Professional Documents
Culture Documents
25.
ARATIRMA SONULARI
TOPLANTISI
3. CLT
YAYINA HAZIRLAYANLAR
Dr. Fahriye BAYRAM
Dr. Adil ZME
Birnur KORAL
Kapak ve Uygulama
Suna HKENEK
ISBN:
ISSN:
978-975-17-3317-7
1017-7663
NDEKLER
L. DALFANSO
Archaeological Survey in Northern Tyanis: Preliminary Report of the
First Campaign (2006) of the University of Pavia ........................................................1
Ulrike MUSS
Amber From the Artemision at Ephesus in the Museums of stanbul and
Seluk/Ephesus .......................................................................................................13
Felix PIRSON
Pergamon-2006 Kampanyasnda Yakn evrede Yaplan almalar .........................27
Yaar ERSOY, Elif KOPARAL
Klazomenai Khoras ve Teos Sur i Yerleim Yzey Aratrmas
2006 Yl almalar................................................................................................47
Engin BEKSA
Kuzeybat Anadolu ve Trakyada Megalitik, Kaya-Oyma Antlar ve Klt Projesi
Edirne-Krklareli Yzey Aratrmas 2006 almalar...............................................71
K. Aslhan YENER, Hatice PAMR
Amik Vadisi Blgesel Aratrmalar 2006..................................................................85
Christopher RATT
Aphrodisias Regional Survey ..................................................................................103
Eugenia Marta BOLOGNESI, Giuseppe BERUCCI, Daniele GARNERONE
The Boukoleon Monumental Itinerary and the Two Connected Western and
Eastern Itineraries..................................................................................................117
Alpaslan CEYLAN, Akn BNGL, Yasin TOPALOLU
2006 Yl Erzincan, Erzurum, Kars ve Idr lleri Yzey Aratrmalar.......................129
Claudia WINTERSTEIN
ekerhane Kk (Selinus) 2006 ............................................................................149
L. DALFONSO, Universit degli Studi di Pavia, Dip. Scienze dellAntichit, Sez. Orientalistica,
Corso Strada Nuova, 65, 27100 Pavia/ITALY
1 For the survey of Meriggi s. dAlfonso-Mora 2007, 819-820, with references to the publications.
S. also Forlanini-Marazzi 1986, Pl. XI for the area visited by the scholar.
2 On this missions s. lastly Al-Bahloul-Barro-dAlfonso 2005, and Rouault-Mora 2006 with
reference to further literature.
In this respect, the area around Nide and Kemerhisar appeared one of the
most interesting, as the presence of numerous inscriptions of the Neo-Hittite period
and the attestations of place names related to this area in the written sources
from Hattua point out. In fact, two ancient cities of greatest importance at that
time have been identified: the city of Tuwanuwa, classical Tyana, identified with
modern Kemerhisar, and the city of Tynna, very likely to be identified with Porsuk.
However, many other localities rose in the Hittite age in this area, which are still to
be localized (a.o. Tupazija, appalanda, Tiwanzana)3.
Therefore, it has been decided to ask for a survey permission and in this way to
restart the research begun by Meriggi some 50 years ago. Of course, the purposes
of this new survey differ from those of the travels of Meriggi. His Anatolian travels
were carried out when little of this region was known from an archaeological point
of view. The situation today is changed, and various missions work here on preclassical sites: among these I will remember the French excavation of Pursuk4, and
the Turkish excavations of Acem Hyk5, and Kk Hyk6. The results of these
excavations, some quite recent, others still in preparation, make now possible
to go through the reports written by Meriggi, inquiring not only the presence of
archaeological sites but also their dating and development.
As previously mentioned, it has been decided to concentrate the survey on
the northern part of the Tyanis, and on the valleys through the mountains of the
Hasan Da and Melendiz Dalar. In fact, from the old time the Tyanis has been
crossed by a N/S main line of communication; this road, which linked Central
Anatolia to the Mediterranean and the Levant through the Cilician Gates reached
Tuwanuwa/Tuwana/Tyana and then branched off7. Running towards the N, one
branch founds its natural exit in the valley between the Melendiz Dalar and the
Pozant Da, where today the cities of Bor and Nide lie. A second branch, folding
towards W/NW, skirted the northern profile of the Tyanis, and either continued
towards the W, beyond the Meander, until the Aegean coast, or folded naturally
towards the N, followed the guideline of the slopes of the Hasan Da and crossed
the region of modern Aksaray.
The main scope of the survey is to bring to light the presence of Middle Bronze,
Late Bronze and Iron Age sites situated on this latter branch of the road, and to
3
4
5
6
7
inquire and verify the existence of more sites situated on secondary ways through
the valleys of the Hasan Da and the Melendiz Da. The survey has been
scheduled in two campaigns.
Campaign 2006: Preliminary Results
The first campaign lasted half a month up to July the 4th 2006. The direction of
the mission has been entrusted to myself. Members of the mission were Benedetta
Bellucci, Bianca Maria Tomassini Pieri, Dr. Luigi Schiavi and Matteo Vigo (MA
and PhD students of the University of Pavia), Alberto Savioli as topographer, and
Prof. Asm Tan, whose help with Turkish language has been fundamental at
many stages of our work. Commissioner was Alye Ersy, Museum of Adana, who
beside her duty, actively participated to the field work and to the registration of the
material. The mission has lodged in Altunhisar, at the House of the teacher.
The survey has been concentrated on four objectives: surface collecting and
topographic survey at Bayat Hyk; survey of the site of Avren; survey of the
valley that connects Altunhisar to iftlik up to Tavantepe, to the north and Bayat
to the south; the recognition of the slope of the Hasan Dalar on the plain, W
of Altunhisar. Some preliminary considerations on to these four objectives are
offered here, emphasizing however their preliminary character.
The Site of Knk Hyk
Defined by Meriggi the biggest site he visited in the Tyanis8, Bayat Hyk, or
better Knk Hyk, as it is called by the local inhabitants, lies little less than one
kilometre far from the modern village of Bayat and little less than one kilometre to
the S of the road that connects Bor to Aksaray passing through Altunhisar (Fig.
1).
The site has a diameter of approximately 300 m, and consists of a ca. 20 m
high hill surrounded by a base which is 5 to 1m higher than the fields of the plain
all around.
The site is in a very good state of conservation, since it seems not to have
been touched by any anthropic activity in recent times. Actually, some holes exist
both on the hill and on the base of the site; they are likely to be the result of illegal
diggings, but they altered just in minimal part the structure of the site.
Sherds have been collected systematically on the top of the hill, where the
surface has been divided in a grid of 10x10 m squares (Map 1).The processing
of the sherds seems to evidence a non homogeneity of the distribution of the
diagnostics, and in particular the south-western area of the acropolis seems to
conserve the latest level of the site, which dates in the Middle Age.
More in general, diagnostics have been collected also on the slopes of the hill
and then on the base of the site.
The analysis of the ceramics, preliminary as it can be after the processing
of a quarter of the collected material, allows to suggest the presence of Middle
Bronze and Late Bronze Hittite levels on the site, as well as Early and Middle Iron
Age levels (Fig. 2), up to roman and Middle age levels (Fig. 3). Curiously enough,
neither Middle Bronze hand made painted Cappadocian pottery, nor Early Bronze
red and brown burnished hand made pottery and metallic ware has been found
until now. However, Mellaart visited this site during his survey on Central Anatolia
and listed it among the Early Bronze age sites of this region because of the finding
of metallic ware and hand made burnished sherds9. Therefore, following Mellaart,
a date of the most ancient levels of the site to the Early Bronze age is tentatively
suggested here.
In this respect, the total lack of Neolithic and Chalcolithic material is not
surprising. Little less than five hundred meters SW of the site a second hyk is
found, called by the local inhabitants Bayat Hyk. The site is much smaller than
Knk Hyk, and presents Neolithic and Chalcolithic sherds; besides the sherds,
various manufacts like blades and arrow heads in obsidian were collected. Since
later material lacks at all in this site, it seems that a movement of settlement from
Bayat Hyk to Knk Hyk took place at the beginning of the Early Bronze.
The Survey in the Valley from Bayat to Tavantepe
The recognition of this valley has been undertaken because of the awareness
that it constituted an important route during the Neo-Hittite age. In fact, two Neo
Hittite stelae were found some decades ago on the pass of the valley10.
Only a part of the valley has been explored, that roughly corresponds to the
territory of Yeilyurt and Karanlkdere. In the territory of Yeilyurt, 10Km NW
from the village one finds the ruins of Alaayr Yaylas (Fig. 4), to be dated to
the Byzantine age. Continuing to go up in the same valley a spectacular fortress
called Asmazkalesi should date to the same age.
9 S. Mellaart 1963, 209 and passim.
10 S. on this narolu 1988.
Some 20 km on the north, in direction of the pass one finds the ruins called
Okuren. The ruins consist of a group of three monumental stone tumbs, each
presenting a semicircular faade with small central door, two small windows on the
right and on the left of the door (Fig. 5), and a third small central window upon the
architrave. Two tumbs are well preserved, while a third one has been identified, but
is completely collapsed. We found one further tumb of identical shape in the site of
Krlande (Fig. 6), close to Karanlkdere and one more in the site of Avren; these
seem all to recall the model of Hellenistic and Roman cliff and stone tumbs11.
Other some eight Km towards N, just beyond the pass, at an altitude of ca
2000 m one finds a cliff peak named Tavantepe. On the top of this peak and on its
slopes scanty rests of a small ancient settlement emerge. The ceramics collected
here has not been studied yet, but, following Mellaart, the finding of a terracotta
spindle-whorl with incised decoration could allow to date at least one level of the
site, between the Early Bronze III and the Middle Bronze age (Fig. 7)12.
Just on the W of the road at the pass beyond Tavantepe lies a massive
basalt basement for a stele, whose rectangular hole to lodge the foot of the stele
measures 97x63cm. This is very likely to be the basement of the stele found here
on the pass in 1980.
The Site of Avren
Situated to the slopes of the Hasan Da NW from Ulukla the ruins of Avren
are quite difficult to catch up: half an hour by car on mountain routes, and then
at least another half an hour of march on foot through forests and bushes. The
difficulty by reaching the place have until now prevented that archaeological
missions visited the site, which is on the other hand of greatest interest for
dimensions and architecture. In the present campaign it has not been possible to
face all the problematic of this complex site; we just limited our analysis to some
architectonic elements that emerged on surface in order to gain information on the
dating. In particular it is proceeded to the architectonic survey of the three best
legible structures: two burial rooms recovered in the NW area of the site (Fig. 8),
which are similar to those showed above and one church which should date up
to the VI to IX century A.D.13 (Fig. 9). Yet it is unclear whether the site had only
one or more than one phase of inhabitation. The collected sherds have not been
11 For comparison s. Thierry 2002, 39-46.
12 S. Mellaart 1962, 277.
13 S. Schiavi 2007, 828.
Bibliography
Al-Bahloul-Barro-dAlfonso 2005, Kh. Al-BahloulA. BarroL. dAlfonso, The Iron
Age Cremation Cemetery, in L. Bachelot F. M. Fales (Eds.), Excavations
at Tell Shioukh Fawqani, Padova 2005, 498-541.
Berges-Noll 2000, D. Berges J. Noll, Tyana I: Archologisch-historische
Untersuchungen zum sudwestlichen Kappadokien, Bonn 2000.
Beyer et alii 2006, D. Beyer et alii, Zeyve Hyk (Porsuk): Rapport sommaire sur
la campagne de fouilles de 2005, in Anatolia Antiqua 14 (2006), 205-244.
Beyer2007, D. Beyer, Zeyve Hyk (Porsuk), 2005, in 28. Kaz Sonular
Toplants, Ankara 2007, 629-638.
Brker Klhn 2007, J. Brker Klhn, Die Schlacht um Tuuanuua als Atlante
Storico, in Tabularia Hethaeorum. Hethitologische Beitrge Silvin Koak
zum 65. Geburtstag, Wiesbaden 2007, 91-118.
dAlfonso-Mora 2007, L. dAlfonsoC. Mora, Viaggi anatolici delluniversit di Pavia.
Rapporto preliminare della prima campagna di ricognizione archeologica
nella Tyanide settentrionale, Athenaeum xxx (2007), 819-836.
Forlanini 1988, M. Forlanini, La regione del Tauro nei testi ittiti, Vicino Oriente 7
(1988), 129-169.
Forlanini-Marazzi 1986, M. ForlaniniM. Marazzi, Atlante storico del Vicino Oriente
antico, Roma 1986.
Mellaart 1962, J. Mellaart, The Pottery and the Objects, in: S. Lloyd J. Mellaart
(Eds.), Beycesultan I, London 1962, 71-292.
Mellaart 1963, J. Mellaart, Early Cultures of the South Anatolian Plateau, II,
Anatolian Studies 13 (1963), 199-236.
Meriggi 1962, P. Meriggi, Alcuni monticoli di Kataonia, in Oriens Antiquus 1
(1962), 265-278.
ztan 2007, A. ztan, 2005 Acemyk Kazlar, in 28. Kaz Sonular Toplants,
Ankara 2007, 529-548.
ztan 2007 et alii, A. ztan et alii, 2005 Yl Kk Hyk Kazlar Raporu, in 28.
Kaz Sonular Toplants, Ankara 2007, 549-560.
Rouault-Mora 2006, O. RouaultC. Mora, Progetto Terqa e la sua regione (Siria).
Rapporto preliminare 2006, Athenaeum xxx (2007), 911-918.
Schiavi 2007, L.C. Schiavi, Appendice. Il sito di Avren, in dAlfonso Mora
2007, 827-829.
Thierry 2002, N. Thierry, La Cappadoce de lantiquit au moyen ge, Tournhout
2002.
Map.: 1
Fig.: 1
Fig.: 2
Fig.: 3
Fig.: 4
Fig.: 5
10
Fig.: 6
Fig.: 7
11
Fig.: 8
Fig.: 8
Fig.: 9
12
13
The objects found by Hogarth and which are today on the Istanbul Archaeological
Museum are almost in the nature of amulets. A lot of them are beads, hardly any
piece of his findings can be regarded as an independent object (Fig. 2). Amber
has been used to decorate objects of bone and ivory with inlaid discs or studs (Fig.
3). A further use of amber is on the bows of fibulae where the bow is made up of
alternate pieces of bone or ivory and amber (Fig. 4).
(7) Hogarth found one very interesting independent figure (3. 7, cm high) it is
a nude female, cut square at the back (Fig. 5). The head is rudely modelleld, the
forehead recedes almost a right angle from the brows, the eyes are mere dots,
and the mouth is a scratch. Below the buttocks the figure is foreshortened, the feet
being carved without due allowance of room for legs. Such little figures are also
known from Italy, for example from Satrico and Vetulonia (Grosseto) Both come
from tombs and represent nude females4.
The biggest representation made of amber which has been found during the
Austrian Excavations came to light 1977 at the western end of the archaic temple.
It is a fragment in high relief of a female figure made in dedalic style (3, 0 cm high),
it belongs to the 2nd half of the 7th century B.C. (Fig. 6).
A second excavation in the so called central base has been carried out by the
Austrians from 1987 onwards. Here, in the interior of a small peripteral temple - a
rectangular foundation surrounded by six columns with bases of green schist was
found which we think has been used as a base for a divine image. The base was
destroyed by a strong inundation around 600 B.C. The finds come from a spot
north of the rectangular foundation and consist of beads of glazed clay, scarabs,
objects made of faience, like for example a figure of a bes and a horse or donkey)
and bronze fibulae5.
The beads belong to necklaces and the scarabs were drilled through and
therefore also belong to necklaces, while the remaining objects were votive
offerings attached to the drapery of the divine image.
One may imagine that the appearance of such a figure was similar to that of
statues and icons of Mary, which were not only given new clothing on the occasion
of particular festivals, but which were also overloaded with votives by the faithful.
4 N. Negrobi Catacchio, in: Amber in Archaeology, Proceedings of the Second International
Conference on Amber in Archaeology 1990 (1993) 191ff.
5 A. Bammer, Jh 58, 1988 Beibl. 132; idem, AnatSt 40, 1990, 137-160.; idem RA 1991,
6383.
14
15
16
jewellery; but also by the material of the amber, which, in this group, displays a
completely uniform honey-toned colour. The two heads also belong to this group.
Here, the eyes can also be compared, as they are decorated with the same
concentric circles as are found on the Triangles and flat Cylinders.
Reconstruction and Significance
Ancient sources can shed little light on the reconstruction of the decoration of
the statue. Homer (Odyssee 18, 295 f.) mentions two forms of neck decoration:
Hormos (strands of beads divided into rows) and Isthmion (a band around the
neck). For the Archaic period, two compositional schemes have been extracted:
the principle of the accentuated central element, with continuous rows (extending
to the sides); or the organization of elements all having the same form. Beads
and pendants were, according to their size and form, combined into visually
appropriate unities9.
The beads and the dividers belong to single-strand neckbands or to multistrand necklaces. The material, the shape and the colour points to their special
meaning.
The pendants of differing sizes, which also display differing types of bore-holes,
could in the same manner belong to neckbands and necklaces.
Their shapes, which resemble aryballoi; and the heads, which in many cases
are carved in a multi-foliate manner and which resemble poppy, pomegranate or
similar multi-seed fruits, invoke an association with fertility.
The triangle plays an important role not only as an isolated form, but also as an
inherent construction principle of many objects. Even today, jewellery pieces or
jewellery ensembles from many cultures are built upon this basic form.
The z-formed objects cannot be interpreted until we know their exact
definition10.
9 E. Bielefeld, in: C. F. MatzH.-G. Buchholz (Ed) Archaeologia Homerica 1, 1968, chapter
Schmuck.
10 They perhaps find formal analogies with the small, bird-formed faience- or glass-beads (so
called Fritteperlen) from Uruk, which found broad dissemination from the 2nd millennium
onwards.
17
Dating
Amber is a material which was particularly popular in the 2nd millennium B.C.
Thousands of beads originate from the Grave Circles at Mycenae and from other
sites in the Peloponnese11.
With the decline of the Mycenaean world after 1400 B.C., amber lost its
significance, and disappeared during the so-called Dark Ages, only then to
reappear in the second half of the 9th c. B.C. in Cretan find contexts.
The amber finds from the Artemision originate from a late Geometric early
Archaic context, but only a few criteria can be extracted which point to their genesis
in this period: The forms of the beads can be traced back at least to the Late
Bronze Age. The disc-form and flat-biconic types have been found particularly in
Mycenae. The triangles are equally difficult to date on the basis of formal criteria.
The triangle is an elementary form from prehistoric times onwards and have some
Bronze Age comparanda: made out of carnelian with one simple diagonal borehole. They originate from Georgia12. Other examples are found on a reconstructed
necklace from Toptepe, today in the Museum of Uak. They come from an archaic
context, but the triangular beads may be older as is suggested in the publication
of the Lydian Treasure13.
Both of the heads belong formally and stylistically to the art of the late geometric/
early archaic period from the island of Crete. They can be compared in spite of
differing materials and scale with the bronze sphyrelata from Dreros: like these,
the heads display a clearly defined relationship of the individual elements of the
face and the taut articulation of forms with small, pointed nose, thin lips and chin
whose form resembles a tongue.
(36) At the moment we are working on the reconstruction of these linkedtogether amber objects. The picture presented here is, therefore, a preliminary
one: it shows a Goddess with polos and jewellery of numerous strands, which
reproduce the forms of the amber objects.
11 Mastrocinque op.cit.57ff.
12 Unterwegs zum Goldenen Vlies. Archologische Funde aus Georgien. A. MironW. Orthmann
(Ed) (1995) 229 with fig. 65 and 322 with fig. 352.
13 . zgenJ. ztrk, Heritage Rediscovered, The Lydian Treasure (1996) 158 Fig. 110.
18
Summary
Based on the find spot in the interior of the peripteros, we know that an image
of a Goddess existed at the site of the later Artemision in the late 8th-early 7th c.
B.C., erected on a rectangular basis. We know that it was a xoanon- statue with
jewellery which consisted of necklaces, neckbands and a linked-together network
of amber - jewellery.
The early history of Artemis Ephesia, with her Hittite-Anatolian background,
has been further pursued in recent years14. Not only literary and local tradition
attributes the beginning of the cult of Artemis to the 2nd millennium, but also
the finds on the site of the later sanctuary also point to this date (pottery and
Terracottas).
The numerous amber pieces , belonging to a divine image of the late Geometric/
Early Archaic period are therefore mediating between the 2nd and 1st millennium
B.C., and perhaps reflect a Mycenaen tradition.
Amber is not only jewellery, but also contains a cosmological concept. Already
in antiquity a notable relationship between amber and the sun is recognized, an
association made by Homer in the Odyssee. And so a solar aspect of the cult of
the Ephesian goddess is expressed specifically by the use of amber jewellery for
her divine image15.
14 S. Morris, The Prehistoric Background of Artemis Ephesia: A Solution to the Enigma of her
Breasts? in Kosmos op. cit. 135ff.
15 For the solar aspects of Ephesian Artemis see E. Szidat, Die >Buckel> der Artemis Ephesia,
in: JdI 119, 2004, 117ff.; U: Muss, The Kosmos of the Ephesian Artemis at the time of
Archilochos, in D. Katsonopoulou (Ed) The Time of Archilochos, International Congress on
the Archaeology of the Cyclads, October 2005 (in print).
19
20
Fig. 3: Double bobbin made of ivory with amber inlaids. Efes Mzesi, Seluk (Photo: S. Eman)
21
22
23
Fig. 11: Spherical and elongated double conical beads (Photo: U. Muss)
24
Fig. 12: Square and rounded square formed beads (Photo: U. Muss)
25
26
Dr. Felix PIRSON, Alman Arkeoloji Enstits, stanbul ubesi, Ayazpaa Camii Sok. 48, TR34437 Gmsuyu-stanbul/TRKYE pirson@istanbul.dainst.org
Metnin Trkeye evrilmesinde emei geen . Banu Doan ve Ali Akkayaya ok teekkr
ederim.
Ksaltma listesi: DAInin gncel yayn yazm kurallarnda grlenlerin (www.dainst.org/index_
141_de.html) dndaki ksaltmalar aada gsterilmitir:
Pirson 2004: F. Pirson, Elaia, der maritime Satellit Pergamons, IstMitt 54, 2004, 197-213.
Pirson 2006: F. Pirson, Pergamon - Das neue Forschungsprogramm und die Arbeiten in der
Kampagne 2005, AA 2006/2.
27
28
29
Kent blgesinde zellikle gney ve bat yamata, akl ve otlarla kapl birka
byk teras vardr. Hellenistik Dnemde, Priene ve Pergamonda olduu gibi buray
da grkemli yaplarla donatabilmek iin, bu teraslarn oluturulmas, kentlemenin
geliimi bakmndan ilgintir. Fakat ne stoa ne de bir tiyatro vardr, yer stnde
kalnts da bulunmamaktadr. Yine de teraslar arasndaki yamata, baz yerlerdeki
mimari paralara baklrsa, grkemli konutlar olmaldr. Yerleimin kuzeyindeki bir
terasta, din bir yapya ait kalntlar sz edilmeye deer dier bulgular arasndadr.
Buras kentin nemli bir kutsal alan olabilir, belki de yaztlardan ad bilinen kurucu
Atarneus kutsal alan sz konusudur10.
Kentin nekropolleri de dikkat ekmektedir. Geri bu mezarlklar, ta yamalama
ve kaak kaz nedeniyle zarar grmtr ama yine de kentin btnn anlamak
bakmndan nemli bir rol oynamaktadr. Kent dndaki bat ve dou nekropolleri
kaak kazlar sonucunda ok tahrip olmutur. Her iki mezarlkta da farkl mezar
biimleri olduuna dair ipular vardr (r. Sandk mezar, tmls) ve en azndan
bat nekropolnde, kentin ana giriinde birka yksek kaliteli mimari gstermek
amal mezar antlar ina edilmi olmaldr. Bir eksedra kalnts ve kayada mezar
stelleri iin ok sayda yatak bulunmaktadr.
Atarneusun, geliiminin doruk noktsna Bat Anadolu polislerinin altn an
yaad M.. 2. ve 1. yzyllarda deil, daha Ge Klasik-Erken Hellenistik
Dnemde ulam olmas, Hellenistik Dneminde kentlemenin geliimi zerine
olan sorular bakmndan ilgintir. Bu durum antik kaynaklardan gnmze gelen
ve M.. 4. yzylda Tiran Hermias dneminde en yksek politik neme ulat
bilgisiyle uyum gstermektedir11. Yzeydeki keramiklerin rnekleme yoluyla
incelenmesine ait ilk deerlendirme, arlkl olarak M.. 4. yzyldan 2. yzyla
kadar bir dneme iaret etmektedir. Bu da, Pausanias (7, 2, 11) ve Yal Plinius
(5, 122; 37, 156) tarafndan sz edilen, Hellenistik Dnemde kentin yava yava
nemini kaybettii grn dorulamaktadr. Ge Hellenistik ve mparatorluk
dnemlerine tarihlenebilecek ok az sayda keramik vardr; bu dnemden kaliteli
keramik ise hi yoktur. Bunun sebebi henz belli deildir ancak Pausaniasn sz
ettii gibi stma salgnnn yan sra, Pergamonun gelimesiyle de ilgili olmaldr.
Keramik buluntularnn sonular her ne kadar az ipucu veriyorsa da, buluntularn
10 Lolling ayn eser (dipnot 7) 8. 1909 yl kazlar iin bkz. Drpfeld ayn eser (dipnot 63);
Atarneus Hieronu iin Hermias ile Erythrai arasndaki anlamaya bkz. H. EngelmannR.
Merkelbach, Die Inschriften von Erythrai und Klazomenai I (Bonn 1972) 56-60 No. 9.
11 Hermias iin bkz. K. Trampedach, Platon, die Akademie und die zeitgenssische Politik
(Stuttgart 1994) 66-79.
30
iyi korunmu durumda olmas ve ince mallarn yksek oranda bulunuu, gelecek
kampanyalarda iyi ve gvenilir sonular alnacan gstermektedir.
Atarneus yerleim blgesinde genel kroki oluturulmasnn yan sra,
hazrlk kampanyasnn ikinci arlk noktasn, yakn evrenin ve Atarneusun
gneydousundaki Kaikos ovasnn incelenmesi oluturmutur. Buluntularn
durumu ve younluu zerine bir fikir edinmek amacyla yaplan bu almalarda,
buluntular belgelenmemitir. Ovadaki su taknlar, youn tarm almalar ve
gnmzdeki ta yamas nedeniyle Antik Dnem yaplar olduka zarar grmtr.
Be gnlk keif gezisinde, olduka ok sayda farkl tipte ve farkl dnemlere ait
yerleme yeniden bulundu veya yeni kefedildi. rnein, yaklak 19. yzyldan
beri bilinen Theutrania ya da Erigl Tepe zerinde bulunan kalntlar bugnk
durumuyla, A. Conze, C. Schuchhardt ve dier aratrmaclar tarafndan yazlan
eski raporlar karlatrlmtr. O zamanki durumlaryla bugnk durumlarnn pek
deimedii, 19. yzylda da birka duvar kalntsndan baka ok az bir kalnt
olduu sylenebilir.
imdiye kadar pek bilinmeyen yerleim kalntlarnn kayt altna alnmas
kukusuz ok yararl olmutur: Bunlar arasnda, Atarneus civarndaki Bozbayr
Tepe eteklerinde saptanan mparatorluk Dnemi izleri ilk srada yer almaktadr.
Buras olaslkla, Atarneusun mparatorluk Dnemi sonrasndaki yerleimi olabilir.
Ovack Kynde, Korinth dzeninde stun balklar, mermerden mimari yap
kalntlar, mparatorluk Dnemine ait dier kalntlar arasndadr. Memeli Tepede
imdiye dek bilinmeyen olaslkla Hellenistik Dneme ait savunma yaps kalntlar
grlmtr. Atarneus arazisi ile Elaia arasnda yer ald iin bu savunma
yaps ilgi ekicidir. Cem Kydeki Bizans kalntlar ile Kk Pamuk Tepedeki
kk iftlik izleri de deerlendirmeye alnmtr. Kaikos ovasndaki iri Tepe,
ardak Tepe ya da Reis Tepe gibi hibir buluntu gstermeyen tepelerin varl,
tm tepelerin yerleim amacyla kullanlmadn ve ovann krsal yerleim iin
yeterli olduunu gstermektedir. Bylece krsal yerleimin kapsaml bir ekilde
anlalmas gerekletirilmitir. Yinede gelecek yllarda mevcut btn kalntlarn
belgelenmesine ve deerlendirilmesine allacaktr.
Elaia
Elaiada 2006 ylnda balanan saha almalar, kent plannn ve liman
yaplarnn jeofiziksel tarama yntemleri yardmyla elden gelen en ayrntl biimde
31
32
33
34
lmn alnabildii yerde, bloklarn ykseklii 50-52 cm., uzunluu ise 0,6
ve 1,1 m. arasnda deimektedir. Talarn derzleri ve oturma yzeyleri zenle
perdahlanm, n yzler yontulmutur. Dzensiz aralklarla ortaya kan balant
bloklar ounlukla duvarn d tarafn birletirmez, bylece edinilen genel izlenim,
Pergamonun Hellenistik sur duvaryla karlatrldnda bu yapnn az gelimi
bir tahkimat yaps olduudur. Bu nedenle tahkimatn en azndan bir blmnn
Hellenistik ncesi dnemden gelmesi olasl akla yakndr. Kesin olarak kireta
ve trakit bir duvardan sz eden Carl Schuchhardtn, 19. yzyln sonlarna ait,
baz duvar blmlerinin de daha sert andezitten yaplm olmas gerektiine ilikin
gzlemleri20, jeofizik sonularyla rtmektedir (bkz. aa). Gerekten de duvarn
getii olas yerin civarndaki arazide eitli andezit bloklar gze arpmaktadr.
Bu talarn birou tek bana Yunan harfleri ya da bitiik harfler biiminde ta
iaretleri tarlar (Resim: 9). Benzer biimde allm bloklar kent blgesinin
farkl yerlerinde, zellikle de ekspres yol ile sur duvar arasndaki kesim civarnda
bulunmaktadr.
Geni liman blgesine kar kent blgesini ayran deniz duvarn kent surundan
ayrt etmek gereklidir. Ky eridinin dousundaki bir terasta birka andezit blok in
situ olarak ele gemitir, imdiye dek liman kesiminde yrtlen jeofizik tarama
almalar (bkz. aa) da sert volkanik tatan bir yapya iaret etmektedir.
Arkeolojik yap aratrmalarnn baka bir grev alan da nemli ilenmi
talarn ve mimari elerin belgelenmesidir. Tam bir izimsel belgeleme yardmyla,
Pergamon metropolnn baz mimari unsurlarna ve yap faaliyetlerine ilikin
balantlar aratrlmaldr. Bylece, yonca yapra biimli l stun tamburunun
belgelenmesiyle (Resim: 10), bu yap esinin, Hellenistik ana evresinin M..
2. yzyln ilk yarsna tarihlenen imparator kltne mahsus heroon denen
kahramanlk antlarnn peristillerindeki biraz daha byk ke stunlaryla yakn
benzerlik gsterdii anlalmtr21.
2006 kampanyasnn jeofiziksel tarama almalar liman blgesine,
akropolise ve kent suru olduu dnlen uzantya odaklanmtr. Bundan
baka, kent blgesinin i ksmnda baz test lmleri yrtlmtr (Resim: 4).
Kullanmna ncelik verilen yntem, kent blgesinin tm blmlerinde inandrc
sonular salayan jeomanyetiktir. Bunun yan sra, jeoradar ve jeoelektrik de test
edilmitir. Liman blgesindeki alt tabakann nemli olmas ve kent blgesinin baz
20 Pirson 2004, 206 vd. ve dipnot 50.
21 E. BoehringerF. Krauss, AvP IX (Berlin 1937) 60-65 Ek. I; Radt 1999, 246 vd.
35
blmlerindeki youn balk tabakas radar iin mahzurlu kmtr. Ayn durum
girme derinlii tuzlu suyla slanma nedeniyle nemli lde azalan jeoelektrik
iin de geerlidir. Dier yerlerde jeoradar ve jeoelektrik yntemleriyle tatmin edici
sonulara ulalmtr, bu nedenle bu iki yntem de gelecek ylda kullanlmaya
devam edecektir.
Jeofiziksel lmlerin aada gsterilecek olan ilk sonular, orada gzlenen
anomalileri daha iyi anlamak iin Akropolis blgesinde baka tetkiklerin gerekli
olduu kent surlar ve liman blgesi ile snrlanmtr. Kent surlarnn uzanmn
akla kavuturmak amacyla ncelikle i limann kuzeyindeki tahkimatn
konumunun belirlenmesi sz konusuydu (Resim: 4, 11). imdiye dek tahkimatn
liman dokunun kuzey snr boyunca uzand kabul edilmekteydi22. Liman dokunun
hemen kuzeyindeki bir alanda tarafmzdan yaplan lmler tamamen farkl bir
sonu vermitir: Taranan alann iinde, kuzey kesinde aka belli olan bir
mekn ile yannda iki oda dizisinden oluan bir binann yer ald, yatay ve dikey
hatlarla belirlenen drtgen bir alan grlmektedir. Alan, kuzey ve batya doru,
kullanlan tan kuvvetli mknatslanma zellii nedeniyle volkanik kkenli olduu
anlalan, dorusal ift kutuplu anomalilerle snrlanmtr. Bu dorusal yaplarn
tesinde anomaliler iskn edilmi ve edilmemi blgeler arasndaki geii belli
edecek ekilde aka azalmaktadr. Bundan dolay, dorusal anomalilerin bu
alanda andezit tayla ina edilmi kent duvarn gsterdii sonucunu karabiliriz.
Bu yorum ayrca, surun kuzey kesiminden batya doru akropolisin eteinin
yaklak 50 m. batsnda yer alan bir terasta aa yukar 10 m. uzunluunda bu
kez kiretandan bir duvar parasnn ortaya kmasyla kantlanmtr (Resim:
4). Gneyde, yani burada tanmlanan blgenin alt kesinde gze arpan masif
drtgen bir binay gsteren ift kutuplu bir anomali grlebilmektedir. liman
ve kent surunun kesime noktasndaki konumu nedeniyle bu yapnn gl bir
tahkimat kulesinin kalnts olduu kukuya yer brakmamaktadr.
Kent surunun devamnn aratrlmasna ynelik olarak birok alan jeofiziksel
aratrmaya tabi tutulmutur. Surun uzanm en iyi Maltepenin kuzey ve gney
tepeleri arasndaki uzun boazda izlenebilmektedir (Resim: 4). Bu kesimde
kulelerin olmay kent surunun baz blmlerinin Hellenistik Dnem ncesine
tarihlenmesi asndan baka bir kant daha sunmaktadr. Kentin kuzeydousunda
bir kap saptanmtr; buras ayn zamanda, Maltepenin gneydousundaki geni
bir lm alannda bulunan, suru keserek kent blgesinden kp kuzeydouya
22 Bkz. Pirson 2004, 207 Resim 1.
36
devam eden bir yolun grld yerdir. Kentin dou blmnde, bugnk
ekspres yolun her iki tarafnda, kent surunun uzanm, yol ile yukarda sz edilen
ve civarnda kentin gney snrn bulmay umduumuz dere yatann kesime
noktasna kadar grece iyi izlenebilmektedir. Kent surunun devamn ve bununla
birlikte kent blgesinin gneyden nasl snrlandn bir sonraki kampanyada
belirleyebilmeyi umuyoruz.
Elaia bir liman kenti olarak yalnzca bir kara surunu deil, daha nce yukarda
ksaca sz geen bir deniz surunu da elinde bulundurmaktayd. limann
dousundaki bir lm alannda, kentsel balamda liman yaplarnn deerini
anlamada merkezi nem tayan bu savunma mekanizmasnn tasarm ve
yerinin belirlenmesi zerine ilk nemli bilgiler kazanlmtr (Resim: 12). limann
dou kesinde, byk olaslkla 19. yzyln sonunda yer stnde grlebilir
durumda olan kuleyi iaret eden dikdrtgen biimli bir anomali ok ak ekilde
grlmektedir23. Ondan gneybatya doru hem i limann dou dalgakran
hem de deniz surunun kuzeybatya ve douya doru giden iki hatt kmaktadr.
Bu anomaliler, daha batda kk bir alanda yzeyde saptanabilen volkanik
tatan gl bir duvarn varln kantlamaktadr (bkz. yukar). Kulenin hemen
dousunda, surda, bu durumda bir kap olarak kabul etmemiz gereken bir boluk
grlmektedir. Deniz surunun kuzeydouya uzanm jeofizik taramalarda tekrar
tekrar izlenebilmektedir, yle ki kent blgesinin hatr saylr blmnn deniz
surunun nnde yer ald ve geni bir liman blgesi olarak kullanld artk
aka anlalmaktadr.
Liman blgesinin dzeni hakknda ilk izlenimi yine, i limann dousundaki lm
alan iinde tespit ettik (Resim: 12): Anomalinin az younlukta olmas, gemilerin
yklenmesi ve boaltlmas, mallarn istif edilmesi veya tersane iin gerekli byk
alanlarn varln gstermektedir. Burasnn sradan bir ky olmadn belirgin
birok anomali gstermektedir. limann gney dalgakranna dik a yapan ve
ksmen toprak stnde grlen bir dizi kireta blok, olaslkla denizle bo alanlar
ayran, yani rhtm talar olmaldr. Balangta rhtmn daha douda, bugn deniz
surlarn saptadmz yerde olduu sanlyordu. Rhtm duvarlar gneydouya
doru dz bir hat izlemeyip, ne ve arkaya kmalar yapmaktadr (Resim: 4). Baz
alanlarn suya kar herhangi bir yapyla korunmam ve bu yerlerin gemilerin
kolaylkla karaya kadar ekilmesine olanak salayacak ekilde braklm olmas
da mmkndr. limann dousundaki lm alan, deniz surlarndan yukarda
23 Bkz. Pirson 2004, 209 daha eski kaynakayla birlikte.
37
38
39
40
41
42
Resim 7: Elaia, i limann bat dalgakran, ayrntl plan, kesit ve grnm (Alman Arkeoloji
Enstits)
43
44
45
46
Do.Dr. Yaar ERSOY, Bilkent niversitesi, nsani Bilimler ve Edebiyat Fakltesi, Arkeoloji ve
Sanat Tarihi Blm, 06800, Ankara/TRKYE
Ara. Gr. Elif KOPARAL, Orta Dou Teknik niversitesi, Yerleim Arkeolojisi ABD, Mimarlk
Fakltesi Yeni Bina No: 410, 06531 Ankara/TRKYE
47
48
49
I. Urla Merkez
ADI
PAFTA/KOD
(1/25.000)
TR
DNEM
MMAR
Kzlcaky
L17-b4
Yerleim
Bizans Dnemi
srl seramikleri
Ge Osmanl kyne
ait ev temelleri, cami ve
mezarlk; ana kayaya
oyulmu pres.
Trafo Tepesi
L17-b4
Yerleim
Arkaik, Klasik,
Ge Roma
Dnemi
malzemeleri ve
Bizans Dnemi
srl seramikleri
Dndarltepe
L17-a3
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Arkaik malzeme
ve
Bizans Dnemi
srl seramikler
Dou ve bat
yamalarda yap
talar, kesitten
izlenilen duvar temelleri.
Bat yamata klt
maaras
Dndarltepe
Kuzeyi
L17-b4
Yerleim
Arkaik, Klasik,
Bizans Dnemi
seramikleri
Yakatepe
L17-b2
Yerleim
Ge Roma ve
Bizans Dnemi
seramikleri
1000 Konutlar
L17-b4
Yerleim
Ge Roma ve
Bizans Dnemi
seramikleri
Cezaevi m.
L17-b4
Yerleim
Ge Roma ve
Bizans Dnemi
seramikleri
Tophane T.
L17-b4
Yerleim
Ge Roma ve
Bizans Dnemi
seramikleri
Toptepe
L17-b4
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Srl Bizans
seramikleri
50
Kamantepe
L17-b4
Yerleim
Ge Roma ve
Bizans Dnemi
seramikleri
deirmen
L17-b4
Yerleim
Ge Roma ve
Bizans Dnemi
seramikleri
DS kanal
L17-b4
Yerleim
Ge Roma ve
Bizans Dnemi
seramikleri
ayr m.
L17-b4
Yerleim
Klasik Dnem ve
Roma Dnemi
seramikleri
Denizli-Kocadere L17-b1
Yerleim
Osmanl Dnemi
seramikleri
Mala-Stpnar L17-b4
Yerleim
Bizans Dnemi
seramikleri
Klasik-Hellenistik Dnem
duvar temelleri
iftliktepe KD
L17-b4
Tmls
Tanmlanamad
Tmls (Arkaik)
Bozavlu m.
L17-b4
Tmls
Arkaik
ki tmls (Arkaik)
Drtyoltepe
L17-b4
Tanmlanamad
Yldztepe
L17-b4
Taharman
L17-b4
Yerleim
Arkaik
Cankurtaran
L17-b4
Arkaik
Dubatepe
L17-b1
Savunma
kalesi
Arkaik, Klasik
dnemler
Tmls; tahkimat
duvarlar
Nalbanttepe
L17-b1
Tmls
Arkaik
ki tmls (Arkaik)
51
PAFTA/KOD
TR
DNEM
Tavantepe
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Yerleim
Arkaik, Roma,
Bizans dnemleri
Devederesi
L17-b4
Yerleim
Bizans
Helvaclar
L17-b4
Yerleim
Arkaik Dnem,
Roma-Bizans
dnemleri
HelvaclarL17-b4
Devederesi aras
Yerleim
Arkaik Dnem,
Roma-Bizans
dnemleri
Kuular
Kynn bats
L17-a3
Yerleim
Arkaik, Klasik
dnemler,
Roma ve Bizans
dnemleri
Saraptallar
L17-a3
Yerleim
Osmanl
Saraptallar
Gneybats
L17-a3
Yerleim
Arkaik ve Klasik
dnemler, Roma
ve Bizans Dnemi
seramikleri
Yarentepe
L17-b4
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OT/GT,
Geometrik,
Arkaik ve Klasik
Dnem
seramikleri
Kuular,
gneydou
L17-b4
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Akpnar Ky
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Seluklu-Osmanl
obanpnar 1
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Roma ve Bizans
Dnemi
seramikleri
52
MMAR
obanpnar 2
L17-d2
Yerleim
Arkaik Dnem,
Bizans Dnemi
malzemesi
obanpnar 3
L17-d2
Yerleim
Roma ve Bizans
Dnemi
seramikleri
obanpnar 4
L17-d2
Yerleim
Arkaik Dnem
PAFTA/KOD TR
Eriliman
L17-a3
DNEM
Yerleim
ArkaikKlasik ve
Roma Dnemi
seramikleri
Akkum
L17-a3
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Roma ve Bizans
Dnemi
seramikleri
zbek Ky
L17-a3
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Osmanl
Yerleim
Bizans
Saratepe
kuzey ve dou
L17-a3
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Beyliktepe, bat
L17-a3
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ArkaikKlasik ve
Roma Dnemi
seramikleri
Karapnar T.
Gzelyal Koop.
L17-a3
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Turasan Tepe,
gney
Yerleim
Roma ve Bizans
Dnemi
seramikleri
L17-a3
MMAR
53
PAFTA/KOD
TR
DNEM
MMAR
Hrszeme
L17-a3
Yerleim
ET ve Roma
Dnemi
seramikleri
Geen yzyldan
kalma bir baevi;
evin duvarnda zerinde
kenet delii olan bir yap
ta ve stun tamburu
Malkaca ovas,
gneybat
L17-a3
Yerleim
Adatepe
L17-a3
Yerleim
Arkaik ve Roma
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seramikleri
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metepe,
kuzeydou
L17-a3
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Arkaik
Tmls
V. Yaclar-Demircili
ADI
PAFTA/KOD
TR
DNEM
MMAR
Aerae
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Arkaik ve Klasik
Dnem
malzemeleri
Aeraetmlsler L17-d2
Tmls
Arkaik
ki tmls. Birinde
mezar odas iyi durumda
korunmutur; dierinde
ise mezar odas mevcut
deildir.
Aerae-villa
L17-d2
Villa
Roma
Aeraenekropol
L17-d2
54
Yaclar-Yrevi
L17-d2
Yerleim
OT ve Bizans
Dnemi
seramikleri
Duvar temelleri
Yaclar-Demircili L17-a3
kava, Fidanlk
Yerleim
Ge Roma ve
Osmanl
dnemleri
YaclarSu
deposu
L17-a3
Yerleimtmls
ET, OT,
Roma, Bizans
dnemleri
Yzeyde dank
hlde blok yap talar
ve tmls
(Arkaik Dnem ?).
Akahisar
L17-d2
Yerleim
Ge Roma
ve Bizans
dnemleri
Roma villas,
ana kayaya
oyulmu pres
Azmak koyu
L17-c1
Tmls
Arkaik
Tmls
Bykevli
Koyunun bats
L17-d2
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ArkaikKlasik
ve
Roma Dnemi
malzemesi
MMAR
VI. Bademler
ADI
PAFTA/KOD TR
DNEM
Bademler
L17-b4
Ge
RomaBizans
dnemleri
Yerleim
PAFTA/KOD TR
DNEM
UzunkuyuZeytinler,
otobann kuzeyi
L17-a4
Yerleim
Roma Dnemi
St m.
L17-a4
Klt
maaras
(?)
MMAR
55
Zeytinler,
Kytepenin
bats,
Fidanlk
L17-d1
Frn?
Birka lahit
paras (Arkaik)
ile birlikte
seramik crufu
ZeytinlerKytepe
L17-d1
Yerleim
Arkaik, Klasik ve
Roma Dnemi
Halil Kerim
Kprsnn
gneybats
L17-a4
Yerleim?
