstration, The City of Whitehorse, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada, September 1987, 6 Simons, C. A.. et al., Woodstove Emission Sampling Methods Comparability Analysis And In-situ Evaluation Of New Technology Woodstoves, EPA-G00/7-89-002, U. S. Environmental Protection ‘Agency, Cincinnati, OH, January 1989. 7. Bamett, S. G., Field Performance Of Advanced Technology Woodstoves In Glens Falls, N.Y. 1288-1989,, Vol. 1, New York State Energy Research And Development Authority, Albany, NY, October 1989. 8. Bumet, P. G., The Northeast Cooperative Woodstove Study, Volume 1, EPA-600/7-87-026a, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, November 1987, 9. Jaasma, D. R., and M. R. Champion, Field Performance Of Woodhuming Stoves In Crested Butte During The 1989-90 Heating Season, Town of Crested Butte, Crested Butte, CO, September 1990. 10. Dembach, S., Woodstove Field Performance In Klamath Falls, OR, Wood Heating Alliance, Woodstove Field Performance in Klamath Falls, OR, ‘Washington, D. C., April 1990. 11, Simons, C. A., and 8. K, Jones, Performance Evaluation Of The Best Existing Stove Technok (BEST) Hybrid Woodstove And Catalytic Retrofit Device, Oregon Department OF Environmental Quality, Portland, OR, July 1989, 12. Bamett, $. G., and R. B. Roholt, In-home Performance Of Certified Pellet Stoves In Medford And Klamath Falls, OR, U. S, Department Of Energy Report No. PS407-02, July 1990. 13, Bamett, 8. G., In-Home Evaluation of Emission Characteristics of EPA-Centfied High-Tech Non- Catalytic Woodstoves in Klamath Falls, OR, 1990, prepared for the Canada Center for Mineral and Energy Technology, Energy, Mines and Resources, Canada, DSS File No. 145Q, 23440.9- 9230, June 1, 1990, 1.10-10 EMISSION FACTORS 10/92 Referenes for Section 1.10 (continued) 14, McCrihis, R. C., and R, G. Merrill, Emission Control Effectiveness Of A Woodstove Catalyst ‘And Emission Measurement Methods Comparison, Presented at the 78th Annual Meeting of the ‘Air And Waste Management Association, Detroit, MI, 1985. 15, Leese, K. E., and S. M, Harkins, Effects Of Bum Rate, Wood Species, Moisture Content And Weigh, Of Wood Loaded On Woodstove Emissions, EPA 600/2-89-025, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, May 1989. 16, Allen, J. M,, and W. M. Cooke, Control Of Emissions From Residential Wood Buming By Combustion Modification, EPA-600/7-81-091, U. S, Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati (OH, May 1981. 17, DeAngelis, D.G. et al, Preliminary Characterization Of Emissions From Wood-fired Residentiat Combustion Equipment, EPA-600/7-80-040, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, ‘OH, March 1980. 18, Bumet, P. G. et al, Effects of Appliance Type and Operating Variables on Woodstove Emissions, Vol. Report and Appendices 6-C, EPA-600/2-90-001a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park, NC, January 1990. 19, Cottone, L. E., and B. Mesner, Test Method Evaluations and Emissions Testing for Rating, Wood Stoves, EPA-600/2-86-100, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, ‘October 1986. 20, Residential Wood Heater Test Report, Phase TI Testing, Vol. 1, TVA, Division of Energy, Construction and Rates, Chattanooga, TN, August 1983. 21, Truesdale, R. S. and J. G, Cleland, Residential Stove Emissions from Coal and Other Altemative Fuels Combustion, in papers at the Specialty Conference on Residential Wood and Coal ‘Combustion, Louisville, KY, March 1982. 22, Bamett, §. G.. In-Home Evaluation of Emissions From Masonry Fireplaces and Heaters, OMNI Environmental Services, Inc., Beaverton, OR, September 1991. 23, ‘Bamett, S. G., In-Home Evaluation of Emissions From a Grundofen Masonry Heater, OMNI Environmental Services, Inc., Beaverton, OR, January 1992. 24, Bamett, S. G., In-Home Evaluation of Emissions From a Tulikivi KTU 2100 Masonry Heater, OMNI Environmental Services, Inc., Beaverton, OR, March 1992. 25, Bamett, S. G., In-Home Evaluation of Emissions From a Royal Crown 2000 Masonry Heater, OMNI Environmental Services, Inc., Beaverton, OR, March 1992. 26. Bamet, S. G.. In-Home Evaluation of Emissions From a Biofire 4x3 Masonry Heater, OMNI Environmental Services, Inc., Beaverton, OR, March 1992. 10/92 Extemal Combustion Sources 110-11 References for Section 1.10 (concluded) 27, Bameit, S. G. and R. D. Bighouse, In-Home Demonstrations of the Reduction of Woodstove Emissions from the use of Densified Logs, Oregon Department of Energy and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, July 1992, 28, Bamett, S. G. and P. G, Fields, In-Home Performance of Exempt Pellet Stoves in Medford. -Qeexon, U. S, Department of Energy. Oregon Department of Energy, Tennessee Valley Authority, ‘and Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, July 1991. 29. Bameit, S. G., Summary Report of the In-Home Emissions and Efficiency Performance of Five Commercially Available Masonry Heaters, the Masonry Heater Association, May 1992 30, Guidance Document for Residential Wood Combustion Emission Control Measures, EPA-450/2- 89-015 Errata Sheet, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U. S, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, June 1991, 1.10-12 EMISSION FACTORS 10/92 1.11 WASTE OIL COMBUSTION 1.111 General! Waste, or used oil can be burned in a variety of combustion systems including industrial boilers; commercial/institutional boilers; space heaters; asphalt plants; cement and lime kilns; other types of dryers and caleiners; and stee! production blast furnaces. Boilers and space heaters consuane de bulk of the waste oil bumed. Space heaters are small combustion units (generally less than 0.1 GW (250,000 Btufhr input} that are common in automobile service stations and automotive repair shops where supplies of waste crankcase oil are available, Boilers designed to bum No. 6 (residual) fuel oils or one of the distillate fue oils can be used to bum waste ol, with or without modifications for optimizing combustion. As an altemative to boiler ‘modification, the properties of waste oil can be modified by blending it with fuel oi, to the extent required to achieve a clean-buming fuel mixture. 1.11.2. Emissions and Controls Waste oil includes used crankcase oils from automobiles and trucks, used industrial lubricating oils (such as metal working ois), and other used industrial oils (Such as heat transfer Mids). When discarded, these oils become waste oils due to a breakdown of physical properties and to Contamination by the materials they come in contact with, The different types of waste oils may be tbumed as mixtures or as single fuels where supplies allow; for example, some space heaters in ‘automotive service stations bum waste crankcase oils. Contamination of the virgin oils with a variety of materials leads to an air pollution potential ‘when these oils are bumed, Potential polfutants include particulate matter (PM), small particles below 10 micrometers in size (PM-10), toxic metals, organic compounds, carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur oxides (604), nitrogen oxides (NO,), hydrogen chloride, and global warming gases (CO>, methane), ‘Ash levels in waste oils are normally much higher than ash levels in either distillate oils or residual oils. Waste oils have substantially higher concentrations of most of the trace elements reported relative to those concentrations found in virgin fuel os. However, because of the sift 19 Tialeaded gasoline, the concentration of lead in waste crankcase oils has continued wo decrease in recent Years. Without air pollution controls, higher concentrations of ash and trace metals in the waste fuel Jfanslate to higher emission levels of PM and trace metals than is the case for virgin fuel oils. Low efficiency pretreatment steps, such as large particle removal with screens or coarse filters, are common prefeed procedures