Ge Roma ve
Bizans dnemleri
Yerleim
Arkaik, Roma ve
Bizans dnemleri
Dedemezarnn L17-a4
kuzeyi
Pithos mezar;
13x3 m. boyutlarnda
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VIII. Glbahe-Balklova
ADI
PAFTA/KOD
TR
DNEM
MMAR
BalklovaAdatepe
L17-a1
Yerleim
Ge Roma ve
Geen yzyldan
Bizans dnemleri kalma bir deirmen
BalklovaKilisepnar
L17-a1
Yerleim
Ge RomaBizans ve
Osmanl
dnemleri
Cinderesi
L17-a1
Osmanl Dnemi
emesi
IX. Gzelbahe-Zeytinalan
ADI
PAFTA/KOD
TR
Sivricetepe
L17-b4
Zeytinalan
Camiinin
gneydousu
L17-b4
Yerleim
Klasik, Roma
dnemleri
altepe
L17-b4
Yerleim
OT, Arkaik ve
Klasik dnemler
56
DNEM
MMAR
Bizans kalesine
ait duvarlar
57
58
sonucunda kamu alanlarnn yer ald dnlen gneybat terasta alm olan
derin kaak ukurlarndan birinde Orta Tun ve Ge Tun a seramikleri
saptanmtr3. Buna bal olarak Yarentepede iskn srecinin imdilik en erken
M.. 2. binyln ikinci eyreinde balad ne srlebilir. Peloponnesos Savalar
srasnda, M.. 413 tarihindeki Atinann Sicilya bozgunundan sonra ortaya kan
politik karmaada Attika-Delos Deniz Birliine dier onia kent devletleri ile birlikte
isyan eden Klazomenaililer korunakl bir yerde Polikhneyi kurarak yerlemilerdir.
Ancak Atinallar, M.. 411de Sparta yanls oligarkhlar tarafndan balatlan bu
isyan bastrarak Polikhneyi ele geirmiler; isyann elebalar da Daphnous
adnda bir yere snmlardr (Xenophon, Hellenika I, 1-10). Tahkimli bir yerleme
olan ve korunakl bir tepe zerindeki Yarentepedeki bu isknn Daphnous
olma ihtimali mevcuttur. Yarentepe, gney ynde Azmak Koyuna dek uzanan
obanpnar vadisine hkim durumdadr. Sz edilen vadide ekibimiz tarafndan
ksa bir alma yrtlm ve Kuular merkezinin gney civarnda drt farkl
yerleim alan saptanmtr. Bunlardan iki tanesinde yzeyde Arkaik Dnem
seramikleri mevcuttur (izim: 1: 1-3, 5; 2: 6). Vadide muhtemelen Yarentepeye
bal olan daha kk lekli baka yerleimlerin de yer aldn dnmekteyiz;
bu nedenle gelecek yl sz konusu alanda almalarmz younlatracaz.
Bu ylki alma erevesinde yzey aratrmas yaplan alanlardan iki
tanesinde muhtemelen klt amacyla kullanlan maara tespit edilmitir. Urla
merkezde bulunan Dndarltepenin bat yamacnda, ap 5.00 metreyi bulan,
2.00 metre yksekliinde ve yaklak 3.00 metre de akl olan kk maara
iinde kuzey ynnde 1.00 metre geniliinde ve 1.00 metre yksekliinde ve
0.30 metre derinlii olan ana kayaya oyulmu bir ni mevcuttur.
kinci maara ise Uzunkuyu, Zeytinler yaknndaki St mevkiinde yer alr.
Genilii 11.4 metre olan geni ve yksek kovuun gney yznde duvarda, ana
kayadan oyulan taht benzeri bir kabartma mevcuttur. Tahtn zerinde de kabaca
haa benzeyen bir kabartma bulunmaktadr. Ancak bu kabartmann orijinal hlinin
baka bir figr olduu, olaslkla da Hristiyanlk Dneminde yeniden ilenilerek bu
figrn haa dntrldn dnmekteyiz. Maara etrafnda bulunan seramik
paralar arasnda sadece Hellenistik ve Ge Roma - Bizans Dnemine ait olan
rnekler tanmlanabilmektedir. Strabon, Khersonessos berzahndaki Khalkideisin
yukarsnda bulunan ve Philippos olu Aleksandrosa tahsis edilmi olan bir kutsal
alandan sz eder (Strabon, XIV.31). Bu maarann nnde yer alan dzlk alann
Strabonun szn ettii Aleksandros iin dzenlenen oyunlarn gerekletirildii
3 Szkonusu buluntular Liman Tepe kaz bakan Prof. Dr. Hayat Erkanaln szl ifadesine
dayal olarak tarihlendirilmitir.
59
60
61
62
Parsel No
Younluk
47
48
49
50
51
52
19
20
21
23a
23b
54
46
2
3
Az Youn
ok Youn
Seyrek
Az Youn
Seyrek
Seyrek
Seyrek
Az Youn
Seyrek
Youn
Az Youn
Orta Youn
ok Youn
Orta Youn
ok Youn
63
Harita 1: Urla blgesi SRTM haritas zerinde 2006 yl almalarnda ziyaret edilen 77 yerleimin
dalm
64
izim 3: Sivricetepe,
altepe,
Yarentepe
malzemesinden seilmi rnekler
yzey
malzemesinden
yzey
65
66
izim 7: Teos, surii yerleim, 3. ve 9. ada parselleri yzey malzemesinden seilmi rnekler
izim 8: Teos, surii yerleim, 9. ada parseli yzey malzemesinden seilmi rnekler
67
68
Resim 4: Kytepe zerinde yer alan mimari yapya ait duvar temelleri
69
70
Prof. Dr. Engin BEKSA, Sanat Tarihi Blm Bakan, Fen-Edebiyat Fakltesi, Trakya
niversitesi, 22030 Edirne/TRKYE ( ebeksac@hotmail.com )
1 2006 yl yzey aratrmas Kltr ve Turizm Bakanl temsilcisi olarak Kltr Varlklar ve
Mzeler Genel Mdrlnde grevli bulunan Bayan Zbeyde Aktan ve ekip elemanlar
olarak r. Gr. ule Nurengin Beksa, r. Grevlisi smail Hakk Kurtulu ve Okutman
Alper amn katlmyla gerekletirilmitir. Ad geen ekip elemanlaryla Kltr ve Turizm
Bakanl temsilcisi meslektamza; aratrmaya katk salayan rencim Hakan Aknc ve
Neslihan Kurtulua; bu almann gereklemesinde en byk katky yapan ve madd ve
manev byk bir destek salayan Trakya niversitesinin deerli Rektr Prof. Dr. Enver
Durana, rektr yardmclar Prof. Dr. Beyhan Karamanloluna, Prof. Dr. Timur Krgza,
Prof. Dr. Armaan Altuna, Fen-Edebiyat Fakltesi Dekan Prof. Dr. Nihat Aktaa; kendilerine
gerekli izinlerin temini kadar sahada her trl destei vermeleri nedeniyle ok mteekkir
olduumuz Edirne ve Krklareli illeri Hudut Taburu Komutanlklar ve bu komutanlklara bal
Hamzabeyli ve Dereky Blk Komutanlklarna; Pnarhisar Belediyesi Bakan Mehmet
Kaplya, Lalapaa Belediyesi Bakan Ali Osman Uzmana, Edirne Ant Eserler Dernei
Bakan Mustafa Hatiplere, DEKAT Bakan Srr Tayan a; Sayn Zlkf Silahora, Veli
Aktaa, Hasan elike, Mehmet Solaka, evki zcana, aban Oktaya, Selahattin Taa,
Sami ve Sleyman Gbele, smail Tabaka, Hayrettin Yrke, Mehmet Tufan, Ahmet Fenere,
Yksel Greye, Bahattin Irmaka, Ycel zdemire, Mehmet Kenee; Sleymandaniment
Eski Muhtar mmet Yavaa; Gazeteci Sleyman Karaele ve Gazeteci Abdullah Kla; Fevzi
Kaba ve Trakya niversitesi eleman Aladdin Doana ve Mzeler ube Mdr Arkeolog
Zlkf Ylmaza, Krklareli ve Edirne mzeleri mdrlkleri ve personeline, gerekli izni salayan
Kltr ve Turizm Bakanl, Kltr Varlklar ve Mzeler Genel Mdrlnn tm yneticileri
ve personeline sonsuz teekkrlerimi sunmay bir bor bilirim.
71
72
tespit edilen bir zellik olarak, blgeye yerletirilen Yrklerin daha nce blgede
bulunan menhirlere bakarak bu talar diktikleri safsatasnn geersizliine iaret
eden bilgiler kyllerden toplanm olup bu tip dikili talarn tamamen Yrk
geleneiyle rtt iyice netletirilmi bulunmaktadr. Dikili talarn ana yn
slm mezarlklarda grld gibi kuzeydou-gneybatdr.
meroba Aktata defineciler tarafndan tahrip edilmi bir ist veya dolmenin
izleri grlmtr. Defineciler tarafndan ok kt biimde datld iin niteliini
tayin etmek ok glemi olmasna ramen, ana eksenin gney ynne gre tayin
edildii fark edilmektedir. Ksmen kayaya oyma bir alt yapnn izleri seilmektedir.
Bulunduu ykseltinin tam zirvesinde yer alan bir podyum dzenlemesinin
ortasnda yer almakta olup gney ufkuna hkim konumdadr.
Ayn blgeye ok yaknda bulunan Akta Tmls de incelenmi ve toprak
dolgusu nemli lde anm olan bu tmlsn youn iri ta dolgusu ve
gney ynnde fark edilen lento benzeri dikili konumdaki talarn varl bu
tmlsn altnda da dolmen tipi bir dzenlemenin bulunabilecei intibasn
vermitir. Bu tmls de evreye hkim bir podyum dzenlemesi stne yerlemi
bulunmaktadr.
Bu blge ardndan Tatarolu Kayal mevkii dahilinde erken bir kale ile ilikili
ta duvar kalntlar tespit edilmitir. ok tahrip edilmi olan kalenin yma ta
duvarlarnn izleri kayalk alanda zorlukla fark edilmektedir
meroba Ky evresinde yaplan almalar esnasnda en ilgin buluntulardan
biri hi phesiz Drtaa mevkii dahilinde ikili bir dolmen kalntsnn tespiti
olmutur. Bu dolmen hem konumu hem de ana ekseni itibariyle olduu kadar yapl
biimi ile de ok deiik bir grnme sahiptir. Harap durumda olan bu kompleksin
her iki paras da st kapak talarn kaybetmi durumda olup n blmeler de
devrilmi ve hatta bu blmlerin ara ta levhalar da krlm bulunmaktadr. Genel
nitelii itibariyle ikili tipte biri byk, dieri kk iki dolmenden oluan tekilatn
byk olan gneydouya doru daralan yamuk planl bir arka blme ve nndeki
dier blme ile bu ksmn nndeki dromostan oluan bir plana sahip olduu
izlenimini vermektedir. Fakat n blmeyi tekil eden talar devrilmi ve krlm
olup dromos da tamamen ortadan kalkm durumdadr. Ayrca dolmenin kuzeybat
ta levhas hayli ieri alnm ve yan taraflardaki ta levhalar kuzeybat tarafa
doru dar tam bulunmaktadr. Bu durumuyla bu dolmen yine Yldzdalar
zerinde, fakat Bulgaristan tarafnda Malko Trnova yaknlarndaki Belikta
kaya oluumu yaknndaki dolmenleri hatrlatmaktadr. Ta dolgulu tmls rt
73
74
75
76
77
78
Krklareli Merkez leye bal Dzorman Kyndeki Trak kalesi ziyaret edilmi
ve defineci faaliyeti ile tahrip edilmekte olduu grlmtr4.
Dzorman Ky giriindeki yeni mezarlkta yer alan mezar talarnn tm
Trakyadaki benzerleri gibi olduu grlm ve zellikle de Dzorman Ky eski
mezarl incelenmitir. Dzormandan Armaan Kyne giden yolun sanda yer
alan mezarlk tipik bir Yrk mezarl olup tamamen yazsz mezar talarndan
mteekkildir ve bu trn gzel rneklerindendir. yi durumda korunmu olan
mezarln ihtiaml bir grn bulunmaktadr. Bu tr talarn erken devirlere
giden menhirler olmayp Yrk ve Msellim talar olduunu ve dolaysyla da Trk
mezarlklar olduunu iyice kantlamas bakmndan nemlidir. nk Dzorman
da, bu tip talarn bulunduu dier kyler gibi kuruluu Yrklere giden bir kydr.
Kyden derlenen bilgiler de bu mezarlk ve kyn yakn ilikisini gstermektedir.
Armaan Ky eski mezarlnda da tm tahribata ramen kalabilen baz karatalar
incelenmitir.
Krklareli li, Merkez leye bal Dereky Elmal mevkiinde 566 m. rakmda
bulunan ift Dolmen blgenin ar orman dokusu iinde gizlenmi olup ulalmas
dikkat istemektedir. zellikle snr blgesinde bulunmalar da nemle zerinde
durulmas gereken bir husustur. ift Dolmenlerden bat tarafta olan olduka
harap olup sadece yan ta blok mevcuttur. Ana ekseni gney, gneybatdr.
Dou taraftaki dolmen daha iyi durumda olup st kapak ta ve dromosun dou
ta devrilmitir. Tek odal tek dromoslu tiptedir. Dromos ile arkasndaki oda
arasnda her hangi bir aklk yoktur. Ana ekseninin gneye gre oluturulmu
olduu grlmektedir. Byk boyutlu ve abidevi bir yapya sahip olan bu dolmenin
iki st ste konmu ayr bloktan ibaret dou tarafndaki duvarndaki st blok da
ieri dmtr. Her iki dolmeni de tek bir tmls altnda birletirdii anlalan
ykseltinin dolgu talar her iki dolmenin evresinde bulunmaktadr. Tmlsn
arkasndaki orman iinde youn yaprak dokusu altnda kalan ilgin bir yzey
oluumu mevcut olup ok detayl ve geni bir aratrmay gerektirmektedir.
Derekyde, Kabine mevkiinde 335 m. rakml dolmen bu blgede yer alan
bir baka abidevi rnektir. nceki dolmen gibi youn bir orman dokusu iinde
yer almaktadr. Yksek bir podyum zerinde bulunmaktadr. lgin bir plan ve
ina zellii gstermektedir. Esasnda tek odal, tek dromoslu olan dolmenin
dou tarafndaki yan ta blok ok uzun olup kuzeye doru uzamaktadr. Kuzey
4 Bu kale r. Gr. smail Hakk Kurtulu tarafndan detayl olarak allmtr. Bkz Kurtulu .
H., 1997 ve 1999.
79
taraftaki arka yan ta da, dromosla oday ayran ta bloka gre ksa kald iin
bat taraftaki yan ta eri olarak konulmu ve dolmenin ana oda plan bir yamuk
eklinde oluturulabilmitir. st kapak ta yerinde olmayan bu dolmenin stn
rten tmlsn ta dolgular, evresinde bulunmaktadr. Bu tmlsn de
dousunda orman iinde, youn yaprak birikintisi altnda baz duvar izleri ve ilgin
bir yzey oluumu fark edilmektedir
Kapakl Kyndeki Kapakbaba Dolmeni yksek bir podyum stnde gney
ufkuna hkim ve gneye gre dzenlenmi tek odal ve tek dromoslu tipte bir
dolmendir. Gney taraftaki dromos ve oday ayran yan ta devrilmi olup dromosu
oluturan talar da ayakta deildir. Ayn ky iinde Ramazan Kenarn evi yanndaki
dolmen ise iki odal ve dromoslu tipte bir rnek olarak seilmektedir.
Dzorman Ky merasnda bulunan Eski Dzorman Ky mevkiindeki
dolmen youn bir diken ve al dokusuyla kapl olup allmas zor bir durum
arz etmekteydi. Gney-gneybat eksenine gre tanzim edilmi olan bu dolmenin
st kapak ta mevcut olmayp yan drt bloku mevcut tek odal yaps mevcuttur.
Dromos gzlenememitir. Odann n akl mevcuttur. Bu dolmen evresinde
ve bu alana yakn yamalarda seramiklere rastlanmtr. Dolmen geni bir alann
ortasnda yer almakta olup ilgin bir konuma sahiptir. Bat tarafnda, batya doru
ykselen srtta ok geni bir alana yaylan seramik buluntular dikkat ekicidir.
Demirky ile merkezi yaknlarnda Tahiraann Mekn olarak bilinen
mevkideki dolmen 497 m. rakml olup ok ilgin bir rnektir. Gneye doru eimli
doal kaya oluumlarna sahip kayalk bir alann ortasnda bulunan dolmenin
yapmnda ksmen yerli sabit kayalar da kullanlmtr. st kapak rts de
korunmu olan dolmen ksmen yan bloklarn da oluturan kayalk stndedir. i
definecilerce kazlm olup evrede hibir buluntuya rastlanamamtr. Dolmene
bitiik falik doal bir kayann mevcudiyeti dikkat ekicidir. Gneyde bulunan bir
akarsuya doru alalan, dil biimi bir oluumun ortasnda yer alan bu dolmen
evresindeki kaya oluumlarnn genel bir btn oluturarak bir klt alam tekil
ettikleri fark edilmektedir. Trakya btnnde ilgi ekici bir rnek olarak n plana
kmaktadr. Gneye gre tekilatlandrlm alann, tam gneyinde yksek bir
tepe yer almaktadr.
Gkyaka, Maglevit-Deirmen Yan adyla bilinen mevkide geni bir nekropol
alan bulunmaktadr. Bu alanda yer alan ok saydaki tmlslerden bazlar
definecilerce almtr. Bu alm mezarlardan birinin ist tipinde olduu ve daha
ok Ge Antik ve Erken Ortaa sreci ile ilikilendirilmesi uygun grlmtr.
evrede hibir buluntuya rastlanmamtr. Sarpdere Ky, Dzkpr mevkiinde
benzeri bir nekropol alanna rastlanmtr.
80
81
KAYNAKA
Barale, P., Il Cielo Del Popolo Del Faggio. Sole, Luna E Stelle Dei Ligurs Bagienni.
Pollenzo, 2005.
Barfield, L. H., The Context Of Statue-Menhires, Notizie Archeologiche
Bergomensi, Bergamo, 3, 1995, s. 1137.
Beksa, E.,Kuzey Bat Anadolu ve Trakyada Erken Kltistik Kaya (Kaya Oyma
ve Megalit) Antlar ve Klt Alanlar Projesi Edirne ve Krklareli lleri 2004
Yzey Aratrmas, 23. Aratrma Sonular Toplants, Cilt 1, Ankara 2006,
s.283292.
-Edirne Merkez le, Lalapaa Ve Slolundan Baz rnekler In
Edirnenin
-Erken Kltr Mirasnda Kaya Oyma Ve Kaya Oluumlu Yaplar, Meknn
Ruhu. Edirne, 2007, s. 2334.
-Kuzey Bat Anadolu ve Trakyada Erken Kltistik Kaya (Kaya Oyma ve
Megalit)
82
83
Resim: 1
84
Do. Dr., K. Aslhan YENER, The University of Chicago, Oriental Institute, Department of
Near Eastern Civilizations and Languages, The University of Chicago/AMERKA
Yrd. Do. Dr. Hatice PAMR, Mustafa Kemal niversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakltesi, Arkeoloji
Blm, Klasik Arkeoloji Anabilim Dal, Tayfur Skmen Kampus, Antakya Hatay/TRKYE
e-posta:hpamir@mku.edu.tr
1 Yener, A. K., 2005. The Amuq Valley Regional Projects, Volume I: Surveys in the Plain of
Antioch and Orontes Delta, Turkey, 1995-2002, Oriental Institute Publications. Vol. 131, The
Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
85
86
87
duvarlar ile yerleim kademe hlinde vadi yatana doru hafif eim yaparak
inmektedir. Hlen zeytin ziraati yaplan alanda etrafa dalm hlde anak
mlek paralar, kiremit paralar ve su datm amal knk paralar buluntu
koleksiyonu iinde yer almaktadr. Alann kuzeybat kenarnda iki galeri girii tespit
edilmitir. Galerilerden birisinin iinde 87 cm. kalnlnda kl dolgu tabakas tespit
edilmitir. Tnelin ii dolgu ile kapal olmasna ramen tnelin derinlii 15 m. ye
kadar izlenmitir. Tnelin iki giriinden sonra kme nedeniyle dolgu toprakla tnel
kapanm durumdadr. Buluntular Roma Dnemine ait terra sigillata paralar, d
yz oluklu gevrek kaplar (.S. II.-V. yzyl), kaba hamurlu gnlk kullanm kaplar
ile Roma ve Ge Roma/Bizans dnemlerindeki asl yerleime iaret etmektedir.
AS 358 Kepkeen Mevkii
Kuzeye eimli, srlm tahl tarlas, Kisecik Kynn dousuna den bir
alanda seramik ve kiremit younluu olan tarladr. Yzeyde kiremit krklar kafi
derecede mevcuttur. Tarm alanlar ve baheler ile evrili alan, Antakya yolu
zerinde uzanmaktadr. Buluntu topluluunu krmz ve demir katkl, bol tak ve
kum katkl kaba hamurlu, gnlk kullanm kaplarna ait paralar, d yz oluklu
yksek sda pimi gevrek kaplara ait paralar ve terra sigillata anak mlek
paralar ile etrafa dalm hlde iri boyutlu tessera paralar oluturmaktadr.
Buluntu topluluu ve alann genel konumu, Roma ve Ge Roma/Bizans
dnemlerine uzanan kk boyutlu iftlik ve/veya kk lekli tarmsal nitelikli
ky yerleimi olduunu gstermektedir.
AS 360 anakl/anaktepe Mevkii
Amik Ovasn ve dolays ile Antakyay (eski Antiokheia) batda Arsuz zerinden
denize balayan eski yollardan birisi Kisecik Ky zerinden gemektedir. Bu
yol bugn da yolu olarak daha ok madencilerin rabet ettikleri bir yoldur ve
modern trafiin dnda kalmaktadr. Alan 1450 metre ykseklikte dalk bir alanda
dar bir plato zerinde, eski yolun kuzeyinde yer almaktadr. Alann yaknlarnda
krom maden ocaklar hlen aktif olarak iletilmektedir. Arkeolojik birikinti ieren
alann yaylm yaklak olarak kuzey-gney ynnde 110 m., dou-bat ynnde
90 m.dir (Resim: 8). Alan krom maden sahas iinde olduu iin ksmen tahrip
olmu durumdadr. Alann iinde dzgn blok talar az da olsa tespit edilmitir,
buna karn bol miktarda anak mlek paras etrafa dalm hlde durmaktadr.
88
89
orman dokusu ile kapl oluu, madenin oca giriinin dik vadi yamacnda
oluu dier buluntularn tespitini gletirmektedir. Seramik buluntu yoktur. Bu
alann 1 km. kadar uzaklktaki AS 352 demir ileme sahas ile ilikili olabilecei,
buradan karlan madenin AS 253 maden ileme sahasnda ilenmi olabilecei
dnlmektedir.
AS 363 Sarack Mevkii
Kisecik-Antakya yolu zerinde, doal bir tepe zerinde hlen tarmsal bir alan
olarak kullanlan alanda tespit edilen yerleimdir. Yzeyde az miktarda Ge Roma
buluntular tespit edilmitir. Tepenin zellikle eteklerinde tarmsal faaliyete dayal
olarak topran srlmesi ile aa km, etek ksmlarnda younluk gsteren
kk boyutlu bir yerleim sz konusudur. Buluntu topluluu gnlk kullanm
kaplarna ait kaba hamurlu kap paralarndan olumaktadr ayrca bir madenci
ta ve demir crufu dikkat ekmektedir. Yerleim, kk boyutlu Ge Roma iftlii
yerleimi olarak tanmlanabilir.
Ceylanl Aratrmalar
H. PAMR
Krkhana bal Ceylanl mevkii Amik Ovasnn kuzey kenarnda, Amanos
da srasnn alt eteklerinde, kayalk bir yamacn iki vadisi boyunca uzanan ky
yerleimidir. Blgede ilk aratrmalar 19. yzyl sonlarnda gerekletirilmi; mezar
ant (AS 273) ve mimari yap kalnts (AS 272) Fransz aratrmaclar PerdrizetFossey ve Chapot tarafndan kefedilmi ve yaztlar yaynlanmtr. 2001 yl
almalarnda Amik Vadisi Blgesel Aratrmalar ekibinin yerleim yerinde
yapt aratrmalarda, ant mezarn yan sra Ceylanl yerleimi (AS 287), tepe
zerindeki mimari yap kalnts (AS 272), mezar ant ve tepenin eteklerinde
yaylm gsteren geni bir yerleim alan belgelendirilmitir (AS 273)4. Antlarn
ayrntl olarak belgelendirilmesine ynelik olarak 2006 yl alma dneminde her
bir ant tek tek incelenmitir (Resim: 9). Ceylanl Kynde yrtlen almada ky
4 Casana, J.-T. J.Wilkinson 2005. s. Settlement and Landscapes in the Amuq Region The
Amuq Valley Regional Projects ed. K. A. Yener, s. 42-43 fig. 2.25, 2.26; Casana, J.-T. Wilkinson
Appendix A: Gazetteer of Sites, The Amuq Valley Regional Projects ed. K. A. Yener, s. 253254.
90
91
92
93
AS 287 F
Mezar antlarnn bulunduu kayaln en alt ksmnda yer alan mezar odas
son derece sade grnml cephe dzenlemesi iermektedir. Kaya yzey, gen
alnlkl bir mekn cephesi grnmnde dzenlenmitir. Cephede son derece
sade ilenmi dikdrtgen bir kap akl ile iinde 4 arcosolium bulunan mezar
odasna ulalmaktadr. Mezar odasna alan kap akl 0.77 m. geniliinde
ve 0.55 m. derinliinde olup eiine kap yerletirme oyuklar almtr. te bat,
kuzey ve dou yanlarda birer; kuzeybat kede de 1.04x1.02 m. llerinde
kk bir mezar yata yer almaktadr. Mezar odasn nemli klan yazt, antn
cephesine ilenmitir. Yazt 1902 ylnda Chapot tarafndan yaynlanm olup en
erken ..106ya, en ge de .S. 157ye tarihlendirilmektedir8.
Ceylanl Kynde yaplan 1998 yl yzey aratrmasnda ky iinde bir ok
mimari para ile bu alann yaknlarnda baz mimari paralar ve su deirmeni
kalntlar tespit edilmitir. Alann en tepe noktasnda balayarak Ceylanlda
kyden daha byk bir kasaba yerleiminin varlndan sz edilebilir. Helenistik
Dnemle balayan ve Roma Dnemi ile en st noktasna kan ova dzlnde
yamalar ve alak tepelikler zerine doru yaylan yerleim biimini, Ceylanl ky
yerleimi yanstmaktadr. Kasabal zenginlerin bir tr aile mezarl grnm
tayan bu buluntu topluluunun iinde en tepede yer alan mimari mekn farkllk
gstermektedir. Son derece dzgn kesme ta iilii gsteren mekn dou-bat
ekseni zerinde uzanmaktadr. Gnmze sadece temel ve duvarlarnn alt ksm
kalan meknn bir tapnak veya bir ant mezar olup olmad konusu ak deildir.
Ancak alann bir temenos duvar ile evrelenmi olmas ve yapnn dou-bat aks
zerinde olmas tapnak olarak tanmlanmasn kuvvetlendirmektedir.
Sonu
2006 yl alma dnemi ksa ancak verimli gemitir. Yzey aratrmalar
Amik Vadisini bat ve kuzey yanda evreleyen Amanos da sras zerinde
younlatrlmtr. Amanos Dalar zengin orman rnleri, maden kaynaklar
ile bugn dahi blge ekonomisine nemli lde katk salamakta, Antik
ada Amik Ovas yerleimlerinin nemli kaynaklarndan birini oluturmaktadr.
Yerleim biimi bakmndan deerlendirdiimizde AS 360 tarmsal bir yerleim
deildir. Orman iinde, bir bakma yaltlm bir yerleimdir. Roma Dneminden
8 Chapot 1902, s. 189-190.
94
balayan bir yerleim gstermektedir. Amik Ovasn Arsuz Ovasn yani ovay
denize balayan ve hlen kullanlan yolun kenarnda yer almaktadr. Hem orman
rnlerine, belki madencilie dayal bir ky yerleimi, hem de yolun kontroln
elinde bulunduran bir u yerleimi kimlii gstermektedir. Bu bakmdan dier
yerleimlerden ayrlmaktadr. Daha nceki yllarda tespit edilen AS 225 ta oca
olarak, AS 347 ve 348 ise maden ocaklarn yannda yer almakta, madenci kyleri
ile Amanos Dalarndaki endstriyel kaynaklar ve buna dayal yerleim kimlii
gstermektedir. Dier yerleimler ise Antiocheiann teritoryumu iinde Amanos
Dalarnn alak eteklerinde tarma dayal ekonomisi olan kk lekli Roma
Dnemi yerleimleri olarak tanmlanmaldr. Ksa srede elde edilen bu sonular
2007 yl alma dneminde Amanos Dalar zerindeki aratrmalara devam
edilmesinin gerekliliini ortaya koymutur.
Aratrmalar T.C. Kltr ve Turizm Bakanl, Kltr Varlklar ve Mzeler
Genel Mdrl ve Mustafa Kemal niversitesi adna yrtlmtr. 2006 yl
alma ekibinde yer alan Burak Altunay, nan Yama ve Volkan Gle; Kamil
Tmaya ve Bakanlk temsilcimiz nal Demirere iten teekkrlerimizi sunarz.
Aratrmalarmz, Fund for Amuq Valley Excavations, INSTAP (The Institute for
Aegean Prehistory), Anthony ve Lawrie Dean ve birok zel ahs tarafndan
cmerte desteklenmitir. Hatay Arkeoloji Mzesi Mdr Faruk Kln ile uzman
arkeologlar Asl Tuncer, Demet Kara ve mer elike zel teekkrlerimizi sunarz.
Ayrca yardm ve ilgilerini bizden esirgemeyen Mustafa Kemal niversitesi eski
rektr Metin Grkanlar, Reyhanl Kaymakam Mehmet Hamurcu, Hatay Vali
Yardmcs kr akr ve Hatay Valisi Mehmet Kayhana teekkr bor biliriz.
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Resim 3b: Amanos Dalar, Kisecik blgesi, AS 232 yerleim krokisi (Tony Wilkinson)
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Resim 6: Amanos Dalar, AS 357, Karasu Beldesi, Killik mevkii yaknlar eski maden oca
(Aslhan Yener)
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Resim 10: AS 287, B-E, Ceylanl kaya mezar antlar (Hseyin Ylmaz)
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Christopher RATT, The Universtity of Michigan, Department of Classical Studies, 2160 Angel
Hall, 435 S. State Street Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1003 USA.
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These are among the research questions that lie behind the archaeological
survey of the region around Aphrodisias begun in 2005. The first two seasons of a
four-year program of interdisciplinary research were carried out in 2005 and 2006,
bringing together archaeologists, natural scientists, geographers, and sociologists
in order investigate the relationship between human habitation and the natural
environment at and around Aphrodisias from the prehistoric period to the present
day, with a special focus on the heyday of the city in the Hellenistic and Roman
periods (2nd century B.C.E. to 7th century C.E.).
A. Introduction
The excavations at Aphrodisias were begun by Kenan Erim of New York
University in 1961 and supervised by Erim until his death in 1990. They revealed
an unusually complete ancient town center, remarkable for its well-preserved civic
and religious buildings, and for its rich sculptural finds. A new program of fieldwork
begun under the joint supervision of Christopher Ratt and R. R. R. Smith in 1993
emphasized study of the city plan and urban development of Aphrodisias, with
the goal of clarifying the relationship between the public monuments of the center
of the city and the surrounding residential areas. Although this program is still
continuing, it has now accomplished many of its primary goals -- thanks in large
part to a geophysical survey of the unexcavated areas of the site. The logical next
step was to undertake a regional survey of the surrounding territory.
The survey focuses on the very well defined watershed of the upper Morsynus
River, a tributary of the Maeander (Fig. 1). This valley encompasses an area of
approximately 475 sq kilometers, ranging in elevation from 350 m at the west
end of the valley to 2300 m at the summit of Mount Kadmos, the source of the
Morsynus, to the east. The city-site of Aphrodisias lies at the center of the valley
at an elevation of approximately 500 m. Its principal natural resources are the
abundant springs of the surrounding mountains and the fertile soils of the valley
floor; other notable assets include potters earth and marble, both still actively
quarried today. In addition to the valley proper, the survey area includes the
adjoining plateau to the south (approximately 125 sq km), which epigraphic and
archaeological evidence had indicated belonged to the territory of Aphrodisias in
the Hellenistic and Roman periods.
The first season of investigation in 2005 consisted of preliminary reconnaissance
of the upper Morsynus River valley by a team of 6 persons for a 3-week period.
127 archaeological points of interest were located and recorded (largely on the
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basis of local information), including tombs, farmsteads and settlements, olive oil
presses, quarries, aqueducts, fortified citadels and hilltop watchtowers, ranging
in date from the prehistoric era to the Middle Ages. Recording took the form
of measurement and description in a fieldbook, digital photography, separate
architectural drawings of certain monuments, and recording of GPS coordinates. In
addition to archaeological sites, modern natural resources such as springs, marble
and emery quarries and workshops, clay pits, and mills were also recorded. A
further 185 points of interest were recorded in 2006 by a larger team of 14 persons
working for a longer season of six weeks. Other projects undertaken in 2006 were
to return to sites first identified in 2005 in order to make contour maps and detailed
architectural drawings and to carry out systematic collection of surface finds, and
to begin a more intensive survey of the immediate environs of Aphrodisias. All
the field data collected in the first two seasons have now also been incorporated
into a GIS, based on elevation data from the Shuttle Radar Topography mission1,
satellite images (Landsat 7 and SPOT), and a digitized version of the 1:100,000scale geological map of the region (Fig. 2).
B. Results
In the interests of clarity, the following paragraphs treat of the preliminary results
of recent research in chronological order, although some subjects are inherently
diachronic in nature.
1) The Prehistoric Era (3rd-1st millennium B.C.E.)
Two prehistoric settlement mounds on the site of Aphrodisias attest human
occupation in the valley in or before the mid-3rd millennium B.C.E.2. So far, the
only further evidence for prehistoric occupation observed during the survey is an
emery axe-head, found on the surface on the south side of the valley. There are,
however, earlier reports of discoveries of prehistoric objects in the vicinity of a
well-known cave (Srtlanini Maaras, also on the south side of the valley), which
will be explored in a future season3.
1 The SRTM elevation data was replaced in 2007 with higher resolution ASTER data.
2 M. S. Joukowsky, Prehistoric Aphrodisias. An Account of the Excavations and Artifact Studies
(Louvain 1986). See also: J. L. Lurquin, Rapport prospection de la valle du Dandalas, in:
M. S. Joukowsky, Prehistoric Aphrodisias. An Account of the Excavations and Artifact Studies
(Louvain 1986) 725-35.
3 Y. Akn, Srtlanini Maaras, Afrodisias Karacasu Tantm Dergisi 3 (n.d.) 12-15.
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abandoned in the early imperial period. In addition to pottery, the finds from one of
these hilltop citadels included significant amounts of slag and other byproducts of
iron processing, and study of satellite imagery showed that the soils down slope of
this area are unusually rich in iron, suggesting that as well as serving as lookouts
and hilltop redoubts, some of these fortifications may have been established to
secure valuable natural resources.
Aphrodisias is located in a natural border region near the east end of the
Maeander river basin, and both the tombs and the rural fortifications identified so
far help to give a clearer picture of the complex cultural identity of the surrounding
valley before the adoption of Greek civic culture, the tombs pointing toward Lydia
in the north and east, the fortifications toward Caria in the south and west. The
founding of the city was clearly a major event in the history of the valley, and it
remains poorly understood. Was it the result of the influx of a new population, or
of the colonial policies of larger powers such as the Hellenistic kings of Syria or
Rome? Or was it that the local aristocracy had become aware of the benefits that
urbanization had brought their neighbors in the Maeander valley, and that they
wanted to participate in the larger pan-Mediterranean culture of cities? A major
objective of all aspects of the regional survey is to shed further light on these
questions.
4) The Roman Imperial Period (1st century B.C.E. to 4th century C.E.)
Quarries and other natural resources: Aphrodisias was famous in the Roman
period for its virtuoso sculptors, and one of the reasons why the buildings of the
city are so well preserved is that so many of them are built out of marble. An
extensive series of seven ancient marble quarries located just 2 km from the site
has long been known, but never fully studied5. In addition, the survey has revealed
much more extensive evidence for marble quarrying on the south side of the valley
than was previously known; six different quarries have been identified. One of
these, near the modern village of Yazr (10 km as the crow flies from Aphrodisias;
Fig. 9) is larger than any one of the individual quarries nearer to the site. These
discoveries give a much better sense of ancient marble exploitation on a regional
5 P. Rockwell, The Marble Quarries: A Preliminary Survey, in R.R.R. Smith and C. Rouech,
eds. Aphrodisias Papers 3 (JRA suppl. 20, Ann Arbor 1996) 81-103; G. Ponti, Ancient
Quarrying at Aphrodisias in the Light of the Geological Configuration, in R. R. R. Smith and
C. Rouech, eds. Aphrodisias Papers 3 (JRA suppl. 20, Ann Arbor 1996) 105-10.
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scale, and they will require a reconsideration of how much of the surplus wealth of
ancient Aphrodisias was expended on marble monuments, for transport was the
most expensive component of ancient stone construction.
Aqueducts and water supply: The Morsynus River rises in the slopes of Mount
Kadmos, the tall mountain northeast of Aphrodisias. Traces of four aqueducts on
the north side of the Morsynus River were recorded in 2005 and 2006, suggesting
that springs in the mountains supplied the water used in the ancient city, as they
do the nearby villages today. Of the aqueducts, two were aqueduct bridges (Fig.
10), built to carry water over streambeds; the third was a tunnel dug through a
hillside, and the fourth a large vaulted subterranean channel. A major question to
be investigated in future seasons is whether water was carried to Aphrodisias from
the neighboring valley of the Yenidere ay, as suggested by L. and J. Robert6.
5) Late Roman and Byzantine Periods (4th century C.E. to 13th century C.E.)
Remains of the later Roman and mediaeval periods identified to date include
a basilical church immediately outside the West Gate of Aphrodisias; two rural
churches in the hills northeast of the city (Fig. 11); and a hilltop fortress at the
west end of the valley, which is probably to be identified with ancient Tantalus,
a stronghold mentioned in Byzantine sources, after which the Morsynus river
takes its modern name (Dandalas)7. The city of Aphrodisias was almost totally
abandoned in the early 7th century, and a major objective of the survey is to see
whether a regional perspective sheds new light on this dramatic change. Was the
city abandoned because of a local catastrophe, such as an earthquake, plague, or
foreign invasion? Or was it because or the more general systemic collapse of the
Roman provincial system, and of the administrative network that encouraged the
populations of rural areas such as this one to live in towns instead of villages, and
that maintained the infrastructure of rural roads, waterworks, and other amenities
that made town life possible? What happened to the inhabitants of the city when
6 L. and J. Robert, La Carie 2 (Paris 1954) 46-49. See also J. M. Reynolds, New Letters from
Hadrian to Aphrodisias: Trials, Taxes, Gladiators, and an Aqueduct, JRA 13 (2000) 5-20.
For earlier archaeological studies of aqueducts, see: M. akr, . Verim, R. Aar, Antik
Afrodisias Kenti Su Yaplar (zmir, Ege niversitesi, Mhendislik Bilimleri Fakultesi, naat
Mhendislii Blm Diploma almas 1978); . zis, Su Mhendislii Tarihi Asndan
Turkiyedeki Eski Su Yaplar (Ankara 1994) 73.
7 Nicetas Choniates, Hist. 494.
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Fig. 4: Plan and section drawings of tumulus Fig. 5: Plan of settlement near Ataky
tomb near amaras
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Dr. Eugenia Marta BOLOGNESI, Sede operativa, Via Ajaccio, 14 00198 Roma/ITALY.
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Along the two itineraries a cavea for an open air theatre has also been
hypothesized below the Sphendone, together with a series of gardened steps in
the empty area beside the Best Western Hotel between the mosques of Sokollu
Mehmet Paa and of Kk Ayasofya.
The Eastern Itinerary (Table: B, C)
Daniele GARNERONE
The itinerary has a prevailing archaeological character. It descends, partially
above and partially beneath the surface of the hill, along the system of terracing
which goes from the Blue Mosque down to the shores of the Sea of Marmara.
The path goes through the ruins of the Great Palace of the Emperors of
Byzantium.
It begins from the City Hippodrome, the actual At Meydan. It proceeds beside
the remains of the Palace of Gzel Ahmet Paa (ca. XV century) and the socalled Covered Hippodrome. Coming then underground, the path goes through
the Mosaic Peristyle and the extraordinary quality of the mosaic floors, emerging
eventually to the day light in the middle of the colorful bazaar in the Ottoman
arcades of Arasta Sokak.
Beyond Torun Sokak, it goes on again to the Apsed Hall, opening once onto
the Mosaic Peristyle. The ruins of the Apsed Hall are still visible in the centre of
a vast garden, at the borders of the same terrace where the Mosaic Peristyle lay.
From the Apsed Hall garden the view commands over the Marmara Sea to the
Princes Islands and to the mountains of Bithynia. This is the heart of the entire
itinerary.
To the north, towards St. Sophia, the path proceeds to the Karianos, ruins of
some private apartments of a ninth century emperor, possibly Theophilos (83742).
To the south, the path descends to the remains of the Sigma and Triconch,
ceremonial courtyard of the factions of the Blues and of the Greens which met
once in the City Hippodrome and met in the very Palace by the beginning of the
ninth century. From here, it will be possible to join with the little mosque of Kap
Aas Mahmut Aa (XV. century), which basement would easily house small
temporary exhibitions. From here it is possible to proceed to the Lighthouse Tower
of the Palatine Harbour of the Boukoleon on the Marmara sea walls and to the
Loggia, so-called House of Joustinian. It might be possible to divert through the
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area of the long gone Chrysotriklinos Hall, the Throne Hall of the Middle Byzantine
Palace. The path descends finally to the sea by the Landing Staircase, which only
emperors could descend to enter their barges at the imperial harbour.
The Eastern Itinerary reconnects there to the Western Itinerary.
Here as well strong areas of interest have been pointed out in the streets where
wooden Turkish houses still survive and in the historical architectonical remains
such as the mosque of Kap Aas Mahmut Aa (XV. century) and its surrounding
devotional complex. But in the case of the Eastern Itinerary the archaeological
ruins are quite dominant and do actually impinge onto the pattern of the modern
streets.
The itinerary, sign posted by frequent posters on the streets, will be characterized
by points of interchange between the modern City and the art-historical and
archaeological monuments of the old Palace. They will be designed to re-qualify
and develop decayed areas which have long forgotten their primary cultural
identity, making them restful and enjoyable to residents and travelers. Near the
tourist information points, coffee houses and restaurants, didactical material for
the visitors, multi-medial centers and bookstores.
The Boukoleon Mosaic: A Possible Interpretation
Eugenia Marta BOLOGNESI
The 2006 Campaign took place last September in the first half of the month. We
owe as usual our results to the professionalism and the good will of our Commissar
Archaeologist Pnar Bursa as to the support of Dr. smail Karamut, Director of the
Archaeological Museums of stanbul and to the collaboration of Prof Dr. Nuran
Zeren Glersoy, Director of the Urban and Social Studies Department, Faculty of
Architecture, stanbul Technical University of Ta Kla.
We shall concentrate in this report onto the possible dating and identification
of the mosaic floor which has been recently known as the Boukoleon mosaic,
found indeed in the basement of a private house opening onto the railway
between Sirkeci and Kumkap, right behind the Loggia in the sea-walls which is
usually called the House of Joustinian. We shall leave the technical analysis at the
moment in progress by the CNR ISTEC of Faenza, with Dr. Michele Macchiarola
and Dr. Francesca Maria Amato, to a specific article where the analysis result will
be published. We have anyway to thank Arch. Cristina Brusaporci for the long
hours spent in the detailed examination of the mosaic, resulting in the drawings
and in the photographs are presented here.
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The floor measures 5x7 meters and the central panel follows a rectangular
scheme, with irregular squares in the middle and round ribbons along the external
perimeter. The colors are mainly shades of light and deep blue and turquoise,
deep red, deep green and white, with frequent gold insertions; the patterns are
very fine and interlaced the one with the other.
In the middle of the short eastern side of the floor still survives a rectangular
marble base with four empty holes at the four corners and among them a close
grid, also in marble, emptied of the colorful decorative material which would have
most probably once filled it in.
If the marble base is actually what remains of an altar piece, as most scholars
agree, then the mosaic floor belongs to an oratory or to a chapel. Together with
other emains from this area, in the Archaeological Museums of stanbul is indeed
exhibited a marble angel, which counts among the very few architectural fragments
we know of in Constantinople.
The dating of the mosaic has been tentatively placed by J. P. Sodini in the
tenth century since the Conference of Byzantine Studied held in Moscow in 19901.
But in 2001 Marlia Mundell Mango took back the dating of the Boukoleon mosaic
floor to the first half of the ninth century, analysing with S. E. J.Gerstel and J.
A. Lauffenburger typology, chronology and functions of Polychrome Tiles from
Byzantium2. Recently, the tenth century dating was proposed again by Alessandra
Guiglia in The Art of Byzantium and Italy at the time of the Palaeologians 126114533 and by Claudia Barsanti in the 2006 Parma Conference about The Church
and the Palace4.
We can now look back in the sources for a chapel near the sea-walls dating to
the ninth or to the tenth century.
1 J.-P.Sodini, Le got du marbre , in Etudes balkaniques, Cahiers Pierre Belon, 1, 1994,
Actes de la table ronde n.9 , XVIIIe Congrs international dtudes Byzantines, Moscou, Aot
1990, 179-201;
2 M.Mundell Mango, Polychrome Tiles found in Istanbul: Tipology, Chronology and Function,
in A Lost Art Rediscovered. The Architectural Ceramics of Byzantium, eds. S.E.J. Gerstel and
J.A. Lauffenburger, Baltimora 2001, part.23-5, fugg.1-2.
3 cfr. A. Guiglia Guidobaldi La decorazione pavimentale bizantina in et paleologa , in Larte
di Bisanzio e lItalia al tempo dei Paleologi, 1261-1453, eds. A. Iacobini-M.della Valle, (Milion,
Studi e ricerche darte bizantina, 5), Argos, Roma 1999, part. 324-25, with bibl..
4 C.Barsanti, Le chiese del Grande Palazzo di Costantinopoli, in La Chiesa e il Palazzo, Atti
del Convegno, Parma, 2005, 24, with notes, to be publ.
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Table: A
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Table: B
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Table: C
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128
Fig. 2: Photo composition of the general area (by Arch. Cristina Brusaporci)
2006 YILI
ERZNCAN, ERZURUM, KARS VE IDIR LLER
YZEY ARATIRMALARI
Alpaslan CEYLAN*
Akn BNGL
Yasin TOPALOLU
Kltr ve Turizm Bakanlnn B.16.0.AMG.0.10.00.02./713.1.134261 say ve
15 Austos 2006 tarihli izinleri ile 14-24 Kasm 2006 tarihleri arasnda Erzurum li
enkaya, Kprky ve Merkez ileleri, Erzincan li Tercan lesi, Idr li Merkez
lesi, Kars li Merkez ve Kazman ilelerinde yrtlmtr.
Bakanlm altnda yrtlen almalara, Yrd. Do. Dr. Akn Bingl, Ara. Gr.
Yasin Topalolu, yksek lisans rencisi Oktay zgl, Yavuz Gnat katlmtr.
Bakanlk temsilcilii grevini Erzurum Mzesi arkeologlarndan Hacer Kumanda
Yanmaz yrtmtr. zverili almalarndan dolay meslektalarma teekkr
ederim.
Yzey aratrmalarna katk salayan Atatrk niversitesi Aratrma FonuDPT1 ve desteklerini bizlerden esirgemeyen Erzurum Mzesi Mdr Mustafa
Erkmene, Kars Mzesi Mdr Necmettin Alpa, Idr Meslek Yksekokulu retim
grevlilerinden Aslantrk Akyldza, Sanat Tarihisi Uzman Hasan Buyruka ve
Corafyac Ouz imeke, Kazmandan Sait Kke, Karstan Yavuz Yldrm
ztrkkana, ve Erzurum Mzesinden Davut Kayaya teekkr etmeyi bir bor
bilirim2.
*
Do. Dr. Alpaslan CEYLAN, Atatrk niversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakltesi, Tarih Blm,
Eskia Tarihi Anabilim Dal retim yesi, Erzurum/TRKYE.
+90 442 231 36 38 ceylanerzurum@hotmail.com
Yrd. Do. Dr. Akn BNGL, Kafkas niversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakltesi, Tarih Blm,
Eskia Tarihi Anabilim Dal retim yesi, Kars/TRKYE.
Ara.Gr. Yasin TOPALOLU, Atatrk niversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakltesi, Tarih Blm,
Eskia Tarihi Anabilim Dal retim yesi, Erzurum/TRKYE.
1 Proje No:2005/05
2 Yzey aratrmalar srasnda gsterdikleri anlay ve saladklar katklardan dolay Atatrk
niversitesi Rektr Prof. Dr. Yaar Stbeyaza, Fen-Edebiyat Fakltesi Dekan Prof. Dr. mit
Demire, Tarih Blm Bakan Prof. Dr. Selami Kla, teekkr ederim.
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Ababa Kalesi
Erzincan li, Tercan lesinin, 2 km. gneydousunda, Akbaba Kynn hemen
kuzeybatsnda yksek kayalk bir tepe zerinde yer almaktadr. Kale hayvanclk
ve tarm asndan olduka elverili bir konumdadr. Keramik verileri lk Tun
andan balayp, Demir a ve az sayda Ortaaa tarihlendirilmektedir. Kale
duvarlarnn kalenin ok sarp olmas ve blgenin sert bir iklime sahip olmas nedeni
ile ykld dnlmektedir. Ana kayaya oyulmu sur temelleri vardr. Tepenin
st ksm tralanmtr. Kalenin st ksmnda kk bir sur kalnts vardr. Ancak
burann sonradan oluturulduu dnlmektedir. Kale dou-bat dorultusunda
yaplmtr. Kale deniz seviyesinden 1690 m. yksekliktedir. Kaleden aa doru
inildike Ortaa yerlemelerinin sklat grlr. Kalenin zerinde ise daha
erken dnemlerde yerleildii anlalr. Kalenin gney kesiminde sur kalntlarna
rastlanabilmektedir. Kalenin bats ve kuzeyi olduka sarptr. Savunmas olduka
kolay bir kaledir. Bu yzden fazla sur yaplmamtr. Kalenin dousunda da belirgin
bir ekilde sur kalntlar grlebilmektedir. Kaleye k dou tarafndandr. Zaten
kuzey ve gneyinde dere yataklar ile oluturulmu doal bir savunma vardr.
Tercan ile Akbaba Ky aras 13,5 km.dir. Akbaba Kalesinin hemen batsnda
Tercan Barajnn batsnda Krolu Kalesi vardr. Akbaba Kalesi bu kale ile
karlkl yaplmtr. Bu iki kalenin ayn dneme ait olduu dnlmektedir.
irinlikale
Erzincan li, Tercan lesinin 50 km. gneydousunda yer alan kaleye,
Tercandan ata giden yol ile ulalr. Karasudan sonra, Kurukol ve Yalnkaya
kyleri geilir. Yaylayolu, Gkta ve Begze kylerinden Tuzluaya ulalr.
Tuzluayn paralelindeki hky Deresi kysnda ykselen irinlikaleye ulalr.
st taraf kayalk, dou ve gney yan nehir yatandan 50 m. yksekteki kale
tepesi dik bir uuruma iner. Gneybatda dikkat eken uurum doal bir koruma
salamaktadr. Kale Urartu kaleleri ierisinde uygun bir yerdedir. irinlikale, Fahri
Ikn bakanlndaki bir ekip tarafndan yzey aratrmas srasnda tespit
edilmitir. irinlikalede Urartu ve Ortaa yerlemesi grlmektedir. Kalede ve
tam karsnda, nehrin dou kysndaki tepede de Urartu seramii bulunmakla
birlikte, kalede hibir duvar kalnts kalmamtr. kalenin kuzey kenarnda,
tahkim duvarlarndan heybetli bir para Ortaadan kalmaktadr. irinlikale, inaat
bakmndan Urartu karakteri gstermektedir. Kaya platosunun kuzeyinde, depo
biiminde oyulmu iki sarn ve i kalenin dousundaki kuzey ve gney kaya
tnelleri, Urartu kale inaatnn orijinal eserlerindendir. Ayrca doudaki i kalede,
kaya ktlesine yaplm iki Urartu kaya mezar vardr.
131
irinlikalede bulunan iki kaya mezarndan ilki tepenin sarp dou yamac
dibinde, dzeltilmi kaya yzndedir. Mezarlarn bakt hky Deresi ynnden
kolaylkla ulalabilen iki odal mezar, iilikte niteliklidir. Mezara girii salayan
dzgn dikdrtgen kap, iten ve dtan bir silmeyle evrelenmitir. 0,60x0,93x1,23
m. llerindeki girile, boyutlar 2,75x3,60x2,10 m. olan ana odaya geilir.
Karlalan ilk deme, mezar tabannda kapya yakn alm 0,20x0,40x0,10
m.lik bozuk dikdrtgen biimli bir ukurdur. Odann gney duvar boyunca 0,40 m.
aralklarla, 0,10 m. apnda alt oyuk dizilmitir. 0,68x0,95x1,27 m. boyutlarndaki
arka oda girii, arka duvarn gney yanna ekilmitir. Yaklak kare biimli arka
oda 3,80x3,90x2,25 m. llerindedir. Ana odadan 0,25 m. derindeki arka odaya
basamak ilevindeki eikle inilir. Odann kuzeydou kesi byk tahribata
uramtr. kinci mezar; ayn kayalkta, ilk mezarn gneyinde bulunan kaya
mezar, douya doru bakmaktadr. Bir silmeyle yandan evrelendii anlalan
0,70x0,30x1,0 m. llerindeki kapdan, 0,20 ve 0,40 m. yksekliindeki iki
basamakla mezara inilir. 3,12x3,85x2,15 m. lleri olan ana odann ykseklii,
tavann kt iilikli ilk 2,00 metresinde 2,20 m.yi bulur. Bu kesim dnda iilik
niteliklidir. Mezarn arka duvarnn ortasna, 2,12x1,95x1,40-1,70 m. boyutlarnda,
mezar enince uzanan, 0,40 m. yksekliinde bir basamakla klan blm
almtr. Eyvann arka duvar nnde iki sra hlinde dizili 14 oyuun aplar,
5-8 cm. arasnda deimektedir. Ana odann kuzey kesinde 0,25x0,30x0,13 m.
boyutlarnda dikdrtgen bir ukur, bu kesimde uzanan basaman her bir banda
da birer oyuk yer alr3.
2006 Ylnda Erzurum Blgesinde Belirlenen Yerlemeler
2006 ylnda Erzurum blgesindeki almalarmz Merkez, enkaya, Kprky
ilelerinde younlatrlmtr.
3 F. Ik, irinlikale, Bilinmeyen Bir Urartu Kalesi ve Dou Anadoludaki Yaratc Da
Topluluunun Kaya Antlar Hakknda zlenimler-Sirinlikale, Eine Unbekamle urartische Burg
und Beobachtungen zu dan Felsdenkmlern eines schqoferischen Bergvolks ostanatoliens,
Belleten LI-200, Ankara 1987, s. 497-534., A. Ceylan, The Erzincan, Erzurum and Kars
Region in the Iron Age, Anatolian Iron Ages 5, Proceedings of the Fifth Anatolian Iron Ages
Colloquium held at Van. 6-10 August 2001, (Eds. A. ilingirolu-G. Darbyshire) s.21-29,
London, 2005, s. 24. N. evik, Urartu Kaya Mezarlar l Gmme Gelenekleri, Ankara, 2000,
s. 120-121., N. evik Urartu Kaya Mezarlarnda l Kltne likin Mimari Elemanlar, Trk
Arkeoloji Dergisi-XXXI, Ankara, 1997, s. 419 vdd.
132
Deirmen Mevkii
Erzurum li, enkaya lesinin yaklak ku uumu 5.82 m. gneydousunda
olup atalkom mevkiinde yer alr. Deniz seviyesinden 2287 m. yksekliktedir.
Doudan, deirmene doru dadan gelen bir yol vardr. Su kaynann yetersiz
olmasndan dolay, deirmen ilevini sonradan yitirmitir. Deirmenin evresinde
yerleme yoktur ve deirmen kullanma elverili deildir. Blgenin yaz aylarnda
kurak olmasndan dolay deirmen yaplmtr. Gnmzde ilev grmemektedir.
Murathan Yerlemesi
Erzurum li, enkaya lesi, atalkom Deirmeninin 800 m. kuzeyinde yer
almaktadr. enkayann ku uumu 5 km. gneydousundadr. Da yolu ile
dere yatandan, Selime giden yol zerinde bulunmaktadr. Kuzeyinden ve
gneydousunda gelen derelerin buluma noktasna yaplmtr. Kare planldr.
Da yollarn kontrol amal yaplmtr. Ge dnem keramik buluntularna rastlanr.
Han duvarlar ok fazla tahrip olmutur. Birka sra ta izine rastlanr.
Kzlta Maara Yerlemesi
Erzurum li, enkaya lesinin 4.70 km. gneydousunda Murathann 500
m. batsnda yer alr. 2118 m. ykseklikte yer almaktadr. Doal bir maaradr.
Maarann n talarla rlerek bir yerleme alan oluturulmutur. 4.30
m. derinlikte olup duvar kalnl 2.25 cm.dir. Talarn bykl 0.901 m.
arasndadr. Maarann hemen st ksmnda ana kayaya ilenmitir. Yerlemenin
talar yar ilenmi kiklopik tarzdadr. Talarn aras kk talarla doldurulmutur.
Bu duvar maarann gney ksmn rter. Yerleme, enkayadan Selime giden
yol gzerghn kontrol eder. Yerleme 18 m. uzunluunda ve 6 m. derinliindedir.
Maara yerlemesinin bat tarafnda doal bir maara daha vardr.
enkaya-1 Kalesi
Erzurum li, enkaya lesinin dousunda ve 2396 m. ykseklikte yer
almaktadr. Kars li, Arpaay lesi, Polat Kynde bulmu olduumuz kale
ile rtr. Kalenin girii bat kesimde olup kuzey ve kuzeybat taraf 610 m.
arasnda deien blok kayalar zerine oturtulmutur. Giri yaklak olarak 1.80
m.dir. st ksmnda savunma duvarlar yaplmtr. Ancak kaak kazlar sonucu
tahrip olmutur. Kapnn bat tarafnda bir avlu yaplarak giri glendirilmitir. Kale
133
134
Krolu Kalesi
Erzurum li, enkaya lesinin batsnda Timur Klas olarak ifade edilen
yerin ku uumu 1.5 km. kuzeyinde, Teketan 1.725 km. gneydousunda yer
almaktadr. Kalenin kuzey ve kuzeybats sarp uurum ve sudur. Dousundan
modern Oltu-Gaziler karayolu gemektedir. Gnmzde byk lde tahrip
olmu olan kalenin bulunduu tepelik alanda kaak kazlarla birlikte doal bir
kayma sonucu byk bir tahribat vardr. Muhtemelen kk bir gzetleme kalesi
vardr. Yaklak 1449 m. ykseklikte yer almaktadr. Krolu Kalesi sarp bir kale
olmakla beraber kalenin Lahsor Deresine bakan ksm uurumdur.
Puruttepe Kalesi
Erzurum li, enkaya lesi, enyurt Kynn yaklak olarak ku uumu 2
km. kuzeybatsnda Gzelyayla Kynn 1.50 m. gneyinde yer alr. ErzurumTortum Karayollar Bakmevi Onarm Merkezinin gneydousunda yaklak olarak
anayola 500 m.lik bir mesafede yoldan 70 m. ykseklikte doal bir tepenin zerinde
yerlemenin var olduu tespit edilmitir. Yapm olduumuz yzey aratrmasnda
tepenin kuzeybat eteklerinde yerleim olduu ve yerlemenin gneydousunda
ykselen tepenin stnde de savunma amal bir yerlemenin var olduunu tespit
ettik. Tepenin stnde savunma amal olduunu dndmz mimari kalntlar
temel seviyesinde (5.15 m.) grlmtr. Kaak kazlar yaplm olup bu kaak
kaznn giri ksmnda temel izlerine rastlanmtr. Kaak kaznn bir ksmnda
yaklak 5.15 m. derinlie ulalm ve buradan bir tnel alarak yerlemenin
alt tarafna geilmitir. Kaak kaz alanlarnda inceleme ve materyal toplamada
elde ettiimiz keramikler Ge Kalkolitik, lk Tun, Erken Demir ve Orta Demir a
keramikleri bulunmutur. Zengin bir merkezdir. Kaak kazlarda ok sayda anakmlek krklar toplanmtr. Tepe gneyinde da silsilelerine balanmaktadr.
Kuzeyinden geen Grc Boazn da kontrol altnda tutmaktadr.
endurak Kalesi
Erzurum li, Oltu ilesi, Subatk Kynn ku uumu 1.86 km. kuzeyinde ve
2200 m. ykseklikte yer alr. Zemin deniz seviyesinden 1788 m. yksekliktedir.
Blgeye hkim bir tepeye konulan kale stratejik adan nemli bir kaledir. Blgenin
yksek kalelerinden birini oluturmaktadr. Kalenin sur duvarlar harl olarak
yaplm ve yapsal olarak Ortaa zellii gstermektedir.
135
Aras Yerlemesi
Erzurum li, Horasan lesinin en u snrnda, Aras Nehrinin kenarnda
bulunan yerleme Tavanck ile Pirali kyleri arasnda Talgneyin gneyinde
yer alr. ErzurumKars gzerghnn Karaurgan Deresinin Erzurum giri ksmnda
bulunan yerleme yolun kuzeyinde ykselen kireta bir tepenin zerinde yer alr.
Yerlemenin gney kesiminde Aras Irma ve modern ErzurumKars yolu geer.
Yerlemenin 2 katl bir ehir yerlemesi olduunu dnmekteyiz. Bu iki katl
yerlemede (ok katl) yaklak derinlik olarak ayakta kalan ksm 21 m. derinlikte
holn sa ve solunda ok sayda yerleme tespit edilmitir. Bu yerlemenin gney
ksm kire ve kumta olmas nedeniyle akm durumdadr. Alt ve st katlar
arasnda balant olan yerlemeler vardr. Ocak yerleri ve nilerin ok sayda yapl
olduu yaplar vardr. Bu yerlemenin alt tarafnda 7 m.lik yerlemelerin olduu
tespit edilmitir. Giri yaklak olarak 2.5 m.dir. Zeminin denizden ykseklii 1517
m.dir. Yerden 63 m. yksekliktedir.
psp Yerlemesi
Erzurum-Kars karayolunun zerinde bir kaya sna zellii tamaktadr.
Batsndan geen dere ve evresinde bulunan otlaklarla kapl olan merkez
yerlemeye son derece elverilidir. Kaya snann dou kesimi dalk alan
oluturmaktadr. Yerleim Paleolitik a zellii gstermektedir. Merkezde bulunan
veriler deerlendirilmektedir4.
Kprky, Kaptr Kalesi
Erzurum li, Kprky lesinde, kaya basamakl su tneli ve kaya odalar
bulunan kalenin gnmzde herhangi bir mimari zellii ne yazk ki kalmamtr.
Kale yapsal zellikleri bakmndan Erken Demir a ve Orta Demir a zellii
tamaktadr. Kalede hlen zelliini tayan 40 civarnda kaya basamakl su tneli
bulunmaktadr. Ayrca kalede ulam tamamen kaybolmu iki odal bir kaya odas
da bulunmaktadr.
2006 Ylnda Kars Blgesinde Belirlenen Yerlemeler
2006 yl Kars blgesi yzey aratrmalar Merkez ve Kazman ilelerinde
gerekletirilmi ve u merkezler tespit edilmitir.
4 H. Z. Koay, Erzurum ve evresinin Dip Tarihi, Trk Kltrn Aratrma Entits Yaynlar,
Ankara, 1974, s. 1 vdd.
136
Kzlar Kalesi
Kars li, Kazman lesi, eperli Kynn 6 km. gneydousunda yer
almaktadr. Deniz seviyesinden 2011 m. yksekliindedir. Yapsal olarak i kale
olduka byk talardan yaplm olup d surlarn da olduu dnlmektedir.
Ancak bu d surlarn tahrip olmas nedeni ile gnmze kadar ulaamad
dnlmektedir. Kalenin sur kalnl yaklak olarak 3 m.dir. Kiklopik tekniktedir.
Talarn n yzleri dzeltilmi olup arka yzleri olduu gibi braklmtr. Kale
zenli bir ekilde yaplmtr. Kalenin giri kaps dou tarafnda yer almaktadr.
Teknik olarak kare plann dna klmtr. Kalenin ilgin bir mimari yaps vardr.
Kalede ok az sayda keramik buluntusu mevcuttur. Kalede ok sayda kaak
kaz yaplmtr. Kalenin en byk zellii surlarnda byk talarn kullanlm
olmasdr. Ancak ortada ana bir kale bulunmaktadr. Bu kalenin duvarlarnn testere
dileri ile oluturulmu, savunma amal bir kale olduu dnlmektedir. Bu kk
kalenin tapnak alan olma ihtimali yksektir. Kaleye gney ve kuzeybatsndaki
yollar yardm ile ulalr. Kalenin gney eteinde oval plan gsteren yaplar vardr.
Kalenin kuzey kesiminde de savunma amal olduu dnlen oval bir yapnn
mevcudiyeti gze arpmaktadr. Kale ok yksekte yer almaktadr. Kaleden
daha yksek kesimde rr Danda 2300 m. ykseklikte bir kalenin daha var
olduu ky halk tarafndan beyan edilmitir. Keramik buluntular arasnda, Urartu
keramiine yakn keramikler vardr. lk Tun ana ait keramik buluntularnn
daha fazla olmasna ramen yapsal olarak kale, Erken Demir a zellii
tamaktadr. Kale duvarlarnda har kullanlmamtr.
amulu, Kaya Panolar
Kars li, Kazman lesinde Yazlkayann stnde amulu Yaylasnda
bulunan kaya panosunda iki da keisi tespit edilmitir. Kabartma olarak yaplan
da keilerinden byk olan 80 cm. boyunda, 60 cm. enindedir. Dier Da keisi
ise daha kk boyutludur.
Aca Kalesi
Kazmann yaklak 40 km. uzanda Acakale Kynde yer almaktadr.
Kalede yaptmz incelemelerde kalenin yapsal olarak Ortaaa ait olduu
anlalmaktadr. Sur duvarlarnn yapmnda kire harc kullanlmtr. Kale
duvarlarndaki talar orta boyda ve iiliksizdir. Sur duvarlarnn ykseklii
gnmzde 5-6 m.yi bulmaktadr. Kalenin alt ksmnda mezarlk alanlar
bulunmaktadr.
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
roten Adern durchzogenem Marmor, der ebenfalls lokal ansteht. Es handelt sich
hierbei nahezu ausschlielich um Spolien des rmischen Gebudes, die von den
Seldschuken fr ihren Umbau verwendet wurden.
In die Front der mittelalterlichen Sockelverkleidung wurden typische
Architekturelemente der Seldschuken integriert, wie ein von einer spitzbogigen
Tonne berwlbter wn sowie eine auf die Plattform des wohl abgerumten
Obergeschosses fhrende Treppe aus Kragsteinstufen. Zudem finden sich im
von den Seldschuken neu geschaffenen Durchgang zu den Gewlberumen
und zum Teil auch an der Fassade in rot und wei gehaltene geometrische
Wandmalereien. In rmischer Zeit war der Sockel offenbar mit einem aus hellem
Marmor gearbeiteten groformatigen Figurenfries verkleidet, von dem sich
Bruchstcke im Museum Alanya befinden4.
Die seldschukische Ummauerung des antiken Sockels bildet auf dem Podium
eine Art umlaufende Attika aus. Bis zu ihrer Oberkante war das Obergeschoss
vor seiner Freilegung mit Steinen und Erde angefllt und bildete somit eine
ebene Plattform aus5. Das antike Bauwerk bestand im Obergeschoss aus
groformatigen Marmorblcken. Von der im Norden liegenden Vorhalle aus betrat
man ber drei Stufen die Cella des Gebudes (Abb. 6). Die kolossale Schwelle
weist Vertiefungen und berreste eines vermutlich feststehenden Metallgitters auf.
Groe Pfannen rechts und links der Schwelle deuten auf eine zweiflgelige Tr.
Einige Marmorplatten des Cellafubodens sind in situ erhalten. An der Rckwand
der Cella befinden sich die Spuren eines breit gelagerten Postamentes. In
einem spteren Schritt wurde dieses von zwei weiteren kleineren Postamenten
flankiert. Man kann davon ausgehen, dass auf den drei Postamenten insgesamt
wohl fnf Statuen aufgestellt werden konnten. An der sdlichen Auenwand
der Cella, die in diesem Bereich noch gezeichnet werden muss, befindet sich
ein fein geschnittenes attisches Basisprofil in situ (Abb. 7). Neben diesem ist am
ekerhane Kk noch ein weiteres beraus qualittvolles Stck der antiken
Bauornamentik erhalten. In der seldschukischen Ostfassade ist ein Fragment
eines korinthischen Pilasterkapitells oder eines Blattfrieses (Abb. 8) absichtsvoll
in Sichthhe eingebaut.
4 Die Publikation der zum ekerhane Kk gehrenden Bauplastik durch Seher Trkmen ist in
Vorbereitung.
5 Die Plattform wurde 2003 von Dr. smail Karamut und Seher Trkmen vom Museum Alanya
freigelegt, wobei auf dem Sockelgeschoss Spuren eines tempelartigen Gebudes mit Cella
und Sulenvorhalle entdeckt wurden.
151
Neben der Arbeit in Selinus selbst wurden 2006 die zum Gebudekomplex des
ekerhane Kk gehrenden Architekturfragmente in den Depots des Museums
Alanya untersucht. Bei den etwa 330 Stcken handelt es sich zum berwiegenden
Teil um kleine und kleinste Bruchstcke der verschiedenen Bauglieder (Abb. 9),
die in ihrer Gesamtheit dennoch klare Rckschlsse auf den Aufbau und die
Dekoration des kaiserzeitlichen Baus zulassen. Whrend der Arbeit im Museum
wurde jedes Fundstck in einem Katalog in Stichworten, Skizzen und Fotografien
erfasst. Neben der Arbeit am Fundkatalog wurden einige fr die Rekonstruktion
des Gebudes aussagekrftige Stcke im Mastab 1:2 gezeichnet (Abb. 10).
Erste Ergebnisse der bauforscherischen Untersuchung des ekerhane Kk
deuten darauf hin, dass sich ursprnglich auf dem zentral in der von Sulenhallen
umgebenen Hofanlage stehenden Sockelgeschoss ein tempelartiger Aufbau
befand. Die leicht erhht liegende Cella besa zur Vorhalle hin kurze Anten. In der
Front der Vorhalle lassen sich vier Sulen rekonstruieren. Die Sulendurchmesser
deuten auf einen ehemals schlanken und mit seinem hohen Sockelgeschoss fast
turmartig wirkenden Bau hin. Der Sockel knnte mit den marmornen, zum ekerhane
Kk gehrenden Reliefplatten verkleidet gewesen sein. Allem Anschein nach
besa der Sockel weder einen direkten Zugang, noch gab es eine vor ihm liegende
Freitreppe, die den Zugang in die Vorhalle ermglicht htte. Das Gebude scheint
hauptschlich auf seine Auenwirkung hin konzipiert zu sein. Dennoch zeugen
auch im Gebudeinneren mehrere Details von seiner besonderen Qualitt. Dazu
zhlen die heute noch begehbare mehrlufige Innentreppe zwischen Erdgeschoss
und Cella, deren Gefge meisterhaft in die Sockelkonstruktion integriert ist, sowie
die aufwendige Belichtung des Treppenhauses und des Gewlberaumes unter der
Cella. Die drei doppelgeschossigen Lichtschlitze an dessen Rckwand zeigen
ein hohes Ma an geometrischer Komplexitt. Diese Details machen es schwer
vorstellbar, dass die Rume im Sockelgeschoss ohne weiteren Nutzen waren und
lediglich als Substruktionen fr den darber errichteten Aufbau dienten.
In der Bauausfhrung konnte der in der Gebudekonzeption erkennbare
hohe Qualittsanspruch nicht durchgehend erreicht werden. Dies zeigt vor allem
die Bearbeitung der Architekturfragmente. Zum einen gibt es auerordentlich
qualittvoll gearbeitete Bauteile, zum anderen finden sich aber auch Stcke, die in
deutlich niedrigeren Qualittsstufen hergestellt sind (Abb. 11). Dies knnte auf den
Einsatz lokaler Handwerker neben mglicherweise stadtrmischen hindeuten.
In seiner Gesamtheit nimmt der Gebudekomplex aber dennoch eine
herausragende Stellung in der ansonsten eher bescheiden anmutenden
152
153
Abb. 1: Die Hauptfassade des ekerhane Kk von Norden mit dem Burgberg von Selinus im
Hintergrund
Abb. 2: Der Gesamtkomplex aus Zentralbau und Temenos vom Burgberg aus gesehen
154
155
Abb. 5: Blick auf die Rckwand des tonnenberwlbten Raumes unter der Cella
156
157
Abb. 9: Architekturfragmente
des ekerhane Kk im
Museum Alanya
158
Dr. idem ZKAN AYGN, stanbul Technical University, Faculty of Science and Letters,
Department of Humanities & Social Sciences, Ayazaa Campus, stanbul/TRKYE.
e-mail:ozkanci@itu.edu.tr
1 Hazar Lake project is accepted as BAP (Scientific Research Project) of stanbul Technical
University under the direction of the author with the title of Elaz Hazar Lake Archaeological,
Geological and Geophysical Research and has been supported financially and technically.
We want to present our gratitute to the rectorate of the Istanbul Technical University for their
support.
2 2006 survey could not cover the northern and eastern sides of the Island. We had to dive
together with the under water police as a decision of Museum manager of Elaz. It was
declared by the police that they have seen bombs underwater on the second day of the
research and the survey had been stopped by the Museum manager, Haydar Kalsen. We
could continue only with the permission from the Governor of Province, restricting our
research area. Also the underwater police has carried out some ceramic pots out of the water
according to the directions of the museum manager which were given through the telephone
without knowledge of the author so we do not have the chance to locate them on the site
plan and those pots have been damaged due to the miss carriage and lacking conditions of
conservation.
159
The rising water level was the main reason that the settlement on and around
the Kilise(church) island was deserted. The evacuation of the area spreads into a
time span from 1795 to 1830.
The focus of our survey was around the island of Kilise Adas (or Church
Island) that is located on the southwestern section of the lake (Fig. 1). Most
probably the island was originally a peninsula and was connected to the mainland
on the southern side, the inhabitants built the defensive features on the southern
side of the site and the lake protected the remainder of the site.
Through this survey a sunken walled settlementn was discovered and explored.
The area was mentioned in the reports of the travelers as a church/monastery3
which was named Surp Nshan, Cowk, or Dzovk4 which became the religious
center of its region5 in eleventh and twelfth century. The area have continued to be
inhabited by Armenian population till its evacuation because of the earthquake in
1784 and gradual raise of water. The existance of a village called Glck6 with 5060 houses living on weaving and leathersmith in the XIXth century was mentioned
in the municipal archives. It is also mentioned that the inhabitants have moved to
Surek village after the raise of water7.
The water level of the lake has turned to be falling again due to the construction
of a private hydro-electricty central. We were informed by Hasan Karabulut, the
Mayor of the Sivrice that the 1255 m. of water level (altitude from the sea level) in
1950, has fallen down to 1236m. in 2005. This change in the level of water is also
the reason for that the upper levels of the gate towers of the ancientl settlement
are possible to be seen out of water.
During our surveys, the sunken archaeological area of 2,5 km2 is explored,
all of the architectural findings are measured and drawn underwater and the
plan of the sunken walled settlement is prepared by the help of total-station. The
referance points are signed on the surface of the water as the projection af the
sunken artifacts in order to utilise total-station. (Fig. 2).
3 Saint-Martin 1819, Mmoire Historique et Gographique sur lArmnie, Vol. 1, pp. 49-50;
Andreasyan 1964, Harput Tarihi, Polanyal Simeonun Seyahatnamesi (1608-1619), p. 97;
Evliya elebi 1314, Evliya elebi Seyahatnamesi, Vol. 3., 218; Sungurluolu 1954: Harput
Yollarnda, Vol. 1.
4 Dzovk means the sea in Armenian.
5 nciciyan 1804, Corafya, p. 240.
6 Glck means little lake in Turkish.
7 The place that the inhabitants of Glck has moved is not the same place as modern Surek
village it is actually Eski Surek-Old Surek which is evacuated now.
160
The investigation of the site was begun from the two towers and the result of
the first dives provided evidence of fortification walls as well as the main gate of
the city. The two towers were the gate-houses which flanked the city gate and
were built 20 m. apart on an east-west axis (Fig. 3). The eastern gate house has
a L-shaped floor-plan. A raised road extends from the gate houses towards the
mainland8.
According to the manual measurements which were also checked through the
total-station, the total length of the city wall is 520 m. and the raised road is 206 m.
This raised road connects the city walls to the land from south-east direction.
The height of the gate-houses and towers are 5 m. from mud to water level and
4 m. out of water (the measurement is taken in September 2006 from the deepest
point) which means 9 m. of height. The area is described as alluvial basin9. Some
parts of the area is covered with ~3 m. of mud. We can say that the towers had
more than 10 m. of height considering the part under the mud.
The brick towers, or gate-houses, and the circuit wall are constructed of bricks
that are 37 centimeters long by 35 centimeters wide by 4 centimeters thick and
are joined by mortar that is 4 centimeters thick. The dimentions of the brick and
the way of construction reminds Vth-VIth century Constantinopolitan work. The
gate-houses seem to have been roofed with low vaults as there is evidence of a
pennaculum. They are three storied buildings, with the upper two levels containing
arched windows (Fig. 4). The lower level walls had embrasured loopholes instead
of arched windows. The floor between the two upper stories is quite distinct on the
interior where the joist holes for the floor are visible. The floor between the upper
two stores must have been seperated through a wooden flat. The lower levels
are accessed by a circular stairway (Fig. 5). Three table amphora of different
dimensions were found at the very bottom of the stairway (Fig. 6).
The protective circuit wall, which is currently underwater, was 5 m. in height till
the mud and constructed of brick and mortar (Fig. 7) with ashlar masonry in the
lower course of the wall (Fig. 8). The thickness of the circuit wall changes from 2,2
m. to 1,1 m.
The main wall is interrupted by five vaulted rectangular rooms (Fig. 8). Those
vaulted buldings have a dimention of 3,7x3,8 m. from outside. They are 2 storied
8 . zkan-Aygn, Hazarn Batk ehri, Atlas Dergisi, Vol. 157, April 2006, pp.128.
9 This knowledge is given by Prof. Okan Tysz during our 2006 Archaeological, Geological
and Geophysical Research Project which we have conducted together in September 2006.
161
buildings with an embrasured loophole on the upper floor. Those buildings probably
had been used as store houses aside from their protective puposes as well as
helping as a buttress (Fig. 9).
The doors of those rooms are mostly covered with mud. It is possible to enter
in through the window over the door (Fig. 10). The wall extends to the island, turns
to the east and runs parallel to the southern shore of the island. There are three
more rooms on the wall which runs parallel to the southern shore of the island.
Then the wall diappears under the soil flowing from the island.
As a result of our research in September we have found out the second
protective circuit wall which runs on the west of the first wall beginning from the
western gate-tower and arriving to the island. It is possible to see that this wall is
affected by the earthquakes more than the eastern wall and it is repaired in later
periods. The later constructions are made of rough stone and brick instead of only
brick.
There are other rooms and a very well preserved building collocated with this
circuit wall. It was a long and narrow brick building that was constructed in the
same method as the city walls that have a base of ashlar masonry with upper
levels of brick and mortar. The building ran 26 m. in length and was 4 m. wide
and was angled to the southwest by 70 (Fig. 11). The building used barrel vault
construction that had eight windows on two sides (Fig. 12). The building is closed
with an apsidal wall at the southwest.
The south shore of the island is has 7 more butresses which have niches of 2,1
m wide niches between them.
It is worth noting that it is only the gate-house towers and the fortified wall that
provide defensive features as the areas geography provides natural defenses,
such as the Hazarbaba Mountain and the lake. Most probably the island was
originally a peninsula and was connected to the mainland on the southern side,
the inhabitants built the defensive features on the southern side of the site and the
lake protected the remainder of the site10.
A road, with a width of 1.5 m., leading from the city gate to the main land was
found during survey of the region. This road has a length of 206 m. and then it is
lost under the plants close to the shore.
10 . zkan-Aygn, Hazar Lake Sunken Settlement Elaz, Turkey 2005 Survey Report,
FeRA(Frankfurter elektronische Rundschau zur Altertumskunde) www.fera-journal.eu, August
2006, p. 32.
162
It was an interesting finding that the road had 6.4 m. interval and had conjunction
points for a wooden bridge. This makes a proof for the knowledge about a river
given by the villagers that they heard from their ancestors.
On the western side of the island, there are many crudely worked stones,
which suggest a man-made construction but because of the nature of scatter, it
is not possible to understand the plan. Ceramic sherds have been found on the
island, and on the northern side and the pieces of medieval green-glazed graffito
plates were discovered that are now housed at the Elaz Museum (Fig. 13).
Additional archaeological sites in vicinity were reviewed with the aim of
researching construction techniques, such as the monastery of Kulvenk, an 11th
century church of Venk in Tadm, the fortress of Harput and the church of St Mary.
A similarity between the brick-work of the 6th century Byzantine tower fortress of
Harput was found with the towers on the island. Apart from that example, the allbrick construction is unique for the area11.
As a result of our under surveys in 2005 and 2006 which had to last short
terms under the obstacles which some of them are mentioned above footnotes,
we have completed the total-station measurements and underwater drawings of
all architectonical findings in the area which is allowed for us to work. It has not
been found a church which would prove the writings of the ancient travellers. It
could be on the island which was the highest point of the peninsula before the
area was sunken. But the constructions on the island is totally destroyed. We can
make a comment that the soda water of the lake has been a great help to protect
the findings with the help of the calcherious layer which has covered the surface
of the findings.
Hazar Lake is like a boundary between the Byzantine and Arab forces after VIIth
century and then Byzantine and Turkish forces after Xth century. We can explain
the powerfull city walls. This sunken settlement is more like a garrison which is
also protected by another castle which was located on Hazarbaba mountain at the
point called Kesrik-Kale12. This castle is perfectly located to watch the possible
enemies which could threten the sunken settlement of our day.
11 . zkan-Aygn, 2005-2006 Underwater Survey at Hazar Lake Eastern Turkey, 20th
December 2006, Universite Paris I-Sorbonne, Ecole Doctorale dHistoire, Centres de recherche
d Histoire et civilisation byzantines et du Proche-orientmdival, http://www.univparis1.fr/
recherche/etudes_doctorales_et_financements/ed/ed113_histoire/cr/histoire_et_civilisation_
byzantines_et_du_proche-orient_medieval/article6031.html?recalcul=oui
12 . zkan-Aygn, Hazar Glndeki Batk Yerleim, SBT 2006 (10. Sualt Bilim ve Teknolojisi
Toplants) Bildiriler Kitab, 2006, p. 85.
163
The geologists and geophysicists were added to the for the 2006 survey. Future
results will illuminate the seismic characteristics of the region and will determine
how the water level rose and eventually covered the settlement. Our purpose
for the future underwater archaeological survey will be completing survey in the
area which was closed to our work for the so called existence of bomb under the
water.
Finally we want to add that this project has a wholistic approach with the aim
of bringing utilities to the life of the people and future of the region. We have
developed projects and shared them with the local authorities in Elaz and Sivrice
through Valilik-Governorship of Province, Kaymakamlk- Governorship of District
and Belediye-Municipality and also added those to our reports that we gave to
the Ministery of Culture and Tourism of Turkey. Those projects can be summarized
as follows:
1-The continuing education for the local population regarding the history and
preservation of the archaeological site
2-The reintroduction of pottery production in the village of Uslu
3-Projects for building diving tourism around the sunken city walls through
guided tours and tranparent ascencore for those who do not scuba dive.
We have been in contact with CEKUL (The Foundation for Preservation for the
Environment and Culture) for the realisation of those projects.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Andreasyan H. D. (1964), Polanyal Simeonun Seyahatnamesi (1608-1619), ..
Edb. Fak. Yay. No:1073, stanbul
nciciyan L. (1804) , Corafya, Vol.1, Vien.
Saint-Martin J. (1819), Mmoire Historique et Gographique sur lArmnie, Vol.
1, Paris.
Sungurluolu I. (1954) Harput Yollarnda, Vol. 1, Istanbul.
Ardolu, N. (1964), Harput Tarihi,stanbul.
zkan-Aygn, ., Hazar Glndeki Batk Yerleim, SBT 2006 (10. Sualt Bilim
ve Teknolojisi Toplants) Bildiriler Kitab, 2006, pp. 79-86.
zkan-Aygn, ., Hazar Lake Sunken Settlement Elaz, Turkey 2005 Survey
Report, FeRA (Frankfurter elektronische Rundschau zur Altertumskunde)
www.fera-journal.eu, August 2006, pp. 31-35.
164
zkan-Aygn, ., Hazarn Batk ehri, Atlas Dergisi, Vol. 157, April 2006, pp.
128-132.
zkan-Aygn, ., 2005-2006 Underwater Survey at Hazar Lake Eastern Turkey,
20th December 2006, Universite Paris I-Sorbonne, Ecole Doctorale dHistoire,
Centres de recherche d Histoire et civilisation byzantines et du Procheorientmdival, http://www.univparis1.fr/recherche/etudes_doctorales_et_
financements/ed/ed113_histoire/cr/histoire_et_civilisation_byzantines_et_
du_proche-orient_medieval/article6031.html?recalcul=oui
165
Fig. 1: Kilise Adas (or Church Island) that is located on the southwestern section of the Hazar
lake (Photo: by Prof. Dr. Okan Tysz).
Fig. 3: The gate-houses which flanked the city gate and were built
20 m. apart on an east-west axis (Photo: by Dr. idem
zkan Aygn)
166
167
168
169
Fig. 11: The building with 26 m. of length and 4 m. of width angling to the southwest by 70
(Illustration by Engin Aygn)
170
Dr. Gunnar LEHMANN, Ben Gurion University of the Negev. Beer Sheba/ISRAEL.
Professor Ann E. KILLEBREW, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA./
USA.
Dr. Marie-Henriette GATES, Bilkent University, Ankara/TURKEY.
171
172
The preliminary pottery reading suggests Bronze Age and Iron Age pottery as well
as Hellenistic sherds. Seton-Williams (1954: 159) reported Hittite, Hellenistic and
Roman pottery.
Site No. 44; Site Name: Bykdere (Ada Tepe, Haram e, Aynul Haramiya,
Ayn al-Haramiya) (Map 2)
UTM East 234580; UTM North 4046770; Dating: Pers/Hell Hell - Rom Byz
Settlement remains on a low hill forming a cape at the coast. The site reaches
down to the beach. The modern road cuts into the site exposing walls and mosaics.
A dense concentration of roof tiles and pottery was found at the beach and on the
low mound. Current road constructions caused salvage excavations conducted
in Spring 2006 by the Antakya museum. These excavations exposed domestic
architecture in the beach area (234615.4046478) that dates to the Byzantine period
exclusively. This area was the sea side edge of the site. Earlier pottery, mainly
Hellenistic and Roman is concentrated on the low mound east of the modern road
and covers most of the site. According to Seton-Williams, the site was investigated
by M. Chammas in 1930-31 (but Chammas apparently worked in fact at Esentepe
in skenderun, see Hellenkemper and Hild 1986: 113 n. 69). Seton-Williams (1954:
147 with references) reported Hellenistic and Roman pottery. The name SetonWilliams gave the site, Ada Tepe, is not used by the local population. Ada Tepe is
in fact the name of a high hill overlooking the region further to the south. The local
name of the site is Bykdere. South of the low mound is a higher hill, site 94,
Pnar Tepe, with some Alawite tombs overlooking the site at a height of 69 m. On
the hill we found Late Bronze Age, Iron Age and Persian period pottery.
Site No. 45; Site Name: Dalbaz Hyk (Figs. 1, 2)
UTM East 242900 UTM North 4046000; Dating: MB - LB - IA Pers Hell
- Byz
Large hyk near Kla Ky with steep slopes on all sides. Illicit excavations on
the top of the site exposed large boulders that seem to be part of a monumental
structure. Walls that were probably fortifications are visible in cuts and around the
slopes. The top of the site is approximately 200x100 m. Below the hyk there
are settlement remains around the mound to the north and to the east. Among the
small finds were a female terracotta figurine, the foot of a terracotta bull figurine,
and a Late Helladic IIIC sherd (Fig. 2).
173
Site No. 58; skenderun (ankaya; Ancient Alexandria kat Issos) (Fig. 3)
UTM East 246870 UTM North 4051000; Dating: Pers?-Hell -Rom-Byz -MA
Ott
A concentration of pottery, roof tiles and building material embedded in dark
ashy soils, was found on hills overlooking skenderun at its south. These hills are
known as Esentepe in general and as ankaya in the particular area where the
artifacts were found. The hill slope is steep in the north rising to some 60 meters
in height. The hill then slopes more gently towards an acropolis like summit at a
height of 159 meters. The artifacts were found over an area of ca. 1100 m length
and 300 to 400 m width. Pottery was collected in slope cuts, gardens and yards
within the modern settlement on the hills. Standing architecture was nowhere
observed on the hills. At 246900.4050350 illicit digging exposed what appears to
be monumental stone architecture. In a garden at 246852.4050844 column drums
were found in addition to large quantities of pottery and roof tiles. On the ankaya
summit two cisterns were excavated by illicit diggers. The contents of the cisterns
were thrown out next to the cistern openings and contained large quantities of
diagnostic pottery sherds (position 246941.4050575 and 246911.4050508).
Earlier explorations on Esentepe and ankaya were conducted by Heberdey
and Wilhelm (1896: 19) in 1891 and 1892 and Janke (1904). Between 1930-31,
Paul Chammas (1931) investigated the hills in soundings. He reported fortifications,
domestic architecture, sewage channels, cisterns, wells and the remains of
installations for oil production. Chammas uncovered mosaics in at least one,
apparently Roman, house. These mosaics are today in the museum of Antakya
(Keskil 1969: 34-35; inscriptions on the mosaics were published as Jalabert
and Mouterde 1950: nos. 705-707). On the slopes of Esentepe and ankaya,
Chammas discovered Roman sarcophagi, tombs covered with roof tiles and rockcut graves. Between 1983 and 1985 Hellenkemper and Hild visited skenderun
and published soon after the most detailed report on its antiquities available today
(Hellenkemper and Hild 1986: 112-115). By the time of their visit, most of the visible
archaeological remains on Esentepe and ankaya were already destroyed. They
observed, however, remains of ancient ashlar walls along the slopes and between
the dense modern domestic architecture here.
Few archaeological remains were observed in the lower modern city. At
246200.4051950 the ruins of fortifications are visible. The ruins, called skenderun
Kalesi, were part of a restoration plan in 1998. Apparently the plan was never carried
out. The ruins lie neglected and heavily damaged by a new road leading to Arsuz
174
and the regulated river bed. Both modern constructions cut into the fortifications.