atoil-fired boilers. Reductions in total PM emissions can be expected from these techniques but litle or no effects have been noticed on the levels of (PM-10) emissions, Constituent chlorine in waste oils typically exceeds the concentration of chlorine in virgin distillate and residual oils. High levels of halogenated solvents are often found in waste oll as a result of inadvertent or deliberate additions of the contaminant solvents to the waste oils. Many efficient ‘combustors can destroy more than 99.99 percent of the chlorinated solvents present in the fuel However, given the wide array of combustor types which bum waste oils, the presence of these ‘compounds in the emission stream cannot be ruled out. ‘The flue gases from waste oil combustion often contain organic compounds other than chlorinated solvents. At ppmw levels, several hazardous organic compounds have been found in waste bills, Benzene, toluene, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-d-dioxins are 9/92 External Combustion Sources Lat few of the hazardous compounds that have been detected in waste oil samples Additionally, these hazardous compounds may be formed in the combustion process as products of incomplete ‘combustion, Emission factors and emission factor ratings for waste oil combustion are shown in Tables {11-1 through 1.11-5. Emission factors have been determined for emissions from uncontrolled squall boilers and space heaters combusting waste oil. ‘The use of both blended and unblended fuels is included in the mix of combustion operations. Emission factors have also been developed for emissions from a batch asphalt plant that was controlled for particulate matter and speciated metals but ‘uncontrolled for other pollutants, 111-2 EMISSION FACTORS 9/92 1.113 -pajjonuooun are souoBaweo soamnos saxn0 ITE =HLy SuqeF Kq paytonwey ureigo 01 7] £q anrea suzuane Aydin Tony tH prot weosed BIA =] a umgo 7 ¥ Aq anfea auoume Sdn “feng uy yse word ws =v STgRITEAR ION = YN External Combustion Sources a 100 Wo YN VN da ‘veo vitO ue TEE Teg a 19 os a vs9 vis a vel veo sauing Suzwosy a ‘16r00 v0 YN YN a veeo v8% soung Surzuode A, ‘Tan TEAS a wd Ass 2 vo vis a vel vid Syroq ras Bune | gw | re coor | funy | we 8 ooo | Suey | ,wv8x | Te OOOL/A ‘AoBa1w9 293005 ght ord Nd {SYOISNGNOD UO AISVA\ WOU GVIT ONY “(OT-Hid) SNOXOI OF NVHL SSTT WALLWN ULV INOLLAVd (Wa) SALLY ALY TNOLLAVA OI SAOLOVA NOISSINA “THT STEVE 992 ‘oI9e) UOISstIHD UREGO OF 1D Aq anes ououNU Kida “Jong UE oULORYD ead NBM = 1) +e ‘S1GETAB ION = YN, a ozo oos‘ts a DOs Ist a YN YN TC Tease TTT a 0e6z owes vN YN a 100 ro sauing SurzmOLy aq oz Lez YN VN a 100 10 seung Burzuoden ‘SOPOT SOS 2 08ez —_oss'or 9 1D6L 199 Go 10 Sao TM Suney | ,uvex | 8 ooora | suney 1 | PR oor | Bunea | -wv8x | 8 ooor/a ‘Azoamea 2amog 09 20H 01 jSHOLSAGWOD TO aLSvK WO COO) ACIXOIG NOUV CNV “(OW 3GRIOTHD NIDOAGAH (OL) SANNOdWOD DINVDAO TVLOL YOA SHOLIVA NOISSIN “€-1T'T adv ‘yoIDey oss UREKGO O1 § &q anqwA ouoMNN AIG “Tony Uy Inj aooLed YB = gw ICETFEAR ON = VN aq sco vz aq sear SLoL a 61 9 Jauing SuyzrmoLy a ozo “1 a sot ‘sor a €1 u young Buzuode,, SOW TOES a 090 s ° SOL ‘SLbL 2 ez or SHO TFS: Sunea [ gw | 8 ooow [ funex [ suorezado wom 409 afte Jo apis YBI osf\ ssouoead resodstp aise Jexn0 pia uosteduioa to paseq axe soi ‘sorejnonied oy 1450x9 g unrxoudde St pasyy SB TaIUOD aImUSIOWY y 00% Wz aL 31] 9P8ny24 Poon p'(09 01 01) oz sryas redioruny, aw8y | woyqt uoyal ‘SepxO uafonIN, aprxouoyy uoqze> | sep“ anying, ‘sovejnonmeg G:ONILVA BOLD NOISSINA 2STOWLNOD LAOHLIM SYaINUNG TVOINOD NI NOLLVUANIONI FLSA YOd SYOLOVA NOISSINS “1-€'Z ATAVL 10/92 EMISSION FACTORS 23-2 References for Section 2.3 1, Ait Pollutant Emission Factors, Final Report, CPA-22-69-119, Resources Research Inc. Reston, VA. Prepared for National Air Pollution Control Administration, Durham, NC April 1970. 2. TE, Kreichelt, Air Pollution Aspects of Teepee Burners, U. S. DHEW, PHS, Division of ‘Air Pollution, Cincinnati, Ohio, PHS Publication Number 999-AP-28, September 1966. 3. PL. Magill and R, W. Benoliel, Air Pollution in Los Angeles County: Contribution of Industrial Products. Ind. Eng. Chem. 44:1347-1352, June 1952. 4. Private Communication with Public Health Service, Bureau of Solid Waste Management, Cincinnati, Ohio. October 31, 1969. 5. DM. Anderson, J. Lieben, and V. H. Sussman, Pure Air for Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State Department of Health, Harrisburg PA, November 1961. p.98. 6. _R. W, Boubel, et.al, Wood Waste Disposal and Utilization. Engineering Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, Bulletin Number 39. June 1958. p.57. 7. A.B. Netaley, and J. E. Williamson, Multiple Chamber Incinerators for Burning Wood Waste, In: Air Pollution Engineering Manual, Danielson, J. A. (ed.). U. S. DHEW, PHS, National Center for Air Pollution Control. Cincinnati, Ohio. PHS Publication Number 999- ‘AP-40, 1967. p.436-445. 8H. Droege, and G. Lee, The Use of Gas Sampling and Analysis for the Evaluation of Teepee Burners, Bureau of Air Sanitation, California Department of Public Health, (Presented at the 7th Conference on Methods in Air Pollution Studies, Los Angeles, CA, January 1965.) 9. R. W. Boubel, Particulate Emissions from Sawmill Waste Burners, Engineering Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, Bulletin Number 42, August 1968, p.7,8: 10/92 Solid Waste Disposal 2.33 2.4 OPEN BURNING 2.4.1 General! Open burning can be done in open drums or baskets, in fields and yards, and in large open dumps or pits. Materials commonly disposed of in this manner include municipal waste, auto body components, landscape refuse, agricultural field refuse, wood refuse, bulky industrial refuse, and leaves. Current regulations prohibit open burning of hazardous waste. One exception is for open ‘burning and detonation of explosives, particularly waste explosives that have the potential to detonate, and bulk military propellants which cannot safely be disposed of through other modes of treatment. The following Source Classification Codes (SCCs) pertain to open burning: Government 50100201 General Refuse 30100202 Vegetation Only Commercial/Institutional 50200201 Wood 50200202 Refuse Industrial 50300201 Wood/Vegetation/Leaves 50300202 Refuse 50300203 Auto Body Components 50300204 Coal Refuse Piles 50300205 Rocket Propellant 2.4.2. Emissions!-22 Ground-level open burning emissions are affected by many variables, including wind, ambient ‘temperature, composition and moisture content of the debris burned, and compactness of the pile. In general, the relatively low temperatures associated with open burning increase emissions of particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons and suppress emissions of nitrogen oxides. Sulfur oxide emissions are a direct function of the sulfur content of the refuse. 2.4.2.1 Municipal Refuse Emission factors for the open burning of municipal refuse are presented in Table 2.4-1. 