The remaining parts lie today on both sides of the river and on both sides of the
modern road. In their summary of the antiquities of skenderun, Hellenkemper and
Hild give a detailed description of the fortifications (Hellenkemper and Hild 1986:
113-115). In the 1930s Chammas (1931: 31, 58) saw a polygonal castle with eight
sides built with large limestone boulders. Chammas soundings exposed walls
standing up to ca. 5 m high and 2.30 m wide, and the diameter of the castle was
97 meters. Built into the walls and between the stones were late antique roof tiles.
According to Hellenkemper and Hild (1986: 112-115) the plan of the building is
clearly later than Medieval and was most probable constructed during the Ottoman
period. Since there are no installations for artillery, the castle might have been built
during the 16th century. As a dated comparison, an octagonal tower at Yumurtalk
(Ayas) has a building inscription of Sleyman I (Hellenkemper and Hild 1986: 114
n. 77). Janke (1904) also mentions that in 1802 the traveler Colonel Squire saw
heavy iron rings attached to the castle for tying ships. The fortifications were close
to swamps that were drained only in the late 19th and early 20th century.
Corona satellite images of 1967 show an intact southern half of an octagonal
circle of fortifications around a point where presently the bridge of the Arsuz road
stands. Heberdey and Wilhelm (1896: 19) mention an abundant spring at the foot
of the ankaya hill. This is apparently the Ain that appears on the French map
of the Syrian coast published by Chasseloup-Laubat (1828). This spring is drawn
next to a symbol for fortifications, most probably skenderun Kalesi.
In the cemetery of an Orthodox Christian church at 246377.4052024 we found
a scatter of pottery and roof tiles. The earliest finds seem to date to the late Roman/
early Byzantine period, other finds are Medieval and Ottoman. Although a careful
survey was carried out in the modern city center no further archaeological remains
were discovered. Only very few foundation pits at current construction sites were
open and in the yards and gardens of the city only very few artifacts were visible.
In a pit at 246293.4053429 settlement debris was observed in-situ to a depth of
ca. 1.70 m. Another pit, at 246250.4052570, was found without any settlement
remains buried in it. In gardens at 245698.4052519 column drums, many roof tiles
and a pottery concentration was found. The garden owners told us that the material
was not in-situ and came from construction pits within the modern city around
the present courthouse in the city center (246934.4053218). More remains of the
digging of foundation pits for modern buildings in skenderun were found dumped
in a vast area of the airfield west of the city around 245000.4052400. These dumps
175
176
the site is flat with a concentration of pottery and roof tiles in the alluvial soil. The
ruins are exposed in a cut eroded away by the sea along the beach. Domestic
architecture is visible in the cut that is covered by 40-50 cm of alluvial soil. There
is a long wall-like construction visible in the sea that runs parallel to the beach. The
latter is constructed of stones, mortar and pottery inclusions.
Site No. 63; Site Name: Arpaderesi Maara
UTM East 238760 UTM North 4045400; Dating: LB Pers? Hell - Rom
Several concentrations of artifacts are scattered over the hill. Part of the site
is ploughed but other parts are not cultivated. At B.139 (238760.4045400) there
are a few rock cut installations and caves with pottery and very few roof tiles.
Building stones with a diameter of 20-50 cm are concentrated here. Some of the
pottery seems to date to the Bronze Age. At B.140 (238530.4045440) we noted
rock installations and settlement remains with field stones and roof tiles. At B.141
(238562.4045352) a concentration of pottery with only a few roof tiles was found
lying in an area of ca. 50 m diameter. At B.142 (238720.4045270) there was a
concentration of pottery in a flat ploughed field on a terrace overlooking a creek.
There were almost no roof tiles in this part of the site.
Site No. 64; Site Name: Arpaderesi Ky
UTM East 238380 UTM North 4045350; Dating: MA
Some Medieval pottery was found scattered in the village between the modern
houses. Several older decorated stones were noted in secondary use built into the
walls of modern houses.
Site No. 65; Site Name: Kurtlarn Tepe
UTM East 239380 UTM North 4045440; Dating: Pers/Hell Hell
Extensive and dense concentration of pottery and roof tiles scattered on a
hill (170x290 m). Rock installations were visible on areas with flat exposed rock
surface. Among the pottery are many sherds of storage jars. A few basalt fragments
are scattered over the site.
177
178
179
180
One patch in the south has Persian period pottery, while another one around an
abandoned modern house displays also Byzantine pottery.
The abandoned house was built 20 or 30 years ago by a family originally from
Malatya (thus the house is called Malatya House in the local tradition). The family
is buried behind their abandoned house. In the area of the Malatya House there
are the tops of walls visible. Otherwise, there are no architectural remains. At the
southern edge of the site there is a low rocky hill cropping out which is the highest
point of the site.
Site No. 84; Site Name: Fransz Kpr (Bridge of the Franks)
UTM East 242606 UTM North 4046242; Dating: Ott.
A small, old bridge over the Belenay creek, it is still standing and is today used
only by farmers going to there fields. The local tradition assigns the bridge to the
Franks or Crusaders.
Site No. 85, Site Name: Sfn
UTM East 243350 UTM North 4046010; Dating: Ott - Modern?
An abandoned village on a hill, it is identified on the maps by Kiepert and
Dussaud as an existing settlement. Today only two trbe, Alawite shrines, are in
use. Stone foundations of buildings and concentrations of pottery and roof tiles are
visible on the surface.
Site No. 86; Site Name: Sfn Kprs (Sfn Bridge)
UTM East 243316 UTM North 4045860; Dating: Ott - Modern?
A destroyed bridge over the Belenay creek.
Site No. 87; Site Name: Belenay Watermill
UTM East 244091 UTM North 4045498; Dating: Ott Modern
An abandoned watermill on the Belenay creek.
Site No. 88.
UTM East 242990 UTM North 4046440; Dating: Hell Rom/Byz
This site is identified by a wall visible on the surface, probably a former terrace
or boundary wall. It may be also the remains of a former irrigation channel in
181
form of a narrow aqueduct. Nearby are more remains of structures visible on the
surface. A concentration of pottery and roof tiles was found in the soil surrounding
these structures.
Site No. 89.
UTM East 243940 UTM North 4045180; Dating: Ott/Modern
A modern rural sanctuary, the trbe of eyh Muhammet el-Arabe, it included
several structures and a small settlement. The area is a popular site of worship for
Alawites in the region.
Site No. 90; Site Name: Alawite Cemetery in Karaaac
UTM East 245430 UTM North 4051010; Dating: Ott/Modern
Modern Alawite cemetery around the trbe of eyh Turhan Reyhani, it was
founded after the death of the eyh around 1860. Pottery was collected from a water
hole that was recently dug. The cemetery is threatened by recent constructions
in the municipality of Karaaa. The preservation of the site is mainly the merit of
one individual, Naim Bkmaz.
Site No. 91.
UTM East 243060 UTM North 4046770; Dating: Hell
This site included a Hellenistic cemetery with cist-like tombs covered with large
roof tiles or stone slabs. All visible tombs are looted and destroyed by illicit diggers.
Human bones and a few pottery sherds are scattered all over the site in an area
of approximately 50 m diameter.
Site No. 92.
UTM East 242990 UTM North 4047660; Dating: Hell Byz
A concentration of pottery and roof tiles in an orchard, it included remains
of mosaics with fragments of the floor and tesserae still sticking together. The
mosaics are of white limestone tesserae and were apparently associated with
agricultural installations (farmhouses).
182
183
184
185
Map. 1: Sites Surveyed in the Bay of Iskenderun 2006 Archaeological Survey Season
186
187
188
Dr. Erdal ESER, Cumhuriyet niversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakltesi, Sanat Tarihi Blm 58140
Sivas/TRKYE erdaleser@cumhuriyet.edu.tr
1 Divrii Kalesi Yzey Aratrmas, Sivas Valilii l zel daresi Genel Sekreterlii tarafndan
salanan bte ile gerekletirilmitir. Dnemin Sivas Valisi Sayn Dr. Hasan Canpolat ,
Cumhuriyet niversitesi Rektr Sayn Prof. Dr. Mehmet Bakr ve Divrii Belediye Bakan
Sayn Mehmet Gresinliye desteklerinden tr teekkrlerimi sunarm. Yzey aratrmas
ekibi: Cumhuriyet niversitesinden Dr. Meryem Acara Eser, Dr. Aydn Byksara, Ara. Gr.
zg Arsoy, Ara. Gr. zcan Bekta ve Bakanlk Temsilcisi Arkeolog Sayn Uur Iktan
olumutur. Deerli katklar ve uyumlu almalar iin kendilerine teekkr ederim.
2 A. Balgalm, Divrii, TDV slm Ansiklopedisi, 9, stanbul 1994, s. 452-454, bil. s. 452.
189
Genel Tarihe
Divrii ile ilgili tarih bilgiler, blgenin Sasani-Bizans mcadelesine sahne
olmas ile birlikte balamaktadr. Sasanilerin, tarih sahnesinden ekilmeleri sonras
blgede Arap-Bizans atmalar sz konusudur. III. Mikhailin, 9. yzyl ortalarnda
gerekleen Anadolu seferi sonucu, Divrii, Bizans glerinin eline geer5. Blgede
Bizans hkimiyeti sz konusu olmakla birlikte, Divrii, Pavlikanlarn merkezi
durumundadr. Zaman zaman farkl glerin yannda yer alan Pavlikanlarn,
Divriideki hkimiyetlerinin ne kadar devam ettii kesin olarak bilinmemektedir6.
3 H. Denizli, Sivas Tarihi ve Antlar, Sivas 1995, s. 225; Divrii, Sivas line bal ile merkezi.
Frat kollarndan alt Suyunun kysndadr ve ad, gerekte, bu topografyasn yanstyor.
Kasabann tarihsel ad Bizans Dneminde zellikle Tephrike biiminde kullanlmtr. Bol
su, gr su anlamndaki Anadolulu szcn Abra, Abphra, Ebra, bra gibi eitlemeleriyle
karlatmz iin Tephrike adndaki ephr(a) blmnn de o eitlemelerden birini yansttn
grebiliyoruz. Ayn yerleimin ad, Arap kaynaklarnda Aprike biiminde kullanlmt; demek
adn, Ermeni aznda, bataki D-si ihal edilen Aprig yni Apr(a)-ig diye bir eitlemesi de
varm. B. Umar, Trkiyedeki Tarihsel Adlar, stanbul 1993, s. 218.
4 H. Denizli, a.g.e., s. 227.
5 F. Iltan, Bizans Devleti Tarihi, Ankara 1981, s. 212-220.
6 O. Turan, Dou Anadoluda Trk Devletleri Tarihi, stanbul 1981, s. 55; Divriide bu tarihlerde
bir kale yerlemesinin varl sz konusudur.
190
191
192
193
alan ve kuatma kemeri gnmze gelebilen ikinci kap, yukarda belirtilen moloz
aknt nedeni ile ksmen dolmu durumdadr (Resim: 7). Bu blmde, kitabenin
bulunduu seviye gz nne alndnda, sur n alann da zaman ierisinde
moloz ile dolduu sonucuna ulalmaktadr.
Batda yer alan giri kapsnn, ge dneme tarihlenen kilisenin varlndan
hareketle, bu blmde yer alan sur d mahallelere alyor olduu ileri srlebilir.
Bu blmde zellikle Yukar Kilisenin kuzeyindeki srtlarda, yama yerlemesine
iaret eden bulgulara rastlanmtr. Bu blgede aalandrma yaplmas ve kanal
alm olmas, anlan yerleme alanna da zarar vermi grnmektedir.
Aa Kiliseden gnmze yalnzca kuzeydou duvar gelebilmitir. Belediyeye
ait mezbahann kilisenin kuzeyinde yer alyor olmas, yaplan yol almas
srasnda yapnn byk oranda zarar grmesine neden olmutur. Halk arasnda
Souk Maara ad ile anlan maarann giriinin de, neredeyse kapanmak zere
olduu tespit edilmitir (Resim: 8).
Gney kede yer alan kapnn sonradan kapatlm olduu anlalmaktadr.
Bu kapnn, klliyeye yakn konumlanm olmas nedeni ile kalenin Sultan
Kaps olma ihtimali sz konusudur. Ancak, yukarda da belirtildii aaya akan
molozlar nedeni ile bu blm de kaln bir moloz tabakas ile dolmutur (Resim:
9)15. Sur zerinde grlen birleme ve farkl teknik izleri, duvarlarn en az 3 farkl
ina ya da onarm dnemine iaret etmektedir. Bu konudaki detayl almalar,
ileride planlanan kaz dnemleri ierisinde kesin bir deerlendirmenin yaplmasn
salayabilecektir.
Yaplan aratrmalar srasnda saptanan sorunlarn banda, Divrii Kalesinin
bir bekisinin bulunmuyor olmas gelmektedir. Ayrca, ileden grlmeyen deiik
noktalarda kaak kaz ukurlarnn varl sz konusudur.
Dier bir sorun ise, zellikle batda alt kotta toplanan moloz tabakasnn, sur
zerine byk bir bask yapyor olmasdr. Bu tabakann kaldrlmas planlanan
onarm almalar asndan nemlidir.
15 Bu kapnn, Mool Han Abakann emri ile yklm olma ihtimali sz konusudur.
194
Seramik Buluntular
Meryem ACARA ESER*
Kalede yaplan yzey aratrmas srasnda yzeydeki kk buluntulara
ynelik tarama almalar aamada gerekletirilmitir. Birinci aamada; i
kale alan, ikinci aamada d sur ile i kale arasndaki alan, nc aamada ise
sur d/d surun evresi incelenmitir.
kalede; srl ve srsz seramik, az sayda ini ve bir cam bilezik paras
bulunmutur. Srl seramiklerde iki grup dikkati eker: tek renk yeil srl ve
ok renkli kap paralar. Az, kaide ve gvdelerin saptand seramiklerin
bezemesinde daha ok kazma tekniinin kullanld grlr, mevcut paralarda;
az kenarlarnda ve gvdelerde paralel izgiler ile ok renkli srl seramiklerde
bitkisel motifler yaygndr. Bu grup youn olarak Antakya, Al-Mina, St. Symeon
Liman, Anamur, Kbrs gibi Akdeniz Blgesi ve Anadolunun dousundaki
yerlemelerde ortaya kan ve 13. yzyla tarihlenen seramikler ile benzerlik
gsterirler. retim yeri olarak genellikle 12. yzylda Antakyann en nemli liman
olan St. Symeon Liman kabul grmekle birlikte, bu grubun farkl blgelerde ele
geirilmesi, Scott Redforda gre btn Ortaa Dou Akdeniz Hristiyan, slm
devletlerinin arasndaki ilikileri ve ticaretin varln yanstmaktadr16.
Firuze ve turkuvaz renkli ini paralar az sayda olmakla birlikte, camide
veya i kalede yer alan sarayda ini sslemenin varln dndren verilerdir.
12.-13. yzyllarda Anadolu Trk sanatnda yaygn ini kullanm da bu gr
desteklemektedir17. Srsz seramiklerde ele geirilen az, kaide ve gvde paralar
gnlk kullanm kaplarna aittir. Kahverengimsi sar ve krmz, kaba hamurlu
seramikler testi, amphora ve kplere aittir. Hamur zellikleri Ortaa kazlarnda
ele geirilen seramiklerle benzerlik gstermektedir. Buluntular arasnda Ge Roma*
Dr. Meryem ACARA ESER, Cumhuriyet niversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakltesi, Sanat Tarihi
Blm, 58140 Sivas/TRKYE
16 St. Symeon Liman seramii olarak bilinen seramikler ve eitli blgelerde ortaya kan
rnekler iin bkz. S. Redford, Port Saint Symeon Seramii Denilen Hatay ve ukurova
Blgesi Sgraffito Seramii, V. Ortaa ve Trk Dnemi Kaz ve Aratrmalar Sempozyumu,
19-20 Nisan 2001, Bildiriler, Ankara 2001, 485-490; S. Bilici, Alanya Tersanesi Seramik
Buluntular, V. Ortaa ve Trk Dnemi Kaz ve Aratrmalar Sempozyumu, 19-20 Nisan
2001, Bildiriler, Ankara 2001, 107-132, Resim 3, rnek No.3; G. Krolu, Yumuktepe Hy
Ortaa Kazsndan Kk Buluntular, VI. Ortaa ve Trk Dnemi Kaz Sonular ve Sanat
Tarihi Sempozyumu, 8-10 Nisan 2002, Bildiriler, Kayseri 2002, 515-535, Resim 9; E. Piltz, The
Von Post Collection of Cypriote Late Byzantine Glazed Pottery, Jonsered 1996.
17 Anadolu Trk sanatnda ini kullanm iin bkz. G. ney, slam Mimarisinde ini, Ada Yaynlar:
zmir 1987, 44-59.
195
Erken Bizans Dnemine ait krmz astarl bir gvde paras da yer almaktadr. Mavi
renkli cam bilezik parasnn, Rusafada 6.-7. yzyllara, Sardeste 10.-14. yzyllar
arasna, Sarahanede 11. yzyla, Demre Aziz Nikolaos Kilisesi kazsnda 8.-12.
yzyllar arasna tarihlendirilen benzerleri bulunmaktadr. Buluntular tek renk cam
bileziklerin, zellikle mavi ve burma rneklerin 6. yzyldan itibaren retildiini
gstermektedir18.
D sur ierisinde de benzer seramikler saptanmtr. ounluu yeil srn
farkl tonlar kullanlarak bezenen kse ve anaklara ait, az ve gvde paralar
zerinde kazma teknii ile yaplm geometrik ve bitkisel motifler grlmektedir.
Seramikler genel zellikleri ile 12.-13. yzyllara ait rneklerdir. Sz konusu alanda
ayn yzyllara ait, Bizans Dnemi kazlarnda youn olarak karmza kan, sar,
ak yeil, kahverengi srl; sgraffito, kazma ve slip teknikleri, spiral motifleri ile
bezeli rnekler de bulunmutur19. Ayrca, i surda olduu gibi bu blmde de
kazma teknii ile bezeli, sr alt ok renkli boyal, 13. yzyla tarihlenen seramikler
youndur (Resim: 10).
D sur ierisinde; 12.-13. yzyllara tarihlenen ran (Rey veya Niapur) kkenli
rneklerin yan sra, Alanya Kzl Kulede bulunan ve 13. yzyla ait Anadolu
Seluklu seramii olarak nitelendirilen turkuvaz rengi srl kaplara benzerlik
gsteren seramik paralarna, Ge Osmanl Dnemine ait, ileri tm ile dlar
ksmen yeil sr kapl testilere ait kaide ve gvde paralarna, 16. yzyla ait beyaz
hamurlu, krmz rengin kullanld ve ok renkli seramikler grubundan bir kap
parasna ve 19.-20. yzyllara ait Avrupa yapm porselenlere ait paralara da
rastlanmtr20. Sarms kahverengi ve krmz hamurlu srsz seramiklerde, testi
18 Cam bilezikler hakknda ayrntl bilgi iin bkz. S. Y. tken, Demre-Myra Aziz Nikolaos
Kilisesi Kazsndan Seme Kk Buluntular (. mezolu, Cam Bilezikler), V. Ortaa ve
Trk Dnemi Kaz ve Aratrmalar Sempozyumu, 19-20 Nisan 2001, Bildiriler, Ankara 2001,
368-369; G. Krolu, Yumuktepe Hynden Bizans Dnemi Cam Bilezikleri, Ortaada
Anadolu. Prof. Dr. Aynur Durukana Armaan, Ankara 2002, 355-372.
19 Bizans Dnemine ait rnekler iin bkz. D. Papanikola-Bakirtzi, F. N. Mavrikiou ve Ch.Bakirtzis,
Byzantine Glazed Pottery in the Benaki Museum, Athens 1999.
20 ran kkenli seramikler iin bkz. G. Fehervari, Islamic Pottery. A Comprehensive Study Based
on the Barlow Collection, London 1973, 75, No. 64, res.E, E. Grube, Islamic Pottery of the
Eight to the Fifteenth Century in the Keir Collection, London 1976, 176, No.111-112; Alanya
Kzl Kule rnei iin bkz. S.Bilici, Alanya-Tersane ve Kzl Kule evresinden Bir Grup Srl
Seramik, Adalya, VIII (2005), 329-349, res.8; Ge Osmanl Dnemi tek renk srl kaplar iin
bkz. N. zkul Fndk, znik Roma Tiyatrosu Kaz Buluntular (1980-1995) Arasndaki Osmanl
Seramikleri, T.C.Kltr Bakanl Yaynlar: Ankara 2001, 126-137; Osmanl Dnemi, krmz
rengin kullanld ok renkli seramikler grubu iin bkz. ay.es., 256-264, fot. 236,266,267,269;
Porselenler hakknda genel bilgi iin bkz. J. P. Cushion, Handbook of Pottery and Porcelain
Marks, London 1980.
196
21 Lleler hakknda ayrntl bilgi iin bkz. E. Bakla, Tophane Llecilii, stanbul 1993.
22 Bizans Dnemine ait benzer pithoslar iin bkz. I. Mader, Keramik der Feldforschungen im
Gebiet Von Kyaneai aus den Jahren 1989-1992, Asia Minor Studien, Band 24, Bonn 1996,
107, kat.no.95-96.
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
der Hafenort in klassischer Zeit noch nicht bestanden zu haben. Dies entspricht
der geringen Bedeutung, welche auch andernorts im Lykien der klassischen Zeit
dem Ausbau von Hfen beigemessen wurde5. Die erste Erwhnung des Ortes
erfolgt in Zusammenhang mit der Eroberung der ptolemischen Niederlassung
durch Antiochos III im Jahr 197 v. Chr.6 Ausweislich der historischen berlieferung
und der archologischen Befundlage drfte die Grndung des Hafenortes im 3.
Jh. v. Chr. stattgefunden haben.
Eine Gruppe von im Sdbereich oberhalb des ehemaligen Hafenbeckens
gelegenen Bauten gehren ausweislich ihrer Bauweise in die spthellenistische
oder frhkaiserzeitliche Periode. Die beiden Bauten weisen typologisch
Verwandtschaft mit den Husern lndlicher Siedlungen Zentrallykiens auf7. Dieser
Bereich drfte folglich vor dem hochkaiserzeitlichen Ausbau des Hafens ziviler
Wohnbebauung Raum geboten haben.
Ein massiver Ausbau der Hafeninfrastruktur erfolgte in der rmischen
Kaiserzeit. Insbesondere sind hier das hadrianische Horreum und eine Platzanlage
hervorzuheben, aber auch weitere, zumeist stark zerstrte Bauten am sdlichen
Rand des Hafenbeckens gehren in diese Periode. Wahrscheinlich darf auch
das Aqudukt, dessen Kaskade etwa 500 m stlich des Hafenortes erhalten ist8,
diesem Bauprogramm zugewiesen werden.
Die grte Ausdehnung erreichte der Hafenort in sptantik-frhbyzantinischer
Zeit, ein Groteil der anstehenden Ruinen, einschlielich fnf groer Kirchen,
gehrt in diese Periode.
5 Zur geringen Bedeutung der Hfen fr die vorhellenistische Siedlungslandschaft Lykiens
insbesondere der frhen Klassik s. etwa Verf., Siedlungsstrukturen in Lykien in: Gtter,
Heroen, Herrscher in Lykien Austellungskatalog Schallaburg (1990) 26f.; ders., Stdtische
Strukturen im vorhellenistischen Lykien in: M. H. Hansen (Hrsg.), A Comparative Study of Six
City-State-Cultures, Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter 27, Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes
Selskab (2002) 58; M. Zimmermann, IstMitt 53, 2003, 270 f.
6 Hieronymus Comm FGrHist 260 F 46. Zur frhen Geschichte Andriakes s. etwa M.
Zimmermann, Untersuchungen zur historischen Landeskunde Zentrallykiens, Antiquitas
Reihe 1, Bd. 42 (1992) S. 220 f. und Anm. 173 und J. Ma, Antiochos III. and the Cities of
Western Asia Minor, Oxford 2000, 84 f.
7 Genannt sei hier etwa die nahegelegene Niederlassung Istlada, die sich ebenfalls auf dem
Territorium von Myra befand.
8 Zu dieser Einrichtung und deren Interpretation als Wassermhle s. Borchhardt in: J. Borchhardt
et alii, Myra. Eine lykische Metropole in antiker und byzantinischer Zeit, IstForsch 30 (1975)
71 f. Fr eine Interpretation als Kaskade sprachen sich D. Murphy und M. Mengel aus. s. D.
Murphy und M. Mengel in: G. Jansen (Hrsg.), Cura Aquarum in Sicilia (2000) 155; dies. in:
Chr. Oblig - Y. Peleg (Hrsg.), Cura Aquarum in Israel (2002) 167 ff.
207
208
209
Die zweite Flche wurde nordwestlich von den Horrea, am Rand der Ebene
oberhalb einer Gebudegruppe aus Bruchsteinmauerwerk (Bef.32/40) ausgesteckt.
Die Gesamtzahl der Lesefunde von dieser Flche(S/NWG) lag bei 210 Stck.
Circa 30% des Materials stammte von Ziegeln, 15 % von Amphoren, 13% von
feiner Ware mit rotem berzug und circa von 9 % Kchenware. Aufgrund des
Erhaltungszustands konnten 32% der Keramikscherben nicht bestimmt werden.
Weiters wurde eine Flche sdlich von Kirche B, am Rand der Ebene abgesucht.
In diesem S/ K-B/1 bezeichneten Bereich fanden sich insgesamt 184 Fragmente.
Mit Circa 50 % berwiegen Ziegeln innerhalb des gesammelten Materials. Unter
den Keramikfunden sind die Amphoren mit 15 % am zahlreichsten vertreten, es
folgen die Feinware mit 10 % und mit 8 % das Kochgeschirr.
Die zeitliche Streuung des Scherbenmaterials aller abgesuchten Flchen in
der sog. Sdstadt liegt in dem Rahmen zwischen dem 1. und dem 8. Jh. n. Chr.,
nur in dem Bereich Z/NW bei der groen Zisterne lag die Spanne zwischen dem
5.-8. Jh. n. Chr.
Eine Flche von 10 m2 wurde auch in der sog. Nordstadt nrdlich der Kirche
D ausgesteckt. Da ein Groteil der Nordstadt mit Sand oder/und Flora bedeckt
ist, sodass kaum Keramikfunde gemacht werden knnen, wurde ein leicht nach
Sden fallendes Areal ausgewhlt, wo an der Oberflche Scherben feststellbar
waren. Insgesamt wurde 74 Fragmente gesammelt, 30 % davon waren als Ziegel
zu bestimmen. Unter dem Keramikmaterial war nebst den Amphoren mit circa
25%, auch der Anteil der Feinware relativ gro (circa 18%). Kchenware blieb mit
6% ungefhr in dem von den anderen Flchen festgestellten Prozentanteil. Unter
der Feinware befanden sich zahlreiche hellenistisch-frhrmische Fragmente
wie etwa Teller mit breiter Lippe , Trinkschalen mit -frmigen Henkeln sowie ein
Fragment einer knidischen Lampe.
Im SdenAndriakes wurde der Bereich bei der hellenistischen Befestigungsmauer
von der Verfasserin nach Keramik abgesucht. Im Bereich des Steinversturzes
entlang der Mauer war die Menge des Keramikmaterials erwartungsgem sehr
sprlich. Unter den wenigen Fragmenten ist ein Amphorenhenkel mit Stempel
hervorzuheben. Dem Verputz einer in die Befestigungsmauer integrierten Zisternen
waren zahlreiche relativ groe Keramikscherben beigemengt, darunter in erster
Linie Wandfragmente von Amphoren und rot-rotbraun bis dunkelgrau berzogene
Teller hellenistischer Zeitstellung. Am Hang unterhalb der Befestigungsmauer,
210
KATALOG
1) A/06- Befest.-Zi-1
Randfragment eines Tellers mit eingerollter Lippe.
Dm.: 18 cm
T: 7.5 YR 8/4 rosa, hart, rote, graue und weie Einschlsse.
: A: schwarz- rot-braun, u. Teil ausgespart.
I: rot-braun.
Dat.: 3. Jh. v. Chr.
2) A/ 06- N-3
Randfragment eines Tellers mit breiter Lippe
Dm.: 16 cm
T: hell grau, fein, weich, leicht glimmerig.
: A: ausgewaschen
I: dunkel grau-schwarz
Dat.: 2. Jh. v. Chr.
3) A/06-Befest. N-Hang-2
Randfragment einer Schale mit eingebogenem Rand.
Dm.: 18 cm
T: 7.5 YR 7/6 orange, fein, einige weie Einschlsse.
: Reste von schwarzem berzug
Dat.: 2. Jh. v. Chr.
4) A/06-S-NWG-8
Randfragment eines Tellers.
ARS Hayes Form 105/17 var.
Dm.: 22 cm
Dat.: 580/600 660 n. Chr.
211
5) A/06-S/NWG-6
Randfragment einer Schssel.
CRS Hayes Form 9 var?
Dm.: 22 cm
Dat.: 580-600 n. Chr.
6) A/06-S/NWG-6
Randfragment einer Schssel.
CRS Hayes Form 11
Dm.: 32 cm
Dat.: 550-650 + n. Chr.
7) A/06-S/ K-B1-2
Randfragment einer Pfanne??
Dm.: 30 cm
T: braunlich grau, grob, eher hart, zahlreiche weie und gelblich weie
Einschlsse (z. T bis 1 mm), Quarz, Glimmer.
Oberfl. auen griffig, innen glatt.
8) A/06-S-NWG-9
Randfragment eines Topfes.
Dm: 16 cm
T: 2,5 YR 6/4 hell rtlich braun, reduziert, sehr hart, weie und graue
Einschlsse.
Dat.: 7. Jh. n. Chr.
212
213
214
215
Abb. 6: Keramikfunde
216
Yrd. Do. Dr. Bilal ST, Pamukkale niversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakltesi, Arkeoloji Blm,
DENZL
Ara. Gr. Tun SEZGN, Pamukkale niversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakltesi, Arkeoloji Blm,
DENZL
Ara. Gr. Banu DNMEZ, Pamukkale niversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakltesi, Arkeoloji Blm,
DENZL
1 Gsterdikleri yakn ilgi ve yapc yaklamlar ile yardmlarn her zaman bizden esirgemeyen
Denizli Mzesi Mdr H. Hseyin Baysal ve mze uzmanlarna ok teekkr ederiz.
2 Hisar Kyndeki mze deposu ve evresinde bulunan mimari eserlerin toplu bir
deerlendirmesi iin bkz. B. St, Denizli-Hisarky Mze Deposundaki Mimari Bloklar, 24.
Aratrma Sonular Toplants -2, 2007, 383-396,
217
218
219
Okulun bahesinde giri kapsnn bat kenarnda bulunan eser ise zerinde
Zeus kabartmasnn bulunduu mimari paradr (Resim: 3). Ke ve kenarlar ile
Zeusun yznde tahrip, vcut yzeyinde de krlma ve yzeysel anmalar vardr.
Yaklak olarak 0,10 m. zemine gmldr. Genilii 1,07 m., derinlii 0,46 m.,
ykseklii 0,69 m. olan blokun st ve her iki yan kenar anathyrosis ve arkas
kaba yonudur. Her iki yan kenarda kabartmann solunda dz yzey zerinde
anathyrosis, sanda ise iki kademeli bir yzey zerinde anathyrosis vardr. Sa
kenarn n blm dz, arka ksm apraz kesilmitir. Buna gre kabartmann
sol yanna yaslanan ke blokundan sonra duvar L biiminde devam ediyor
olmaldr. st yzeyin sol kenar 0,45 m. geniliindeki blm, 0,045 m. yksek
yaplm ve sa kenarda iki, sol kenarda 3 kenet yeri vardr. n yzde ortada
tondo zerinde Zeus bst kabartmas bulunmaktadr. Zeus khiton zerine, sa
omuzu akta brakacak ekilde himation giymitir. Toplanan himation kuma sol
omuzdan kp iki gs arasndan geerek sa kol altna doru apraz uzanan
bir tomar eklindedir. Sa kol ile gs arasnda, kanatlarn hafif am, gvdesi
3/4 cepheden, ba profilden betimlenmi ve Zeusa doru hafif hamle yapar
ekilde kartal betimi vardr. Sol gsne yaslanan mzrak hafif apraz olarak,
aadan yukarya doru blokun n cephesinin tamamn kaplamtr. zerine
bst kabartmasnn yapld tondonun orta blm dz, kenar her tarafta eit
olmayan yuvarlak kabartma bordr eklindedir. Kabartmann sa blmnde kaba
yonu olarak braklm, yaklak 0,30x0,69 m. llerinde bir blm vardr. Buras
muhtemelen yarm kalm olmasndan kaynaklanmaktadr.
Yukarda ele alnan fallosta olduu gibi byk bir ihtimalle ayn dnemde
buraya getirilmitir. Bu blokun nereden getirildii kesin olarak bilinmemekle birlikte,
ivril yaknnda bir yerden getirilmi olmaldr. ivril yaknnda Peltai ve Eumeneia
kentleri bulunmaktadr. Bunlardan Peltai daha yakndr. Daha eski bir kurulu olan
Peltainin iinde ya da yaknnda bulunan Zeus klt ile ilgili bir yapya ait olabilir.
Yapnn ke ksmna yakn bir yerde olan bu blok, byk bir ihtimalle Zeus klt
ile ilgili bir yapnn parasdr. Ta yzeyindeki ilemelere gre, bu yapnn d ok
nemli olmasna ramen, i blm o kadar deildir. Bu ekli ile blok Zeus ile ilgili
bir klt yapsna, byk bir ihtimalle de bir tapnaa ait olabilir.
Sa omuzu akta brakan himation betimlemesi; Zeus, Poseidon, Sarapis ve
Asklepios gibi grkemli baba tanrlarn klt yontularnda grlen ve gvdenin
st ksmn heroik nitelikli olarak plak braklma dncesinin bir sonucudur.
220
Kabartmann bu tiplerden ayrlan yn ise himation altna yuvarlak yakal bir khiton
giymi olmasdr. Yuvarlak yaka olarak farkl kumalardan yaplm khiton giyen
Zeus betimlemeleri, Karia ve Phrygia blgelerinden bilinmektedir9.
Her iki omuz ve gsler zerindeki elbiselerin verilii gayet baarldr. Hatta
baz detaylar kaybolmu olmakla birlikte, detaylarn ilenmesinde ileri bir iiliin
varl dikkati ekmektedir. Ayn baar khiton zerinde himation kumann
katlamalarnn ilenii ve ikisinin arasndaki ayrmda da grlmektedir.
Zeus betimlemelerinde iki elbisenin birlikte grlmesi ile sk karlalmaz.
Genellikle sa omuzu akta brakacak ekilde himation giymektedir. Ancak Karia10
ve Phrygia blgelerindeki Zeus betimlemelerinde bu ekilde ikili elbise sklkla
grlmektedir. Gs ksmnda ilveleri olmakla birlikte, yuvarlak yakal khiton
giymi bu tipin erken rnei Zeus Labraundosta bulunmaktadr11. Betimleni
biimi haricinde himationda, her hangi bir deiiklik grlmezken, altnda giydii
khitonlar bazen yuvarlak yakal, bazen de V yakal yn elbisedir. ivril Zeusu
V yakal khiton giymitir. Ayn ekilde khiton zerinde himation giyilmesi Lagina
Hekate Kutsal Alannda bulunan Sarapis bstnde de grlmektedir12.
Sa gs hizasndaki kartal ile omzuna yaslanm olan asa, Zeusun kutsal
hayvan ve atribsdr. Detaylar kaybolmakla birlikte, kanatlarn hafif am ve
Zeusa doru uzanr gibi betimlenmi olan kartaln sol aya yanndaki yivlere
gre, ayaklarnda yldrm demeti olmaldr.
Yukarda ele alnan fallos ve Zeus kabartmasnn dnda, ivril Kaymakaml
bahesinde bulunan eserler Hierapolis Arkeoloji Mzesine getirilmi ve imdi
9 Genel olarak Hadesi Zeus ve Poseidon betimlemelerinden ayran en nemli zellik
tanrnn khiton giymesidir. Ancak Karia ve Phrygia blgelerinde grlen yerel baba tanr
betimlemelerinde her zaman ayrm grmek zordur. nk her iki ekilde de betimlenmi Zeus
heykel ve kabartmalar bu blgelerden bilinmektedir.
10 Blgede bulunan en gzel rnek Herakleia Salbake antik kentinde ele geirilmi ve imdi
77 envanter mumaras ile Hierapolis Arkeoloji Mzesinde sergilenmekte olan Zeus Ktesios
Patrios yazt ve Zeus kabartmasnn grld rnektir. Bkz. L. Robert, Le Carie Historie et
Geographie Historique Tome II, Le Plateou de Tebai et Ses Environs, Paris, 1954, 165, no: 42;
W. H. Buckler-W. M. Calder, Monuments and Documents from Phrygia and Caria, MAMA VI,
Manchester, 1939, 33, no: 87, Lev. 16; imek 1997, 62-63, Res. 177.
11 Yunanistan Tegeada bulunmu ve imdi British Museumda sergilenmekte olan bir stel zerinde
Ada, Zeus ve Idrieus betimlenmitir. M.. 4. yzyl ortalarna tarihlenen bu kabartmada;
Zeus himation altnda yuvarlak yakal bir khiton giymitir. Bkz. A. Kzl, Uygarlklarn Bakenti
Mylasa ve evresi, Milas, 2002, 97, Res. 83; A. Peschlow-Bindokat, Latmosta Bir Karia Kenti
Herakleia ehir ve evresi, stanbul, 2005, 49.
12 A. A. Trpan-B. St, Koranza Kazlar 1998, 21. Kaz Sonular Toplants2, 2000, 156,
Res.10; A. A. Trpan-B. St, Lagina, Mula, 2005, 44-45, Res. 51.
221
mze bahesinde dzgn bir ekilde sergilenmektedir (Resim: 4). 56 ayr paradan
oluan bu mimari eserler stun kaideleri, postamentler, stun ve paye balklar
ve korni bloklardr. Ayrca mezar steli, mezar ta ve heykel kaideleri de vardr
(Resim: 5).
Kaideler arasnda postament, postament-stun kaidesi ve sadece postament
olarak dzenlenmi, kireta ve mermerden yaplm rnekler bulunmaktadr.
Mermer ve kiretandan yaplm olan drtgen postament biimindeki altlklar altar
ve heykel kaidesi olarak kullanlmlardr. Bu ayrmn kesin olarak yaplabilmesi
iin ya zerinde yazt ya da st blmnde heykelin yerletirildiine dair bir iz
bulmak gerekir. Aksi takdirde ounlukla bu ayrm zordur. nk drtgen altarlar
da ayn ekilde; kaide, gvde ve ta blmleri ile tam ilenmektedir (iv. 5, 20, 21).
Byklkleri bazen belirleyici olabilir. Ancak ounlukla bu da yeterli olmayabilir.
Stun kaidesi olarak kullanlm olan postamentlerle ilgili iki farkl rnek vardr.
Bunlardan birisi postament ve Toskania kaideden oluan, dieri ise postament ve
Atik-ion kaideden oluan rnektir. Stunce kaidesi olarak kullanlan rneklerde
ise tercih edilen postament ve attik kaidenin birlikte ilendii paralardr. Birlikte
ilenen rneklerde stteki kaide plinthesi, postament ta blmnden kk
yaplmlardr. Bunun sayesinde de kaide ile postament kolay bir ekilde ayrt
edilebilmektedir. Attouda rneklerinde grlen13 ve plinthe ke blmn belirgin
bir ekilde ayrld ksm ise burada ilenmemitir. Bylelikle kendi ierisinde baz
ayrlklar kolay bir ekilde belirlenebilmektedir.
Postament ve Attik-ion kaide olarak ilenen, yan kenarlarnda orta ksma
yakn bir yerde dz bir blmn bulunduu ve byk bir ihtimalle araya parapetin
yerletirilmi olabilecei iv. 024 numaral mimari eleman zerinde nemli
detaylar bulunmaktadr (Resim: 6). iv. 024 numaral postamentin yan kenarndaki
ilenmemi ksmlarda bulunan ve baz blmlerde zorlukla seilebilen izler, bir
dikdrtgen kbik blokun, nasl postament olarak kesilmi olduunu gsteren
izgilerdir. Bu izgilere gre blok drtgen olarak kesildikten sonra nce dikey orta
noktasn belirleyen bir izgi, sonra postament ile kaide blmn ayran izgiler
belirleniyordu. Daha sonra kaide ve postamentin kendisindeki detay blmlerin
yerleri izgi olarak ayrlyor olmalyd. Tm blmlemeler tamamlandktan sonra
profil almasna balanyordu. Bu kaidenin bir yan kenar orta blmnde bulunan
13 Attouda rneklerinde Attik-ion kaide plinthesi, postament zerinde ayr, kelerinden ayakl
bir altlkm gibi ilenmitir. Bylelikle plinthe daha vurgulu ve estetik bir grnm almtr.
Postament hakknda bkz. St 2007, 388, Res. 8-9.
222
223
blgede yaplm bir rnektir. Eer tamamen tahrip olmadan ele geerse, blgede
gelecekte, bu kaidenin benzer rneklerinin bulunaca kesindir. Bu farkl kaide de
nemli bir yapya ait olmaldr.
Stun gvdesi ile ilgili rnekler olduka azdr. Bunlarn byk ounluu, kk
olduklarndan kolay tanabilen ve bunun da dnda farkl amalarla kullanlabilen
malzemelerdir. Bunlar genellikle son dnemlerde yuvak ve dibek gibi farkl amalarla
ya da bir yapda duvar ta olarak kullanlmtr. Salam kalanlara, bezemeli ve
ilemeli bloklar gibi nem verilmeyip bir yere toplanacak kadar nemli olmadklar
dnlm ve dier paralarn yanna getirilmemitir. Yerleim birimleri iinde
dolaldnda kaide ve stun paralarna sklkla rastlamak mmkndr.
Kataloa alnan balklar arasnda Korinth ve Pergamon tipi balk
bulunmaktadr. Korinth balklar M.S. 2. yzyl ve sonrasna aittir (Resim: 9). Tam
Korinth balklarnn yan sra alt blmnde akantus yapraklar st blmnde
dil betimlemelerinin olduu balklar vardr. ncelenen bir paye bal ise Erken
Bizans Dnemine aittir. Pergamon tipi balklardan, hem stuna (iv. 004), hem
de payeye (iv. 048) ait olan rnekler grlmektedir.
st yap elemanlar ile ilgili olarak, aritrav ya da kap lentosu olarak kullanlm
olabilecek bir yaztl para ile korni bloku incelenmitir. iv. 017 numaral korni
bloku Severuslar Dneminde ina edilen Korinth dzeninde bir yapya aittir
(Resim: 10).
Katalou yaplan paralar arasnda en byk grubu nekropol buluntular
oluturmaktadr. Bunlar arasndaki younluk, mezar talar ve mezar altarlarndadr.
Bu paralardaki yaztlar ayr bir alma konusu olduklarndan burada ele
alnmamtr. Arlkl olarak mimarisi ve sslemesi zerinde durulmutur.
Mezar talar arasnda en yaygn rneklerden birisi Eumeneia tipi mezar
tadr. Bunlardan birisi, iv. 009 katalog numaral, M.S. 2. yzyl sonu-M.S. 3.
yzyl balarna tarihlenen, Aurelius Zenodotosun ailesi iin yaptrd heroona
diktirdii mezar tadr (Resim: 11). Eumeneia antik kentinin adyla btnlemi
olan bu mezar ta; kaide, gvde, ta ve bunun zerine yerletirilmi olan beik
atl bir st yapdan olumaktadr17. st yap, her iki cephesinde ke ve tepe
akroterleriyle birlikte tam betimlenmitir (Resim: 12). Tamamna yaknnn bir
kenarnda Eumeneia monogram bulunmaktadr. Bu mezar talarndan rnekler
daha nce de Hierapolis Arkeoloji Mzesine getirilmitir. Drtgen bir postament
17 St-imek 2002a, 283, Res. 14.
224
18 Eumeneia kentinde bulunmu kabartmal bir rnek iin bkz. St-imek 2002b, 312, Res.
24a-b.
19 St-imek 2002a, 283, Res. 11-12.
225
Resim 1: 30
Austos
lkretim
bahesindeki fallos
226
227
228
229
230
Resim 13: iv. 052 numaral yarm kalm girlandl drtgen altar
231
232
Asst. Prof. Ellen H. BELCHER, John Jay College/City University of New York, Lloyd Sealy
Library, 899 Tenth Ave., New York, NY 10019/USA (ebelcher@jjay.cuny.edu).
1 Dates in this article are un-calibrated; the Halaf culture occurs in the sixth millennium,
calibrated.
233
234
Gvercinkayas, in the Aksaray Museum3. The evidence suggests that Halaf artistic
communication may well have extended across the Taurus Mountains, beyond the
traditional borders of Mesopotamia. This research is beginning to show that some
of the figurine styles from Halaf sites in southeastern Anatolia especially those
from the site of Domuztepe may connect to figurines from central Anatolia.
Typology of Fifth Millennium Halaf and Anatolian Figurines
It is not generally understood that the best-known classic Halaf figurine type is
actually from a small chronological and geographic window of the Halaf horizon that
does not include Anatolia. This type, representing a curvaceous seated female with
arms supporting exaggerated breasts and hands clasped at the sternum occurs
in abundance at late Halaf settlements in Northeastern Syria and Northwestern
Iraq4. Exaggerated features were often decorated with polychrome stripes while
the hands, heads and feet were abbreviated. Most figurine types from that region
are created of clay and can sit on a flat surface without support.
While a few features of Anatolian Halaf figurines resemble those from Syria
and Iraq, most possess distinctly Anatolian features, some of which are similar
to contemporaneous figurines from central Anatolia. Anatolian types from both
southeastern and central Anatolia are noticeably less curvaceous. Many are quite
flat, almost two dimensional figurines rendered in both clay and stone, and several
are represented in standing poses. Many Anatolian figurines cannot be displayed
on flat surfaces without support. There is much variation and special attention made
to modeled details on figurine heads, of which only a few examples survive. This
contrasts with minimal delineation or decoration of the torso, breasts and arms.