2.4.2.2 Automobile Components Emission factors for the open burning of automobile components including upholstery, belts, hoses, and tires are presented in Table 2.4-1 Emission factors for the burning of scrap tires only are presented in Tables 2.4-2 through 2.4-4, Although it is illegal in many states to dispose of tires using open burning, fires often occur at 10192 Solid Waste Disposal 241 Table 24-1 Emission Factors for Open Burning of Municipal Refuse Emission Factor Rating: D voca Sulfur | Carbon Source Particulate | Oxides | Monoxid | Methane | Nonmeth e ane 8 0s 2 6s | 15 3 16 10 85 3 30 6 Automobile Components kg/Mg 50 Neg. a 5 16 2 Ibjton 100 Neg. | _125 10 32 4 4 Data indicate that VOC emissions are approximately 25% methane, 8% other saturates, 18% olefins, 42% others (oxygenates, acetylene, aromatics, trace formaldehyde). » References 2 and 7. © Reference 2. Upholstery, belts, hoses, and tires burned together. tire stockpiles and through illegal burning activities. Of the emission factors presented here are used to estimate emissions from an accidental tire fire, it should be kept in mind that emissions from burning tires are generally dependent on the burn rate of the tire. A greater potential for emissions ‘exists at lower burn rates, such as when a tire is smoldering, rather than burning out of control. In addition, the emission factors presented here for tire "chunks" are probably more appropriate than for "shredded" tire for estimating emissions from an accidental tire fire because there is likely to be more air-space between the tires in an actual fire, As discussed in Reference 21, itis difficult to estimate emissions from a large pile of tires based on these results, but emissions can be related to a mass burn rate, To use the information presented here, it may be helpful to use the following estimates: tires tested in Reference 21 weighed approximately 7 kilograms and one volume of one tir approximately 7 ft3 (15 pounds). Table 2.4-2 presents emission factors for particulate metals. Table 2.43 presents emission factors for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH’s), and Table 2.4-4 presents emissions for other volatile hydrocarbons. For more detailed information on this subject consult the reference cited at the end of this chapter. 2.4.2.3. Agricultural Waste Organic Agricultural Waste. Organic refuse burning consists of burning field crops, wood, and leaves. Emissions from organic agricultural refuse burning are dependent mainly on the moisture content of the refuse and, in the case of the field crops, on whether the refuse is burned in a headfire or a backfire. Headfires are started at the upwind side of a field and allowed to progress in the direction of the wind, whereas backfires are started at the downwind edge and forced to progress in a direction opposing the wind. Other variables such as fuel loading (how much refuse material is burned per unit of land area) and how the rofuse is arranged (in piles, rows, or spread out) are also important in certain instances, Emission factors for open agricultural burning are presented in Table 2.4-5 as a function 24-2 EMISSION FACTORS 10/92 sodesoae porysiom a7 SONIEAg “1g s0uas24>RIy L 186% sue 26°68 96'¢% UZ, ei 76S Oia SEL TanIpeuEA eet ws ort see NOPE eT z's SI 89L POS ¥0'Ss whe 0078 oot wOOHTS. oro 00 0 900 RIGS sve 807 LY Px PON ort seo Lz $0't ae | 070 oro 90 #0 peor 661 008 198 wo 80 60 790 weddoy ere wt +68 TwNTUIOR 16 Ly aa WROD SET 81 6% wane ovo 00 oro aRY Le wet 88S fuounay TRU ‘aun suoi 001 ‘aan 34 ‘amt SU0} 0001 an 3 TuEinyiog a 0 la =r GPappanis pum WORIPUOD AIL, D Bupey soe corsa S94], Jo Buyuang wadO wo4y sxOPET VOISsTURT speIO WA OveNNC THT EL. Solid Waste Disposal 243 10/92 “soBesoaw panysiom ore sonme,Ay “punoy 30u seas yueanyjod areoxpur sanqea 00'0q, Tz s00as2ja%g 86°90€ Gres oroL Ove auoikd ] 50S Lest 00°95 008 euanypubUaNd 69186 S8'06r 00 00°0 auapemudeN SLTLI 8E°98 orl oss ‘uarhd(o-€'2‘ ouapuy aeRLE FRI 08°98 over ‘suau0n | 69°96 Seer 0968 Of eh suoqHUBION| 0070 0070 00'60T os'rs uasesTaue(HV)Zu=qiC $9681 £86 09°96 of 8 BURA I LOZ 1Le01 08's O6L ‘auoesipMe(y)z9g 8007 ¥e001 os'¢98 08187 auaqpMEoNy( Ozu 1 B91ZE 8091 Ove OC9E sua Kued(|"H'p)ozuog, eau we 07996 ores suatpuezony(@ozteg EOE OUSit C O9LrE og'eLI auauAd(y)ozueg, £66 196 acres 09°92 eusoesiqUy LU9EIT 80°89 i] OF OFT cous up Aunydeweoy OC Tale O9"s8ez ov 9Er ogi auarydeusoy ‘94N Sua) OOOT ‘aun By ‘aah Sto} 0007 ‘an 8, WENT —T— ar alles 0 2"qPoPPanys rs) WoRpUO ath Bupey 1opey uoyssyury eSOULL, Sung vadO woay siopuy uo[ssTUNY UOgIEDOIPA MeMOLY I>A9AOq epz 1deL, 10/92 EMISSION FACTORS 24d 00'0 000 08'vEI ore9 ausypemadopoK 39°8101 E605 z9'LOF 18°€02 euazuaqoues SOLLZ 16 861 ec vee ori ‘susypeIng, 62'659 S9°6cE 91O8E 80°061 ruogdig, 8 E08 99151 000 000 ajozenposiszuag 000 000 L001 LE0S ‘suaydoup(@ozuag 78681 1616 79°07 Te 01 auaydonpozreg 000 000 18 790 weanyozueg 18 E eel eo wer ‘suyzeypozweg, 98 6586 £6°6261 6L'ZS0E OE 9ST ‘auazceg O1' ro So'ee 89°9¢b ad apAyeprezuog £9°8601 Ze 6S GE SBII OL'Z6S ‘euapeunydewsoy TeL8 90'LEr 6°79 Lv 12 ‘ouaqeipyden [Atpou-Z, elssy 18 Lee 6£ 865 00662, ‘ouoveipgdeu (Ampou-| LEED VS TRE LTO euasony UE 00°0 west wer Wirpacn “auaydiq. “1 ‘3M SUO1 0OOT aun 34 ‘1H suoI 000 ain 34 MeMNT}Od —T— aie a —0- ‘'qP2PP2zHS qt WORIPWOD 931, 2 Bury soper wos ‘eS9IL], Jo Zufuing wadQ wosy spunodwoy srEZ19 Jo} sIoPeA WoISSTAN Pre EL, Solid Waste Disposal 2.45 10/92 S0'szS1 £0'r9L, 69°81 sero auoutdaze oxpayexory vev8, cer Lz oro ‘ouarpendog 86°98E F E6 1961S 78 6ST ‘suozuag (uk 0S'069 STSbE 79816 IE Osh suazuag [Ayo “Audyp red Tr'see L8'LLE y6'8ET ouazueq MN BSLby 6L'E2e 85°8S1 67 6L. auazu9g (AtpoU “AI LO't8 ad 00°0 000 suazuag ApeuyAuady 669" Cad 9 902 er e01 auozieg MipeuauaIN RL 168 016 ser auaxayoroas (AuayTg Te98I1 ST £65 Pr 6L01 wees suazuag [Anan 86°Eb 6612 Sore arZ1 ‘suozuag |Ayponr “Avan 89°76E E961 10°€@ Ost ‘ouezueq moun “oops oc'ss 09 Lz 0°01 ws ‘ouaput ospAypAqoUI] LS Ole 87 SST SSOL Use suaqeqnyden [Amour S19FI 80°EL Gaal wo ouaypexoy [ATOM €8°1881 160F6 oreo a euazug 1ATeWI 19 LOE 99°61 786 uDpULOIpKIEG 39 SUO} 0001 2a $400 0001 aun 3 TwEANITOR ae 0 —rI— 0 a*qPOPPORIS pend ‘BorNpuoD Ozu, (paeuNU0D) F-°z 14 10/92 EMISSION FACTORS 2.46 Li 16°85 SL09 LEE ‘auapu auarcmnoy rd 7°01 88 oer ouoqdonp MON 809 POE 0070 000 suazu9g (Adoud AON LESH 89°C 9S 687 BL eT auprepydeu ipa 99°822 fell Se OLIN uazuag Aina AupaUl [AION oe ELS 39°982, 20001 ‘00S auapuT (AWW Ov vz 0z'zo1 Brie 6s's1 uarpexay AID. 98°99 ad el 16 ‘auaxeyOPOKD [AN 800617 $0°S6EI 09 6S 08°6211 ‘uazuag [AIO j* Ost OP'SL 00'0 000 ‘apkqaprrzueg (KRW LOOLLE g0'S8E1 6 61T 69°601 ‘euazuag [AtpayKyroul “ATO, 9S LL BL E6E Pera LSS ‘auazuag (Auampay Xie “ARIA L orvel $049 Og ty SV Iz ‘auazuag (auaupe “Ama vr619r 1S 60E7 796 1r8r =uoUOUT 000 00°0 1s1z SLO ‘uoperpudeu oweA50s] S29S Gad So L9S LER, ‘uazu9q OUBADOS LY e69) CORE 8F'SH6 Lele ‘2u9pu ‘aan suo} 0001 aan 84 ‘aap ste3 OOOT ‘aan 84 WIN|ON —T—_ aig —I— oe > qPoPPOIS, uD ToRIpuOD aaLL (@anuy909) "7 AGEL 24-7 Solid Waste Disposal 10/92 soBtson8 1Y810% axe SONA “punoy tou sea rueanyjod ayp srPoqpU SanfeA 00g Tz aDuasayrIg zs'ze9 99IE 00°0 000 ouaqeuyden [Aowtay, 65699 os'ree aT 16E 65°S61 ouazuog (AqOUI 000 000 0c 91% Orel ‘SueHeUIOLONYFOIORYDL, wes IIe z0se 1Sct aoydon, were wield 0070 000 ‘uozue9 (RipouTeay, ¥8°6671 76°69 €S'Lez1 L819 suasKig ST OEF ersiz 18°8E 61 ouazuag WAdorg 00°0 000 6S ES 08°97 ouspeynydeu [Auedosg BT El6 65 °9> 000 000 ‘suszueg [Aypou “[Auadorg 08°60F1 06"F0L 1¥Si9 Ieee rousud oF BFF bee 6L28, ore ‘uazueg na TaPy 24n suo} OOOT omn By ‘aun SU03 0001 am 8 wRINTOR a 0 le 0 2*qPePPanus, ong ‘wORIpUOD aa] (penunuod) F-4°z a14es, 10/92 EMISSION FACTORS 248 [ 61 er 1] 9 ¥ z sar] +9) wz TAU sz 9s ex} st 6 | se uri | eb 1 Yd v1 oe oe} 1 | se ’ ut | 89 Y 580 o wz u| ss s | st er | OL ze (prs) eH sz os 9} 8k ui | ss gst | £6 & (pos) veo 0 81 ace se lacy, gor} €s se PV (Surusng aaypeoH Lie ore zie | oc | eect] 790 | 1809 | ros | reo | SEES youeo Jeans oz s9 L | se z 1 u ae at 6 wnyas0s eT 67 o| ot 9 € vel} te ar 6 JMOUR'S o€ x) 8 y | ve | cl 8 It 6 + yer 9 £ a 1 a 9s 8 + soiddeautd si] se | sy | tz tor | os 1 8 sassep, uu ve Be) oe | £0 gu | 88 8 ’ wou ty 6 a| 9 + z sor| +5 + L w0D, Ll st si} se | se | cz ust | 8b a ut fous st re so] ee vd or ost | st ov o% jondemedsy, ‘umonusis ou sanbruypar Sunuang, z sy 81 6 vs Lt uu 8S Iz 1 payroadsun) psdox9 Pretd smear] ammayaw | vovat] awa vovar | Bww8x] ova | awax| wovar ‘(wonanpoxd aise) MnpAOION, ‘aumpayy | OPOUOWK Hoare, preinonea siojaey SurpeoT [en] 200A @?ONLLVA NOLOVA NOISSINA STVIXALVW TVANLTAOIADV AO ONINANT NAdO AOI SUOLIVA ONIGVOT TANA GNV SHOLOVA NOISSUNA *S-+°7 TIAVL Solid Waste Disposal 249 10/92 0z st e] st r so &€ a y z ‘SULIERON ad or 8 vy | sz zt “s 8% L + Big or te s £ “1 80 9s 82 oO s wyed aq ol ww 6 s el ct 18 Or 9 € (aowy “euvs0) sun ve 8 ’ st a w wz 8 ’ Aso ve sz] a | se ve on | 8s Iz or ‘peony ’ 9 € z 1 o % 9 £ wooudy zs 6 lect 1 so a iz + z addy of 9 € z 1 » & 9 £ Puowsty of 8 y Jost fe zs % 9 £ Poyzadsup) w'pSdory preysi9 of so | ce ve a s € (Sp2es pit) SRL zo Bo =| so| zo oor | rst | oz nt (poorsaqquity) ve we 6 | st € | si 8 aw st 8 os s £ Ex) iS 9% s £ Sdox outa eF 6 | s* eT +5 9 TEU of wy} og z 89 " 5180 tw a} s9 z st 8 (pis) AEH os 6 | oF € uw L (pai) wo g1 + + Brey qSmung anyyorg, aroejuor | assays | uovar | aw/3x] ova] sw/8x] uova] SW/x] uoval| SWAY (conmnposd aiseaa) ‘aueqpauruoN, urna, | 2PROUOW, woqreD punonng suorse,g Surpeo7] fang, Le 200A (panunuod) *s-°7 ATAVL 10/92 EMISSION FACTORS 2.410 18 JOA Pur (wo1/al €Z) BW/BY S*1T OF asvaroUL (wovar £1) BIN/BY $°9 01 aseasou zw parypeoy wayas “wuewodus you st anbruyoas Sutzy ‘sy Aypensn w se “aammsrou 97> 0b L4p 01 PamoItE St 3 ule JOA ‘HET worssTUIE OD ‘HOE Aq paonpor 9g jum suorssruo aroynoyued ‘ourusrou 3S > 01 pap axe suo} Jf “suORLPLOD aamystou yBtY [eO!UA Jopun suosssIND yosaxday SsOWE 5 “Buypyoeq pue SuLpeaY WoL} SUOISSIWD uodMINg sISIXO ooU=z2IP TwEYTUBIS ou ‘sTeroTeU osMyaZ B8OmN JOH 3 ‘sdoraey BuIpeO| fany 40} y] Souarajo ‘s4or2ey uorssIw JO} EI - ZI SUA p “suyyesedoyoso ‘sorrewose ‘sauorsy “sepAyapre apnyout 01 parsadxe axe JOA payTUepIUN -paynuaplun 6"g¢ ‘auortione ssf ‘suyato wT ‘Sow saIpo %6"z ‘SMBIPEU Cz AFEJOAe suOLSSIND DOA Te owOAPUL we 3 “ous azis aeUlOLONUQHS oXp Ui 9q 01 Puno} Uaaq sey Bumwing a5nj2s esrN|NaLBe wou WOH NEW oe|RONIEd “ZI UII g -pouang jelzoqeu asnyax Jo 1y8taay/pannuse qweinyjod Jo ayBtom se pessaudcy — y ss ee Lt Sol 86 za 9 pauid wsoxapuog z | at on) 06 se ¥ z zep29 “ay sejfnog “3p0TWoH oo ist o | 6 | es | sz ort | oe u 8 Paupedsun ‘uSOMDISPY 1010 tr Lt 9 € z 1 uy ve 9 € HOTEL wl Lt 9 € z I ue v% € z aumad 9 as L | se z 1 us 8% 6 * wad sz os ’ zo] ct 90 w % 9 £ yore wl Lt wy oe ’ z vi] ous a 9 eto psdory preysig aneuoy | amnou/sy | uovqi | 3w/34 | uouaT away (wonanpord arse) ‘AUEOURION ‘SpIKOUOW HOGI) ssorpe.J 3urpeo7 ron 200A {panuyyn09) *$-°7 TIAVL Solid Waste Disposal 2.411 10/92 ‘91 souasajoy ‘SI soUaIaJRy (woyal +) 3/84 Zw paywumnse suoisstue “ON “O1 soUAIITY “Peonpoud aq 1m 2ase0 Jo (exse/uor Og) axeou/Syy 99 “wing v Jo asodind ain st TeAoWAL prey>iO J] Surpooasd v Jo sxaquia arp ovo pazop} yes “Bu 0} SUOISSIWUD DOA pur 81) SW/BX S08 0 St ‘aaejnonzed ‘syoxay sumstow soysiy ze pauing sy mess 2013 J] “MES 20U (OM (PananUeD) *S-y°2 ATAVL ‘ame sSurunad axaym ‘onbrayoa) wo-[]01 aL “saqid m1 pouing Ajpensn age sSutunad pseyIQ, ‘a8ues so108j uorssrura am Jo amepou/SW 8p - Of “HEME INO] sox Supuodsaus0 woRDe§ 99§ “z aouasa}oy wo OD *(uoy/ql 62) BW/EX SPL MISIOW % 1) Asp 204 axe suorge a ° u w EMISSION FACTORS 10/92 24-12 24-13 (soreua8xo ‘ouayhreoe ‘sonewolse) seipo 91 “SUUDIO WEE ‘SovEMIWS JaqNO ¥5 11 “OUEMN % 67 ABEHDAE SUOISSTIUS QOA TH sWA}PU! SISAL, 9 ‘amis ut vosotugns st aenonized yo Aysofeur SUL g soraods asotp 204 soBez2ae aun ut papnjaut aze synsax pue ‘sejdog din, pu ajdeyy s9aqis “wm Yams “Wt vorsoury “edqewe) “ysy oIsapoy to parse Kuo sem wouIaBuEAse MOxpULN ays, "WoHEG amp Jo Alsydizad axp punoze 20 dos arp we 38u9 pou “Sop jeotuoo mtatuoo aunisiou wo} pue YBtY BuRWIng Aq paurergo synsos Jo aBesaAe oFaUHUG UR axe SHOIOR “61 - 81 S22UIF wv 95 8 6 payisodsun +s 5 4 ardey 3e3ng $39 6 o PO PRY Se (4 ol dun, ws on s auoweakg eIMsOsTTE sis st st szouradg ueauowy |Z Is 99 € aideyy sons |} 3 sa et so wyousey | 2 9 aL se 480907 921d |e o ee sor ung wong | 2 st 9f st ‘smdAyeong = ses % €1 wig ueouomy | = St 8€ 61 poosuonoy | 4 se 95 a nUsatZD 9830 sb ar s8 vee is sit sy SUA sig co 1 usy orsepow wi | seo 9 81 usy Ped ‘woyat ani woyal away sargads Jeo1 prKouoWy HOG: qoremonrg d!ONLLVA YOLOVA NOISSON 3 eONINUN AVA YOM SHOLOVA NOISSINA “9-6°2 TIAVL = Of refuse type and also, in certain instances, as a function of burning techniques and/or moisture e content when these variables are known to significantly affect emissions, Table 2.4-5 also presents ‘typical fuel loading values associated with each type of refuse. These values can be used, along with the corresponding emission factors, 1o estimate emissions from certain categories of agricultural burning when the specific fuel loadings for a given area are not known, Emissions from leaf burning are dependent upon the moisture content, density, and ignition location of the leaf piles. Increasing the moisture content of the leaves generally increases the amount of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and particulate emissions, Carbon monoxide emissions decreases if moisture content is high but increases if moisture content is low. Increasing the density of the piles increases the amount of hydrocarbon and particulate emissions, but has a variable effect on carbon monoxide emissions ‘The highest emissions from open burning of leaves occur when the base of the leaf pile is ignited. ‘The lowest emissions generally arise from igniting a single spot on the top of the pile. Particulate, hydrocarbon, and carbon monoxide emissions from window ignition (piling the leaves into long row and igniting one end, allowing it to burn toward the other end) are intermediate between top and bottom ignition. Emission factors for leaf burning are presented in Table 2.4-6. For ‘more detailed information on this subject, the reader should consult the reference cited at the end of this section Agricultural Plastic Film. Agricultural plastic film that has been used for ground moisture and weed control. Large quantities of plastic film are commonly disposed of when field crops are burned. ‘The plastic film may also be gathered into large piles and burned separately or burned in an air curtain. Emissions from burning agricultural plastic are dependent on whether the film is new or e hhas been exposed to vegetation and possibly pesticides. Table 2.4-7 presents emission factors for organic compounds emitted from burning new and used plastic film in piles or in piles where air has been forced through them to simulate combustion in an air curtain. ‘Table 2.4-8 presents emission factors for PAH’s emitted from open burning of inorganic plastic film. 24-14 EMISSION FACTORS 10/92 @ Table 2.47 Emission Factors for Organic Compounds From Burning Plastic Film Emission Factor Rating: C — Condition of plastic ‘Unused Plastic ‘Used Plastic Pile Forced aire Pile Forced ait Benzene (mg/kg plastic) 0.0478 (1b/1000 tons plastic) 0.0955, 0.0575 0.0247 0.0488 Toluene (mg/kg plastic) 0.0046 0.0081 0.0033 0.0124 (1b/1000 tons plastic) 0.0092 0.0161 0.0066 0.0248, Ethyl benzene | _ (mg/kg plastic) 0.0006 0.0029 0.0012 0.0056 (1b/1000 tons plastic) 0.0011 0.0058 0.0025 0.0111 1-Hexene (mg/kg plast 0.0010 0.0148 0.0043, 0.0220 (1b/1000 tons plastic) 0.0020 0.0296 0.0086 0.0440 | Reference 22 e bEmission factors are for plastic gathered in a pile and burned. Emission factors are for plastic burned in a pile with a forced air current. 10/92 Solid Waste Disposal 2.415 f ¥200°0 ve0'0 ¥200°0 oo1r'o (cary onseid sur 9901/4) 1 Brel out. 86'S (ary oseyd 34/30) auaskrq) ¥200°0 88200 8500°0 ssoro (Cans onserd sues 900174) ort Ivor 167 Lz (ay onseyd 84/8) SuaoesIpue(y)Zu9K 000070 00070 £10070 L200 (wary onseyd sa01 o90T/aD 000 sz 990 eel (wy onseqd 84/80) Suayyuexony(y)ozueg 000° 66200 zr000 6860°0 000 £61 We fr or auayhued({‘H'p)ozuaq 0000°0 £6100 62000 8190°0 0070 $9°6 I BecE suaskd(ajozuog, 6100°0 $8100 z€00°0 £690°0 £6°0 Sv6 ost a Carry onseyd 34/80) Suoquesony(q)ozuag 0000°0 1st00 6000 'S€80°0 ised $40} OO0174D 0070 el sr LIP (way anseid By/an) auaikd(y)ozteg 800070 97000 £100°0 e100 ied SoH 0001/4) oro wel 99°0 rk (any onsejd 84/30) suscep poy Peau0g ¢ aie peouOy end sau aueinytod onseid pasy ouiseid pasnu Onse id JO WORpUOD L 2 Bupey sopeg uoyssrrg ST Oe, MILT Hse TeaNyNOLZy Jo Sung wad Woy sIOpE UOISSTUR UOqIeDOIPAT a]pEMOAY DOKDKIOg 10/92 EMISSION FACTORS 24-16 24-17 pung} 10u sexs juvInyjod area:pUI S9NPEA OO" Op 2) ast SJ0IDe} UOISSIUI 30} 91 $1010} WOISSIWIG AOUOHeIAHE — 1900°0 steo'0 8500°0 8490°0 “(way anseyd suo1 000T/@D) POE west 167 Beze ‘(uy onseyd 34/80) rd |g 61100 guir0 $9800 s90F0 Gay 20910 SO} OOOTAD & a ses 18°85 vst 9 E0e (my anseyd 3/80) ouarkg 2 L100 T8¥0°0 1200 8020 Gay anseid stor QOOT/AD = 8 sore sel 0v'09 (wary onserd 83/80) suonmueuand |S (000070 viz00 9500°0 10800 sed suo 000T/AD 000 oO BLT +0'Or (aan onseid 84/30) ‘euarkd(ap-€'Z' 1)ouapel (wag onseyd Syn) SuaipesonL prot Pe0u04 ld ate pease, grad mun ‘WeINTTOd onseid pest ‘used pasnup, [ SuseIg JO WOREPUOD 10/92 (panuquoy) 8-4°7 TEL References for Section 2.4 12. 