Decoration is usually limited to incision, light washes and punctation, and perhaps
inlay. These differences in figurine styles contrast with a somewhat homogeneous
material culture of pottery, seals and architecture throughout the Halaf horizon. A
special focus of this project are the figurines from Domuztepe, which were made
and used at the western edge of Mesopotamia, and show little connection to Halaf
styles, although they were found amongst a recognizable Halaf material culture.
3 Research was supported in 2000 by a C. V. Starr dissertation grant, Columbia University,
n 2002 by the Center for the Ancient Mediterranean, Columbia University and in 2006 by
the Research Foundation/ City University of New York. I thank the General Directorate of
Cultural Heritage and Museums and in particular Levent E. Vardar for granting me permission
to conduct this research.
4 Examples include Von Oppenheim 1943, taf. CV: 1-18; Mallowan 1938: fig. 5: 1-9, 11 amongst
many others.
235
5 Thank you to Alwo Von Wickede for his permission to study the av Tarlas figurines and to
Eyp Bucak for facilitating my study of them at the anlurfa Museum.
6 T84-2, on exhibit in the anlurfa Museum; see Von Wickede and Herbordt 1988: abb. 5: 1.
7 Thank you to Patty Jo Watson for granting me permission to study the Girikihaciyan figurines
and to the staff of the Diyarbakr Museum for facilitating my study there.
236
237
clay anthropomorphic figurines have been found. A stone head fragment, perhaps
of a male (5b) was found in early Halaf levels. Facial hair and a headdress are
represented by incision, and it may have been painted with a light red wash, of
which only scant traces remain. The deep eyes probably once held inlay, but I
have not yet had a chance to analyze the material remaining in these holes. A
suggestively-shaped pebble (5c) was decorated with incision to create a phallic
symbol that might also be interpreted as a seated figure.
A remarkable and unique anthropomorphic-vessel of a standing female was
found in late Halaf levels (5a). Although the paint is nearly gone, faint traces of an
eye (reconstructed in the drawing) can be detected on the neck of the vessel. The
breasts and thin arms are appliqu, and the hands are represented with splayed
fingers. Diagonally hatched painted bands encircle the hips, knees and ankles,
perhaps representing beaded ornaments. Beads have been found at every area
of excavation at Domuztepe, perhaps fallen from similar body ornaments. The left
foot is slightly upturned and gives the impression that the figure is walking. Indeed,
even in its fractured state, this vessel stands without support on its feet. Wear on
the soles of the feet and sides show that this vessel was displayed standing and
was often held. Perhaps it was used to hold and pour liquids.
No close parallels to this extraordinary vessel have yet been found. In fact only
a few anthropomorphic vessels are known from contemporaneous sites, including
lone examples from Yarm Tepe II, Arpachiyah, Kk Hyk, Canhasan and
atalhyk West, as well as further afield in western Anatolia and the Balkans.
Each example is unique and rendered in different sizes, poses and styles, although
all may have been made with clay-slab technology similar to Domuztepe. It seems
that only the concept, as well as perhaps the meaning and use of anthropomorphic
vessels was communicated between these sites, while style and overall imagery
was the invention of local artisans.
A type of figurine not found at any other Halaf sites, but common at Domuztepe,
are several examples of flat, pendant-figurines (5a-d). String-wear at the piercings
proves that these were suspended from these holes, possibly to be worn as
jewelry, hung on a wall, or sewn to clothing. Some are pierced at the pubic area,
meaning they may have hung upside down. Two more complete figurines suggest
that the heads may also have been pierced (5a, d). These figurine-pendants are of
locally available stones which are ground, polished and incised. The only parallels
to this type are found at sites west of Domuztepe in central Anatolia.
238
Other objects, such as beads, pendants, seals, mirrors and stone bowls show
are the products of the prolific stone workshops of Domuztepe, and are made of
local and imported materials, such as obsidian12. Analysis of the obsidian and
other non-local stones is ongoing, but we expect results to conclude that at least
some must be from Cappadocian sources, further supporting central Anatolian
connections.
CENTRAL ANATOLIAN CHALCOLITIC FIGURINES
Aphrodisias Figurines, Aphrodisias Museum13 (Drawing: 7)
The site of Aphrodisias brings to mind the amazingly well preserved classical
settlement, which has been under excavation for more than a century. In the
1960s, soundings were excavated into three mounds on the site, in order to
investigate the prehistoric roots of Aphrodisias (Joukowsky 1986). Three figurines
date to the earliest Chalcolithic levels of soundings on the Pekmez mound. Other
figurines from prehistoric soundings date to Bronze Age levels which are too late
for consideration in this project.
Examples from this level are a type called Killia figurines which are named
for a figurine purchased near Troy said to have come from Killia. This type is
a western Anatolian figurine tradition found at several Chalcolithic sites which
perhaps continues into the early Bronze Age. Recently a middle Chalcolithic
figurine workshop was found at Kulakszlar, where Killia and other figurines
were produced (Takolu 2005). The close similarities of the Killia figurines to
the pendant-figurines at Domuztepe show that this type also traveled over the
Taurus Mountains into Mesopotamia. Since all known examples are of local stone,
the imagery may have traveled on another, perhaps ephemeral material, such
as felt, leather or textiles. Killia type figurine-pendants have also been found at
Canhasan, mid-way between Aphrodisias and Mesopotamia14.
These two Aphrodisias examples are cut, ground and polished from locally
available stone into an overall flat shape with features rendered in low relief on
12 Unfinished objects of imported materials are abundant at Domuztepe, such as a group of
unfinished obsidian beads; see Campbell, 2007: 18.
13 I thank R. R. Smith for permission to study these figurines and the Aphrodisias museum staff
for facilitating my study there.
14 CAN/62/169, CAN/62/106, on exhibit in the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara; see
French 1963: pl. II: d.
239
the front. An upper torso fragment (7a) represents a figure with bent elbows and
hands the on upper chest indicated by notching on the side and low relief. A
second figurine (7b) is in the same pose, but without as much detail. The heads of
both these figurines have broken off. A third figurine(7c) from the same level, may
give clues to what the heads may have looked like; this figurine is roughly carved
from a schist pebble.
Gvercinkayas Figurines, Aksaray Museum15 (Drawing: 8; Figs: 1, 2)
Gvercinkayas is a middle Chalcolithic site situated in Central Anatolia, 29
km northeast of Aksaray. The site is on a well protected rock outcrop, overlooking
a wide river plain and was continually occupied for 400 years (Glur and Frat,
2005). All examples of figurines from this site excavated thus far were hand molded
from clay although some animal figurines have stone inlay.
Two similar seated figurines (8c-d) sit without support on their bases leaning
backwards so that the heads, which have now broken off would have been gazing
upwards. Both of these have arms that are reduced to arm stubs, perhaps suggesting
bent arms (given the evidence from Aphrodisias). The lack of adult body-features
suggests that this type may represent a young person, perhaps a bundled baby.
This type of figurine has parallels in central Anatolia; however, other than the arm
stubs and flat base, it has no clear connection to Halaf Mesopotamia.
A seated figurine, (8b) found on the floor of a burnt structure is the earliest
figurine found at Gvercinkayas and has parallels to examples in Mesopotamia.
The wide thighs are molded together with a round bottom and a flat base on which
it sits without support. The sharply bent legs are tucked up close to the lower torso
with incised flat shins. A hole at the break in the torso reveals that this example
may also have had interchangeable heads possibly of different materials, such as
those from av Tarlas. The pulled up legs and rounded lower torso is very similar
to late Halaf figurines from Tepe Gawra16 and Arpachiyah17, in northern Iraq, as
well as several examples from nearby Kk Hyk18.
15 I thank Sevil Glur for permission to study the figurines from Gvercinkayas. Thank you
also to Ycel Kiper and the helpful staff of the Aksaray museum for facilitating my research.
16 See for example Tobler 1950, plate LXXXI: c-d, amongst others.
17 See for example Mallowan and Crukshank Rose 1935: figs. 47:2 and 3.
18 See for example Silistreli 1989: Lev. V: 1-2, amongst others.
240
Two heads from later levels at Gvercinkayas are quite different from each
other. One (Fig. 1) wears a high headdress, decorated by incision and has deep
eyes ringed by appliqu which also may have held inlay. The second example
(Fig. 2) has similar appliqu eyes; here the upper head and/or headdress has
now broken off. The wide faces are similar to that of Domuztepe (5b), which also
features a headdress and deep, possibly inlayed eyes. High headdresses seem to
have been in style across Mesopotamia and Anatolia in this period and they can
still be found as part of traditional dress in parts of Turkey today. It seems that in
the fifth millennium Anatolia figurine heads could have a wide degree of variation,
unlike Halaf figurine heads from sites in Syria and Iraq, which were much more
standardized.
Conclusion
This study of contemporaneous fifth millennium central and southeastern
Anatolian figurines reveals that there was more communication between the
workshops of these two regions than previously supposed. Mesopotamian
artisans at this time appear to have balanced local, regional and cultural styles
with those from much further away in central Anatolia when making choices in
figurine production. The result is a varied and imaginative corpus of figurines that
crosses the traditional borders of Mesopotamia for influences that develop into
uniquely Anatolian figurine types and styles. While more figurines remain to be
studied, an east-west artistic exchange has tentatively been identified through this
research.
Acknowledgments
Thank you to the General Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Museums for
their generous permission for me to conduct this research and to the staff of each
museum for their assistance. Thank you also the directors and team members
of each excavation for their hospitality, which sometimes lasted for several days.
I thank also the granting agencies for the funds that made these research trips
possible. All drawings are by the author, except drawings 5a, courtesy of W.
Patrick Finnerty and 6b-d, courtesy of Stuart Campbell.
241
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BERNBECK, REINHARD, POLLACK, SUSAN, ET. AL.
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2007, Domuztepe 2006. Anatolian Archaeology 12: 18-19.
FRENCH, DAVID
1963, Excavations at Can Hassan. Anatolian Studies 13: 29-42.
GLUR, SEVL and FIRAT, CELINE
2005, Spatial Analysis of Gvercinkayas, a Middle Chalcolithic Hilltop Settlement
in northwestern Cappadokia: a preliminary Report. Anatolia Antiqua XIII: 4152.
JOUKOWSKY, MARTHA SHARP
1986, Prehistoric Aphrodisias: An Account of the Excavations and Artifact Studies.
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MALLOWAN, M. E. L. and CRUIKSHANK ROSE, JOHN
1935, Excavations at Tall Arpachiyah 1933. Iraq II: 1-178.
ERM ZDOAN, ASLI,
2008, Mardin-Kerkti Kurtarma Kazlar Kaz Sonular Toplants 29.
(forthcoming).
OZKAN, SULEYMAN 2001
Halaf Seals from Kk Hyk. Anatolica 27: 15-22.
TAKOLU, TURAN
2005, A Chalcolithic Marble Workshop at Kulakszlar in Western Anatolia: An
Analysis of Production and Craft Specialization. Oxford: BAR International
Series 1358.
SLSTREL, UUR
1989, Kk Hyk Figrin ve Heykelcikleri. Belleten 207-208: 497-503.
TOBLER, ARTHUR
1950, Excavations at Tepe Gawra: Levels IX-XX. Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania.
VON WICKEDE, ALWO and HERBORDT, SUZANNE
1988, av Tarlas. Istanbuler Mitteilungen 38: 5-35.
242
243
244
245
246
fragments
from
fragments
from
Dr. Erdal ESER, Cumhuriyet niversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakltesi, Sanat Tarihi Blm 58140
Sivas/TRKYE erdaleser@cumhuriyet.edu.tr
1 Kseda Sava Alan Yzey Aratrmas, Sivas Valilii l zel daresi Genel Sekreterlii
tarafndan salanan bte ile gerekletirilmitir. Dnemin Sivas Valisi Sayn Dr. Hasan
Canpolat ve Cumhuriyet niversitesi Rektr Sayn Prof. Dr. Mehmet Bakra desteklerinden
tr teekkrlerimi sunarm. Yzey Aratrmas ekibi: Cumhuriyet niversitesinden Dr.
Meryem Acara Eser, Dr. Aydn Byksara, Ara.Gr. zg Arsoy, Ara.Gr. zcan Bekta
ve Bakanlk Temsilcisi Arkeolog Sayn Uur Iktan olumutur. Deerli katklar ve uyumlu
almalar, her trl vgnn zerindedir.
2 Seluklularn Anadoluya gelmeleri sonras, Kseda Savana kadar yaplan nemli sava
ve fetih hareketlerinden bazlar unlardr; 1071 Malazgirt Meydan Sava; 1082 ukurova
(Kilikya)nn ve Tarsusun alnmas; 1083 tm ukurovann fethi; 1085 Antakyann fethi; 1086
Halep Sava; 1092 Bizansllarn Marmara kylarndan atlmas; 1095 Malatya Muhasaras;
1096 Hallarla znik Sava; 1097 Eskiehir Meydan Muharebesi; 1101 Hal ordusunun
Amasyada yok edilmesi; 1103 Hallardan Elbistan ve Maran alnmas; 1105 Malatyann
fethi; 1107 Habur Nehri Sava; 1108 Toroslarn geilerek Ermenilerin bozguna uratlmas;
1113 znik, Bursa, Balkesir ve Edremit civarnda Bizans gleri ile sava yaplmas; 1116
Seydigazi, Ktahya, Bolvadin ve Akehirde Bizansllarla sava yaplmas; 1117 Ceyhan
blgesinin Franklardan alnmas; 1129 Karadeniz sahillerinde baz kalelerin fethi, Anazarbada
Hal glerinin malup edilmesi; 1131 Kilikyada baz kalelerin fethedilmesi; 1146 mparator
Manuel ile Konya Sava; 1147 II. Hal Ordusu ile Eskiehir Sava; 1153 Kilikya Ermenileri
zerine sefer dzenlenmesi; 1176 Myriokephalon (Kumdanl) Sava; 1182 Uluborlu, Ktahya
ve Eskiehirin alnmas; 1183 Alaehir ve sahillere sefer dzenlenmesi; 1185 Bat Anadolunun
fethi ve Bizansn haraca balanmas; 1190 III. Hal Ordusu ile, Akehir ve Konya savalar;
1196 Menderes Havzasnn igali; 1199 Kilikya Seferi; 1206 Trabzon Komnenos Devleti ile
sava yaplmas; 1208 Kilikya Ermenileri ile sava yaplmas; 1211 Alaehir Sava; 1214
Sinopun fethedilmesi; 1216 Antalyann fethi; 1223 Kalonoros Kalesinin fethi; 1225 -ilin
fethi; 1227 Krmn fethi; 1228 Erzincan ve Karahisarn fethi, Trabzonun Muhasaras; 1230
Yass-imen Sava; 1238 Sumeysatn fethi; 1239 Diyarbakr Muhasaras; Babai syan; 1243
Kseda Sava. Seluklu Dnemi zaman dizimi iin bkz. O. Turan, Seluklular Zamannda
Trkiye, Boazii Yaynlar, stanbul 1993, s.659-676; . Hassan, Siyasal Tarih. Aklamal Bir
Kronoloji., Trkiye Tarihi 1, Osmanl Devletine Kadar Trkler, Cem Yaynevi, stanbul 1997,
s. 137-281, bil. 239-244; E. Uyumaz, Anadolu Seluklu a Kronolojisi, Cogito. Seluklular,
29, Yap Kredi Yaynlar, stanbul 2004, s.169-182.
247
248
249
250
2006 Yl almalar
2006 yl almalarna Kseda zirvesi ve Kse Sleyman Ziyaretgh
grlerek balanmtr (Harita: 1; Resim: 1)16. Kseda ve evresinde yer alan
kylerde yaplm olan incelemeler srasnda, yerel hikyelerde Kseda Sava
ile ilgili izler aranmtr. Genel kan, savan Kseda zirvesine yakn bir konumda
yaplm olduudur. Yer tespiti bu anlamda faydal olmutur.
Gnmzde, zirvede Kse Sleyman Ziyaretgh yer almaktadr. Kse
Sleymann mezarnn zeri sekiz destek zerinde tanan baldaken kurululu
bir kubbe ile rtlmtr Ansna her yl kutlamalar dzenlenen Kse Sleyman
destans bir kiilik olup sava srasnda yaptklarna ilikin elde kaynaa dayal
veri bulunmamaktadr. Bununla birlikte, evre illerden de gelen byk bir kalabalk
tarafndan adna kurbanlar kesilip asker ad verilen dikilitalar yapld Aksu
Ky sakinleri tarafndan belirtilmitir (Resim: 2).
2809 m. ykseklikteki zirveden sonra, 2400 m. rakmda yer alan ve halkn
kutlama alan olarak kulland Sakar kz emesi mevkii nem tamaktadr
(Resim: 3). Yksek tepeler arasnda kalm sulak ve dz bir alan olan Sakar
kz emesinin, Seluklu ordugh olarak kullanlm olduuna inanlmaktadr.
Tepeler arasnda yer almas, eimli arazide bulunan tek dz alan olmas nedeni ile
byle bir ihtimal sz konusu olmakla birlikte, elde yeterli veri bulunmuyor olmas;
ovaya olan uzakl ve tarih kaynaklarda ad geen sava ara-gerelerinin bu
ykseklie karlm olmas mmkn grnmemektedir. Geni bir alann yerel
halk tarafndan sava alan olarak iaret ediliyor olmas da bu deerlendirmeyi
zorunlu klmaktadr (Harita: 2).
Zirveden, Kelkit Ovasna doru inildiinde kimi yer adlarnn dikkat ektii
grlmektedir. Bunlardan bazlar, zirveye yakn konumlanm olan Aksu Ky
civarnda yer almaktadr. Bu mevki isimlerinden Harp Deresi ve Saray n
tadklar anlam nedeni ile nemlidir. Ancak, yaplan ilk incelemelerde anlan
16 Kuzey Anadolu sradalarnn gneye alan en nemli kollarndan biri olan Kse Dalar
gerek ykselti gerek uzunluk gerek kapladklar alan asndan Sivasn en nemli dalardr.
Yldzelindeki 2537 m. ykseltili Yldz Dayla balamaktadr. Douya doru Asmal Da
(2406 m.), Tekeli Da (2621 m.), Kse Da (3050 m.) ve Kzlda (3015 m.) ile sren bu
dalara kimi kaynaklarda Kzlrmak Yay Dalar, kimilerinde de Yeilrmak Yay dalar
denir. Bu yksek sra Dou Anadolu dalaryla birlemektedir. Kuzeyde Kelkit Vadisine doru
ykseltisi hzla azalan Kse Dalarnn byk blm Karadeniz Blgesinde kalmaktadr. Bu
nedenle Karadeniz ikliminin etkileri gldr. Kse Dalarnn kuzey yamalar yer yer ineli
aalarla, yaprakllardan mee ve menengi aalarndan oluan ormanlarla kapldr. http://
www.sivas.gov.tr/cografya/yeryuzu/index.htm, 01.02.2005, 02:40.
251
mevkilerin sava iin uygun yerler olmadklar kansna varlmtr. Bununla birlikte,
tarih kaynaklarda Seluklu ordusuna ait askerlerin ovaya ini, yer ve ekillerine
uyduklar grlmtr. Aksu Ky sakinleri bu alanlarda tarmla uramakla
birlikte, sava buluntusu ile karlamadklarn beyan etmilerdir. Ancak tekrar
incelenmesinde fayda bulunmaktadr (Resim: 4).
Sivas Kltr ve Tabiat Varlklarn Koruma Blge Kurulu uzmanlarnn
evirmehan Kyn iaret etmeleri zerine, ad geen kye gidilmitir. Ky
sakinleri, savan Ksedan bat yamalarnda gerekletiini bildiklerini ve
zaman zaman demir buluntularla karlatklarn belirtmilerdir. 2007 alma
dneminde dan bat yamalarna klmas planlanmaktadr (Resim: 5).
Sivas Mzesinde bulunan ve Gemin Deresi mevkiinden getirildii renilen
zrhlara ait buluntu yerinin kesinletirilmesi bugn iin mmkn grnmemektedir
(Resim: 6). Ancak, sava ya da bozgun sonras alann geniliini gstermesi
asndan bu bilgi nem tamaktadr.
Yer isimleri sz konusu olduunda ne kan noktalardan birisi de, gnmzde
Koyulhisar lesine bal olan Ekinz Kynn gneyindeki Kemikukuru
Vadisidir. Ksedan kuzeybatsnda bulunan vadi, ad ve konumu dolays ile
dikkat ekmektedir.
2006 almas srasnda gidilen Mestanlar Yaylasnda bulunan mezarlk
alannn daha detayl incelenmesi gerekmektedir. Yayla sakinleri tarafndan,
ad geen mezarlk alannda savata len askerlerin gml olduklar bilgisi
belirtilmitir. Eski olduklar anlalan mezarlar ve evresinde 2007 almalar
srasnda yzey taramas yaplmas planlanmaktadr.
Kseda Savana ilikin 2006 yl almalar erevesinde; Mool ordusunun
Kelkit ay Vadisine paralel olarak vadinin gneyinden Kseda mevkiine geldikleri
anlalmtr. Kseda blgesinin sahip olduu topografik artlarn zorluu, Sivas
Mzesi koleksiyonunda yer alan zrhlarn buluntu yerlerinin bilinmiyor olmas ve
gidilen her kyde savan yapldna inanlan farkl noktalarn iaret edilmesi,
aratrmann dnlenden daha g olacan gsteren noktalar olarak dikkat
ekmektedir.
Tm zorluklarna ramen, 2006 yl n aratrmalarn genel sonular itibari
ile baarl olarak nitelendirmek mmkndr. ncelikle; savan yapld alann
genel olarak alglanmas aratrma ekibi ve konu asndan nemlidir. Ayrca, yine
yzey aratrmas srasnda grlen evre sakinlerinin vermi olduklar bilgiler
erevesinde, sava alannn ksmen de olsa daraltlm olmas sz konusudur
ki, gelecek yllarda yaplacak almalar asndan olumlu bir gelime olarak
deerlendirmek mmkndr.
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253
254
255
256
Yard. Do. Dr. Ergn LAFLI, M. A., Dokuz Eyll niversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakltesi, Arkeoloji
Blm, Oda No: A 461/1, Tnaztepe/Kaynaklar Yerlekesi, Buca, TR-35160, Izmir/TURKEY;
e-mail: <elafli@yahoo.ca>; web site: <web.deu.edu.tr/terracottas>.
1 This rhyton has been studied and published through an authorisation issued by the Turkish
Ministry of Culture and Tourism, General Directorate of Cultural Monuments and the Museums
[permit no.: B.16.0.KVM.200.11.02.02.14.01.222.11.(TA07.40/E)]. In this paper the Harvard
Reference System has been used and for abbreviations the AJA chart has been followed.
257
The rhyton was filled with the appropriate liquid through the hole in its rim and
emptied during the ritual through another hole in its nostrils.It should be originally
a ritual offering vessel used during the fertility cult celebrations to pour liquids. On
his large nose a hole is suggesting a bull that has been readied for a sacrifice.
This example from Tarsus, however, could be a burial gift and as a secondary
use it was probably put in a monumental grave of Tarsos. The Museum of Tarsus
reflects various aspects of the daily lifes of Greek and Roman domus in Classical
Tarsos, the metropolis of Cilicia. But this rython is an outstanding example of the
Late Hellenistic burial goods in Cilicia.
The bull rhytoi played a special role in Greek and Roman Asia Minor. Rhyton
(libation vessel), for use in sacred rituals, was already produced since the IInd
millenium, though it became common after the birth of the red-figure2. In preHellenistic Greek world there were numerous very well known examples of clay,
metal, and stone vessels (rhyta) that were for pouring libations. Scenes of the
figured rhyton are sometimes arranged on the neck, though there are numerous
example without figures.
The most similar bulls head rhyton to the one at Tarsus has been identified at
the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin which has been lost during the Second World War
and known only through a bad illustration. This museum piece is morphologically
most similar one to ours from Tarsus.
Two very similar parallels to our example at Tarsus came from the excavations
in Asia Minor: A similar terracotta rhyton has been found in a domestic context at
Porsuk Hyk in southern Cappadocia3. This piece is black-slipped and by the
French excavators its date has been secured as Hellenistic4. A second parallel
has been discovered at German excavations at the Hyk of Perge. The Perge
piece is also Hellenistic in date and it is slipped with white as well as rose engobe.
Only a big fragment of this piece is preserved, namely its mounth to his horns, i.e.
the upper hull. The excavator of Perge thinks that it is rather a votive terracotta
(Hohlterrakotta) rather than a cultic vessel, because of its surface colours instead
of a red slip like the one at Tarsus or a black slip like the one at Porsuk5. Both of
these pieces are similar in morphology.
2 For an earlier rhyton from eastern Cilicia: Gates 2005, p. 415.
3 Beyer 2005, p. 302, fig. 9a-b: Chantier IV, fragments de rhytos hllenistiques vernis noir.
4 Beyer 2005, p. 297: Ces muis prsentent diffrents tats et ont fonctionn tant lpoque
hllenistiques que romaine, ainsi quen attestent de beaux fragments de rhytons (figs. 9a-b);
clairement associ au sol de fonctionnement des murs.
5 Written communication with Dr. Matthias Recke (Giessen).
258
Rhytoi as burial elements at Cilician Hellenistic and Roman graves are not
seldom: In the necropolis of Elaiussa-Sebaste a terracotta rhyton in form of a
boars head has been found in a rock-cut grave in a rescue excavation by Mustafa
Ergn of the Museum of Erdemli in 1973 (Fig. 7). This piece is today at the display
of the Museum of Anamur and it has been said that a coin of Cladius I as well as
early Roman terracotta unguentarium and amphoriskos were also found in this
grave. Further examples of rhytoi in different animal forms are known from the
Hellenistic and Roman necropoloi in Rough Cilicia (especially from Kelenderis
and Soloi).
ABBREVIATIONS AND REFERENCES
Beyer 2005, D. Beyer et alii, Porsuk (Zeyve Hyk): Rapport sommaire sur la
cmapagne de fouilles de 2004, AnatAnt 13 (2005) pp. 295-318.
Gates 2004, M.-H. Gates, 2002 Season at Kinet Hyk (Yeil-Drtyol, Hatay), in:
T.C., Kltr ve Turizm Bakanl, Kltr Varlklar ve Mzeler Genel Mdrl,
25. Kaz Sonular Toplants, 1. Cilt. 26-31 Mays 2003, Ankara [Kltr
Bakanl Yaynlar, 2997-1/Antlar ve Mzeler Genel Mdrl Yaynlar, 99.]
Ankara, Kltr ve Turizm Bakanl Dsimm Basmevi 2004, pp. 405-416.
Scheibelreiter 2005, V. Scheibelreiter, Lwe und Stierkopf. Zu einem Mosaikbild
aus dem Hanghaus 2 von Ephesos, in: B. Brandt/V. Gassner/S. Ladsttter
(eds.), Synergia. Festschrift fr Friedrich Krinzinger (Vienna 2005) pp. 309
317.
259
260
261
262
263
264
Arkeolojik almann yan sra ncelikli olarak jeoakeoloji bilimi ile uyumlu
bir aratrmann gerekletirilebilmesi iin gerekli n deerlendirme ve yntem
almalarnn yaplmas.
ncelikli olarak belirlenen alan ierisinde ekibimizin nceki yllarda yapm
olduu almalar yeniden deerlendirilmi, saptanan buluntu yerleri ile ilgili harita,
grsel malzeme ve bilgi fileri incelenmitir. Bu n hazrlk almasnn ardndan
buluntu yerleri yeniden numaralandrlm ve elimizdeki veriler elektronik ortama
aktarlmtr. Gerek bilgi filerinin gerekse btn grsellerin elektronik ortama
aktarlmas, elimizdeki malzemeyi sistematik bir veri tabanna dntrmeye
hazr hle getirmitir. Eksik olan bilgilerin tamamlanmas ve Corafi Enformasyon
Sistemi kapsamnda koordinatlarnn alnmas iin bilinen buluntu yerleri yeniden
ziyaret edilmi ve belgelendirilmitir.
Daha nceki yllarda yaplan yzey aratrmalarndan bilinen bu buluntu yerleri
ile ilgili almaya paralel olarak, belirttiimiz alanlarda youn yzey taramas,
sistematik toplama ve belgeleme yaplmtr.
BULGULAR
Blgede 2006 ylnda yaplan almalar srasnda Neolitik adan Yakn aa
kadar uzanan bir sreci temsil eden 83 buluntu yeri belgelendirilmitir. Bunlarn 31i
nceki yllarda saptanan buluntu yerleridir1 ve almamz kapsamnda yeniden
ziyaret edilerek bilgileri gncellenmitir. Dier 52 yer ise yeni bulunmutur. 83
buluntu yerinin 19u hyk, 27si dz yerleme ya da dank buluntu yeri, 30u
tmls ve tmls mezarl, 2si dikilita topluluu dierleri ise mezarlk, maara,
yapl maara, ta oca ve sarntan olumaktadr.
Neolitik-Kalkolitik a
eytanderenin kollarndan biri olan Tylce Deresi zerinde, Yenimahalle
Kynn hemen gneyinde bulunan Deirmenyolu Mevkii Hy Krklareliinde
kaz almalarn yaptmz Aa Pnar Hy ile adatr ve Balkan
kronolojisine gre Neolitik aa tarihlendirilmektedir. S bir yerleim dolgusuna
sahip olan buluntu yeri Trkiye Trakyasnda bilinen ender Neolitik a
yerlemelerinden birisidir. Olduka gelikin ve organize bir ky toplumunun izlerini
1 zdoan, 1982;1983; 1985.
265
266
267
dahi rastlamadk. Bunlarn neredeyse byk bir ksm defineci ukurlar ile tahrip
edilmi, geri kalan da yine ayn nedenle tmyle datlmtr.
Allagelen tmlslerin yan sra, blgede tal tepe olarak da bilinen daha
alak ve yayvan, dolgular toprak deil ta olan mezar tepeleri de bulunmaktadr.
Trakyada bu tr mezar tepeleri yalnzca M.. 11. yzyla tarihlenen Talcabayr2
kazsyla tannmakta, Bulgaristanda bilimsel olarak kazlm onlarca bu tr tepe,
bunlarn M.. 3. binyldan balayan ve steplerin kurgan geleneini yanstan
kalntlar olduunu gstermektedir. 2006 ylnda, bunlarn en iyi rneine Younta
Kynde rastlanmtr. Burada, dierlerine oranla daha yksek bir srt zerinde ve
birbirine neredeyse bitiik olarak yaplm grup hlinde tal tepe bulunmutur.
Tmlslerde grlen youn tahribatn benzeri tal tepeler iin de geerlidir.
Dikili Talar
Trakyada bir ok kyn eski mezarlklarnda dikili talara rastlanmaktadr.
Ortalama 2 m. uzunluunda 50-70 cm. apnda dikili talardan oluan bu
mezarlklar olaslkla blgede megalitik kltrn yaygn olduu lk Demir ana
tarihlendirilmektedir. Ancak yerel olarak bunlarn Ortaa ehit mezarlar olduu
gr hkimdir. Bu dnce nedeniyle eski ky mezarlklar bu tr dikili ta
topluluklarnn bulunduu alanlara kurulmu ve ayn tr mezar talarnn kullanmna
devam edilmitir. Ancak bunlar daha kk mezar talar ile dikili talardan
ayrlmaktadr. Getiimiz yl yaptmz alma srasnda nece ve Asilbeyli
kylerinin eski mezarlklarnda olaslkla Demir ana ait olan dikili ta topluluklar
ile karlalmtr. Asilbeyli Kynn hemen gneyinde bulunan ve Mezarlk
Ala olarak adlandrlan buluntu yeri dikili talarn says ve alann bykl
bakmndan dikkat ekicidir. Burada onlarca deiik boy ve geniliklerde dikili ta
bulunmaktadr. Ancak burada da ok sayda defineci ukuruna rastlanmtr.
Maara
Kayal Ky yaknlarnda bulunan Bedre Maaras ilk olarak 1980 ylnda
belgelendirilen3 ve Orta Kalkolitik, Demir a ve Ortaada iskn edilen bir
maaradr. Ancak gerek maarann konumu, gerekse boyut ve biimsel zellikleri
2 zdoan, 1987.
3 zdoan, 1985.
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269
270
Dier bir yntem ise gerekli grlen alanlarda burgu metodu ile sondaj yaplmas
ve eitli jeofizik yntemlerin uygulanmasdr.
2006 ylnda yaptmz alan almas, yalnzca arkeoloji asndan ele
alndnda bile, geleneksel yntemlerle yaplan yzey aratrmalarnn ne lde
yetersiz kaldnn ak bir gstergesidir. Nitekim, geleneksel yntemlerle uzun
yllar boyunca taram olduumuz blgede 2006 ylnda farkl bir bak asyla
belgeleme yaplm olmas sz konusu alandaki buluntu yerlerinin saysn 31den
83e karmtr. Gene de aratrma yaptmz blge iindeki tm buluntu yerlerini
saptam olduumuz gibi bir iddiamz yoktur. Blgede her mevsim bulunan youn
bitki rts, sulu tarm blgeleri ve alvyon kitlemesi gz nne alndnda,
farkl yntemlerle yaplacak yeni bir taramann bu sayy da en az iki katna
kartacandan kukumuz yoktur.
Kaynaka
zdoan, M.,
1982, Trakya ve Dou Marmara Aratrmalar 1981 Yl almalar, Aratrma
Sonular Toplants I, Ankara 137-141.
1983, Trakyada Tarihncesi Aratrmalarn Bugnk Durumu ve Baz Sorunlar,
Gney-Dou Avrupa Aratrmalar Dergisi 10/11, 21-58.
1985, A Surface Survey for Prehistoric and Early Historic Sites in Northwestern
Turkey, National Geographic Research for 1979. Washington, s. 517-541.
1987, Talcabayr, A Late Bronze Age Burial Mound in Eastern Thrace, Anatolica
XIV, 7-39.
271
272
273
274
275
276
2006 YILI
ORUM-ANKIRI LLER YZEY ARATIRMASI
Tun SPAH*
Tayfun YILDIRIM
lk kez 1996 ylnda baladmz yzey aratrmas programnda Boazky,
Alacahyk ve Eskiyapar gibi merkezlerin batsnda kalan ve Delice Irmana
doru olan blgedeki eski yerleim alanlarnn ve mezarlklarnn tespit edilmesi
amalanmt1. nk o tarihe kadar yaplan almalar Boazky ve Alacahyk
merkezli bir evrede srdrlmt ve sz konusu blgemizde kapsaml bir
aratrma program uzun sreli olarak yrtlmemiti. 1995 yl ve ncesinde
orum Mzesine bu blgeden gelen ihbarlar ve eserlerden, blgede bir
aratrma yaplmas gerekli hle gelmiti. 19962006 yllar arasnda srdrlen
almalarmzda yaplan tespitlerin ve elde edilen arkeolojik verilerin nemli
olanlar aada sralanmtr:
1. Aratrmalarmzn 1997 yl program srasnda orum li, Sungurlu lesi,
Yrkl Beldesindeki Hseyindede Eski Hitit yerleimi tespit edilmitir. Burada
bulunan kabartmal Eski Hitit vazolar arkeoloji dnyasnda yerini almtr, vazolar
zerine yaplan yaynlar ve tartmalar devam etmektedir. Hseyindede kazlar
2004 ylnda tamamlanmtr. Hseyindede ve eserleriyle ilgili yaynlar yaplm
olup yeni yayn almalar srdrlmektedir.
2. 1998 yl aratrmalarmzda tespit edilen Yrkl Fatmarende 2003
ve 2004 yllarnda arkeolojik kazlar yaplmtr. Burada Hseyindede Eski Hitit
yerleimiyle ada, ancak byk lde tahribat grm kk bir Hitit din
yerleimi belirlenmitir.
*
Do. Dr. Tun SPAH, Ankara niversitesi, Dil ve Tarih-Corafya Fakltesi, Arkeoloji Blm,
Protohistorya ve nasya Arkeolojisi Anabilim Dal, Shhiye-Ankara/TRKYE
Do. Dr. Tayfun YILDIRIM, Ankara niversitesi, Dil ve Tarih-Corafya Fakltesi, Arkeoloji
Blm, Protohistorya ve nasya Arkeolojisi Anabilim Dal, Shhiye-Ankara/TRKYE;
tuncsipahi@gmail.com.
1 2006 yl yzey aratrma programmz byk lde orum l snrlarnda, Eyll ay iinde
srdrlmtr. ankr blgesine ksmen girilmi, uzun sreli youn ya ve elverisiz zemin
koullar nedeniyle bu blgede 2007 ylnda ziyaret edeceimiz noktalarn tespitleri ve arazi
bilgi toplama almalar yrtlmtr. Boyal Hyk ve Resulolu kaz ekiplerinin kald
Yrkl Beldesi eski karakol binas aratrma ekibimiz tarafndan kullanlmtr. Osmanck
lesi Belediye Bakanl, evredeki aratrmalarmz srasnda ulam ve konaklama
ihtiyalarmz karlamtr. Kendilerine teekkr ederiz.
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278
279
280
281
282
283
284
34 57 35,20447
1084 m.
Yksek kayalklarn yer ald engebeli bir blgedir. Blgenin deprem
alannda olmas nedeniyle iri kayalar koparak aadaki vadiye yuvarlanmtr.
Yamalar tamamen kayalktr ve baz yerlerde kayalk alan nedeniyle zor gei
salanmaktadr. Geni bir alana yaylm M.. I. binyla ait seramikler mevcuttur.
evrede Roma Dnemine ait seramikler ve taban kiremitleri de grlmutur.
Demir a kale yerleimleri iin uygun bir yerdir. Ky iinde Roma Dnemine ait
yaztl bir ta mevcuttur. Bu ta bekkaya mevkiinden getirilmitir. Ayrca bir evin
bahesinde, zerinde ha motifi olan dzgn bir ta mevcuttur. Bu evrede tahrip
edilmi bir kilise yaps olmaldr.
IV. ankr Kzlrmak, orum Uurluda lesi ve evresi
12. Dedeyz
200612
40 24 56,51970
34 09 10,72822
607 m.
orum li, Uurluda lesi, Cacklar Ky, Delice Irmana yaklak 700880
m. uzaklkta, Resulolunun gneybatsndadr. Eteklerden ykseklii yaklak 25
m.dir. Ykseltinin eteklerinde erozyon izleri mevcuttur.
13. Maltepe, Roma Yerleimi
200613
orum li, Uurluda lesi
34 12 407
40 25 951
894 m.
Blgeye hkim bir noktadadr. Resulolu, Delice ve Kzlrmak vadisini
yksekten grmektedir. Heykel paralar vardr. Tarmsal tahribat izleri mevcuttur.
lenmi mermerden mimari elemanlar grlmtr.
285
286
Harita 1: Kaledere, Ecerin Tepe, Araplar Yaylas, E.T.. yerleiminin yer ald
blgenin topografik haritas
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289
290
291
292
293
294
Prof. Dr. Filiz YENEHRLOLU, Bakent niversitesi, Gzel Sanatlar Tasarm ve Mimarlk
Fakltesi, Ankara/TRKYE
Ara. Gr. Murat KOCAASLAN, Hacettepe niversitesi, Edebiyat Fakltesi, Sanat Tarihi
Blm, Beytepe-Ankara/TRKYE
1 Proje hakknda ayrntl bilgi iin bkz. 2005 ylnda dzenlenen Dr. Filiz amana Armaan
Sempozyumu.
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296
depoya iki kutu st ste gelecek ekilde yerletirilmitir (Resim: 5). Bu depoda ini
says fazla olduundan 2006 almasnda tm iniler veri tabanna girilememitir.
inilerin kayt altna alnamayanlar nmzdeki yl zaman kazanmak amacyla
snger ile temizlenmi ve kapakl kutulara gruplara ayrlarak konmu, tekrar 9
No.lu depoya yerletirilmitir. Kayt altna alnan inilerle, kaytsz iniler depoda
ayr ayr yerlere ikier sra hlinde sral olarak dizilmitir. Ayrca 9 No.lu depoda
bu yl temizlenmeyen iniler ise deponun dip tarafna alnmtr.
Bu yl yaplan yeni bir uygulama ise kutulara etiket hazrlanmas olmutur. Pvc
kaplanan bu etiketlerden biri envanterlik, dieri isi ettlk kutularda kullanlmtr.
Bunlarn bir ksm kutulara aslmtr (Resim: 6).
Sonu
2006 yl yaz dneminde 41 gn sren alma sonunda 3975 adet ini veri
tabanna ilenmitir. Bu iniler 66 adet kapakl kutuya yerletirilerek 9 No.lu depoya
konmutur. 9 No.lu depodan kan inilerin ierisinde envanterlik olamayacak
kadar kk olan iniler 22 adet mavi kutuya konmu, zerleri siyah naylonla
kapatldktan sonra ettlk malzemelerin konduu cariyeler kouu hamamna
tanmtr.
2006 yl almasnda:
En erken tarihli ini, nceki yllarda grubu oluturulan ve 15. yzylh ikinci
yarsna tarihlendirilen 69 No.lu gruba ait paradr. Cumhuriyet Dneminde retilen
1960 tarihli iniler ise en ge tarihi oluturmaktadr. Cumhuriyet Dnemine ait bu
iniler, 1960 ylnda haremde yaplan onarmlar srasnda Ktahyadan Metin ini
Fabrikasna sipari edilen ve artan inilerdir3.
2006 ylnda, 18. yzyl ve Cumhuriyet Dnemi inilerinin fazlal dikkat
ekicidir. 1187 para 18. yzyl ve 1179 para da Cumhuriyet Dnemine ait ininin
veri tabanna kayd yaplmtr. 18. yzyl inilerinin byk ksm Avrupa inileridir.
Avrupa inileri, Hollanda ve Napoli inilerinden olumaktadr.
Kayt altna alnan 3975 adet iniden; 1413 adedi Osmanl, 1179 adedi
Cumhuriyet Dnemine ait olup 1383 adedi de Avrupa kkenlidir.
3 Bu onarm iin zellikle bkz.: Mualla Anhegger Eybolu; Topkap Saraynda Padiah Evi,
Sandoz Kltr Yaynlar, stanbul 1986.
297
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299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
represented (Fig. 2). In addition, longer tracks were walked along prominent ridges
with no clearly defined boundaries; new units were begun at major natural breaks
(e.g., ravines) or at points of distinct cultural material. Points of interest (POIs)
were marked with separate GPS points. Each POI was identified by a high-density
of cultural materials, architectural remains, and/or other diagnostic features as an
area in the landscape the remains at which unquestionably indicated past cultural
activity and which may be best suited for intensive survey in future years.
In addition to these systematic methods, we consulted local informants in
the area, particularly the farmers whose fields we walked. These conversations
provided contemporary information relating to land use, settlement migration,
tumulus condition, looting activities, and short- and long-term landscape changes,
including variability in lake level.
Tumuli
While many tumuli were visited in the 2006 season, only two were previously
undocumented: the Kurt Tepe (T06.02) and Klcanlar Aa (T06.07) tumuli (Map: 2).
Full documentation in 2006 revealed that each had been subjected to previous
looting and destruction. While access to their chamber-tomb complexes was
obstructed by infilled tumulus sediments, evidence on the surface showed that
these complexes had been opened, looted, and at least partially destroyed in
relatively recent times.
Architectural Recording
Two days were spent drawing the chamber-tomb complex of the BT05.58
tumulus, a complex documented for the first time in 2005 (Roosevelt 2007). The
tomb chamber and its associated stone furniture fragments were drawn along
with the antechamber, porch, and dromos (Fig. 3). While we intended to record
the architecture of the chamber-tomb complexes of additional tumuli initially
documented in 2005, access to them had since been blocked by erosion of tumulus
fill. Ongoing intensive looting and mistreatment of tumuli and their chamber tomb
complexes in central Lydia places them in grave danger of complete destruction
(Roosevelt and Luke 2007). With ministry permission, work in the future will include
clearing of the modern accumulation of soils from the openings of previously
accessible chamber-tomb complexes for the purpose of proper architectural
recording before all trace of them is lost.
307
308
309
310
Period
# of SUs
Byzantine/Ottoman
15
Hellenistic/Roman/Late Roman
25
No high-density sites
18
MiddleLate Bronze
No high-density sites
Yet to be determined
POI06.05; POI06.07
Table 1: Chronological distribution of survey units (SUs) and settlement points of interest (POIs).
Middle to Late Bronze Age remains were recovered from eight survey units,
and two fortified settlements stand out from the rest in size and complexity:
Kaymak (POI06.01) and Asartepe (POI06.24). Both are located in easily
defensible places with commanding vantages over the region, perhaps even
controling communication routes. Kaymak occupies the entire lower ridges of
Gr Da known locally as the Kaymak and Karata Ridges (Fig. 5). More than
one kilometer in length, its sinuous, monumental foritifcation walls enclose 8.6
hectares of multiple large terraces supporting clearly defined enclosures, some
with ca. 1.4 meter-wide walls, a series of gates, and many other buildings, some
with ca. 0.85 meter-wide walls. One day of handheld-GPS surveying provided
data to produce a rough site plan, leaving more detailed microtopographic and
geophysical work for the 2007 season (see Roosevelt and Luke 2007).
Asartepe is a hilltop site located north-northwest of the village of Klcanlar,
north of the Gygaean Lake (Fig. 6). This site consists of a large terraced hilltop
upon which are scattered building remains, just as at Kaymak. The building
remains are not nearly as well-defined as those at Kaymak, but future intensive
survey will clarify the features of the site.
311
Ceramic and lithic surface remains at both sites date to the second millennium
BCE, and future analyses will clarify finer chronological details. The analyses of
the material remains and architecture at these sites, along with continued survey
in the region, will add significantly to our knowledge of this largely unknown period
in central western Anatolia. Preliminary data from the 2007 season confirm that
this area was well-populated with fortified sites in the second millennium, with
Kaymak perhaps serving as the regional capital of central Lydia (see Roosevelt
and Luke 2007).
Of the other miscellaneous points of interest, most notable are two ancient
marble quarries located north of Hacveliler in the foothills of the Lale Dalar
(POI06.12 and POI06.16)both unidentified in previous surveys and stone
sourcing studies (compare olak and Lazzarini 2002; Tykot and Ramage 2002)
and cemetery areas north and northwest of the village of Hacveliler, including the
areas of Naltepe (POI06.06) and Karakayalar (POI06.1011)with evidence of
cist and sarcophagus burials as well as both rock-cut and masonry-built chamber
tombs. In addition, a Roman-period Greek inscription found in Halil Erkans eme
in Hacveliler (POI06.03) is of interest. It appears to be unpublished, and all data
relating to it collected by this project has been submitted to Prof. Dr. Hasan Malay
for study.
III. RECORDING AND ANALYSIS OF SURVEY FINDS
All finds collected during the survey (ceramic, lithic, stone, and other small finds)
were processed for the purpose of establishing the date and function of particular
survey units and points of interest. Based on macroscopic analyses, Early Bronze
Age (EBA), Middle to Late Bronze Age (MLBA), and Iron Age (IA) ceramics are
clearly distinguishable; yet, detailed chronologies will be secure only with data
from excavations (even basic test trenches) that can provide stratified datasets.
Regional comparanda are available from the work of the Sardis Expedition in the
1960s and later at Ahlatl Tepecik and Eski Balkhane (primarily EBA and IA; see
Mitten and Yrm 1968, 1971, 1974) and at Klcanlar Hyk (primarily MLBA),
and of course from Sardis itself, where the deepest levels of sector House of
Bronzes reach back to the Late if not the Middle Bronze Age.
In addition to the regular documentation of finds by photography, drawings,
and detailed descriptions stored in a database, a selection of ceramic sherds was
312
sampled for chemical analyses. Each sample consisted of ca. 300400 miligrams
of clay powder for use in Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) at the
Missouri University Research Reactor (Luke and Roosevelt 2007). In total 289
samples were taken from 26 different survey units and points of interest (including
several multi-component sites), with a chronological focus on EBA (15), MLBA
(8), and IA (7) sites and an approximately equal number of samples representing
each time period. The results of this INAA study should add to our understanding
of Bronze Age ceramic production (see Neff and Glascock 1997; Pullen 1995),
and should reveal evidence of continuity and/or change between Bronze and Iron
Age production. Of specific interest will be the juxtaposition of these results with
our understanding of long-term settlement patterns that shift from sites located in
low-lying areas or near the Gygaean Lake in the EBA, to easily defensible and
often fortified hill- and ridge-top sites in the MLBA, to sites located in both upland
and lowland situations in the IA. The results will help show also whether there are
any correlates in ceramic production (e.g., decentralization or centralization) to
increasingly centralized political control in the MLBA at Kaymak and in the IA
at Sardis.
IV. GEOMORPHOLOGICAL SURVEY AND LAKE SEDIMENT CORING
As part of the broad goals of CLAS, we aim to determine the geomorphological,
topographical, and paleoenvironmental history of the study area. In 2006 these
aims were addressed with a program of lake-sediment coring and bathymetric
(underwater topography) survey in the Gygaean Lake (Marmara Gl). Of primary
interest to our work is the date of formation and long-term history of the lake,
and the effects of these things on local populations in western Anatolia. The
Gygaean Lake is the largest lake between the Lakes District, to the southeast,
and the Aegean and Marmara Seas, to the west and north, respectivelyall areas
of known Neolithic activity (zdoan and Bagelen 1999). Recent geological
research suggests that the Gygaean Lake may have formed between 6000 and
3000 BCE (Hakyemez, Erkal, and Gkta 1999: 550). The transformation of an
alluvial valley to a lake basin must have had profound effects on local populations,
with new opportunities for exploitation of aquaculture, reeds, and the lake water.
In the broader context, this shift in lifeways may have played a significant role in
prehistoric human development: the spread of sedentary and agricultural lifestyles
from the Near East to Europe (Lichter 2005a, 2005b). If our current understandings
313
of local settlement history are correct, then lake formation and initial human
occupation may have been roughly contemporary. The precise dating of this
environmental transformation is thus of great significance, and it may be related
also to wider patterns of environmental and landscape dynamics in Anatolia and
the Near East.
The coring program was overseen by Dr. Mark R. Besonen of the University of
Massachusetts Amherst, and was conducted during five days on the lake. Prior to
coring, a roughly 2.5x2.5-meter coring platform was constructed from wood and
plastic barrels (Fig. 7). This was towed to coring locations behind a local fishing
boat. Two sediment-core transects leading from shallower to deeper water in the
western area of the lake, north-northwest of Tekeliolu, and consisting of four coring
sites each were completed (Map: 2). Lake-sediment cores were extracted along
these transects using a five-centimeter diameter, modified Livingstone SquareRod Piston Corer, allowing observation of bulk changes in physical sedimentology
that are probably indicative of changing water levels in the lake (Fig. 8). At present
it is possible to make only preliminary comments, as full interpretation awaits final
analyses currently underway in the United States by Dr. Besonen. Each of the
cores ended at a uniformly hard and partially oxidized clayey layer that probably
represents the pre-lake flood plain. A few layers above this basal layer, a significant
desiccation layer indicates that between periods of healthy lake conditions there
was an extended period of drought. Radiocarbon analyses of organic material
taken from an underlying sedimentary unit will provide a terminus post quem for
this drought.
In addition to the coring program, a hydrographic or bathymetric survey of the
lake was begun in 2006. The depth and underwater topography of the Gygaean
Lake is currently not well documented. The establishment of lake bathymetry
will help guide our coring program, and will provide data for reconstructions of
paleotopography. Using a Garmin GPS178 Sounder, a combination Global Position
Satellite (GPS) receiverdepth sounder, we were able to conduct a hydrographic
survey of parts of the western area of the lake from a fishing boat (Fig. 9). Because
of the abundance and density of lake grasses, however, the survey was successful
only in the western half of the lake, and in areas where lake grasses were absent.
At present we can say that the deepest area of the lake during the late spring/early
summer period of high water is north and northwest of Tekeliolu, where depths
314
315
References Cited
olak, M., and L. Lazzarini. 2002. Quarries and Characterisation of a Hitherto
Unknown Alabaster and Marble from Thyatira (Akhisar, Turkey). In ASMOSIA
VI. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference of The Association for
the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity, Venice, June 15-18 2000,
edited by L. Lazzarini, 3540. Venice: Laboratorio di Analisi dei Materiali Antichi,
Dipartimento di Storia dellArchitettura Istituto Universitario di Architettura di
Venezia.
Hakyemez, H. Y., T. Erkal, and F. Gkta. 1999. Late Quaternary Evolution of the
Gediz and Byk Menderes Grabens, Western Anatolia, Turkey. Quaternary
Science Reviews 18: 54954.
Lichter, C., ed. 2005a. How Did Farming Reach Europe? AnatolianEuropean
Relations from the Second Half of the 7th through the First Half of the 6th
Millennium CAL BC. Proceedings of the International Workshop, Istanbul, 20
22 May 2004. Byzas 2. stanbul: Deutsches Archologisches Institt.
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2005b. Western Anatolia in the Late Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic: the Actual
State of Research. In How Did Farming Reach Europe? AnatolianEuropean
Relations from the Second Half of the 7th through the First Half of the 6th
Millennium CAL BC. Proceedings of the International Workshop, Istanbul,
2022 May 2004, edited by C. Lichter, 5974. Byzas 2. Istanbul: Deutsches
Archologisches Institt.
Luke, C. and C. H. Roosevelt. 2007. Central Lydia Archaeology Survey (CLAS):
Ceramic Production from the Early Bronze through Iron Ages. Proposal for
Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis, Missouri University Research
Reactor, March 2007.
Mitten, D. G., and G. Yrm. 1968. Excavations at Ahlatl Tepecik on the Gygean
Lake, 1968. Dergi 17-1: 1257.
1971. The Gygean Lake, 1969: Eski Balkhane, Preliminary Report. Harvard
Studies in Classical Philology 75: 1915.
1974. Ahlatl Tepecik beside the Gygean Lake. Archaeology 27: 229.
Neff, H., and M. Glascock. 1997. Report of Early Bronze Age Sardis and the Third
Millennium B.C. in Western Anatolia for Samples Submitted by D. Pullen.
Missouri University Research Reactor, May 13.
zdoan, M., and N. Bagelen, eds. 1999. Neolithic in Turkey, the Cradle of
Civilization: New Discoveries. stanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yaynlar.
Pullen, D. 1995. Early Bronze Age Sardis and the Third Millennium B.C. in Western
Anatolia. Proposal for Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis, Missouri
University Research Reactor.
Roosevelt, C. H. 2006. Tumulus Survey and Museum Research in Lydia, Western
Turkey: Determining Lydian- and Persian-Period Settlement Patterns. Journal
of Field Archaeology 31.1: 6176.
2007. Central Lydia Archaeological Survey: 2005 Results. Aratrma Sonular
Toplants 24 (2): 13554.
Roosevelt, C. H., and C. Luke. 2006a. Looting Lydia: the Destruction of an
Archaeological Landscape in Western Turkey. In Archaeology, Cultural
Heritage, and the Antiquities Trade, edited by N. Brodie, M. Kersel, C. Luke,
and K. Walker Tubb, 17387. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.
317
318
Map 1: Map of the CLAS study area, showing the regional focus of the 2006 season
319
Map 2: Map showing the 2006 survey area, with newly documented tumuli, survey tracks,
settlements, and lake coring locations
320
Fig. 1: View of the northwestern part of the survey area, the focus of activity in 2006
Fig. 2: Systematic field survey in action, with N. P. Wolff, K. C. Cooney, and N. P. zgner
321
322
Fig. 5: View of Kaymak (POI06.1) to SSW from the Gygaean Lake. Arrows indicate approximate
extent of terraced and fortified enclosure
Fig. 6: View of Asartepe to NNW. Arrows indicate approximate extent of terraced and fortified
enclosure
323
Fig. 7: Team members extract a sediment core from a raft on the Gygaean Lake
324
325
Fig. 9: View of the GPS-depth sounder used to conduct bathymetric survey of the Gygaean
Lake
326
Yrd. Do. Dr. Harun ZDA, Dokuz Eyll niversitesi, Deniz Bilimleri ve Teknolojisi Enstits
retim yesi, zmir/TRKYE
1 Bu alma bizi derinden zen bir trafik kazasnda kaybettiimiz rencilerimiz Yaar Mete
Oymakl ile rem Uygura adanmtr.
327
miktarda safra ta yer almakta olup ayrca yine amphoralar arasnda krk ta ipo
parasna rastlanmtr. Deniz taban yaklak 30 derecelik bir eime sahip olup
blgede, 25 m.den sonra balayan kumluk zeminde, yzeyde birka krk seramik
para dnda rnek bulunamamtr. Bununla birlikte kumluk zeminde bata ait
amphora ve dier eserlerin bulunma olasl vardr. Bata ait kalntlar yaklak
150-200 m2lik bir alana dalm (Resim: 1) durumdadr. Buluntular birbirine
ve ana kayaya kaynam olduklarndan rnek karlamamtr. Gerekletirilen
aratrmada farkl amphora formu tespit edilmitir. Bu formlardan mantar
azl rnein (Resim: 2) benzeri Atina agora kazlarnda2 ve Gelada3 ele
geirilmi ve M.. 4. ile M.. 3. yzyln ilk eyreini kapsayan Helenistik Dneme
tarihlendirilmitir. rnek karlamad iin ikinci form hakknda yorum yapmak
imdilik pek mmkn olmamaktadr. nc form ise kk boyutlu Knidos
amphoralarna4 benzemekle birlikte tutama farkldr. Batk ve evresine iki
ksa dal gerekletirilebilmitir. nmzdeki yl yaplacak detayl aratrma
sonucunda batk ile ilgili daha salkl bir bilgi edinmek ve tarihleme yapmak
mmkn olacaktr.
328
329
330
yaknnda yer almaktadr. Blgede deniz taban farkl bir morfolojik yap gstermekte
olup irili ufakl oyuklar eklinde adeta ar kovan eklini hatrlatan bir yzey ekli
grlmektedir. Amphoralar (Resim: 7) bu oyuklarn iinde yer almakta olup yaklak
200 m2 lik geni bir alana dalmtr. 3-9 m. derinlikte bulunan amphoralar irili
ufakl 6 kme hlinde karmza kar. Batk alannda yzeyde yaklak 200-250
adet ikiz kulplu krk amphora dank olarak grlebilmektedir. Batn s suda
olmasnda tr zaman iinde olduka tahrip olduu anlalmaktadr.
Ege ve Akdenizde geni bir dalm gsteren ve batkta bulunan ikiz kulplu
Kos amphoralar11 M.. 1. yzyla tarihlendirilmektedir. Buna bal olarak bat
da ayn yzyla tarihlemenin doru olacan dnmekteyiz.
2006 yl ikinci etap almalar, zmir Karaburun dnda Ayvalk ve Bozcaadada
gerekletirilen dallarda tespit edilen batklardan olumaktadr. Bunlar;
6-Karaburun, M.S. 7. yzyl Bizans bat
7-Ayvalk Kk Maden Adas, M.S. 11.12. yzyl Bizans bat
8-Ayvalk Yellice Adas, M.S. 11.-12. yzyl Bizans bat
9-Bozcaada M.S. 12.13. yzyl Bizans kiremit bat
10-Bozcaada tabak bat
6-Karaburun, Bizans Bat
zmir Karaburunun batsnda bulunan (Harita: 1) batk, dalg Sleyman
Yalnkaya tarafndan gsterilmitir. Piri Reis aratrma gemisinin yanamasna ve
demirlemesine uygun olmayan sarp bir kayann hemen dibinden gerekletirilen
dallarda, dik bir yama eklindeki kumluk deniz tabannda 10-12 adet
salam ve krk durumda silindir gvdeli amphoraya rastlanm ve bir rnek
karlarak (Resim: 8) eme Mzesine teslim edilmitir. 35-45 m. derinliklerde
karlatmz amphoralar younlukla byk bir kayann dousundaki yamata
bulunmaktadr. evrede safra talarnn yan sra, pimi toprak maltz paralar
da tespit edilmitir. Deniz tabannn morfolojik yapsndan kumluk zeminin altnda
ok miktarda amphora olduu anlalmaktadr. Tek dal gerekletirilebilen batk
11 Benzerleri ve detayl bilgi iin baknz A. K. enol, a.g.e., 40, 43-44;Grace, a.g.e.,. 11 ek. 12;
Alpzen 1975,11 Lev. 4, ek. 2; Siciallano-Sibella, a.g.e., s. 90; B. Bttger, Die Kaiserzeitlichen
und Spatantken Amphoren Aus Dem Kerameikos, AM, 107 (1992), s. 333-337; O. Alpzen,
H. zda, a.g.e., s. 97.
331
332
333
334
23 Ege niversitesi, Sanat Tarihi Blm retim yesi Lale Doer benzer tip tabaklarn
zmir agora kazlarnda bulunduundan sz etmi olup deerlendirme almalar devam
etmektedir.
24 Detayl bilgi iin Bkz. M. L. Wartburg, Type of Importaed Table Wares at Kouklia in the Otoman
Period (Nikosia 2001), 362-381; M. Habn, Medieval-Modern Pottery Summary ed. by B. J.
Hayden, Reports on the Vrokastro Area, Eastern Crete:Volume III: The Vrokastro Regional
Survey Project: Sites and Pottery (Pennsylvania 2005), 81-99. Bu yaynlarda benzer tip
tabaklar Albisola Taches Noires tipi olarak verilmitir.
335
336
Hellenistik
337
338
Resim 8: Kanlkaya,
Bizans
bat,
amphora rnei (KBB 2007-01)
339
340
341
342
Prof. Dr. Giuseppe RAGONE, Universit degli Studi Roma Tre, Dipartimento di Studi sul
Mondo Antico, Via Ostiense 236, IT-00144 Roma (ITALY). E-mail: ragone@uniroma3.it
SOT Prospecci Arqueolgica, C/ Emeterio Escudero 76 bis, ES-08190 Samt Cugat del Valls
- Barcelona (SPAIN). E-mail: roger_sal_bar@yahoo.es; prospeccions@yahoo.es
Hdt. I 149,1.
Strab. XIII 3, 5.
Plin. NH V 119-121; cf. J. M. Cook, Cities in and around the Troad, Annual of the British
School at Athens 83, 1988, pp. 7-19, espec. 11 n. 5.
Cf. G. Ragone, La progradazione costiera nella regione del delta dellErmo e la colonizzazione
greca nellarea fra Smirne e Cuma eolica, in: C. Albore Livadie - F. Ortolani (eds.), ClimaticEnvironmental Variations and Impact on Man in the Circum-Mediterranean Area during the
Holocene, Bari 2003, pp. 273-328.
343
commanding position overlooking the point in which the valley of the Hermus
(between Mt. Sipylus and Mt. Sardene) comes to an end, and the river enters
definitively into the open plain: a natural crossing point today and perhaps also in
the past (cf. Map: 1; fig. 1).
Very little is known of the history of Temnos in the archaic age. According to
Pausanias, Pelops, on his way from Sipylus to Olympia, crossed the Hermus and
stopped in the site where Temnos was later to be founded. There he carved a
xoanon a wooden statue of Aphrodite in a living myrtle-tree, propitiating the
goddess and asking for Hippodameia to become his bride6.
The foundation legend reported by Stephanus of Byzantium navely derives
the name Temnos from the Greek verb temnein, to cut, to break: allegedly, an
oracle ordered a certain Omallos (perhaps to be emended to Malaos) to found a
new town in the very place where the axle of his cart would break (a clear allusion
to the abrupt location of Temnus: cf. figs. 2-3)7.
According to Xenophon Temnos, thanks to its impregnable position, was one
of the very few Greek cities in Asia Minor which managed, by their own forces, to
keep their independence from the Persians8.
Its autonomous bronze coinage begins in the IV century B.C. and continues
till the late Roman Imperial age. A hoard of about 300 coins of the III century
B.C., chiefly small coppers of Temnos, was found in the neighborhood of Smyrna,
and was published by Milne in 19149. The hoard of Tell Kotchek, on the Syrian
border, buried between 167 and 155 B.C., contained among 604 Alexandrian
tetradrachms 196 items from Temnos and 342 from Alabanda10. The coinage of
Temnos, among other things, gives us precious information about the local cults,
the citys pantheon11.
6 Paus. V 13, 7.
7 Steph. Byz. s.v. ; Malaos is one of the two ktistai of Cyme mentioned by Strab.
XIII 1, 3; for the etymology of the place name Temnos cf. J. Manessy-Guitton, Temenos,
Indogermanische Forschungen 71, 1966, pp. 14-38.
8 Xen. Hell. IV 8, 5.
9 J. G. Milne, A Hoard of Coins of Temnos, London 1914.
10 IGCH 1773; cf. H. Seyrig, Trsors du Levant anciens et nouveaux (Trsors montaires
sleucides, 2), Paris 1973, nr. 15: Trsor de Tell Kotchek.
11 The following cults are attested: Aphrodite, Apollo, Dionysus, Athena, Zeus Akraios, Nemeseis,
river-god Hermus, Heracles, Tyche, Serapis.
344
345
the king of Bithynia, Prusias II, in the course of a war against Attalus II, burned the
sacred precinct of Apollo Kynneios, probably at the towns periphery (the story is
related by Polybius)17.
Cicero gives some details on the political and administrative organization of
Temnos, which in Republican times had a senatus, five praetores, three quaestores,
and four mensarii18. He also mentions the famous rhetorician Hermagoras of
Temnos, who flourished during the II century B.C. and wrote an appreciated
manual in five books, the Art of Rhetoric19.
In 17 A.D. Temnos was damaged by a severe earthquake, which affected many
other places in the same area. All these cities were restored thanks to generous
donations by the Emperor Tiberius20. Their thanksgiving monument is reproduced
on the so called Puteoli base, or Tiberian base from Puteoli, which preserves
among others the male personification of Temnos21.
Late Roman cartography (in particular the derivative Tabula Peutingeriana)
still registers Temnos on the Smyrna > Pergamum road, 33 miles far from Kyme22.
The last mentions of the town occur in Hierocles Synecdemus (ca. 530) and in the
Acta of some Councils, which were attended by bishops from Temnos23. From the
last decades of the IX century onwards, the lack of evidence becomes complete,
and definitive.
Temnos has never been the object of regular archaeological surveys or
excavations (the results of P. Devambez campaign in 1934 remained unpublished).
A brief survey was conducted some years ago by Prof. Ersin Doer, in order to
delimit the archaeological area to be classified for preservation. There is neither a
17 Pol. XXXII 15, 11-13. The sanctuary is mentioned also in Inschr. v. Smyrna II 1, nr. 584 (supra,
n. 12), found by P. Devambez at Temnos.
18 Cic. pro Flacc. XVI 42; XIX 44.
19 Cic. De inv. I 8; 10-19; 97; Brut. 263; 271; see also Strab. XIII 3, 5; Quint. II 15, 14; 21, 21; III 1,
16; 1, 18; 3, 9; 5, 4; 5, 14; 6, 21; 6, 53; 6, 56; 6, 59-60; 11, 1-10; 11, 18; V 9, 12; VII 4, 4; Su(i)d.
s.v. , etc.; cf. D. Matthes (ed.), Hermagorae Temnitae testimonia et fragmenta,
Lipsiae 1962; M. Zanatta (ed.), Ermagora.Testimonianze e frammenti, Milano 2004.
20 Tac. Ann. II 47.
21 CIL X 1, nr. 1624; H. Dessau, Inscr. Lat. Sel., nr. 156; cf. Le Collezioni del Museo Nazionale
di Napoli (la scultura greco-romana, le sculture antiche della collezione Farnese, le collezioni
monetali, le oreficerie, la collezione glittica), I 2, Roma 1989, pp. 116-117 nr. 101, figs. 101-101
a-b-c; C. Vermeule, The basis from Puteoli: cities of Asia Minor in Julio-Claudian Italy, in: L.
Casson - M. Price (eds.), Coins, Culture, and History in the Ancient World. Numismatic and
other Studies in Honor of Bluma L. Trell, Detroit 1981, pp. 85-101.
22 Tab. Peut. VIII 4 Weber (= IX 4 Miller); cf. Anon. Ravenn. Cosmogr. II 18 p. 30 Schnetz; V 9 p.
91 Schnetz; Guido Geogr. 98-99 p. 134 Schnetz.
23 Hierocl. 660-661 (pp. 16-17 Burckhardt / p. 22 Honigmann); W. M. Ramsay, The Historical
Geography of Asia Minor, London 1890, p. 104.
346
general sketch map, nor a detailed topographical and archaeological relief of the
ancient town and its territory. The rare epigraphical findings have been casual, not
resulting from systematic research.
Our preliminary biennial (2006-2007) survey is expected to develop into a
wider long-term research program, consolidated and prolonged in time by stable
financial resources, and hopefully by the consent of the Turkish authorities to
confirm their permission. At present, the research program includes archaeological,
topographical and epigraphical survey at Temnos and in its territory (in particular
in the modern villages of Eski/Yeni Hasanlar, nedere, Eski/Yeni Grece, Telekler,
Eski/Yeni Sleymanl, Bozalan); and geophysical prospecting (georadar, resistivity
etc.) of some selected zones. We aim at realizing a general archaeological map
of the survey area, intended as an instrument for its future preservation and
valorization (cf. Map: 2).
A) NECROPOLIS: In 2006 two separate necropoleis were explored and delimited,
about 0.5 km N and 1 km NE of the acropolis hill (Grece Kale) respectively, on
both sides of the track bordering its lowest E slopes. They are almost completely
ravaged by illegal digging, often very vast and deep, undoubtedly the result of longlasting undisturbed work (years-, if not decades-long), encouraged by the isolation
of the area and by a lack of effective local control. We explored, positioned by
GPS and put on satellite photographs more than 200 GPS WayPoints (> WPs),
corresponding to as many holes, variable in dimensions and depth (cf. maps 34). Such an impressive number is certainly still far from the total amount of illegal
excavations in the necropolis areas. A minor number of holes might be relics of
P. Devambez 1934 unpublished excavations. Most tombs are cists, made with
local stone slabs (perhaps volcanic, classifiable by colour and mineral inclusions
in four main types), covered by flat or roof-shaped lids, and with roughly uniform
orientation within the different areas (fig. 4). Very scanty relics of grave goods
survive (perhaps a pure consequence of accurate, long-lasting depredation), most
of them being fragments of rough, unpainted clay wares.
B) ACROPOLIS: The acropolis (Grece Kale), difficult to ascend and itself
damaged by illegal excavations, has been explored only briefly, with the main
purpose of tracking and positioning by GPS the contour of the two (upper and
lower) terraces on its top, both following an approximate NW / SE axis (cf. map 2).
Once again, we have registered and positioned many of the holes produced by
illegal digging, on the above mentioned terraces and on the NE and E slopes of
the roughly conical acropolis hill. In some cases, especially near the acropolis top,
such holes have probably destroyed sanctuaries or sacred areas (still suggested
347
by votive niches carved in the natural rock); in other cases they have unearthed and
damaged artefacts and structures connected with water-supply (cisterns, wells,
clay pipes), residential and/or artisanal quarters (millstones, mortars [sometimes
decorated], olive-presses and clay loom-weights are remarkably frequent) [cf. Figs.
5, 6], and perhaps some apsidal Byzantine building (identification still uncertain).
C) THEATRE: The theatre, identified on the northern slopes of the acropolis
(cf. Map: 2), is poorly preserved and mostly invaded by vegetation. Yet in some
points the cavea tiers are still visible and in situ, with their decorated steps/seats
of local stone (Fig. 7). Also the parodoi walls, the analemmata and the foundations
of the skene are easily recognizable. Some architectural and decorative pieces
from the scene-building (column and semi-column drums, entablature fragments,
bases etc.) are still accumulated in the orchestra. Once again, our work included
complete photographic documentation, general measuring and GPS positioning
of the main visible structures (especially the skene and the parodoi walls). Among
the architectural relics of the scenae frons laying on ground in the orchestra, two
fragmentary bases were identified, one with a single carved hollow in which the foot
of a statue was to be fitted; and another with a short unpublished inscription (Fig.
8). A paper squeeze of the inscription was made, and its digital image, enhanced by
colour and contrast regulation, is perfectly readable. Prof. Hasan Malay gives the
following transcription and translation of the incomplete text: -] [()? |
][ = e.g. ...-eitas, son of Diaphanes ?, (dedicated, made, constructed
etc. this) after having served as prytanis. The dedication, probably to be dated
on palaeographic grounds to the late Hellenistic Age, mentions the prytanis, the
eponymous magistrate of Temnos already known from one other inscription24.
It is worth mentioning, by the way, that the name [] | [] could
be convincingly restored in a fragmentary list, compiled by Philodemus, of Stoic
philosophers, pupils of Chrysippus25.
D) AGORA (?): The largest architectural complex discovered in the 2006 survey
lies on the NW and W slopes of the acropolis hill: an impressive rectangular terrace
or platform ca. 200 m long, bordered and sustained by a polygonal wall, preserved
24 Inschriften von Pergamon 5 (cf. supra, n. 12).
25 PHerc. 1018 (Ind. Stoic. Herc.), col. XLVI, lin. 5-6 (A. Traversa [ed.], Index stoicorum
Herculanensis, Genova 1952) = Chrysipp. Sol. frg. 12 (H.F.A. von Arnim [ed.], Stoicorum
veterum fragmenta, II. Chrysippi fragmenta logica et physica, Lipsiae 1903); cf. T. Dorandi
(ed.), Filodemo. Storia dei filosofi. La sto da Zenone a Panezio (PHerc. 1018), Leiden - New
York - Kln 1994; reviewed by M. Gigante, Gnomon 72, 2000, pp. 294-301, espec. 299. Cf. also
in Inschr. v. Ilion, nr. 40 (supra, n. 12); T. Dorandi, Epigraphica
philosophica, Prometheus 15, 1989, pp. 37-38; R. Goulet (ed.). Dictionnaire des philosophes
antiques, II, Paris 1993, D 93.
348
in some parts to a height of around 3 m (cf. Fig. 9). This was probably the main
public space of the town, its agora; a hypothesis strengthened by the existence, on
its S side, of two adjacent and probably connected large terraces, and by the fact
that the main rectangular platform and the lower hill-slopes below it are scattered
over a large area with unfluted column drums (at least 41: the number of the
corresponding GPS WPs taken so far), similar in shape and remarkable dimensions
(diameter: ca. 70 cm; height: ca. 110 cm: cf. Fig. 10), and probably to be interpreted
as relics of a porch (stoa). The ground surface inside the rectangular terrace is
irregular: a probable hint to the presence of more underground architectural relics.
The column drums, with other visible blocks and fragments, may represent only
the emerging level of a much bigger accumulation.
The acropolis slopes, at both higher and lower altitudes than the agora, are
crossed by other imposing walls, to be interpreted in some cases as further terraces
(a means to broaden the habitable surface in this steep area of the town); in other
cases, especially at the lower altitude and in case of longer rectilinear tracts, as
parts of the city wall (at present not retraceable in its whole perimeter). All around
the two acropolis hilltop-terraces, the fortification walls (Temnos was an oppidum,
according to Pliny the Elder)26 are no more than scraps, diaphragms filling the
gaps of the abrupt natural rock. The agora terraces and the other structures
described so far have been surveyed and positioned by GPS (79 WPs in total,
including the above mentioned 41 corresponding to the column drums of the stoa;
plus the continuous contour tracking of the polygonal sustaining wall).
F) TERRITORY: As said above, the survey area, encompassing a radius of
ca. 10 km all around the town site, includes some modern villages, where reused
ancient spoils can be sporadically identified (mostly column drums; one decorated
stone slab probably from an ambo laying on ground in the little square of Yeni
Grece, etc.). Accurate survey and registration of these ancient relics is useful
and possible, especially in the deserted agro-pastoral villages of Eski Hasanlar,
Eski Grece and Eski Sleymanl, where rural houses and public buildings
(mosques) are increasingly decaying, as a consequence of recent depopulation
(some decades ago the inhabitants moved to homonymous villages founded in
lower and more accessible areas nearby). A preliminary survey of the abandoned
and collapsing buildings of Eski Grece and Eski Sleymanl revealed many
architectural fragments (drums, capitals, entablature blocks, decorative reliefs etc.:
cf. Fig. 11), and a few millstones and oil presses, which confirm the unchanged
agricultural nature of this peripheral part of the territory of Temnos.
26 Plin. NH V 119 (cf. supra, n. 4).
349
350
351
352
353
Fig. 6: Decorated stone block (W slopes of the acropolis-Illegal excavation GPS WP 80)
354
355
Fig. 9: A g o r a - P o l y g o n a l
terrace wall
356
2006 YILI,
MULA L, MLAS LES LE REN VE SELMYE
BELDELERNDE ARKEOLOJK YZEY ARATIRMASI
Abuzer KIZIL*
04.09.2006 tarihinde balayan yzey aratrmas 11.09.2006 tarihinde sona
ermitir1. ren Beldesi (antik Keramos) territoriumunda yer alan Alatepe, Kultak,
amlca, Keramos su yolu, Pinarn Kumluca Mahallesi ve Pinar Kynn
bir blmnde yaplan yzey aratrmas 2006 yl iin planland ekilde
sonulandrlmtr. Aratrma aamalar almann seyrine gre aadaki
ekilde gerekletirilmitir.
Alatepe Ky, Hisartepe Mevkii: Alatepe Kynn gneyinde, kuzeyi denize
dik inen, zirvesi Gkova Krfezine hkim, Hisartepe olarak bilinen tepenin kuzey
yamacnda, alt taraflar kuru ta duvarlarla desteklenen teraslarda yap kalntlar
tespit edilmitir (Resim: 1). Yer yer plan veren ya da duvarlar izlenebilen yaplarda
yerel kireta bloklar kullanlmtr. Ykk durumda olan bu duvarlarn mimari
adan belli bir plan erevesinde oluturulduklar anlalmaktadr. Baz duvarlar
defineciler tarafndan yaplan kaak kazlar sonucu ortaya karlmtr. Yaplarn
d ve teras duvarlarnda kullanlan byk bloklarn yannda defineci kazlarnda
ortaya karlan duvarlarn daha kk talarla rlm olmalar, bunlarn ara
duvar olduklarn gstermektedir. Sadece bir yapnn kesinde Hellenistik
Dnemde ska rastladmz ke bandna rastlanmtr. Rahatlkla izlenebilen
duvarlarda hem poligonal, hem de bosajl rektagonal rg teknii kullanlmtr.
Zirvenin dousunda ana kayann dzgn bir ekilde kesilmesi sonucu elde edilen
meknlar da vardr. Somut verilere rastlanmam olmasna ramen tam zirvede
yer alan kalntlar kutsal bir yapya veya bir kuleye ait olmaldr. Savunma amal
yerleimde yaplan aratrmada ne mermer bir bloka, ne de yazl veya plastik
bezemeli bir elemana rastlanmtr. Gzlemlenen profilli bir kap eii paras
*
Yrd. Do. Dr. Abuzer KIZIL, Mula niversitesi, Milas Stk Koman MYO, Mula/TRKYE
akizil@mu.edu.tr
1 Aratrma ekibinde yer alan, arkeologlar Sinem Trkolu, ahin Gm ve Aysun Topalolu,
ile Bakanlk Temsilcisi Mehmet akcya katklarndan dolay teekkr ederim.
357
ise tek rnektir. Yzeyde youn olarak rastlanmayan seramik paralar arasnda
pithos ve at kiremiti paralar ounluktadr. Bunlarn dnda monokrom, profil
veren, gnlk ilerde kullanlan kap fragmanlar ele geirilmitir. Mat siyah firnisli
kk kap paralar Hellenistik Dneme tarihlendirilebilir.
Bu yerleimin batsnda, yaklak elli metre mesafede yer alan oda mezar
olaslkla burada yaayan stat sahibi bir aileye aitti. Kuzey-gney dorultusunda
ina edilen mezarn girii gneyden olup Gkova Krfezinin ihtiaml manzarasna
bakmaktadr. Dikdrtgen planldr (Resim: 2). Dzgn yontulmu rektagonal
kireta bloklarla ina edilmitir. Tonoz atnn n ksm defineciler tarafndan
tamamen tahrip edilmitir (Resim: 3). Buna bal olarak, mezarn ii moloz ve
blok talar ile dolduundan gm dzeni hakknda bilgi sahibi olmak mmkn
olamamtr. Tonoz at, biri birinin zerinden tarlan blok talarn i kntlarnn
tralanmas sonucu elde edilmitir. Blok talarn derzleri daha sonraki bir dnemde
ince sva ile doldurulup perdahlanmtr. Bu uygulama mezarn bir sre sarn
olarak kullanlm olabileceini dndrmektedir.
Alatepe Ky, Akpnar Mevkii: Alatepe Kynn yaklak 3 km. kadar
kuzeydousunda, hafif meyilli bir zeytinlik arazi vasfl olan Akpnar mevkiindeki
izlerden burada yapay teraslamalar zerine kurulmu iftlik veya mezra niteliinde
kk bir yerleimin (kome) var olduu anlalmaktadr. Arazinin tpk gnmzde
olduu gibi antik alarda da zeytin ve baclk tarm yaplmasna uygun bir zellii
vardr. Kumta ve kfeki tandan yaplm bloklar gnmz snr duvarlarnda
kullanlmtr. Bunlardan yarm kalm stun tamburlar ile silmeli bir iki para
dnda kalan eserler ok fazla bir zellik tamamaktadrlar.
Yerleim alannda tespit edilen deiik formlardaki ilik2 (Resim: 4) ve siyah
bazalttan yaplm olan, yars krk deirmen ta bu mezra sakinlerinin baclk
ve zeytincilik ile geindiklerine iaret etmektedir. Bu iliklerden yarm kre eklinde
ukur olannn iindeki artk izleri olduka dikkat ekicidir ve olaslkla zm rasna
ait olmaldr. Yzey gzlemlerinden elde edilen at kiremiti paralar, boyal sva
ve kt iilikli mozaik kalntlar Ge Roma Dnemine tarihlendirilebilir.
2 liklerle ilgili daha geni bilgi iin bkz. B. St, Dalk Kilikiada Tl Asar (Lamos?) Yzey
Aratrmas 2002, 21. AST- 1, 2003, 281-282, Resim 5; A. Diler, Akdeniz Blgesi Antik a
Zeytin ve zm Presleri-1993, 12. AST, 1995, 441 vd.; A. Diler, Karya Yzey Aratrmas1995, 14. AST-1, 1997,189 vd.; A. Diler, Karya Yzey Aratrmas1996, 15. AST 2,
1998, 411-413.; F. Ertu, Linseed oil and oil mills in central Turkey Flax/Linum and Eruca,
important oil plants of Anatolia, Anatolan Studies 50, 2000, 180 vd.
358
359
Kultak Ky, Sofu Tepe ve Karaba Tepe: Sofu Tepe ve Karaba Tepe,
Keramosun dousunda, zerinde arkeolojik kalnt barndran iki farkl tepedir.
Bu tepeler ayn zamanda bugnk Kultak Kynn tam olarak gneyinde yer
almakta olup ormanlk arazi ierisinde bulunmaktadr.
Denizden ykseklii 597 m. olan Sofu Tepenin zirvesi kayalk bir jeolojik yapya
sahiptir. Gney yn olduka dik olarak denize doru uzanmaktadr. Bu tepe tpk
Hisartepe gibi Gkova Krfezine hkimdir. Buradan Alatepe Ky yaknlarndaki
Hisartepe, Akpnar mevkii, aada sz edeceimiz Karaba Tepe net bir biimde
grlebilmektedir. Sofu Tepe zirvesinde oluturulan ve kaak kazlar sonucu tahrip
edilen meknlarn duvar rgleri hemen yaknda yer alan zirvedeki ana kayadan
alnan bloklarla ina edilmi olmaldr. Zirvede kaak kazlar sonucu ksmen aa
km olan birka mekn ok dzgn olmamakla birlikte rektagonal duvarlara
sahiptir. Yine zirvede bir ksm ile ana kayaya oturmu bir meknn gneye bakan
duvarnn yarm daire biiminde plan gsterdii tespit edilmitir. Zirvenin gney
kenarnda da bu tr meknlarn devam ettii bellidir. Ancak herhangi bir plan
ortaya koymak mmkn deildir.
Sofu Tepenin hemen gneyinde yer alan Karaba Tepenin de arkeolojik
kalntlara sahip olduu tespit edilmitir. Karaba Tepe zirvesinde iki farkl sur
kalntsndan baka bir arkeolojik veriye rastlanmamtr. Bu kalntlardan birincisi
tamamen coraf konuma gre biimlenmi, yaklak iki yz metrekarelik bir alan
evreleyen izlerdir. kincisi ise yine topografik konuma gre ekillenmekle birlikte
dier izlerin hemen gneydousunda L eklinde takip edilebilen sur kalntsdr.
Karaba Tepedeki her iki kalnt da moloz tatan harsz olarak rlm bir duvar
rgsne sahiptir. Duvar ykseklikleri ne yazk ki korunamamtr.
Gerek Sofu Tepede ve gerekse Karaba Tepede belli duvar izleri haricinde
nemli bir arkeolojik veriye rastlanmamtr. Sofu Tepe, Karaba Tepe ve Hisar Tepe
Keramos territoriumu dahilinde ortak bir savunma zincirinin halkalar olmaldr.
Keramos Su Yolu Aratrmalar: Aratrmalara antik Keramosun su ihtiyacn
karlayan kaynan, gzerghn ve suyun tanmas iin bavurulan mhendislik
yntemlerini tespit amacyla balanmtr. Kocadere Vadisi boyunca vadinin sa
yamacnda duvar ve kanal buluntular ile rahat bir ekilde izlenebilen gzerghn
belli bir mesafeden sonra byk vadinin iki kola ayrlmas nedeniyle bu konuda
belli bir zorluk karabileceini dnrken, kpr ve yol almalar srasnda
tesadfen ortaya kan ve istinat duvarn andran, ekilsiz ta rgl, harl duvarn
360
361
ald, baka bir ifadeyle kemer ayaklarndan bir tanesinin derenin tam ortasnda
yer ald gzlemlenmitir. Karya geen su yolu, ana kayaya bitiik olarak rlen
duvarn zerindeki ak kanaldan rene doru akmaya devam etmitir. Aratrma
gzerghnda rastladmz ykk bir deirmene ait kalntlar ile plastik borularla
rene doru akan suyun Antik adan gnmze kadar ayn ekilde hizmet
ettiini gstermektedir
Suyun, arazinin elverdii noktalarda yerin altndan geni apl knklerle
tandnn anlalmas nemli bir tespit olmutur6.
renden Alatepe ve Kultak zerinden Mulaya giden yolun kestii ve olaslkla
bir ksmnn yol yapm almalar esnasnda tahrip edildii kemerler yoldan
geenlerin rahatlkla grebildikleri bir noktada yer alrlar.
Keramosa doru gzergh rahatlkla izlenebilen su yolunun akn
salayabilmek iin mhendislerin zorlu corafya koullar karsnda bavurduklar
farkl teknik ve yntemlerin de hayret ve hayranlkla izlenmesi mmkn olmutur.
rene yaklatka derin bir vadinin Kemer Deresine ald dar boaznda su
kemerlerinin mhendisliinin zirvesine kt ve antsallat ift katl kemer
uygulamas kalntlar ile karlalmtr (Resim: 6). Kemerin yukar doru ana
kayaya bitiik olarak yaplan duvarnn yol yapm almalar esnasnda yok
edildii aka belli olmaktadr. Bu ift katl muntazam iilikli kemerlerin yer ald
vadinin sol tarafndaki kayalk uurum boyunca izlenen ve ana kemerlere balanan
sar kemerli duvarlarn st, ksmen de kayann oyulmas ile oluturulmu
kanallarla ana kemerlerin beslendii anlalmaktadr. Bu yan kolun paralelinde
yukar doru devam eden vadinin ii su akan bir dere nitelii tamamas bu kolun
suyunun nereden geldii konusunda bizi aratrma yapmaya sevk etmesi zerine
yamac trmanarak kanal seviyesine ktmzda kanaln douya doru daha
fazla devam etmedii grlmtr. Bu durumda bu yan kolun sadece yamur
sularndan yararlanmak iin ina edildii grnden baka farkl bir aklama
getirilememitir.
Benzer mhendislik sistemlerinin uygulanmas ile devam eden su yolunun
takibi Keramosu evreleyen ehir surunun dousundaki kalntlarnn altndan
6 Kemerlerin grlmedii noktalarda su tama sisteminin ne ekilde yapld sorusunun cevab,
72 yana ramen hl evikliinden bir ey kaybetmeyen, gler yzl ve misafirperver, bu
yrede tek bana yaayan, sempatik Halil brahim zkan sayesinde renilmitir. Pimi
topraktan yaplm, su borusuna benzeyen bir eyler grdnz m? sorumuza evet cevab
vermesi bizi heyecanlandrmtr. Evinin yanndaki knk gstermekle kalmayp knkn
toprak anmas neticesinde ortaya kt noktadaki in situ knk de gstermitir.
362
363
amlca Kynn arkasndaki yerel ismi ile Gambar Tepe olarak bilinen mevkide
ky muhtar rehberliinde yaplan aratrmada tepenin zirvesini evreleyen kuru
duvar rgsnde kayrak tandan yaplm birka mimari blok dikkat ekmitir.
Tepeden karld ifade edilen bu bloklarla ilgili yaplan incelemede sk maki ve
allklar arasnda kaak kaz ukurlar dnda herhangi bir mimari kalnt veya
buluntuya rastlanmamtr. Tepenin hemen eteinde yer alan modern mezarln
bat duvar dnda musalla ta olarak kullanlan antik ta blokun da sz konusu
tepeden getirildii ifade edilmitir.
Kyn kuzeydousundaki Belen Alan mevkiinde ise ana kayaya oyulmu
bir oda mezar boa ba kabartmasyla civardaki tek rnek olarak karmza
kmtr (Resim: 8, 9). Mezar odasna giriin sanda, solunda ve karsnda
yine ana kayann sandk eklinde oyulmas ile elde edilmi lahit bulunmaktadr.
Sa ve sol yandaki lahitler tahrip edilmitir. Mezarn st taraf tonoz eklinde
biimlendirilmitir. Lahitlerin st taraflarnda drtgen kesitli birer ni asimetrik olarak
yer almaktadr. Kardaki lahdin st tarafnda bir metop zerine cepheden boa
ba (bukranion) kabartmas yaplmtr. Kap giriinin karsndaki lahit teknesinin
nii ise yaklak olarak orta eksene denk gelmektedir. Fazla byk olmayan giriin
bir ta levha ile kapatldn gsteren yuva izleri belli olmaktadr. Giriin nndeki
ana kayann biimlenmesiyle giri farkl bir ekilde dzenlenmitir. Bu mezarn
hemen st tarafndaki dz saylabilecek tarlalk alanda az da olsa gzlemlenebilen
kaba at kiremiti paralar tek balarna kk bir yerleim yerinin varlna iaret
edip etmeyecekleri soru iaretidir.
Pinarky, Kumluca Mahallesi: Pinar Kynn Kumluca Mahallesinde yaplan
incelemede kyn iinde devasa rektagonal bloklarla rlm, olaslkla bir iftlik
evi olabilecek drtgen plan veren bir yap tespit edilmitir (Resim: 10). Duvar
keleri Hellenistik Dnem zellii olan bant eklinde yontulmutur. Gney, bat
ve kuzey duvarlarnn bir ksm iyi bir ekilde korunan yapnn gney duvarnda
bir giri akl bulunmaktadr. Bu giriin st tarafnda yer alan bir blok kilit ta
formundadr. Bu yapnn gneyinde dou-bat istikametinde uzanan, yine ayn
dneme ait, ancak daha kk dzgn kesilmi talarla rlm baka bir duvar
kalnts daha vardr. Byk talarla rlen yapnn tahrip olan dou tarafnda
ykk durumda iki odal yeni bir yapnn yer almas her iki kalnt arasnda iliki
kurmay zorlatrmaktadr. Ad geen yeni yapnn nnde kuzeybat ynnde
uzanan bir duvar sras zorlukla seilebilmektedir. Byk yapnn gneybat
kesinde son dnemlerde yaplm baca eklindeki yuvarlak bir yap kalnts da
bulunmaktadr.