13. 2.418 Ait Pollutant Emission Factors, Final Report, National Air Pollution Control Administration, Durham, NC Contract Number CPA A-22-69-119, Resources Research, Ine., Reston, VA, April 1970. RW. Gerstle, and D. A. Kemnitz, "Atmospheric Emissions from Open Burning," Journal of Ait Pollution Control Association, 12: 324-327, May 1967 1.0. Burkle, J. A. Dorsey, and B. T. Riley. *The Effects of Operating Variables and Refuse [22s on Emissions from a Pilot-Scale Trench Incinerator”, In; Proceedings of 1968 Incinerator Conference, American Society of Mechanical Engineers. New York, p.34-41, May 1968 M. I. Weisburd, and S. S. Griswold (eds.), Air Poll ‘ontrol Field Operations Guide: Air Pollution Control Field Operations Guide: A Guide for Inspection and Control, PHS Publication No, 937, U.S. DHEW, PHS, Division of Air Pollution, Washington, D.C., 1962. Unpublished data on estimated major air contaminant emissions, State of New York Department of Health, Albany, NY, April 1, 1968, - F. Darley, etal., "Contribution of Burning of Agricultural Wastes to Photochemical Air Pollution,” Journal of Air Pollution Control Association, 16: 685-690, December 1966, M. Feldstein, et al., "The Contribution of the Open Burning of Land Clearing Debris to Air e@ Pollution," Journal of Air Pollution Control Association, 13: 542-545, November 1963 R. W. Boubel, E. F. Darley, and E. A. Schuck, “Emissions from Burning Grass Stubble and Straw," Journal of Air Pollution Control Association, 19: 497-500, July 1969. Waste Problems of Agriculture and Forestry, Environmental Science and Technology, 2:498, July 1968, G. Yamate, etal. "An Inventory of Emissions from Forest Wildfires, Forest Managed Burns, and Agricultural Burns and Development of Emission Factors for Estimating Atmospheric Emissions from Forest Fires," Presented at 68th Annual Meeting Air Pollution Control Association, Boston, MA, June 1975, E. F. Darley, Ai Emissiou Burnin; ine and Pineapple from Hawaii pniversity of California, Riverside, Calif. Prepared for Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.C. as amendment of Research Grant No. R8007I1. August 1874, E. F. Darley, etal, Ai on from For icul ing._Californi ard Project 2-017-1, California Air Resources Board Project No. 2-O17-1, University of California, Davis, CA, April 1974, E. F. Darley, Progress Report on Emissions from Agricultural Burning, California Air Resources Board Project 4-011, University of California, Riverside, CA, Private e Communication with permission of Air Resources Board, June 1975, EMISSION FACTORS 10/92. 3.1 STATIONARY GAS TURBINES FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION 3.1.1 General Stationary gas turbines are applied in electric power generators, in gas pipeline pump and compressor drives, and in various process industries. Gas turbines (greater than 3 MW(e)) are used in electrical generation for continuous, peaking, or standby power. The primary fuels used are natural gas, and distillate (No. 2) fuel oil, although residual fuel oil is used in a few applications, 3.1.2. Emissions Emission control technologies for gas turbines have advanced to a point where all new and most existing units are complying with various levels of specified emission limits. For these sources, the emission factors become an operational specification rather than a parameter to be quantified by testing. ‘This section treats uncontrolled (i.e,, baseline) emissions and controlled emissions with specific control technologies. The emission factors presented are for simple cycle gas turbines. ‘These factors also apply 10 cogeneration/combined cycle gas turbines. In general, if the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) is not supplementary fired, the simple cycle input specific emission factors (lbayMMBt) will apply to cogeneration/combined cycle systems. ‘The output specific emissions (g/up-hr) will decrease according, to the ratio of simple cycle to combined cycle power output. IF the HRSG is supplementary fied. the ‘emissions and fuel usage must be considered to estimate stack emissions. Nitrogen Oxide (NO,) em from regenerative cycle turbines (which account for only a small percentage of turbines in use) are greater than emissions from simple cycle turbines because of the increased combustion air temperature entering the twrbine. The carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions may be lower with the regenerative system for a comparable design. More power is produced from the same energy input, so the input specific emissions factor will be affected by changes in emissions, while output specific emissions will reflect the increased power output. Water/steam injection is the most prevalent NOx control for cogeneration/combined cycle gas turbines. ‘The water or steam is injected with the air and fuel into the turbine combustion can in order to lower the peak temperatures which, in tum, decreases the thermal NO, produced. The lower average temperature within the combustor can may produce higher levels of CO and HC as a result of incomplete combustion. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is a post-combustion control which selectively reduces NO, by reaction of ammonia and NO on a catalytic surface to form N; and H,0. Although SCR systems can be used alone, all existing applications of SCR have been used in conjunction with water/steam injection controls. For optimum SCR operation, the flue gas must be within a temperature range of 600-800°F with the precise limits dependant on the catalyst. Some SCR systems also utilize a CO catalyst to give simultaneous catalytic CO/NO, control. ‘Advanced combustor can designs are currently being phased into production turbines. These dry techniques decrease turbine emissions by modifying the combustion mixing, air staging, and flame stabilization to allow operation at a much Yeaner ait/fuel ratio relative to normal operation, Operating at Jeaner conditions will lower peak temperatures within the primary flame zone of the combustor. ‘The lower temperatures may also increase CO and HC emissions, 1092 Stationary Intemal Combustion Sources 3.1 With the proliferation and advancement of NO, control technologies for gas turbines during the ast 15 years, the emission factors for the installed gas turbine population are quite different than ‘uncontrolled turbines. However, uncontrolled turbine emissions have not changed significantly. Therefore a careful review of specific turbine details should be performed before applying uncontrolled emission factors, Today most gas turbines are controlled to mect local, state, and/or federal regulations. ‘The average gaseous emission factors for uncontrolled gas turbines (firing natural gas and fuel oil) ae presented in Tables 3.1-1 and 3.1-2. There is some variation in emissions over the population of large uncontrolled gas turbines because of the diversity of engine designs and models, Tables 3.1-3 and 3.1-4 present emission factors for gas turbines controlled for NO, using water injection, steam injection or SCR. ‘ables 3.1-5 and 3.1-6 present emission factors for lage distillate oil- fired turbines controlied for NO, using