364
365
Nekropol alannda ele geirilen yumurta dizili iri taneli bir mermerin zerinde ska
karlatmz bir terim olan Agathe Tukhenin Agath ksm okunabilmektedir. Bu
parann bulunduu alanda ele geirilen mozaik paralar ve defineciler tarafndan
kazlan topran kesitinde izlenebilen mozaik Anemuriumda10 olduu gibi baz
mezarlarn tabanlarnn mozaik deli olabilecei konusunda fikir vermitir.
Bu alanda yaplan aratrmada rastlanan ve ana kayann oyulmas ile elde
edilmi yuvarlak ukurlar dikkat ekicidir (Resim: 15). Deiik aplardaki bu
ukurlar olaslkla ilik olarak kullanlyordu. Akropoln gneydousundaki zeytinlik
alanda yine ana kayann oyulmas ile elde edilen bir tanesi drtgen formlu iki ukur
da bu amala yaplm olmaldr.
366
367
368
Resim 6: Aquadkt
369
370
371
372
373
374
Dr. Serap ZDL, Ege niversitesi, eme Turizm ve Otelcilik Yksekokulu, retim
Grevlisi, 35930 Dalyan-eme, zmir;/TRKYE serap.ozdol@ege.edu.tr.
1 Sz konusu almalar Anadoluda Erken Neolitik Dnem anak mlek Kltrleri ve
atalhyk rnei adl doktora tez almam kapsamnda ve Konya Arkeoloji Mzesi,
atalhyk kaz projesi ve alnan zel izinlerle malzemenin getirildii Ege niversitesinde
gerekletirilmitir. Bu aratrmay destekleyen bata tez danmanm Sayn Prof. Dr. Altan
ilingirolu olmak zere, atalhyk kaz bakan Sayn Prof. Dr. Ian Hodder, Konya Mzeleri
Mdr Sayn Dr. Erdoan Erol ve Arkeoloji Mzesinden Arkeolog Sayn Kazm MerteK ve
Arkeolog Enver Akgn ile adn sayamadm tm dier mze alanlarna gnlden teekkr
ederim.
375
376
377
378
379
Orta Gelenei Erken Gelenekten farkl klan en nemli zellik, koyu yzl
mineral katkl mallarla birlikte biim repertuarna giren ve yemek piirme ile ilgili
grnen mlek formlarnn varldr. Mal 5in %76sn, Orta Gelenein ise tm
temel kap biimlerinin yarsndan fazlasn (%64), ince duvarl, kresel ya da derin
gvdeli daralan azl ya da dik kenarl mlek formlar oluturur (izim: 3). Kap
biimleri arasnda boyunlu formlar grlmez.
Mal 5 ve Mal 6ya ait diplerin ou, mal grubunun tipik ince duvarl ve kresel
gvdeli kaplarna ait geni al ve dz rneklerdir (izim: 3). Orta Gelenein en
yaygn ve tipik tutamaklarn, ucu yukar dnk ya da dz bir biimde yerletirilmi,
dikine ip delikli yatay tutamaklar oluturur (izim: 3; Resim: 3).
Erbabada Orta Gelenek; ana toprak zerine kurulmu III. tabakann tek mal
tr olan Koyu Yzl Akl Mallar ile temsil edilir. Bu byk grup, Mal 1 olarak
adlandrlm ve kendi iindeki kalite ayrmlarna gre de Mal 1a ve Mal 1b
olarak tanmlanmtr (Resim: 4).
Erbaba Mal 1 grubu, ekilsiz, farkl renklerdeki bol mineral ierii ile atalhyk
seramikleriyle ayn kil kkenini, baka bir deyile volkanik kkenli kolvyal bir kil
kaynan dndrr. Mal 1a, koyu yzl grubun iinde, grece ince ya da orta
nitelikteki alt grubu oluturur ve atalhykn Mal 5as ile karlatrlabilir.
Erbaba Mal 1 grubu yzey renkleri, atalhyk trde grubu gibi koyu
renklerde alacaldr ve ilerinde orta-iyi kalitede piirilmi olan rnekler olduu
gibi grece krlgan ve gevrek rnekler de vardr. Paralarn hemen hepsi deiik
kalite ve tekniklerde aklanmtr ve atalhyk mallar gibi hamurdan elde edilen
bir kille astarlanmlardr. D yzler, sistemli bir biimde aklanm olsalar da,
ounlukla donuka, kimi zaman da parlaka bir grnme sahiptir. Erbaba koyu
yzl mallarnda da rs ve tokmak teknii uygulanmtr.
Erbabann Orta Gelenek horizonuna verilen tipik koyu yzl mallarnn,
atalhykn benzer mal gruplaryla karlatrldnda daha bol katkl, mika
ierii fazla ve kaba dokulu olduklar, yzeylerin daha koyu, daha donuk ve
genel grnm ve kalite bakmndan ayn gelenein daha tara karakterli rnleri
olduklar sylenebilir.
Erbabada gelenee ait tek bir mlekik dnda tam kap rnei yoktur ve paralar
kap formlar hakknda bilgi verseler de kk boyutlarda korunabilmilerdir.
atalhyk Orta Gelenei iinde saptanan 4 temel mlek tipine Erbaba
koyu yzl mineral katkl grubu iinde de rastlanmtr (izim: 4). Erbaba biim
repertuar iinde kresel derin gvdeli daralan azl mlekler, atalhykteki gibi
380
Suberde
XII-IX
III (st)I
381
Bademaac
EN/I 9
EN/I 8?
Hycek
EYD 3
Ymktepe
XXXIII-XXX
Tell el-Cdeyde
Amik A1 Evresi
Tell el-Kerkh
2a Evresi
382
Erbaba
III
II
Bademaac
EN/I (8?)7-5
Hycek
EYD 2-1
17 Erbaba III. Tabakas M.. yak. 6600-6400 arasna verilmektedir. Bordaz 1973, 287; Thissen
2003, 307, 324.
18 Duru 2000, 193-194, Lev. 7: 4; 2001, 586, Lev. 5: 1-3; 2005, Lev. 27: 2.
19 Duru-Umurtak 2005, 28, 35, 45, Lev. 97.
20 Bademaac C14 tarihleri iin bkz. Duru 2002, 410; 2001, 597; 2003, 565; 2005, 537 ve
Hycek iin bkz. 1995, 473; 1999, 179; 2002, 410; Thissen 2002, 332. Konuyla ilgili daha
ayrntl bilgi iin bkz. zdl 2006.
383
Mentee
Basal
Fikirtepe
Arkaik
Demircihyk
A Mal ve B Mal
384
Ymktepe
XXIX-XXVIII
Tell el-Cdeyde
Amik A2
Tell el-Kerkh
Rouj 2b
Kaynaka
Balossi, F., 2004 a-The pottery production of levels XXVII-XXVI, In I. CanevaV. Sevin (Eds.), MersinYumuktepe a Reappraisal, Universit Di Lecce
Dipartimento Di Beni Culturali Collana del Dipertimento, 12: 135-141.
Balossi, F., 2004 b-New Data for the Definition of the DFBW Horizon and Its
Internal Developments, the Earliest Phases of the Amuq Sequence Revisited,
Anotolica XXX, 109-149.
Bordaz, J., 1965-Suberde Excavations, 1964, Anatolian Studies 15: 30-32.
Bordaz, J., 1966-Suberde Excavations, 1965, Anatolian Studies 16: 32-33.
Bordaz, J., 1969-The Suberde Excavations, Southwestern Turkey: An Interim
Report, Trk Arkeoloji Dergisi 17/1: 43-71.
Bordaz, J., 1970-Erbaba (Beyehir), 1969, Anatolian Studies 20: 7-8.
Bordaz, J., 1971-A Preliminary Report of the 1969 Excavations at Erbaba, A
Neolithic Site near Beyehir, Turkey, Trk Arkeoloji Dergisi 18/2: 59-64.
26 Balossi 2004b, 129-133, Tablo 5-7
385
386
Hodder, I., 2005 Changing Entanglements and Temporalities, In: I. Hodder (Edt.),
Changing materialities at atalhyk reports from the 1995-1999 seasons,
Volume 5, (McDonald Institute Monographs; BIAA Monograph 39) Cambridge:
McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research; London: British Institute of
Archaeology at Ankara, 1-22.
Last, J., 1996-Surface pottery at atalhyk, In: I. Hodder (Edt.), On the surface:
atalhyk 1993-1995, Volume 1, (McDonald Institute Monographs; BIAA
Monograph 22) Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research;
London: British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara: 115-171.
Last, J., 2005-Pottery from the East Mound, In: I. Hodder (Edt.), Changing
materialities at atalhyk reports from the 1995-1999 seasons, Volume 5,
(McDonald Institute Monographs; BIAA Monograph 39) Cambridge: McDonald
Institute for Archaeological Research; London: British Institute of Archaeology
at Ankara, 101-138.
Mellaart, J., 1962-Excavations at atalhyk, First Preliminary Report, 19
Anatolian Studies Anatolian Studies 61, Anatolian Studies 12, 41-66.
Mellaart, J., 1963-Excavations at atalhyk, Second Preliminary Report, 1962,
Anatolian Studies 13, 43-103.
Mellaart, J., 1964-Excavations at atalhyk, Third Preliminary Report, 1963,
Anatolian Studies 14, 39-119.
Mellaart, J., 1965-Anatolian Pottery as a Basis for Cultural Syntheses, In
Frederick R. Matson (ed.), Ceramics and Man, Aldine Publishing Company,
Chicago: 218-239.
Mellaart, J., 1966-Excavations at atal Hyk, Fourth Preliminary Report, 1965,
Anatolian Studies 16: 165-191.
Mellaart, J., 1967-atalhyk: A Neolithic Town in Anatolia, Thames and Hudson,
London.
Mellaart, J., 1975-The Neolithic of the Near East, Thames and Hudson, London.
Miyake, Y., 2003- Pottery, In: T. Iwasaki, A. Tsuneki (eds.), Archaeology of
the Rouj Basin, vol. I, Tsubaka, Department of Arcaheology, University of
Tsubaka.
387
388
389
izim 3: atalhyk, VII.-IV. tabakalar aras, Orta Gelenek anak mlek kap biimleri
390
izim 4: Erbaba, III.-II. tabakalar aras, Orta Gelenek anak mlek kap biimleri
391
392
Yrd. Do. Dr. Hatice PAMR, Mustafa Kemal niversitesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakltesi, Arkeoloji
Blm, Tayfur Skmen kampus, Serinyol-Antakya/Hatay TR, hpamir@mku.edu.tr
Prof. Dr. Gunnar BRANDS, Martin-Luther-Universitt Halle-Wittenberg, Institut fr
Altertumswissenschaften, Seminar fr Orientalische Archologie und Kunstgeschichte,
Brandbergweg 23c, D - 06099 Halle/ALMANYA, gunnar.brands@orientarch.uni-halle.de
Dr. Figen EVRC, Cumhuriyet Mahallesi, 1605 sok. 16/2 Mersin. E-mail: figencevrici@
hotmail.com
1 2006 yl Aratrmalarnda Bakanlk Temsilcisi olarak Hatay Arkeoloji Mzesi nden
Funda YKSEL grev yapmtr. Dier Ekip yeleri, Uzman Tlin Tmay (Mustafa Kemal
niversitesi), , Dr. Shinichi Nishiyama (Cyber University Japonya), Yksek Mimar zgr
Deniz Emir, Mustafa Kemal niversitesi Arkeoloji Blm rencileri Burak Altunay, nan
Yama, Volkan Gl, Ratibe Kuzey, Feryat ahin katlmlardr. Antiokheia kent ii kalntlarnn
balcalarn oluturan mimari kalntlar zerinde belgeleme ve mimari analiz almalar
Prof. Dr. Gunnar Brands bakanlnda mimarlardan oluan ekip (ekip yeleri iin bkz dip
not 14), Antiokheia ve Selekeia Pieria daki mimari kalntlarn haritlanmas ve her iki antik
kentin topografik haritalama almas Prof. Dr. Ullrich Weferling bakanlndaki ekip ( bkz.
dip not 14) tarafndan gerekletirilmitir. Aratrmalarmza verdii izin ve destek nedeniyle
Kltr Varlklar ve Mzeler Genel Mdrl ne, Aratrma gurubumuzun konaklamas ve
rahat alma ortam salamak amacyla Bilimsel Aratrma Merkezi kurarak aratrmamz
destekleyen ve maddi destek salayan Samanda Kaymakam Sayn Selim apar a, Antakya
almalar srasnda ilgi ve desteini esirgemeyen Antakya Belediye Bakan Sayn Mehmet
Yelolu na ve Kkdalyan Belediye Bakan Sayn Lina Sahilliolu na en iten teekkrlerimi
sunarm.
393
394
395
396
397
398
der stadtmauern und des eisernen tores. Zugleich konnte mit der aufnahme der
wasserbauten der stadt begonnen werden. Die im jahr zuvor aufgenommene
bearbeitung des megalopsychia-mosaiks im hatay arkeoloji mzesi wurde mit
einer umfassenden schadenskartierung abgeschlossen14.
Topographische untersuchungen
Die in den vorjahren begonnene, umfassende neuaufnahme des stadtgebietes
wurde 2006 mit hilfe von intensiven gelndebegehungen fortgesetzt. Besonderes
augenmerk galt der aufnahme der stadtmauer auf dem silpius, die zwischen
sdmauer und kastell auf einer lnge von 2900 m im massstab 1:1000 mitsamt
der wall- und grabenanlagen, steinbrche und strassentrassen in einer tiefe von
ca. 100 m zu seiten der kurtine erfasst wurde.
Im bereich des staurin wurden mauerverlufe (gesamtlnge 3900 m) und
andere bauhistorisch relevante objekte mit hilfe der gps-tachymetrie eingemessen
und in den topographischen stadtplan (1:5000) bernommen. Einen weiteren
schwerpunkt der arbeiten bildete die dokumentation der wasserbaulichen anlagen
(kanle, zisternen und brunnen) auf den beiden stadtbergen silpius und staurin.
Die stadtmauern auf dem silpius und dem staurin
Die bergseitige befestigung antiochias lsst sich grob gesprochen in zwei
abschnitte gliedern: die silpius- und die staurinmauer15. Die erhaltene mauer
auf dem silpius setzt im sden etwas unterhalb einer monumentalen bastion an
(turm 1) und verluft von dort trotz einiger fehlstellen kontinuierlich zu verfolgenentlang des gelndekamms, bis sie etwa 500 m nrdlich des silpiusgipfels auf das
14 Das Projekt wird von Doc. Dr. Hatice Pamir und Prof. Dr. Gunnar Brands geleitet; als
Regierungsvertreterin fungierte Frau Funda Yksel vom Museum Antakya, der wir fr
ihren Beistand zu groem Dank verpflichtet sind. Die Kampagne fand zwischen dem 13.
August und dem 15. September 2006 statt. Die Leitung der geodtischen Arbeiten lag in
den Hnden von Prof. Dr. Ulrich Weferling (HTWK Leipzig), der von Holger Evers, Stefan
Mortag, Hannes Seidemann und Fanet Gttlich untersttzt wurde; die Vermessungsarbeiten
in Seleukia Pieria fhrten Prof. Dr. Wolfried Wehmann (HTW Dresden) und Dana Munzig
durch. Die Bauaufnahme an der Stadtmauer wurde von Christiane Brasse, Katharina
Steudtner, Caroline Mathis, Oliver Conrad, Maria Sasse und Katja Seltenheim (TU Cottbus),
die Untersuchungen am Eisernen Tor von Bjrn Grimm und Andreea Banea (TU Berlin), die
an den stdtischen Wasserbauwerken von Prof. Dr. Matthias Dring (FH Darmstadt) und
Benjamin Limmer durchgefhrt. Die Aufnahme des Megalopsychia-Mosaiks betreuten Dr.
Sabine Schrenk (Kln) und Magdalena Baur (TU Berlin).
15 Der sdliche Abschnitt der Silpiusmauer zwischen Bastion und Kastell war Gegenstand einer
Masterarbeit von Chr. Brasse (TU Dresden / MLU Halle-Wittenberg 2006).
399
400
401
Polygonalmauern
Neben die kaiserzeitlichen opus caementicium-mauern treten vereinzelte,
auf einer lnge von mehreren hundert metern erhaltene trassen einer gut
gefgten polygonalmauer, die im wesentlichen giuseppe luglis terza maniera20
blcke mit sauber gegltteten aussenflchen und exakten, geradlinigen oder
gekurvten fugen- entspricht21. Polygonalmauerabschnitte finden sich, soweit
der freilich noch nicht abgeschlossene survey erkennen lsst, lediglich an der
west- und sdflanke des staurin. Ob es sich bei ihr tatschlich um reste der
hellenistischen befestigungsmauer oder nicht doch um eine terrassierungsmauer
im zusammenhang mit der bebauung auf dem staurin gehandelt hat22, soll mit
einer fr die kampagne 2007 geplanten vollstndigen aufnahme geklrt werden.
Die aussenmauer
Auf dem von den amerikanischen ausgrbern publizierten stadtplan erscheint
neben der stadtmauer auf silpius und staurin ein weiterer befestigungsring, der
von g. Downey als teil der literarisch verbrgten frhkaiserzeitlichen befestigung
interpretiert wurde (wall of tiberius)23. Er ist der als teil der justinianischen
stadtverkleinerung angesehenen- staurinmauer in einer entfernung von ca. 180
- 500 m vorgelagert.
Eine mehrtgige begehung liess erkennen, dass der von den amerikanern
angenommene verlauf dieser mauer nur in der staurinseitigen partie einigermassen
zutreffend erfasst wurde. Unerkannt blieb vor allem, dass die mauer ursprnglich
durch den hinteren teil der parmeniosschlucht und von dort ber einen dem silpius
vorgelagerten hgel gefhrt wurde, um mglicherweise auf hhe des antakya
kalesi mit der silpiusmauer zusammenzutreffen. In welcher form die aussenmauer
mit der staurinmauer verbunden war, liess sich vorderhand nicht klren.
Von der aussenmauer, die sich im gelnde deutlich abzeichnet, haben sich
nur geringe reste der feld- und stadtseitigen verschalung bis in eine hhe von
maximal 3 m erhalten. Auch sie scheint mehrere bau- und reparaturphasen
20 G. Lugli, La tecnica edilizia romana I (Rom 1957) 55-68.75-81.
21 Vereinzelt erscheinen auch der seconda maniera entsprechende- Partien mit stark
schwankenden Blockformaten sowie strker bossierten Oberflchen und Fugen, die mit
kleineren Keilsteinen ausgefugt sind.
22 Vgl. W.A. Campbell, AJA 42, 1938, 205f.; W. Hoepfner (Hrsg.), Geschichte des Wohnens I
(Stuttgart 1999) 485f.
23 Downey a.O. Abb. 11. Die Mauer blieb damals undokumentiert (vgl. J.-P. Callu, MEFRA 109,
1997, 127-169 Abb. 6.7).
402
aufzuweisen, wie der wechsel zwischen partien in opus quadratum und opus
vittatum andeutet. Kaum zu beurteilen ist ohne sondagen die mauerorganisation;
nachweisbar sind mindestens ein rundturm sowie zwei toranlagen im norden und
osten des berings.
Die beiden mauersysteme auf dem staurin schliessen ein areal ein, auf dem
2005 ein geophysikalischer survey teile einer siedlung mit einem regelmssigen
strassenraster zutagebrachte24. Sollte es sich bei dem areal, wie wolfram hoepfner
vorschlug, um das von antiochos iv. Epiphanes (175 164 v. Chr.) Angelegte
stadterweiterungsviertel handeln (epiphaneia)25, wre die aussenmauer die
von strabo (16,2,4) als knigliche baumassnahme bezeichnete befestigung oder,
folgt man malalas, eine erst in der frhen rmischen kaiserzeit angelegte (oder
erneuerte ?) Ummauerung der bergstadt26.
Aufgrund ihrer bedeutung fr die stadtgeschichte antiochias soll die
aussenmauer in der kampagne 2007 grndlich dokumentiert werden. Es erscheint
angesichts der steinbruchttigkeit am sdrand des plateaus, dem bereits lngere
mauerabschnitte zum opfer gefallen sind, dringend geboten, das gesamte areal
zur archologischen schutzzone zu erklren.
Das eiserne tor
Das in der parmeniosschlucht gelegene eiserne tor (demir kapi) bildet die
nahtstelle der beiden bergbefestigungen auf silpius und staurin. Es vereint in seiner
heutigen gestalt die funktion eines vitalen abschnitts der stadtbefestigung, das
staurinseitig zugleich ein eintoriges mauertor ausbildet, mit der einer nicht minder
wichtigen wasserbautechnischen anlage, die als aquduktbrcke einerseits der
wasserversorgung der stadt und in form einer staumauer der regulierung des
parmenios diente. Prokop zufolge (de aed. 2, 10, 15-18) geht die errichtung der
stauanlage auf kaiser justinian zurck.
Schon vor abschluss der bauaufnahme zeichnet sich ab, dass die bauliche
entwicklung der anlage weitaus komplexer gewesen ist als dies in der forschung
24 Vgl. H. Pamir - G. Brands, in: 24. Arastirma Sonular Toplants, Canakkale 2006 (Ankara
2007) 410f. Abb. 6.
25 Hoepfner a.O. 483-486; W. Hoepfner, AW 35, 2004, 7-9. Downey a.O. 176f. lokalisiert die
Epiphaneia am sdlichen Silpiusabhang.
26 Nach Malalas 205,21; 232,22ff.; 233,22ff. lie Antiochos IV. die Epiphaneia nicht ummauern.
Vgl. zur Quellendiskussion Downey a.O. 99-102; 176f.; G. Downey, Transactions of the
American Philological Association 72, 1941, 85-95.
403
404
es sich bei dem heute sichtbaren bau nur zu geringen teilen um das bauwerk
handelt, das prokop in de aedificiis beschreibt. Die anlage muss erheblich lnger
bestand gehabt haben als bisher angenommen wurde.
Die bedeutung des eisernen tores liegt, abgesehen von seiner aussagekraft
fr die stadtentwicklungsgeschichte, darin, dass es sich um die einzige erhaltene
rmische bogenstaumauer mit horizontaler lastabtragung in der europischnahstlichen technikgeschichte handelt. Um dieses einmalige monument vor
weiterem schaden, der ihm durch natrliche ursachen und unsachgemsse
baumassnahmen zugefgt worden ist, und der endgltigen zerstrung zu
bewahren, bedarf es dringend einer umfassenden konservierung.
Antike wasserbauten
Die bedeutung des eisernen tores fr das stdtische wassermanagment wird
erst dann vollends deutlich werden, wenn die 2006 begonnenen untersuchungen
an den wasserleitungen, aquduktbrcken, kanlen und zisternen in der
parmeniosschlucht abgeschlossen sein werden29.
Begonnen wurde mit einer begehung der beiden aqudukte, die -sptestens seit
der rmischen kaiserzeit- von daphne (harbiye) ausgehend wasser nach antakya
brachten. Die beiden leitungen verlaufen am fuss des kousseir-hhenzuges sowie
der beiden stadtberge silpius und staurin entlang zur nrdlichen stadtgrenze, wo
sie einen vertikalabstand von rund 15 m erreichen. Die topographische situation
als auch die schriftquellen deuten darauf hin, dass die leitungen nicht zeitgleich
errichtet wurden: der bau des unteren wird tiberius bzw. Caligula zugeschrieben,
der des oberen in trajanische oder hadrianische zeit gesetzt30.
Whrend der kampagne 2006 wurden die abschnitte der aqudukte auf beiden
seiten des parmenios-tals aufgemessen und dokumentiert. Die obere wasserleitung
besitzt den in der rmischen kaiserzeit blichen rechteckquerschnitt, der in den
aufgenommenen partien eine breite von 50 -90 cm und 1,60 - 2,30 m hhe aufweist;
berdeckt wird die leitung von einem tonnengewlbe. Mehrere leitungsabschnitte,
kontrollschchte, felseinschnitte und tunnel markieren ihren verlauf eindeutig. Das
parmenios-tal berquerte der aqudukt ber das eiserne tor, auf dessen ostseite
eine kleine zuleitung mit sandfang aus dem fluss einmndet.
29 Die folgende Beschreibung beruht auf dem Vorbericht von M. Dring.
30 D.N. Wilber, The Plateau of Daphne, in: R. Stilwell (Hrsg.), Antioch-on-the-Orontes II
(Princeton 1938) 49-56.
405
Am hang wurde der obere aqudukt in offener baugrube erstellt. Nach der
rumung des berlagerungsbodens wurde die felssohle geglttet und ein- bzw.
Beidseitig auflager fr das bruchsteinmauerwerk der seitenwnde ausgearbeitet.
Das tonnengewlbe besteht aus opus caementicium mit grobem zuschlag,
durchsetzt von gemauerten partien. Die abdrcke der schalbretter sind teilweise
vorzglich erhalten. Die innenwnde sind bis zum gewlbeansatz zweilagig
mit ausgleichs- und glattputz verkleidet. Der querschnitt ist teilweise so stark
versintert, dass der abfluss am ende der betriebszeit erheblichen einschrnkungen
unterlag.
Im fels erfolgte der vortrieb von bauschchten aus. Die felswand oberhalb
der petruskirche wird von einem begehbaren, etwa 200 m lange tunnelabschnitt
durchzogen, der am westlichen der beiden rund 8 m tiefen kontrollschchte
vor der staurin-felskante ansetzt. Er endet in der nhe des charonions in einer
armaturenkammer mit absperrvorrichtung, von der aus wasser in eine zweigleitung
abgegeben wurde. Der weitere verlauf der hauptleitung ist unklar. Am hang
unterhalb der leitungen sind zahlreiche kanle und rohre nachweisbar, die bislang
nicht zugeordnet werden knnen.
Der untere aqudukt verluft in der parmeniosschlucht zunchst parallel
zur oberen leitung, berquert den fluss jedoch 200 m unterhalb des eisernen
tores auf einer etwa 30 m hohen und schtzungsweise 100 m langen, vermutlich
dreistckigen brcke, deren erhaltene partien aufgemessen wurden. Sichtbar wird
die leitung erstmalig als kurzer tunnel etwa 50 m sdlich dieser brcke. Jenseits
zeigen felsabarbeitungen den verlauf bis zur felskante an der sdwest-ecke des
staurins, wo der aqudukttunnel begehbar ist. Es folgen weitere felsabarbeitungen
und kurze tunnel, bevor er sich nrdlich der petruskirche auf mehrere, teilweise
vllig versinterte zweigleitungen ins stadtgebiet aufteilt. Weiter nrdlich war der
verlauf nicht mehr bestimmbar.
Der querschnitt der leitung entspricht im wesentlichen der des oberen aqudukts.
Lediglich der tunnel oberhalb der petruskirche wurde als asymmetrisches oval
(birnenform) von 70 cm unterer breite und 1,20 bis 1,40 m hhe aufgefahren.
Das megalopsychia-mosaik im museum von antakya
In der kampagne 2006 konnte dank der genehmigung durch die generaldirektion
und mit untersttzung der museumsleitung die bearbeitung des megalopsychiamosaiks im museum von antakya abgeschlossen werden. Auf der grundlage
406
407
408
37 izim, Dr. Figen evirici; Benzer rnekler iin bkz. Waag 1948, 329 vd.
38 J. W. Hayes, Late Roman Pottery, London, 1972, 331, 335, Fig. 68, No. 28-29.
39 Hayes 1972, 140-144, No. 23.
409
Resim: 1
410
ARTVN-ERZURUM LLER
ORUH VADSNDEK TARH YOLLAR VE
KLTR VARLIKLARI YZEY ARATIRMASI, 2006
Osman AYTEKN*
T.C Kltr ve Turizm Bakanl, Kltr Varlklar ve Mzeler Genel Mdrlnn
31.07.2006 tarih ve 125591 sayl Artvin li ve lelerinde Ortaa ve Sonrasna
Ait Trk Dnemi Eserleri ile Erzurum li, Uzundere,Tortum, Oltu, Olur, spir ve
Pazaryolu lelerinde Sivil Mimari Yaplarna Ynelik Yzey Aratrmasna ilikin
onay dorultusunda ve sz konusu alanlarda; Bakanlk temsilcisi Van Kltr
ve Tabiat Varlklarn Koruma Blge Kurulu Mdrl elaman Erkan Koun
gzetiminde, bakanlmdaki ekipe, 12.08.2006-09.09.2006 tarihleri arasnda
gerekletirilmitir. Aratrma; TBTAK, DSM ve Artvin Valiliinin katklaryla
yrtlmtr1.
Aratrmamz; Erzuruma bal spir-Pazaryolu ileleri arasnda kalan ve
oruh Vadisinin ana kolu zerinde yaplmas planlanan hidroelektrik amal
barajlarn sahalar ile evresinde bulunan kltr varlklar ile tarih yollarn tespit
ve incelenmesini amalamaktadr.
Bu ylki aratrma sezonunda; 48 adet tarih eser niteliini tayabilecek konut
tespit edilmi olup bunlardan bir ksm plan-rlve baznda incelenebilmitir.
Ayrca, yine bu gzerghta 3 adet kilise/apel, 1 adet trbe, 1 adet kpr
ve 1 adet de kale kalntsna rastlanm ancak konumuz dnda olduundan
incelenmemitir.
Bunlardan baka; Yusufelinden gelip spir ve Bayburta doru oruh Vadisi
boyunca devam eden tarih kervan yolu gzergh izlenmeye allmtr. Bu
*
Yrd. Do. Dr. Osman AYTEKN, Yznc Yl niversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakltesi, Sanat Tarihi
Blm, Van/TRKYE
1 Aratrmamzn gerekletirilmesinde katklar olan; Kltr ve Turizm Bakanl yetkililerine,
TBTAKa, Artvin Valiliine, Artvin l Kltr ve Turizm Mdrlne, Artvin DS Blge
Mdrlne, spir Kaymakamlna, spir Meslek Yksek Okulu Mdrlne, Srakonaklar
Kynden Sleyman Yurtsevere, Afet Aksuya, ofrmz Ercan Alpaslana, ekip
yelerimizden Erkan Ko, Abdurrahman Akta, M. Necati Aytekin, Y. Emre Aytekin ve Fatih
Gltekine teekkrlerimizi sunmay bor biliriz.
411
412
Hseyin Kantar Evi: Yap, kitabesine gre R. 1322/M. 1906 tarihinde ina
edilmitir. Bodrum zeri 2 katl ve semerdam atldr. Cepheleri tatandr ve yer
yer tadilat grmtr. Konut olarak kullanlmaktadr.
Mustafa Duman Evi: Yap, muhtemelen 20. yzyln balarna aittir. Bodrum zeri
3 katl ve semerdam atldr. Cepheleri tatandr. Konut olarak kullanlmaktadr.
Srakonaklar Ky: spir ile Yusufeli arasnda, spir ile merkezine yaklak 46
km. uzaklkta bulunmaktadr. Farkl vadiler ierisinde dank yerleimine sahip 18
mahalleden olumaktadr. Burada tespit edilen sivil mimari yaplar unlardr2:
Ocakl Mahallesi
Musa Tyl Evi: Yap, kitabesine gre R. 1318/M. 1902 tarihinde ina edilmitir.
Altta ahr, zeri 2 katl ve semerdam atldr (Resim: 4). Alt kat dtan 6.60x8.60
m. llerinde dikdrtgen plana sahiptir. Cepheleri tatandr. Terk edilmi
durumdadr.
Dallca Mahallesi
Paa Konaklar (Mustafa Kara mlkiyetinde): Yan yana bulunan her iki konak,
Dallca Mahallesinin st tarafnda, meskun mahallin dnda bulunmaktadr.
evresinde yklm durumda eitli yap kalntlar yer almaktadr. Yaplar zerinde
kitabe bulunmamaktadr. Muhtemelen 20. yzyln balarnda ina edilmitir. Her
ikisi de bodrum zeri 2 katl ve semerdam atl olmalyd (Resim: 5). Sol taraftaki
yap, dtan 12.50x12.47 m., sadaki ise 10.50x16.30 m. llerinde dikdrtgen
planlara sahiptir. Cepheleri dzgn kesme ta malzemeye sahiptir. atlar yklm
ve st katn i donanmlar bozulmutur.Terk edilmi durumdadr. Her an yklacak
duruma gelmitir. Yapnn, yrede idarecilik yapan kiiye ait olduu bilinmektedir.
Mustafa Kara Evi: Yap, kitabesine gre R. 1327/M. 1911 tarihinde ina edilmitir.
Bodrum zeri 2 katl ve semerdam atldr (Resim: 6). Cepheleri tatandr ve
konut olarak kullanlmaktadr. Salam durumda olup ev sahibi tarafndan pansiyon
olarak deerlendirilmek istenmektedir.
2 Bu kydeki sivil mimari rnekleri iin bkz.; A. Murat Aktemur-. Umut Kukarac, Kltr Varlklar
le spir, Erzurum, 2004, s. 100-111; Fuat Erkan, spir Srakonaklar Ky Evleri, (Atatrk
niversitesi Sanat Tarihi Blm Yaynlanmam Lisans Tezi), Erzurum, 2001, s. 28 vd.
413
Akta Mahallesi
Necati Yurtseven-evket Demirci Evi: Yap kitabesine gre R. 1319/M. 1903
tarihinde ina edilmitir. Bodrum zeri 2 katl ve semerdam atldr. Terk edilmi
durumdadr.
Nizamettin And Evi: Yap zerinde kitabe bulunmamaktadr. Muhtemelen,
20. yzyl balarnda ina edilmitir. Bodrum zeri 2 katl ve semerdam atldr.
Cepheleri tatandr ve terk edilmi durumdadr.
avular Mahallesi
Necati Yurtseven-Muhammet Yurtseven Evi: Yap, kitabesine gre R. 1323/M.
1907 tarihlidir. Bodrum zeri 3 katldr ve semerdam atldr (Resim: 7). Cepheleri
tatandr. Yapnn bir blm tadilat geirmi olup pansiyon olarak deerlendirilmek
istenmektedir. Konut olarak kullanlmaktadr. n cephe duvarlarnda, dier evlerde
rastlamadmz yaklak 4.40 m. uzunluunda yatay olarak yerletirilmi ta
hatllar dikkat ekmektedir.
Kazm Yurtseven Evi: Yap zerinde kitabe bulunmamaktadr. Muhtemelen,
20. yzyl balarnda ina edilmitir. Bodrum zeri 2 katl ve semerdam atldr.
Cepheleri tatandr ve konut olarak kullanlmaktadr.
414
Sungurlu Mahallesi
Dursun Ali Topalolu Evi: Yap zerinde kitabe bulunmamaktadr. Muhtemelen
20. yzyl balarnda ina edilmitir. Bodrum zeri 2 katl ve semerdam atldr.
Terk edilmi durumdadr.
ncirli Mahallesi
Asm Ylmaz Evi: Yap kitabesine gre, R. 1319/M. 1903 tarihinde ina
edilmitir. Bodrum zeri 2 katl ve semerdam atldr. Cepheleri tatandr. Konut
olarak kullanlmaktadr.
Altnta Mahallesi
Namk Aksu Evi: Yap kitabesine gre, R. 1327/M. 1911 tarihinde ina edilmitir.
Bodrum zeri 3 katl ve semerdam atldr (Resim: 8). Cepheleri yatay ahap
hatllarla belirlenmi olup kelerden dzgn yonu talar olmak zere kire harc
ile tutturulmu derzli moloz ta rgye sahiptir. ats sac kaplamaldr. Bodrum
415
Taba Mahallesi
Ahmet Alkan Evi: Yap kitabesine gre R. 1320/M. 1904 tarihinde ina edilmitir.
Bodrum zeri 3 katl ve semerdam atldr. Cepheleri tatandr. Konut olarak
kullanlmaktadr.
Halis Alkan Evi: Yap kitabesine gre R. 1324/M. 1908 tarihinde ina edilmitir.
Bodrum zeri 3 katl ve semerdam atldr. Cepheleri tatandr. Konut olarak
kullanlmaktadr.
Hasan Alkan Evi: Yap, tam olarak okunamayan kitabesine gre R. 1319/M.
1903 tarihinde ina edilmitir. Bodrum zeri 3 katl ve semerdam atldr (Resim:
10). Cepheleri tatandr. Terk edilmi durumda olmasna ramen salamdr.
416
Kalender Alkan Evi: Yap kitabesine gre R. 1328/M. 1912 tarihinde ina
edilmitir. Bodrum zeri 3 katl ve semerdam atldr. Cepheleri tatandr. Konut
olarak kullanlmaktadr.
Yoncalk Mahallesi
Sleyman Yurtsever Evi: Yap kitabesine gre R. 1323/M. 1907 tarihinde ina
edilmitir. Bodrum zeri 3 katl ve semerdam atldr (Resim: 11). Bodrum katna
girilememitir. Zemin kat 9.30x10.40 m. lsnde dikdrtgen plana sahiptir.
Kuzey cephesinden girii bulunmaktadr. Hemen giriten sonra byke bir hol,
n tarafta ise iki adet klk oda bulunmaktadr. Birinci kat plan da hemen hemen
zemin kat planna benzemektedir. Farkl olarak ndeki kk odann kenarna
kkl balkon yerletirilmitir. ten st kata k salanmaktadr. Burada bir
ambar bulunmaktadr. Cepheleri tatandr. Konut olarak kullanlmaktadr.
Selami Yurtsever Evi: Yap zerinde kitabe bulunmamaktadr. Muhtemelen,
20. yzyl balarnda ina edilmitir. Bodrum zeri 3 katl ve semerdam atldr.
Cepheleri tatandr. Terk edilmi durumdadr.
smet Yurtsever Evi: Yap zerinde kitabe bulunmamaktadr. Muhtemelen,
20. yzyl balarnda ina edilmitir. Bodrum zeri 3 katl ve semerdam atldr.
Cepheleri tatandr. Konut olarak kullanlmaktadr.
Ali Kse Evi: Yap kitabesine gre R. 1322/M. 1906 tarihinde ina edilmitir.
Bodrum zeri 3 katl ve semerdam atldr. Cepheleri tatandr. Konut olarak
kullanlmaktadr.
Sabit Bakr Evi: Yap kitabesine gre R. 1327/M. 1911 tarihinde ina edilmitir.
Bodrum zeri 2 katl ve semerdam atldr. Cepheleri tatandr. Terk edilmi
durumdadr.
Seyfettin Yurtsever Evi: Yap kitabesine gre R. 1325/M. 1909 tarihinde ina
edilmitir. Bodrum zeri 3 katl ve semerdam atldr. Cepheleri tatandr. Terk
edilmi durumdadr.
Dursun Ali-Rza Gzm Evi: Yap zerinde kitabe bulunmamaktadr.
Muhtemelen 20. yzyl balarnda ina edilmitir. Bodrum zeri 3 katl ve semerdam
atldr. Cepheleri tatandr. Terk edilmi durumdadr.
417
Cevdet Komaz Evi: Yap kitabesine gre R. 1320/M. 1904 tarihinde ina
edilmitir. Bodrum zeri 2 katl ve semerdam atldr. Cepheleri tatandr. Konut
olarak kullanlmaktadr.
smail Yurtsever Evi: Yap zerinde kitabe bulunmamaktadr. Muhtemelen,
20. yzyl balarnda ina edilmitir. Bodrum zeri 2 katl ve semerdam atldr.
Cepheleri tatandr. Terk edilmi durumdadr.
Galip Yurtsever Evi: Yap zerinde kitabe bulunmamaktadr. Muhtemelen,
20. yzyl balarnda ina edilmitir. Bodrum zeri 2 katl ve semerdam atldr.
Cepheleri tatandr. Terk edilmi durumdadr.
Hseyin Komaz Evi: Yap kitabesine gre H. 1287/M. 1871 tarihinde ina
edilmitir. Bodrum zeri 2 katl ve semerdam atldr. Cepheleri tatandr. Konut
olarak kullanlmaktadr.
Necati Gzm Evi: Yap kitabesine gre R. 1318/M. 1902 tarihinde ina
edilmitir. Bodrum zeri 2 katl ve semerdam atldr (Resim: 12). Cepheleri
tatandr. Konut olarak kullanlmaktadr.
Nudiye Komaz Evi: Yap kitabesine gre R. 1320/M. 1904 tarihinde ina
edilmitir. Bodrum zeri 3 katl ve semerdam atldr. Cepheleri tatandr. Konut
olarak kullanlmaktadr.
Han Kalnts (Seyfettin Yurtsevere ait): Yap zerinde kitabe bulunmamaktadr.
Muhtemelen, 20. yzyl balarnda ina edilmitir. Bodrum zeri 2 katldr (Resim:
13). Cepheleri tatandr. st rts yklm olup terk edilmi durumdadr.
Cceba Mahallesi
Nahit Kumbasar Evi: Yap kitabesine gre R. 1327/M. 1911 tarihinde ina
edilmitir. Bodrum zeri 3 katl ve semerdam atldr (Resim: 14). Bodrum katnda
2 adet odas bulunmaktadr. Bunlardan birinin eskiden frn olarak kullanld
bilinmektedir. Zemin kat 8.10 x 10.10 m. llerinde kareye yakn dikdrtgen
plana sahiptir. Girite hemen byk bir hol ve buraya alan 2 odaya sahiptir.
ten klan birinci katn plan da zemin katla ayndr. at katnda ise bir ambar
bulunmaktadr. Cepheleri tatandr. Konut olarak kullanlmaktadr. Herhangi bir
tamirat geirmedii iin zgn durumunu korumaktadr.
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Semiha Kumbasar Evi: Yap kitabesine gre R. 1322/M. 1906 tarihinde ina
edilmitir. Bodrum zeri 2 katl olmalyd. st rts yklmtr. Cepheleri tatandr.
Terk edilmi durumdadr.
Zihni Kumbasar Evi: Yap zerinde kitabe bulunmamaktadr. Muhtemelen 20.
yzyl balarnda ina edilmitir. Bodrum zeri 3 katl ve semerdam atldr (Resim:
15). Cepheleri tatandr. Konut olarak kullanlmaktadr. Yan taraf betonarme
binadan dolay kapanmtr. Salam durumdadr. Mahallenin en byk yapsdr.
Bunlardan baka; spir lesinin Yedigze Kynde 1 apel, Baheli Kynde
1 trbe, 1 kilise, 1 kpr kalnts, Srakonaklar Kynde 1 kilise, Maden-Kprba
yaknnda 1 kale kalntsna rastlanmtr.
Sonu olarak; Artvin linde yrtlen incelemelerin nemli bir ksm
tamamlanmtr. Erzurum linde aratrmalarn 2007 ylnda da srdrlmesi
yararl olacaktr.
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
Resim 11: spir-Srakonaklar Ky, Sleyman Yurtsever Evi, arka ve yan cephesi
426
427
Nahit
428
Yrd. Do. Dr. engl AYDINGN, Kocaeli niversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakltesi Arkeoloji
Blm, zmit/TRKYE
1 Eskiehir Mzesinde 2006 yl iinde Erken Tun ana ait Figrin ve doller konulu
almama izin veren bata Kltr ve Turizm Bakanl, Kltr Varlklar ve Mzeler Genel
Mdrlne, bu Genel Mdrln Kazlar ve Mzeler Dairesi Bakan Sayn Melik Ayaz,
ube Mdr Gkhan Bozkurtlar ve Levent Vardar ile Eskiehir Mzesi Mdr Dursun
zdene ve mze uzmanlarna zellikle teekkr ederim.
429
Figrin paralarnn yzlerinde ka, gz, burun, az, kulak gibi uzuvlar yer
almtr. ki rnekte diler de belirtilmitir (Resim: 2). zerlerinde genellikle krmz
a boyas mevcuttur. Birka rnein gzlerini belirten kazma izgilerin arasnda
siyah ya da beyaz renkli dolgular yer almtr. Figrin paralar arasnda nemli bir
grubu oluturan gvde paralar ellerini gsleri zerinde birletirmi durumdadr.
Figrinler bu hliyle Neolitik adan beri devam eden Anadolunun elleriyle
besleyiciliini gsteren iman ana tanra tiplerini hatrlatmaktadr. Ancak bunlar,
Erken Tun anda daha zayf bir grnme ulamtr. Krk alt paralarn
grntsnden, oturmakta olduklar anlalan Demircihyk figrinlerinin dikkat
eken ortak zelliklerinden birisi, kollar zerlerinde kol kaslarn anmsatan l
kazmalarn mevcut oluudur (Resim: 3).
Genellikle plak ve sssz bir bedene sahip olan Demircihyk figrinlerinden
bir figrin gvdesinde ilgin bir dzenleme mevcuttur. Bu figrin, gerdan ksmnda
ve srtnda ayn hizaya gelen altar adet yuvarlak oyukuk ile dierlerinden
daha fazla dikkati ekmektedir. Bunlarn sslemeyle ilgili olduklar sanlmaktadr.
Figrinlerin alt ksmn oluturan blmlerde daha ok melmi ya da dizlerini
aa doru krarak sarktm pozisyonlar hkimdir. Gvde zerinde kazmalarla
byk cinsel organlar belirtilmitir. Genellikle arkadan bakldnda kala ayrmlar
verilmi bazen de omurga ile kalalar zerinde oyukuklar yer almtr. Byk
ksmnda popo deliinin mevcut olduu gzlenmitir (Resim: 4).
Yass ve soyut hlleriyle tandmz Demircihyk idolleri ise ET I ve II
dnemlerine ait tabakalarda ele geirilmitir. Bunlardan adedi tmdr (Resim:
5, 6). lk olarak ele aldmz, Sarket Mezarlnda ele geirilmi idol (Sheer,
1992: 15), yandan sa kntl yuvarlak bal, uzun boyunlu, ksa kollarn iki
yana dik am, dar st gvdeli, geni kalal ayrk bacakl olarak tasarlanmtr.