water injection. Gas turbines firing distillate or residual oil may emit trace metals carried over from the metals content of the fuel, If the fuel analysis is known, the metals content of the fuel should be used for flue gas emission factors assuming all metals pass through the turbine. Ifthe fuel analysis is not known, Table 3.1-7 provides order of magnitude levels for turbines fired with distillate oil 312 EMISSION FACTORS 1092 ‘TABLE 3.1-5. (ENGLISH UNITS) EMISSION FACTORS FOR LARGE DISTILLATE OIL-FIRED CONTROLLED GAS TURBINES" Pollutant Emission Factor Water Injectio Rating (8 water/fuel ratio) {grams/te-hplt (b/MIMB Ww] (power output) fuel input) NO, E 1.05 290 co E 067 12 TOC (as methane) E our 0048 SOx B : . PM E 135 0372 a ‘a. Caloulated from fuel input assuming an average heat rate of 8,000 Buu/hp-hr (x 3.632). c. All sulfur in the fuel is assumed to be converted to SO, ‘TABLE 3.1-6, (METRIC UNITS) EMISSION FACTORS FOR LARGE DISTILLATE OM Pollutant Emission Factor ‘Water Injection Rating (8 waterfuel ratio) {gransW-te) (ns) (ower output) ¢Gvel input) No, E 14 1s co E 90 826 ‘TOC (as methane) E cory 206 so,” B . : PM E 181 1600 a. Calculated from fuel input assuming an average heat rate of 8.000 Buf (x 3.632). b. All sulfur in the fuel is assumed to be converted to $0, 10192 Stationary Intemal Combustion Sources 31-7 TABLE 3.1-7. TRACE ELEMENT EMISSION FACTORS FOR DISTILLATE OIL-FIRED GAS TURBINES! (mission Factor Rating: E)* ‘Trace Element pelt IbMMBtu Aluminum o 1S E04 ‘Antimony 94 22 £05 Arsenic 2A 4.9 £06 Barium 84 2.0 B-05 Beryllium 14 33 B07 Boron 28 65 E05 Bromine 18 42 £06 Cadmium 18 42 E06 Caleium 330 7.7 E04 (Chromium 20 4.7 B05 Cobalt 39 9.1 £06 Cooper 518 13 £03 lion 256, 60 E04 Lead 25 5.8 E05 Magnesium 100 23 E04 Manganese 145 34-04 Mercury 39 91 E07 Molybdenum 36 84 E06 Nickel 526 12 E03 Phosphorus 127 3.0 E04 Potassium 185 43 B04 Selenium 23 5.3 E06 Silicon 515 13-03 Sodium 590 14 E03 Tin 35 8.1 E05 ‘Vanadium 19 44 E06 Zine 294 68 E04 a, Emission factor ratings of ” indicate that the data are from a limited data sot and may not be representative of a specific source or population of sources. EMISSION FACTORS 17, 19. 21 2. 10/92 Private communication on estimated waste production from agricultural burning activities. California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, Calif. September 1975 L. Fritschen, et al., Flash Fire Atmospheric Pollution. U.S. Department of Agriculture, ‘Washington, D.C. Service Research Paper PNW-97. 1970. D. W. Sandberg, S. G. Pickford, and E. F. Darley, Emissions from Slash Burning and the Influence of Flame Retardant Chemicals. Journal of. th ‘ontrol Association, 25:278, 1975 L. G. Wayne, and M. L. McQueary, Calculation of Emission Factors for Agricultural Burning Activities, EPA-450-3-75-087, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N. C., Prepared under Contract No. 68-02-1004, Task Order No.4. by Pacific Environmental Services, Inc., Santa Monica, CA, November 1975. F. F. Darley, Emission Factor Development for Leaf Burning, University of California, Riverside, CA, Prepared for Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, under Purchase Order No. 5-02-6876-1. September 1976. E, F. Darley, Evaluation of the Impact of Leaf Burning - Phase I: Emission Factors for Illinois Leaves, University of California, Riverside, CA, Prepared for State of Illinois, Institute for Environmental Quality, August 1975. J. H, Southerland, and A. McBath. Emission Factors and Field Loading for Sugar Cane Burning, MDAD, OAQPS, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, January 1978. Characterization of Emissions from the Simulated Open Burning of Scrap Tires, EPA-600/2-89-054, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, October 1989. W. P. Linak, et.al., "Chemical and Biological Characterization of Products of Incomplete Combustion from the Simulated Field Burning of Agricultural Plastic," Journal of Air Pollution Control Association, Vol. 39, No. 6, EPA/600/3-89/025, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Control Technology Center, June 1989, Solid Waste Disposal 2419 EMISSION FACTORS FOR LARGE UNCONTROLLED GAS TURBINES'* ‘TABLE 3.1-1. (ENGLISH UNITS) Pollutant Emission | Natural Gas (SCC-2-01-002-01) Fuel Oil (ie. Distillate) Factor (SCC-2-01-001-01) Rating? Igrams/te-hpl? —1b/MMBtu} | [gramsnp-hr??——_fllyMMB1u} (power output) (fuel input) —_| (power output) (fuel input) NO, c 16 “4 254 8 co > an m4 088 cos Bo 407 2 596 164 ‘TOC (as methane) D7 024 062, 017 SOx (as $0) e : . : PM (solids) EB 070 0193 138 038 PM (condensables) E 082 226 084 023, PM Sizing % ‘<_.05 microns D 15% 16% << .10 microns D 40% 48% <.15 microns D 0% 2% << 20 microns D 8% 85% < 25 microns D 39% 93% <1 micron D 100% 100% ‘a "D" and "B* rated emission factors are due to limited data and/or a lack of documentation of test results, "D" and "E” rated emission factors may not be suitable for specific facilities or populations ‘and should be used with care. b. Calculated from Ib/MMBtu assuming an average heat rate of 8,000 Btwfnp-hr (x 3.632). ¢. Based on 100 percent conversion of the fucl carbon t0 CO. CO,{Ib/MMBIu} = 3.67°C/E, where C = carbon content of fuel by weight, 7, and E = energy content of fuel, .0023 MMBu/b. ‘The uncontrolled CO, emission factors are also applicable to controlled gas turbines. 4. All sulfur in the fuel is converted to SO. Stationary Intemal Combustion Sources ‘TABLE 3.1-2. (METRIC UNITS) EMISSION FACTORS FOR LARGE UNCONTROLLED GAS TURBINES'* ‘Uncontrolled Emission | Natural Gas (SCC-2-01-002-01) | Fuel Oil (ie. Distillate) Emission Factors factor (SCC-2-01-00-01) Rating? CeramskW-n [ng] tgrams/kW-he}® ——Ingitl (Power ourput) (Fuel inp) | (power output) —(luel inp) NO, cls 190 341 300 co D2 46 233 206 cos Bo S46 48160 799 70520 TOC (as methane) Dee uy 1032 083, 731 SOx (as SO) Bf ‘ . : PM (solids) E04 8.30 .185 163 PM (condensables) BE ow 97, 113 9.89 PM Sizing % <.05 microns D 15% 16% <.10 microns D 40% 48% <.15 microns D 63% 12% < 20 microns D 78% 85% <.25 microns D 89% 93% <1 micron D 100% 100% a. "D" and "E* rated emission factors are due to limited data andor a lack of documentation of test results, "D" and "E" rated emission factors may not be suitable for specific facilities or populations ‘and should be used with care, b. Calculated from ng/} assuming an average heat ate of 11,318 KI/KW-hr. © Based on 100 percent conversion of the fuel carbon to CO,.. CO,{Ib/MMBUu] = 3.67°C/E, where C = ratio of carbon in the fuel by weight, and E = energy content of fuel, MMBuu/b. ‘The uncontrolled CO; einission factors are also applicable to controlled gas turbines, 4. All sulfur in the fuel is assumed to be converted to SO, 314 EMISSION FACTORS 10/92 EMISSION FACTORS FOR LARGE GAS-FIRED CONTROLLED GAS TURBINES?” ? ‘(Emission Factor Rating: C) Controlled ‘Water Injection ‘Steam Injection Selective Emission Factors (8 water/fuel ratio) (1.2 waterffuel ratio) Catalytic Fuel: Natural Gas Reduction (with water injection) {gramsfnr-np} —{Ib/MMBtu)] | grams/te-hp] —(Ib/MMBtu]_—_{1b/MMBtu} (power vel (power (fuel fuel output) input) output) input) inpot) NO, 50 14 “a 12 3 co 4 28 3 16 (0084 ‘TOC (as methane) ou NH, 0065 NMHC 0032 Formaldehyde 0027 a. Allddata are averages ofa limited number of tests and may not be typical of those reductions which cean be achieved at a specific location, e b. Average of 78 percent reduction of NO, through the SCR catalyst. 1092 Stationary Intemal Combustion Sources 315 TABLE 3.14, (METRIC UNITS) e@ EMISSION FACTORS FOR LARGE GAS-FIRED CONTROLLED GAS TURBINES™"* (Emission Factor Rating: C) Controlied Water Injection Steam Injection Selective ission Factors (8 watesfuel ratio) (1.2 waterfve! ratio) Catalytic Fuel: Natural Gas Reduction (with ‘water injection) (gramskW-hr]—(ng/0) | (gramskW-her] [nyt] {gy} (Power output) (fuel input) | (power outpat) fuel input) (Guelinput) No, 65 6 9 32 3.18" co 13 120 mn o 3.61 ‘TOC (as methane) 6.02 NH, 2.80 NMHC 138 Formaldehyde 116 & All data are averages ofa limited number of tests and may not be typical of those reductions which can be achieved at a specific location, b, Average of 78 percent reduction of NO, through the SCR catalyst 3.1-6 EMISSION FACTORS 1092 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 3.1 10. ul 1092 Shih, C.C., 5.W. Hamersma, and D.G. Ackerman, R.G. Beimer, M.L. Kraft, and MM. Yamada, Emissions Assessment of Conventional Stationary Combustion Systems: Vol, IL Intemal Combustion Sources, Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory, EPA-600/7-79-029e, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, February 1979. Final Report - Gas Turbine Emission Measurement Program, prepared by General Applied Science Laboratories for Empire State Electric Energy Research Corp., August 1974, GASL TR 787. Malte, P.C, S., Bemstein, F, Bahlmann, and J, Doelman, NO, Exhaust Emissions for Gas-Fired ‘Turbine Engines, ASME 90-GT-392, June 1990. ‘Standards Support and Environmental Impact Statement; Volume 1: Proposed Standards of Performance for Stationary Gas Turbines, EPA~450/2-77-017a, September 1977. Hare, C:T. and K.J. Springer, Exhaust Emissions from Uncontrolled Vehicles and Related Equipment using intemal Combustion Engines: Part - 6 Gas Turbines, Electric Utility Power Plant, SWRI for EPA report APTD-1495, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, NTIS PB-235751. Lieferstein, M., Summary of Emissions from Consolidated Edison Gas Turbine, prepared by the Department of Air Resources, City of New York, November 5, 1975. Hurley, LF. and S. Hersh, Effect of Smoke and Corrosion Suppressant Adsitives on Particulate and Gaseous Emissions from Utility Gas Turbine: prepared by KVB Inc. for Electric Power Research Institute, EPRI FP-398, March 1977. Crawford, AR., E.H. Mannym M.W. Gregory and W. Bartok, The Effect of Combustion Modification on Pollutants and Equipment Performance of Power Generation Equipment.” in Proceedings of the Stationary Source Combustion Symposium Vol. Uf - Field Testing and ‘Surveys, U.S. EPA-600/2-76-152c, NTIS PB-257 146, June 1976. Carl, DE., .S. Obidinski, and C.A. Jersey, Exhaust Emissions from a 25-MW Gas Turbine Firing Heavy and Light Distillate Fuel Oils and Natural Gas. Paper presented at the Gas Turbine Conference and Products Show, Houston, Texas, March 2-6, 1975. Shareef, G.S. and D.K. Stone, Evaluation of SCR NO, Controls for Small Natural Gas-Fueled Prime Movers - Phase I, prepared by Radian Corp. (DCN No.: 90-209-028-11) for the Gas: Research Institute, GRI-90/0138, July 1990. Pease, RR, SCAQMD Engineering Division Report - Status Report on SCR for Gas Turbines South Coast Air Quality Management District, July 1984. Stationary Intemal Combustion Sources REFERENCES FOR SECTION 3.1 (concluded) 12, 13, ry 15, 16, 3.110 Emission Testing at the Bonneville Pacific Cogeneration Plant, Report PS-92-2702/Project 7141-92, Bonneville Pacific Corporation, Santa Maria, CA 9$434, March 1992, Compliance test report on a production gas-fired IC engine, ESA, 19770-462, Proctor and Gamble, Sacramento, CA, December 1986. Compliance test report on a cogeneration facility, CR 75600-2160, Proctor and Gamble, Sacramento, CA, May, 1990, Larkin, R, and E.B. Higginbotham, Combustion Modi ‘Turbines Vol, IL Utility Unit Field Test, EPA 600/7 Agency, Research Triangle Park, July 1981. tion Controls For Stationary Gas 122, US. Environmental Protection EMISSION FACTORS 10/92 3.2. HEAVY DUTY NATURAL GAS FIRED PIPELINE COMPRESSOR ENGINES 3.2.1 General Engines in the natural gas industry are used primarily to power compressors used for pipeline transportation, field gathering (collecting gas from wells), underground storage, and gas processing plant applications, i. prime movers. Pipeline engines are concentrated in the major gas producing states (such as those along the Gulf Coast) and along the major gas pipelines. Gas turbines emit considerably smaller Amounts of pollutants than do reciprocating engines; however, reciprocating engines are generally more efficient in their use of fuel. Reciprocating engines are separated into three design classes: 2-stroke lean bum, 4-stroke lean bum and 4-stroke rich burn, Fach of these have design differences which affect both baseline emissions as well as the potential for emissions control. Two-stroke engines complete the power cycle in a single engine revolution compared 10 two revolutions for 4-stroke engines. With the two-stroke engine, the fucL/ar charge is injected with the piston near the bottom of the power stroke. The valves are all covered of closed and the piston moves to the top of the cylinder compressing the charge. Following ignition and combustion, the power stroke starts with he downward movement of the piston. Exhaust ports or valves tre then uncovered to remove the combustion products, and a new fuel/air charge is ingested. Two stroke engines may be turbocharged using an exhaust powered turbine to pressurize the charge for injection into the cylinder. Non-turbocharged engines may be either blower scavenged or piston scavenged to improve removal of combustion products. Four stroke engines use a separate engine revolution for the intake/compression stroke and the powerfexhaust stroke. ‘These engines may be either naturally aspirated, using the suction from the piston to entrain the air charge, or turbocharged, using a turbine to pressurize the charge. Turbocharged units produce a higher power output for a given engine displacement, whereas naturally aspirated units have Tower initial cost and maintenance. Rich bum engines operate near the fuel-air stoichiometric limit with exhaust excess oxygen levels less than 4 percent. Lean bum engines may operate up to the lean flame ‘extinction limit, with exhaust oxygen levels of 12 percent or greater. Pipeline population statistics show ft nearly equal installed capacity of turbines and reciprocating engines. For reciprocating engines, wo stroke designs contribute approximately two-thirds of installed capacity. 3.2.2 Emissions and Controls, ‘The primary pollutant of concer is NO,, which readily forms in the high temperature, pressure, and excess ait environment found in natural gas fired compressor engines. Lesser amounts of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons are emitted, although for each unit of natural gas bumed, compressor engines (Particularly seciprocating engines) emit significantly more of these pottutanis than do external combustion boilers. Sulfur oxides emissions are proportional to the sulfur content of the fuel and will usually be quite Tow because of the negligible sulfur content of most pipeline gas. This section will also discuss the major variables affecting NO, emissions and the various control technologies that will reduce uncontrolled NO, emissions. ‘The major variables affecting NO, emissions from compressor engines include the air fuel ratio, engine load (defined as the ratio of the operating horsepower to the rated horsepower), intake (manifold) air temperature and absolute humidity. In general, NO, emissions increase with increasing load and intake ait temperature and decrease with increasing absolute humidity and air fucl ratio. (the later already being, 10/92 ‘Stationary Internal Combustion Sources 321 ‘in most compressor engines, on the "lean" side of that air fuel ratio at which maximum NO, formation occurs). Quantitative estimates of the effects of these variables are presented in Reference 10. Because NO, is the primary pollutant of significance emitted from pipeline compressor engines, Control measures to date have been directed mainly at limiting NO, emissions. Reference 11 summarizes Control techniques and emission reduction efficiencies. For gas turbines, the early control applications ‘used water or steam injection. New applications of dry low NO, combustor can designs and selective Catalytic reduction are appearing. Water injection has achieved reductions of 70 to 80 percent with utility ‘as turbines. Efficiency penalties of 2 to 3 percent are typical due to the added heat load of the water. Turbine power outputs typically increase, however. Steam injection may also be used, but the resulting NO, reductions may not be as great as with water injection, and it has the added disadvantage that a supply of steam must be readily available, Water injection has not been applied to pipeline compressor engines because of the lack of water availability, ‘The efficiency penalty and operational impacts associated with water injection have led ‘manufacturers to develop dry low NO, combustor can designs based on lean bum and/or staging to Suppress NO, formation. ‘These are entering the market in the early 1990's. Stringent gas turbine NO, limits have been achieved in California in the late 1980's with selective catalytic reduction, ‘This is an ammonia based post-combustion technology which can achieve in excess of 80 percent NO, reductions ‘Water or steam injection is frequently used in combination with SCR to minimize ammonia costs For reciprocating engines, both combustion controls and post-combustion catalytic reduction have been developed. Controed rich bum engines have mostly been equipped with non-selective catalytic reduction which uses unreacted hydrocarbons and CO to reduce NO, by 80 to 90 percent, Some rich-bum engines can be equipped with prestratified charge which reduces the peak flame temperature in the NO, forming regions. Lean bum engines have mostly met NO, reduction requirements with lean combustion Controls using torch ignition or chamber redesign to enhance flame stability. NO, reductions of 70 to 80 Percent are typical for numerous engines with retrofit or new unit controls. Lean bum engines may also be controlled with SCR, but the operational problems associated with engine control under low NO, operation have been a deterrent. [Emission factors for natural gas fired pipeline compressor engines ate presented in Tables 3.2-1 and 3.2-2 for baseline operation and in 3.2-4 through 3.2-7 for controlled operation. ‘The faciors for Controlled operation are taken from a single source test. Table 3.2-3 lists non-eriteria (organic) emission factors. 3.22 EMISSION FACTORS 10/92 is *YOS pue YSN ‘suoneayrpour uoNsNqutoD Aq porjonuoD sioAOW JUG se 5 eameu o1 aiqvondde ospe are sio1sey woIssIui9 “OD payfOnuOoUN Sx, “AME £200" “Fans Jo qua; ARs=u = a pu *L' “MTIOM {AQ any Jo IUBTUOD UOAIWD =D BOY “A/aL9'E = [MAWIVAIOD ZOO 0 word fang auf Jo uorsiaAwOD waased OT UO pase — “A “fea Kew sromipemnueur oyjoods woxy soulduo renpratpu soy szoisej woyssTIay "uoREmdod ¢ ‘pus uo paseq ane suorsey uorsstura ‘(eqep suowssiuHa) Z pure (“opin uone|ndod) | sooUDJaj=s WOUS BIEp UO paseg SHOE UONSsHU $ ¥ v1 1 Ve v1 9s 150° u Win & £0" +1 at uw If ey 00 10 (VIOOWNL = “w zt zw or st v9 £80" ar z ou sop onl 0p oll Sob ont sor e oT 98 w or se" st ur es 2 or ze a Lt nn ve eT ° ty | Gnd fens) yond yoru) tu (andr yang) tay -dysues3] | (mawwwal) -dysues3) | (mayyvarl —-dysures8) | (mayer) -dysuress) (Suney) ‘z0-200-20-% 90S z20-200-20-¢ ‘908 20-200-20-t 098 10-200-20-2 008, ung UOTY aIKD-p ung wea 219K-b wing wear] 2149-7 souIgN, SPD queinqiod apcyopreasog io SAG p> 120" s-a6> uapeuudeN 690° rag'T> 690" rag> sualddog 8 Lio Sab seo S-a6's> soux 3 6600 S-BET> 660" vate auanjon, & wo) earl 1c va auoming 2 of L000 +00" £00" oe" £000" 00" £00 weg = sono wa 8 eyo" 1000 8000 9000 wt 00" ew 110 +919 i 6 «6000 sso 100 wet z100" 9w0" 610 soeD 0} Songea uonduinsueD) Foe sWTOAS ByEIG TER JO 96M a OF ANP 2470 ows way Kpuaptiodapur pafezoae arom sonqea andor fanj pu yndino zawod au, “TER/AE TL 40 Ksuap w Im AY MIE OOEGI 24 oF Pauinsse é & Te tr eager an -mnn HOU) POE'S pS} WOH oy oro Sho] POOKHOOAT VC PEE a KT z zo 90 a oro ee ‘aueIpaUTUON, z 90 sT a woo 00 uA 80 ve 2 600 zo CHO) OL 5 om Ose @ sor ves #00 > . o a : : “os 5 4 2 180 ve 09 a v6 o ve u ‘ON G@ndino zemod) | Suney zoe, ] _ Gndur yang) Gadino sam0d) (ru-dyysures8] ‘uoIsstug] (manwaus (oy-duysures8) zor00eoe 99S voro0zoz 90S eng ree he [28910 seo \SANIONA TAN TWA AUVNOLLVLS TIV GNV ASTI AUVNOLLVLS IOUT AOI SHOLOVA NOISSIWA SNOASVO (SLINN HSITOND “IF TTAVL 10/92 ‘sud 0904 30 ond 1 wo wooed myBroM Of, 1uBiom remoq}oyy “sauESu9 ny Jen woyy suo IOI JO sowed ¢z awe spunodtuOd s1UERIO auDYoOUTON Te “ame> tym pasn 2q pjnoys pre suonteindod 20 sanrtoey oxoads 20 asad ¢ i ‘ueou Jo pow! Tesmou pur aytie Q0e'61 Jo anqea Sunway asaMp mt fon Tenp “se res ated QOT pounsse uo posrg = “8 lueans se8 oueytouuou jo im wonduinsse ap wo pase, 3 “OS 01 pouoaucd st Jon) amp UT ANJINS FTE TER UONduINssE ox UO pase POIEURISE 29 PINOUS suoKSSUy > “Durfua uo Woy BIep suOISSIU UO Paseq —“p. Spunodwo. suwiig wo, = °2 HS 2¢ 104 AeUs SORE] UOISSTUID Powe ,,, PUP J0 woreauawunoop Jo 30e4 € 2o/puE voREINdod aun uF AaqIgeNTen wasoyUt ‘Ios BIE paUA 0} anp ame SIO} UOHSSTUD Joy q ‘sano asoyn wou dqgRrapisuoo Aiea pr oxy suorssimo pene ain “Safa Amp pu sraumioejnueur pe SsoI3e nous Seow aney Sew yey ep 30 asn aun pu ruIod wep YoKA x yovo wosy Sopuodspur poBesane aro sane indur jong pus wdino sowod ay, “Te8/Q 1" 30 Ausuap ¥ MUM aL OOEST ‘Sea SOP JO anges Buneay oBerane ays ‘Azessacou UDMA "9 PUR sp SaouaIR}aH WOH FRY YoeD 44 Sano] payfonuooun wo pasey am ee +e a 08 80 se v0 sumenammuoN. a ove vt * 0 aucepay, a ze ve SE £0 CHD S®) SOL a ver Le oor zr 0L 00 soo a . . . “os qa ove ve ore ve 09 a Teel etl wel a “ON afuney soneg | Gnduy jong) | Gndino somod) noe | Cinduy any) | Gndino samod) worst (eu) Guys] (eu) t-a¥8) zovoozoz 998 Topoozoz 208) rong jeg png [2894 uemnrog sSINIONA TAN “VAG AUVNOLLVLS TIV NV TASC AUVNOLLVIS JOUVT YO SYOLOVA NOISSING SNOASVD (SLINA ORUAW) “Z¥'E TIGVL 1092 EMISSION FACTORS 344 @ ‘TABLE 3.4.3. (ENGLISH AND METRIC UNITS) SPECIATED ORGANIC COMPOUND EMISSION FACTORS FOR LARGE STATIONARY DIESEL ENGINES" (Emission Factor Rating: E)* Pottan Hep) ut nga Benzene 7.16 E-04 3.34 E-O1 Toluene aeieot 121 B01 Xylenes 1,93 E-04 8.30 B-02 Propylene 2mES «120600 Formaldehyde 7.89 E-05 3.39 B-02 Acetaldehyde 2.52 E-05 1.08 E-02 Acrolein: 7,88 E-06 3.39 E-03 4. ata based on the uncontrolled levels of one diese engine from reference 5, Tere was enough information to compute the input specific emission factors of IbyMMBtu, but not tenough to calculate the output specific emission factor of g/hp-hr. ‘There was enough information to compute the input specific emission factors of ng/J, but not enough to calculate e the output specific emission factor of g/kW-hr. b. "E" rating for emission factors are due to limited data sets, inherent variability in the population and/or a tack of documentation of test results. "E” rated emission factors may not be suitable for specific facilities or populations and should be used with care. 10/92 Stationary Internal Combustion Sources 345 TABLE 3.4-4. (ENGLISH AND METRIC UNITS) POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON @ (PAH) EMISSION FACTORS FOR LARGE STATIONARY DIESEL ENGINES* (Emission Factor Rating: E)* ee ee a Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) 7 Naphthalene 130 E-04 5.59 E-02 Acenaphthylene 9.23 £06 3.97 E03 Acenaphihene 4.68 E-06 2.01 B-03, Fluorene 1.28 E-05, 5.50 E-03 Phenanthrene 4.08 E-05 1.75 B02 ‘Anthracene 1.23 £06 5.29 B04 Fluoranthene 4.03 E06 1.7303 Pyrene 3.71 £-06 1,60 B-03 Benz(a)anthracene 6.22 6-07 2.67 E-04 Chrysene 1.53 E-06 6.58 E04 Benzo(b)fluoranthene 111 £-06 4.77 E04 e@ Benzo(k)fluoranthene <218E07 —< 9.37 E-05 Benzo(a)pyrene <257E07 << 110 E-04 Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene <414E07 9 < 1,78 B04 Dibenz(a,hanthracene <346607 =< 1,49 B04 Benzo(g.hudperylene

You might also like