Ayakta durmakta olduu belirgin idoln ayak ularnn hafife knts verilmitir
(Resim: 7). Demircihykn ET I tabakalarndan gelen figrinlerin balarnn
kenarndaki sa tasarmlarnn bir benzerini gsteren idoln yznde hibir
uzuv belirtilmemitir. Yalnzca alt gvdesi zerinde gen bir diilik organnn
belirtilmesi yoluna gidilmeye alld, kazmalarn tamamlanmam olmasndan
anlalmaktadr. doln zerinde kzl kahve boya izleri mevcuttur. Dier salam
idoller, yuvarlak bal, omuzlardan kntl kollu, ince belli ve yuvarlak gvdelidirler.
Demircihyk idollerinin yzlerinde kalar ve badem biimli gzler oluk kazma
ile belirtilmitir. Gvde zerinde kazma ve sokma noktalarla vurgulanm gs,
gbek ukuru ve diilik organnn yannda apraz bantlardan oluan sslemelere
sahiptir.
430
431
arkaya doru uzatlrken arkada gvdeye bitiik kuyruklar olduka sanatsal ekilde
verilmitir (Resim: 10) .
Eskiehir Mzesinde 2006 yl iindeki almamz srasnda satn alma olarak
mzede korunan kemik idollerin bir ksmnn Burdur blgesinde yaygn olan kemik
bal figrinlerle olan ok yakn benzerlii dikkate alnarak bu blgeden gelmi
olabileceini ve Ge Neolitik-Kalkolitik aa ait toprak gvdeli figrinlerin balarna
ait olabileceini dnmekteyiz (Duru 1993), (Resim: 11).
Dier kemik idollerin balarnda grlen ta biimli (Gndoan-Aydngn,
2003) daha gelikin oymalardan dolay, bunlarn Erken Tun a sonu Orta Tun
a balarna tarihlenmesi gerektiini kansndayz (Resim: 12.)
Figrin ve idoller zerindeki detayl almalarmz 2007 ierisinde de devam
edeceinden henz Eskiehir Mzesindeki figrin ve idoller zerindeki genel
deerlendirmemiz tamamlanmamtr.
KAYNAKLAR
DURU, Refik, Burdur Blgesinden Yeni Bir dol Tipi Kemik Bal doller, Nimet
zge Armaan Aspects of Art And Iconography:Anatolia and ts Neighbors
Studies n Honor of Nimet zg, TTK, Ankara, 1993: 155-157, pl.30.
GNDOAN-AYDINGN engl, Eski Tun anda Anadolu Pimi Toprak
Figrin ve dolleri, Hacettepe niversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstits, Doktora
Tezi, 2003, Ankara.
KORFMANN, Manfred. Demircihyk, stanbuller Mitteilungen 27/28, 1977/
1978: 1-59, Taf. 1-10.
Demircihyk stanbuller Mitteilungen.29, 1979a: 1-47, Taf. 1-7.
Eine weibliche Gottheit in der Frhbronzezeit Anatoliens, Prhistorische
Zeitschrift 54, 1979b: 187-200.
Demircihyk, Eine Frhbronzezeitliche Festung an der PhrygischBithynischen Grenze-Kampagne1976, Trk Arkeoloji Dergisi, XXIV, 1980:
135-164.
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Resim: 1
Resim: 3
434
Resim: 2
Resim: 4
Resim: 5
Resim: 6
Resim: 7
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436
Resim: 8
Resim: 9
Resim: 10
437
Resim: 11
Resim: 12
438
Prof. Dr. Harun TAKIRAN, Ankara niversitesi, Dil ve Tarih-Corafya Fakltesi, Arkeoloji
Blm, Prehistorya Anabilim Dal, 06100-Shhiye-Ankara/TRKYE
Yard. Do. Dr. Metin KARTAL Ankara niversitesi, Dil ve Tarih-Corafya Fakltesi, Arkeoloji
Blm, Prehistorya Anabilim Dal, 06100- Shhiye-Ankara/TRKYE
1 Kltr Varlklar ve Mzeler Genel Mdrlnn lkemizde yaplan kazlarn yan sra yzey
aratrmalarn da destekleme karar almasn taktirle karlyor ve yardmlarndan dolay
yetkililere sonsuz teekkrlerimizi sunuyoruz.
2 Aratrma ekibi yelerimizden rfan Deniz Yamana, Yavuz Aydna ve ofrmz Eref naa
katklarndan dolay teekkr ediyoruz.
3 Alan almalarna aktif bir ekilde katlan ve yardmc olan Bakanlk temsilcimiz Sayn C.
Baykal Aydnbeke ahsm ve ekibim adna teekkrlerimi sunuyorum.
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440
III.1. T62/9 Mahara Srt 1 No.Lu Alan: (N 37 43 400; E 41 25 012; 528 m.)
Kesmekpr Ky, Kuru Mahallesinin hemen kuzeydousunda, Mahara
Srtnn gneye doru alalan yamalar ve bu yamacn nnde yer alan tarlalarda
yontma ta aletlere rastlanmtr. Diclenin eski bir sekisi olan bu alann gneyi Dicle
havzasna hkimdir (Harita: 1). Mahara Srt 1 No.lu alan olarak isimlendirilen bu
buluntu yerinden 7 adet akmakta ekirdek, 11 adet yonga, 3 adet dilgi, 3 adet
yontma art ve 1 adet iki yzeyli alet bulunmutur.
ekirdeklerin byk bir ounluu tek kutuplu Clactonien ekirdeklerdir
(izim: 1/3)4. Yongalama clactonien tarzda olup clactonien yongalar daha
oktur. Yongalama genelde laminardr. Zayf da olsa levallois teknolojinin izleri
sezilebilmektedir (izim: 1/1, 2). ok tipik levallois ekirdekler ve yongalar
bulunmamaktadr. Yonga ve dilgilerin byk bir ounluu dzeltisizdir (izim:
1/4-7). Bulunan tek iki yzeyli alet ok tipik olmayp (izim: 1/8) buraya tanarak
gelmi olmaldr. Yontma ta rneklerin genel tipolojik zellikleri bunlarn Alt
Paleolitik aa ait olduklarn gstermektedir.
III.2. T62/10 Mahara Srt 2 No.lu Alan: (N 37 43 896; E 41 25 251; 585 m.)
1 No.lu buluntu yerinin kuzeydousunda, Mahara Srtnn daha yksek
bir ksmnda ve eimin artt bol tal bir alandr. Yeni kurulacak Hasankeyf
yerlemesinin parsellerinin olduu alandadr (Harita: 1).
Buluntu yerinde yontma ta paralar seyrek ve ok dank bir biimde
grlmektedir. Yzeyden toplanan 34 parann 12 tanesi ekirdek, 16 tanesi
yonga, 3 tanesi dilgi ve 3 tanesi ise iki yzeyli alettir.
Buluntulara genel olarak bakldnda, tm Paleolitik alar ieren bir
grnmle karlalr. Dilgiler teknik adan olduka iyidir. Genelde dilgisel
4 Her yl olduu gibi bu yl da yontma ta malzemenin izimleri Arkeolog Zehra Frzen Takran
tarafndan gerekletirilmitir. Kendisine katklarndan dolay ne kadar teekkr etsek azdr.
441
(laminar) bir teknolojinin stnl hissedilirse de, levallois, clacton ve iki yzeyli
teknolojileri de grlr. Yonga ve dilgiler iinde eitli Mousterien grnml
kenar kazyclar bulunmaktadr. Kenar kazyclarda dzeltiler hem i yzden,
hem de d yzden yaplmtr. Dilemeli alet rnekleri de buluntular arasndadr.
ekirdekler ok eitlidir. Byk bir ounluu clactonien zellikler gsteren tek
kutuplu ekirdeklerdir. Yontma ta malzemenin genel grnm Alt, Orta ve st
Paleolitik alar iaret etmektedir. Ayrca bu alanda evrede bol ekilde grlen
yeil srl bir Ortaa seramik paras da bulunmutur.
III.3. T62/11 Mahara Srt 3 No.lu Alan: (N 37 43 913; E 41 25 565; 580 m.)
2 No.lu buluntu yerinin yaklak 250 m. dousunda, Mahara Srtnn Sinniboaz
Dereye doru alalan dou yamalar zerindedir (Harita: 1). Olduka eimli bir
alandr. Bu alann kuzeyinde ayr Maaras bulunmaktadr. Ancak buras bir
maaradan ok kk bir kaya snadr. Paleolitik adan verimsizdir.
Yontma ta buluntular fazla youn deildir (izim: 2). Buradan toplanan toplam
29 adet yontma ta buluntunun 5 tanesi ekirdek, 15 tanesi yonga, 7 tanesi dilgi
ve 2 tanesi iki yzeyli alettir (izim: 2/1, 2). Yontma ta buluntu topluluunun genel
zelliklerine bakldnda alanda iki yzeyli alet geleneinin yan sra levallois
(izim: 2/3, 4) ve clacton yongalama teknikleri de grlr. Dilgisel (laminar)
yongalama baskndr. Yonga ve dilgiler arasnda dilemeli, ontuklu aletler ve
kenar kazyclar vardr (izim: 2/5-8). Genelde Alt ve Orta Paleolitik grnml
olan paralar iinde pheli olarak st Paleolitik aa balanabilecek bir iki para
da mevcuttur.
442
443
Deresi ile douda Kilise Dere arasnda kalan alann en yksek ksmdr (Harita:
1). zerindeki dzlkler hububat tarmnda kullanlan geni tarlalardr. Bu tepenin
dousunda, Kilise Derenin balad alanda olduka salam ve bir btnlk arz
eden Deremahar Sryani Manastr bulunmaktadr. Sz konusu bu manastr baraj
gl etkileim alannn tam snrnda kalmaktadr. Tepenin kuzeybat ksmnda
ise Dicle Nehrine hkim bir noktada Atafi olarak isimlendirilen bir Ortaa
yerlemesinin kalntlar bulunmaktadr. Yrede bu kalntlar Eski Hasankeyf
olarak bilinmektedir.
Tepe zerinde dank olarak toplanan paralar 18 adet olup bunlarn 7 tanesi
ekirdek, 10 tanesi yongadr. Bir para ise paralel kenarl bir dilginin orta ksmdr.
Dicle tarz Levallois yongalamann izlerini gsteren paralarn yan sra clacton
teknolojinin izlerini gsteren ekirdek ve yongalar da bulunmaktadr (izim: 4/4,
5). ekirdekler iki tanesi st Paleolitik zellikler gstermektedir. Alan deiik
dnemlerde (Alt, Orta ve st Paleolitik) insanlar tarafndan kullanlm olmaldr.
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445
ekirdekler ok tipik olmayp tek ve iki kutupludur (izim: 7/2-4). Gerek anlamda
levallois rnekler yoktur. Yongalar ok tipik olmasa da levalloistir. ki dilgi ise clacton
tarz da olup ham srtl bak zellikleri gstermektedirler. Alt ve Orta Paleolitik
aa ait zayf bir buluntu yeridir.
III.13. T63/9 Kurika Srt: (N 37 43, 555; E 41 34, 367; 575 m.)
ncirli Kynn dousunda yer alr (Harita: 2). Ky ile bu srt arasnda, olduka
derin bir vadi iinde Sirekanya Deresi akmaktadr. Bu vadide, kyn iinde ve
batsnda bulunan maaralar daha ok yapay maaralar olup Roma Dnemi
kaya mezarlardr. Bunlardan biri kilisedir ve Hristiyanlk dnemle ilgilidir. kilisenin
nnde ayrca bir su sarnc bulunmaktadr.
Alanda yontma ta paralara ok seyrek ve dank olarak rastlanmaktadr.
Toplanan 9 para iinde 4 tanesi ekirdek, 1 tanesi ekirdek paras, 2 tanesi
yonga ve 1 tanesi de iri bir kyc alettir. 1 adet kare biimli, iki yzden ilenmi kare
biimli yonga ise Paleolitk sonras dnemlere ait olmaldr. ekirdekler levallois
teknoloji gstermektedir. ki tanesi merkezcil karml disk biimli ekirdektir. Kyc
alet akmakta bir akl zerine yaplm ve olduka tipiktir. Buluntu topluluu
genel olarak Alt ve Orta Paleolitik aa ait grnmektedir.
III.14. T63/10 Greavti Tepe: (N 37 43, 211; E 41 35, 587; 685-650 m.)
Kurika Srtnn yaklak 1 km. gneydousunda, ncirli ve Yolst kyleri
arasnda kalan ve evresine hkim olan bir tepedir (Harita: 2). Tepenin dousunda
derin bir vadi iinden Safane Deresi akmaktadr. Buluntular daha ok tepenin
ky yoluna doru alalan gney yamalar zerinden toplanmtr. Alanda
akmakta hammadde birden oalr. 2006 ylnda en ok yontma ta buluntu
veren istasyonlardan biridir. Bu tepeden Yanarsu (Garzan) aynn Dicle Nehri ile
birletii alan uzaktan grlebilmektedir.
Toplam 31adet buluntunun 14 tanesi ekirdek, 15 tanesi yonga ve 2 tanesi de
dilgidir. Buluntular arasnda eitli levallois ekirdekler bulunmaktadr (izim: 8/12). Her iki yzden merkezcil karmlarla ilenmi olan iri disk biimli bir ekirdek
olduka tipik buluntularn banda gelmektedir (izim: 8/3). Genellikle Dicle
havzasna zg levallois yongalama hkimdir. Ayrca clactonien tip ekirdekler ile
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SONU
2006 ylnda 15 gn sreyle gerekletirdiimiz Paleolitik a yzey
aratrmasyla Hasankeyf lesinden douya doru Dicle Nehrinin her iki
kysnda, Yanarsu (Garzan) aynn Dicle Nehri ile birletii noktaya kadar olan
alan aratrlmtr. Bu suretle, 2006 ylndaki almalarmzla birlikte, Ilsu Baraj
Gl etkileim alannn yaklak 2/3lk ksm tamamlanmtr.
Aratrlan alanda zellikle Dicle Nehrinin kuzeyinde kalan ksmda ve ncirli
Ky civarnda az sayda maara ve kaya snaklar bulunmaktadr. Bunlarn hi
birinde Paleolitik ala ilgili izlere rastlanmamtr.
Aratrlan alan iinde 14 adet Paleolitik a buluntu yeri saptanmtr.
Bunlardan 6 tanesi Dicle Nehrinin kuzeyinde, geri kalanlar ise Dicle Nehrinin
gneyinde bulunmutur. Genelde Dicle Nehrinin eski sekileri zerinde saptanan bu
buluntu yerleri gerek birer Paleolitik istasyon grnmnde deillerdir. Buluntular
belli bir alanda younluk gstermezler. Seyrek ve dank olarak bulunan yontma
ta paralardan, bu yerlerin ara sra Paleolitik insanlar tarafndan ziyaret edildii,
ya da hammadde temininde bavurduklar alanlar olduu dnlebilir. Saptanan
buluntu yerleri daha ok Alt ve Orta Paleolitik alarn buluntularn vermitir. Daha
nceki yllarda da belirttiimiz gibi tamamen st Paleolitik aa balanabilecek
bir buluntu yeri ile karlalmamtr. Ancak baz buluntu yerlerinde pheli olarak
st Paleolitik ya da Epi-paleolitik aa ait olabilecek paralara rastlanmtr.
zetle, Ilsu Baraj Gl alannda 2001 ylnda balattmz Paleolitik a
yzey aratrmas, 2006 ylndaki yeni buluntu yerleriyle birlikte, alann Paleolitik
a hakkndaki bilgilerimize yeni katklar salamtr. Yllardr Dicle havzasnn
Paleolitik potansiyeli hakknda hibir bilgi bulunmazken, bugn blgede yaptmz
yzey aratrmalar sayesinde, blgenin Paleolitik a yerleimleri asndan ne
denli nemli olduu ortaya konulmu bulunmaktadr. nmzdeki yllarda, Ilsu
Baraj Gl etkileim alannn incelenemeyen 1/3lk ksmndaki aratrmalarmzn
tamamlanmasyla, blgenin Paleolitik a hakknda ok daha ayrntl ve nemli
bilgi ve verilerin elde edileceine phe yoktur.
447
448
Harita: 1
449
Harita: 2
450
451
452
Arkeolog Levent Egemen VARDAR, Kltr ve Turizm Bakanl, Kltr Varlklar ve Mzeler
Genel Mdrl, Kazlar ubesi, 06100 Ulus / ANKARA
e.posta: levent.vardar@kultur.gov.tr
allan alanlarla ilgili grafik ifadeler ve izimler ehir Plancs Ali Vardar tarafndan
hazrlanmtr.
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454
kaln surlar ksmen darya tarlarak bir tr kule ilevinde mimari dzenleme
yaplmtr. Irmaa bakan dou ve kuzeydeki sarp yamalara ynelik yanlar
zerinde iki kap belirlenmitir. Gneydou kede belirlenen ikinci duvar, olaslkla
bu yndeki kapya ulam ynlendirmekte ve gvenliini salamaktayd. Kaplarn
yumuak eimli yanlarn tersine bu dik yamalara almas, kalenin asker ilevini
dndrmektedir. Seramik buluntu rnekleri, Demir a, Helenistik Dnem ve
Ge Antik aa aittir.
TACETTN
Beypazar lesi, Tacettin Kynn dousunda ve kuzeyinde yer alan ve
Harita 2de, 1, 2 ve 3 numarayla gsterilen alanlar, farkl arkeolojik zellikleri
yanstmaktadr.
Tacettin Kynn 2 km. dousundaki Aktepe mevkiinde, ren adyla da
bilinen yerleim alan, mimari zellikteki, ounluu granit, iri ta bloklardan
ve seramik buluntulardan anlalmaktadr. zerinde tarm yaplan ve aratrma
srasnda ekin bulunan yerleim alannn, yaklak 250 m. apnda bir byklkte
olabilecei dnlmektedir. Dz iskn alanndaki seramik rnekler, Eski Tun
ana ve Helenistik Dneme aittir.
Kyn bitiiinde, 500 m. kadar gneybatdaki Evrek Boaz mevkiindeki,
varl, mimari ve seramik buluntulardan anlalan yerleimde (izim: 2) ise
ayrca ok sayda kaak kaz ukuru grlmektedir. evresinden 10-15 m. kadar
ykseklikteki kayalk tepenin gneyinden Deirmen Deresi akmaktadr. Antik
yerleimin, zellikle granit kayalk tepenin dou, gney yamalar ile tepenin
zerinde yer ald anlalmaktadr. Kyller, bu kesimde kaak kazlar sonucu
eitli mezarlarn ortaya km olduunu belirtmektedirler. Tepenin gney
yamacnn doal yaps, bu kesimde 1990l yllarda iletilmi granit ocann
tahribat nedeniyle bozulmu durumdadr. Yzeydeki youn kayalk oluuma
karn, duvar temelleri yer yer izlenebilmektedir. 20x20 m. boyutlarndaki tepedeki
teras zerinde, plan fazla anlalamayan meknlara ait temeller izlenebilmektedir.
Yzeyde grlen bloklar iridir ve doal bir grnmdedir. na edilen duvarlar byk
oranda doal oluuma uydurulmutur. Seramik buluntular Eski Tun ana ait
olabilecek 2 rnek dnda, arlkla Helenistik Dneme ve izleyen evrelere aittir.
455
KARTANKALE
Beypazar lesi, Tahirler Kyne bal ve Tacettin Kynn 2 km.
kuzeydousundaki Kartan Tepe, batya eimli engebeli arazide, yaklak 1080 m.
rakmdaki kayalk bir tepe zerinde yer almaktadr. 20-30 m. yksekliindeki doal
oluum, evresindeki yapdan farkllk gsterir ve savunma bakmndan stratejik
bir avantaj oluturur. Kuzeybatsndaki Kirmir ay vadisi gr alanndadr.
Gney yannda 100 m. aada, yalara gre akan dere yata, derinliin
artt batya ynelmektedir. Kayalk, benzer biimde kuzeyinden akan dereyle
evrelenmi konik bir tepe hlindedir. yanndaki sarp kayalklara karn, tepeye
kuzeydeki rampadan ulam kolaydr. Tepe zerindeki dzgn teras, iskna uygun
bir alan yaratmaktadr. Teras evreleyen sur duvar gney ve bat yanlarda zemin
seviyesinde (Resim: 2), kuzey ve dou yanlarda ise yaklak 1 m. ykseklii
ile tm ynlerde izlenebilmektedir (izim: 3). Duvarn i ve d yzleri byk
oranda korunu olduundan, 2 m.yi aan ortalama kalnln belirlemek mmkn
olmaktadr. Keler yuvarlatlmak suretiyle topografyaya uydurulmutur. Mevcut
kayalk yzeylerden ve morfolojik yapdan yararlanlm olduundan, kule inasna
gerek duyulmad anlalmaktadr. Surun i ve d yanlarnda drtgen iri bloklarn,
arasnda ise daha kk, biimsiz talarn dolgu olarak kullanld grlmektedir.
Kabaca kare biimli yapnn bir girii, ulamn en uygun olduu kuzey ynde yer
almaktadr. Sur genilii olas kap yannda, 2.30 m. olarak en byk deerde
belirlenmitir. Sur iinde, batdaki birka duvar temeli ve bitiiindeki olas kuyu/
sarn (?) dnda bir mekn grlmemektedir. Sur dnda yaplan aratrmalarda,
belirgin bir mimari zellie rastlanmamasna karn, seramik buluntularn
gneybat ynde dalm ve younluk gsterdii belirlenmitir. Seramik rnekler,
Demir ana ve Helenistik Dneme aittir.
OLTAN/BEKBAI
Ankara aynn kuzey yannda yer alan Aya/Oltana bal Bekba
mevkiindeki dz iskn alan, yzeydeki seramik ve mimari zelliklerden dolay
tespit edilebilmektedir. Yerleimin, Ge Antik ada ve belki ksmen Demir
anda iskn edildii, seramik rneklerden anlalmaktadr.
OLTAN/INGIRDAKLIN MAARASI
Bekbann dousundaki kayalk tepenin en st kesiminde yer alan ve
ngrdaklin ya da ngrdaklin Maaras olarak adlandrlan kaya yerleimi,
zgn doal ve mimari zellikleriyle dikkat ekicidir. Doal maara, Ankara
456
457
458
satr hlinde yazt grlr. Dier rnek de benzer biimde tasarlanmtr ancak
dzenleme bir ereve iine alnmtr. Her ikisi de Erken Bizans Dnemine ait
olmaldr. Ky camisindeki andezit bloklar arasnda grlebilen ift stunlar da
Erken Bizans yapsna iaret eder.
Hatipler Kyndeki ta eser younluu ve eitlilii, nemli bir Bizans yerleim
alannn varln yanstr. Tm ky alanna dalm bloklarn ounluu andezittir.
Bunlar arasnda lahitler, aslan biimli kapaklar ve bezemesiyle benzerlerine
az sayda rastladmz ift stun bal saylabilir. Kyiindeki Manastrlk
mevkiinde ise andezit bloklarn yan sra yzeyde izlenebilen duvar temelleri, in
situ durumlaryla ayrca ilgi ekicidir.
2-BEYPAZARI EVRES
Beypazar lesinde yer alan Avdan mevkiine reil zerinden ulalabilmekle
birlikte 2.5 km. kuzeybatsndaki Sarayky tarafndan da gidilebilmektedir. Kuzey
ve batsn Svari (Su Veri) aynn evreledii ve 1500 m.yi aan ykseklikteki
tepelerin 1400 m.sinde yer alan yapay gln evresi, youn orman iinde kalan,
yayla niteliindeki bir yerleim iin ok uygundur. Gln bat yannda, yaklak 250
m. apnda geni bir alan, mimari ve seramik kalntlarla tespit edilebilmektedir.
Genel olarak biimsiz, moloz, andezit talarla ina edildii anlalan ok
saydaki yap, yerleimin bykl hakknda fikir vermektedir. Kalntlarn temel
dzeyinde ta ynlar hlinde izlenmesi ve alanda kapsaml bir alma olana
yaratamadmz iin, yerleimin Bizans isknna ait olabileceini sylemekle
yetinmekteyiz.
Beypazar lesi, Younpelit Ky iinde, zellikle cami ve evresinde
grlebilen stun ve bunlarn balklarna ait andezit bloklar, yaknlardaki Erken
Bizans yaplamasnn varln gstermektedir.
3-EREFLKOHSAR EVRES
nceki yllarda ayrntl inceleme olana bulamadmz ereflikohisar
lesine bal Deirmenyolu Ky (Parnassos), literatrdeki2 yeri bakmndan ilgi
ekmesi gereken bir zelliktedir. Ky iindeki tespitlerle, yerleimin Ge Roma ve
2 F. Hild-M. Restle, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 2 Kappadokien, Verlag der sterreichischen
Akademie der Wissenschaften. Wien 1981, s. 252.
459
460
Harita: 1
Harita: 2
461
Harita: 3
izim: 1
462
izim: 2
izim: 3
463
izim: 4a
izim: 4b
464
izim: 5a
izim: 5b
465
izim: 6
Resim: 1
466
Resim: 2
Resim: 3
Resim: 4
467
Resim: 5
Resim: 6
468
Yrd. Do. Dr. Mehmet TOP, Yznc Yl niversitesi, Fen- Edebiyat Fakltesi, Sanat Tarihi
Blm, Kamps Van/TRKYE mtop@yyu.edu.tr
Dr. Kemal ZKURT, Yznc Yl niversitesi lahiyat, Fakltesi slm Sanatlar Blm,
Kamps Van/TRKYE, kozkurt@yyu.edu.tr
1 Yardm ve desteklerinden dolay Kltr ve Turizm Bakanl Dner Sermaye letmeleri Merkez
Mdrl ile Cizre Belediye Bakanlna, Abdlcabbar teekkr ederim. Ayrca Hakkri
l Kltr ve Turizm Mdr Yardmcs Emin zataka, Haberli Ky Muhtarna, Bakanlk
Temsilcisi Arkeolog Erkan Koa, ekip elemanlar Dr. Kemal zkurt ve Muhyittin Evren ile
dier ahs ve kurumlara teekkr ediyorum.
469
1.HAKKR
1.1.HAKKR MERKEZ
1.1.1. CEYLANLI, MERYEM ANA KLSES
Hakkri merkeze bal, eski ismi Valto olan Ceylanl Kynde bulunan
kiliseye Hakkri-ukurca karayolu zerinde 30. km.den 15 km.lik toprak bir yolla
ulalmaktadr. Buras eski bir Nasturi yerlemesidir. Bu vadide bulunan nc
kilisedir. Gnmzde kilisenin bulunduu mahal meskn deildir. Terk edilmi
vaziyette kiliseye gney ve dou taraftan bitiik ve civarnaa evler yaplmtr.
Kilise, kuzeyden gneye eimli bir arazi zerine kurulmutur. 10.30x10.80
m. d llere sahip, dzgn olmayan bir dikdrtgene oturmaktadr. Kiliseyi
oluturan iki blmden gneydeki asl sahn dousundaki kanki (sunak) blm
tamamlamaktadr. Kuzeydeki ikinci blm kayalara yaslanmaktadr ve daha
dzensizdir. Duvarlarda ve st rtde yklmalar mevcuttur. st rtde beik tonoz
kullanlmtr. stten dz dam eklindeki st rtnn ou yklmtr. Kilisenin
gneyine ve dousuna bitiik vaziyette sonradan evler yaplmtr. Bunlar da
gnmzde terk edilmitir. Civarndaki teraslanm arazi tarm alan olarak
kullanlmaktadr. Tescilsiz ve kltr varl olarak kaytlara gemeyen bir yapdr.
1.1.2 GEML, MAR SAVA KLSES
Hakkri-ukurca karayolu zerinde 50. km.de bulunan Zap Suyu vadisinde
kalan Geimli Ky, gemite ad Rumtik olan Tiyar blgesinde kalan nemli
Nasturi yerlemelerinden biridir. Merkez bir noktada kurulmu olan kilise, blgenin
en nemli toplanma meknlarndan biri olma zellii tamaktadr. Kilise bugnk
anayolun hemen altnda Baheli Mahallesinde bulunmaktadr. Bugn zerine ev
yaplmtr. Ana kilise ve bunun gneydousundaki yazlk kiliseden olumaktadr.
Kilise, dou-bat dorultusunda dikdrtgen planl 10.50x14.60 m. llerinde
iki sahnldr ve bunlarn dou tarafndaki kanki blmlerinden olumaktadr. zeri
dtan dz toprak dam eklinde rtl iken sonradan ev yaplmtr. Gney duvarn
ortasndan bir kap ile i mekna geilmektedir. Gneydou kedeki yazlk kilise
batya alan eyvan eklindedir. Gnmzde n bir duvarla kapatlmtr.
Kiliseye gney cephenin bat tarafna alm bir kapdan girilmektedir. Birinci
sahn, 3.10x8.50 m. llerinde dou-bat ynnde dikdrtgen planl olup stten
ayn ynde beik tonozla rtldr. Bat duvarnn st ortasna bir mazgal pencere
470
almtr. Buradan hem dousundaki kanki blmne hem de ikinci sahna gei
salanmaktadr. Sahnn gney duvarna giri kapsnn dousuna sivri kemerli
bir ni almtr. Dou duvarna kuzey kede kankiye geii salayan bir kap,
gney keye ise kemerli bir ni yerletirilmitir. Kuzey duvarnda da tam ortaya
alm bir kap ile dier sahna gei salanmaktadr.
Dousundaki kanki blm, 2.45x3.10 m. llerinde kareye yakn dikdrtgen
planl ve zeri ayn ynde beik tonozlarla rtldr. Dou duvarna gen kesitli
bir mihrap nii ile kuzey duvarna bir kap almtr.
kinci sahn, 3.00x9.50 m. llerinde dou-bat ynnde dikdrtgen planl
ve zeri ayn ynde beik tonozla rtlmtr. Dou duvarnn ortasna olduka
antsal llerde tren kaps yerletirilmitir. 1.00 m. geniliinde yuvarlak kemerli
bir aklk eklindedir. Ayn duvarn gney kesine servis kaps, kuzey kesine
ise bir ni yerletirilmitir. Bat duvarnn st ortasna iten sivri kemerli olarak
yaplm bir mazgal pencere almtr. Duvar yzeyleri kire harcyla svanmtr.
Dou taraftaki kanki blm, 2.50x3.00 m. llerinde kareye yakn
dikdrtgen planl ve beik tonozla rtldr. Dou duvarnn ortasna bir mihrap
nii yerletirilmitir. Tren kaps ekseninde 0.60 m. genilik ve 0.74 m. derinlikte
gen bir girinti oluturmaktadr. Bunun dnda kuzey duvarnn ortasnda bugn
kapal olan bir dolap nii yer almaktadr. Gney duvarnn bat yanna kaydrlm
bir kap yandaki meknla irtibat salamaktadr.
Gneydou tarafna eyvan eklinde bir yazlk mekn eklenmitir. Buras dtan
5.30x5.45 m. llerinde asl yapya bitiiktir. Bat tarafa 3.65 m. geniliinde
aklk oluturan eyvan ite 4.45 m. derinlie sahiptir. ki kademeli beik tonoz
rt ile kapatlmtr. Dou duvar ortasna gen kesitli bir mihrap nii ile bunun
gneyine bir dolap nii almtr.
Kilisenin beden duvarlar dahil tmnde kire harcyla tutturulmu moloz ta
malzeme kullanlmtr. Duvar kalnlklar 1.171.45 m. arasnda deimektedir.
zel mlkiyette kalan kilisenin zerine tatan ev yaplm yine dou cephesi
dkknlarla, bat cephesi ise sonradan yaplan evle kapatlmtr. stteki ev
kilisenin ta yapsna uyumludur. Ancak dousundaki dkkn ve batsndaki ev
kilisenin grntsn bozmaktadr. erisi ve etraf temizlenirse ve bir tantm
levhas konursa ziyaretilerin dikkatini ekebilir. Salam ve tm elemanlar ayakta
olan kilise depo gibi kullanlmaktadr. Tescilsiz ve kltr varl olarak kaytl
deildir. Tescillenip kayt altna alnmas gerekmektedir.
471
1.2.YKSEKOVA
1.2.1.YEDVEREN KY, HALANA KLSES
Yksekovann kuzeydousunda ran snrnda bulunan kye, Yksekovaemdinli karayolundan ounluu bozuk toprak bir yolla ulalmaktadr.
Yksekova ile merkezine 48 km. uzaklkta bulunmaktadr. Vadinin gneyine
bakan olduka dik ve kayalk bir yamaca kurulmu olan kilisenin etrafnda dz bir
arazi bulunmamaktadr. Ky evleri aa kesimde derenin kenarnda yola yakn
bir yerdedir. Terr nedeniyle boaltlan kye sahipleri son yllarda gelip yeniden
yerlemeye balamlardr. Gnmzde kyde sekiz hane bulunmaktadr.
Nasturi kilisesi olan yap, kyn kuzeyindeki kayalk yamaca yaslanm,
dou-bat ynnde dikdrtgen planl ve 7.70x14.22 m.lik d llere sahiptir.
Gney cephe dou tarafta da tant yapmaktadr. Yap iki blm hlinde
dzenlenmi olup batda sahn, douda kanki blmleri yer almaktadr. Dtan
dz toprak dam eklinde rtldr. D cepheleri dzgn sral kaba yonu ve
moloz talarla rlmtr. Dou ve bat cepheleri birer, gney cephe iki mazgal
pencereyle deerlendirilmitir. Ayrca gney cephe sivri kemer aklkl kap ile
hareketlendirilmitir. Kuzey cephe tamamyla kayalklara yaslanmtr.
Sahna gney cephenin ortasndaki kapdan girilmektedir. Buras 4.78x9.25
m. llerinde dou-bat ynnde dikdrtgen planl ve zeri ayn ynde beik
tonozla rtldr. Bat duvarnn st ortasna bir mazgal pencere almtr. Dou
duvarnda ortaya yakn bir yere tren kaps yerletirilmitir. Gney keye de
servis kaps almtr. Tren kaps, dzgn kesme talarla yaplm yuvarlak
kemerli, 1.77 m. genilik ve 2.85 m. ykseklikte bir girinti erisine alnm antsal
grnmldr. Servis kaps daha kk ve yuvarlak kemerlidir. Duvarlarn sval
olduu kalan izlerden anlalmaktadr.
Kanki ksm, yan yana iki blm hlinde dzenlenmitir. Kuzeydeki asl blm
3.00x3.55 m. llerinde kareye yakn planl ve zeri kubbeyle rtldr. Kubbeye
geiler tromplarla salanmtr. Dou duvarnn ortasna mihrap (kutsal ni)
yerletirilmitir. Tren kaps istikametinde olan mihrap, zeminden ykseke at
nal kemerle sonlanan 0.98 m. genilik ve 1.00 m. ykseklikte bir nitir. Kubbe ve
i duvar yzeyleri kire harcyla svanmtr. Kuzey duvarna dolap nii almtr.
Bunun gneyinde kilisenin cephesinin da tant yapmasna neden ola ikinci
mekn hem sahn ve hem de asl kanki blmyle irtibatlandrlmtr. Buras
2.14x2.92 m. llerinde dou-bat ynnde dikdrtgen planl ve zeri ayn ynde
472
beik tonozla rtldr. Bunun kuzey duvarnda bat tarafta yuvarlak kemerli bir
girinti ierisinde bir kap akl yer almaktadr. Dou duvarnn st tarafnda
yarm yuvarlak girintinin ortasna bir mazgal pencere yerletirilmitir. Ayrca bat
duvarnn orta ksmna bir mazgal pencere almtr. Tonoz ve duvar yzeylerinde
sva izleri bulunmaktadr.
Kire harcyla tutturulmu ta duvarlar, 1.151.30 m. arasnda deien
geniliklerde tutulmutur. D kaps, tren kaps ve mihrap yapnn en antsal
eleridir. Tamam ile ta malzemenin kullanld kilise kuzeyden gneye eimli
bir arazi zerine kurulmutur. Bu nedenle yapnn cephesi grlebilmektedir.
Gnmzde salam ve fazla tahribata uramamtr. Tescilsiz olan kilisenin
ulam zordur. erisinde definecilerin am olduklar ukurlar yer almaktadr.
Yapnn kltr varl olarak tescillenip koruma altna alnmas gerekmektedir.
1.2.2.DALICA (ORAMAR), AKAR MAHALLESNDEK KLSE
Yksekova merkeze 55 km. uzaklkta bulunan kye, Cilo ile Sat Dalar
arasndaki Avare vadisinden toprak bir yol ile ulalmaktadr. Kyn merkezinden
bir saatlik yaya yrme ile kilisenin bulunduu mahalleye gidilmektedir. Kuzey
yamata eimli bir arazi zerinde kurulmu olan kiliseyi tm ile aalar kapatm
vaziyettedir. Gnmzde kilise yaknnda bir hane bulunmaktadr.
Nasturi kilisesi olup 6.53x11.78 m. llerinde dou-bat dorultusunda
dikdrtgen planldr. Kiliseye gneyden bir kap ile geilmektedir. mekn beik
tonoz ile rtl sahn ve bunun dousunda iki eit oda hlinde dzenlenmi kubbeli
kanki (sunak) blmnden olumaktadr.
Sahna gney cephenin batsna kaydrlm kapdan girilmektedir. Buras
4.40x7.50 m. llerinde dou-bat ynnde dikdrtgen planl ve zeri ayn ynde
beik tonozla rtldr. Bat duvarnn st ortasna bir mazgal pencere almtr.
Dou duvarnda ortaya yakn bir yere tren kaps yerletirilmitir. Gney keye de
servis kaps almtr. Ta svelerle snrlandrlm dikdrtgen aklkldr. Servis
kaps daha kk ve dikdrtgen aklk eklindedir. Duvarlarn sval olduu kalan
izlerden anlalmaktadr. Bir dnem cami olarak kullanlan kilisenin sahn ksmna
mihrap ve ahap mahfil eklenmi ve bir pencere almtr.
Kanki ksm, yan yana iki blm hlinde dzenlenmitir. Kuzeydeki asl blm
2.00x2.10 m. llerinde kareye yakn planl ve zeri iten kubbeyle rtldr.
Dou duvarnn ortasna mihrap (kutsal ni) yerletirilmitir. Kubbe ve i duvar
yzeyleri kire harcyla svanmtr. Kuzey duvarna dolap nii almtr.
473
Bunun gneyindeki ikinci mekn hem sahn ve hem de asl kanki blmyle
irtibatldr. Buras 1.65x1.72 m. llerinde kare planl ve zeri kubbe rtldr.
Bunun kuzey duvarna bat tarafta kalan ve kankiye gei salayan bir kap
bulunmaktadr.
Bir dnem cami olarak kullanlm olup gney duvarna mihrap ve pencere
almtr. erisine de ahap bir mahfil yaplmtr. Gnmzde duvarlarnda yer
yer yklmalar olan yap kullanlmamaktadr. Tescilsiz olup kltr varl olarak
kaytl deildir.
2.IRNAK
2.1.CZRE
2.1.1.STT NEFS PINARI
Cizre merkez Yafes Mahallesinde bulunan Sitti Nefis Pnar kuzey-gney
dorultusunda meyilli bir arazi zerinde ina edilmitir.
Yap dtan 5.10x6.15 m. llerinde, dou-bat dorultusunda dikdrtgen
planldr. Giri kuzey cephenin ortasnda yer almaktadr. mekn 3.70x4.75 m.
llerinde ayn ynde dikdrtgen olup zeri beik tonoz rtldr. erisinde
kk bir havuzu ve su kanal bulunmaktadr. Gnmzde byk lde salam
olan yapnn su kayna ok azalmtr. Mimari malzemesi moloz tatr. Tescilsiz
olup kltr varl olarak kayt altna alnmas gerekmektedir.
2.1.2.MEHMET AA KASRI
Cizre merkez Dakap Mahallesinde bulunan Mehmet Aa Kasr 2004
ylndaki yzey aratrmasnda incelenmiti. 2006 ylnda yap tekrar gzlemlenip
belgelenmitir. Avlunun gney ve bat tarafnda ters L eklinde iki kanat hlinde
planlanan yap, gnmzde briket duvarlarla blnerek, drt aile tarafndan
kullanlacak ekle dntrlmtr. Asl ksm Menduh Zirek adl ahsn
mlkiyetindedir. Yapnn tescili olmad grlm ve Van Kltr ve Tabiat
Varlklarn Koruma Blge Kurulu tarafndan tescil kayd yaplmtr.
Ev, Cizrede sivil mimarinin gnmze gelebilen rneklerinden biri
durumundadr. Bu nedenle yap nem arz etmektedir. Kasr, hem plan ve mimari
zellikleri hem de sslemeleri ile dikkat ekmektedir. Son dnemdeki mdahaleler
ve kullanmdan kaynaklanan skntlar plan ve grnnde baz bozulmalar
meydana getirse de da bakan d bat cephe ile avluya bakan gney kanatta
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zelliini koruyan yerler mevcuttur. slup asndan Osmanl son dnemi ile Mardin
sivil mimarisinin kaynat grlmektedir. Plan baznda avlu ve bunun etrafnda
gelien dzenleme iki kanat eklinde gelimektedir. Bu iki kanat gney ve bat
tarafta ters L plan meydana getirmektedir. Evin avluya bakan her iki kanadnda
alt kat odalarn nn kapatan yuvarlak kemerli bir revak yer almaktadr. Gney
kanatta ortada bir eyvan, bunun iki yannda odalar bulunmaktadr. Gerek alt ve
gerekse st katn cepheleri sivri kemerli kap ve pencerelerle hareketlendirilmitir.
Bu kap ve pencerelerde bitkisel arlkl sslemeler de yaplmtr. Ancak bunlarn
bir ksm bozulmadan gnmze kadar gelmitir.
Dou cephesi sonradan ina edilen evlerin duvarlaryla kapatlmtr. Gney
cephe sardr. Asl hareketlilik yola bakan bat cephesinde grlmektedir. Burada
bulunan iki kapdan kuzey kedeki da tantl ta kap hviyetindedir. ki renkli
talarla sivri kemerli bir girinti eklinde yaplmtr. Dier giri kaps ortaya yakn bir
yerde yer almaktadr. Cephenin st ksm plaster ve stuncelerle snrlandrlm
pencerelerle hareketlendirilmitir. Evin bundan sonraki aamada projelendirilip
restore edilmesi ve kltrel amal kullanlmas gerekmektedir.
2.2.DL
2.2.1.HABERL KY, MOR TUMA KLSES
Haberli Kynn ierisinde bulunan Sryani kilisesi olan yap, dtan 5.70x11.00
m. llerinde ve dou bat ynnde dikdrtgen planldr. mekn tek nefli naos ile
bunun dousundaki mezbah (sunak) blmnden olumaktadr. Naosla mezbah
bir btn olup yukarya kadar kmayan ince bir duvarla ayrlmtr.
Kilisenin gney tarafna bir avlu yaplmtr. Avludan da tantl kemerli
bir girinti iindeki bir kapdan kiliseye girilmektedir. Naos, dou bat ynnde
dikdrtgen planl ve 3.35x7.80 m. llerinde yaplmtr. zeri ayn ynde beik
tonoz rtldr. Bunun gney duvarna eit llerde adet kemerli girinti
yaplmtr. Ortadakinde kap, yanlardakinde mazgal pencere delikleri vardr.
Mezbah blmne ince perde duvarn ortasna alm kapdan girilmektedir.
Buras enine dikdrtgen planl ve 1.96x3.15 m. llerinde yaplmtr. Ortasnda
tatan bir sunak masas, duvarlarna muhtelif niler ve gneydou kesine
pencere almtr. Salam olan kilise kullanlmamaktadr.
Yapda tmyle ta malzeme kullanlmtr. Kilisenin tescil kaydnn yaplmas
gerekmektedir.
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2.3.SLOP
2.3.1.BRLK KY, NUH NEB CAM VE MEDRESES
Silopi merkeze 2 km. uzaklkta, Birlik (Cuma) Kynde bulunan ve halk
arasnda Nuh Nebi olarak adlandrlan cami ve medrese kyn gneybatsnda
mezarlk ierisinde yer almaktadr. Yap dtan 23.22x24.79 m. llerinde
olup dou-bat istikametinde uzanmaktadr. Ortadaki avlunun gneyinde cami,
kuzeyinde medrese ile douda da doru tantl iki katl olan bir eyvanl blm
ile batsndaki mekndan olumaktadr. Camiye avludan giri salanmakta olup
dou-bat ynnde dikdrtgen planl ve iki sahnldr. Ayrca sahnlarn dou
tarafnda birer oda yer almaktadr. sivri kemerli aklk sahnlar ayrmaktadr.
Mihrap kble duvarna iki kademeli ekilde girintili olup da tantldr.
Avlunun kuzeyinde medrese yer almaktadr. Medresenin gneybat kesindeki
bir oda ile kuzeydoudaki oda ayakta kalm olup dier odalar ykk bir vaziyetedir.
zerinde herhangi bir kitabe yoktur. Bu nedenle kesin tarihi belli deildir. Plan ve
mimari zelliklerine bakarak Cizre beyleri tarafndan 15.16. yzyllarda yaplm
olabilir. Olduka harap olan cami ve medrese tescilsiz olup kltr varl olarak
tescil edilmesi gerekmektedir. Aslnda yapda asl yaplmas gereken bir temizlik
kazsdr. Bylece tm birimleri ortaya kararlabilir. Buna gre rlve restitsyon
ve restorasyon projelerinin kartlan yap restore edilmelidir.
2.3.2.BRLK KY HAN KALINTISI
Silopi merkeze bal Birlik (Cuma-Cema) Ky Serdet mevkiinde bulunan
handan gnmze sadece drt kesinde kulesinin kalntlar gelebilmitir.
Yaklak 15.00x15,70 m. llerinde olup kare planldr. Temel seviyesinde ke
kulelerini birbirine balayan duvar izleri mevcuttur. Han ve bunun aasndaki
kpr burada bir kervan yolunun olabileceini ortaya koymaktadr. Bu ileride
aratrlacak uzantlar tespit edilmeye allacaktr. Olduka harap olan han
tescilsiz olup kltr varl olarak kayt altna alnmas gerekmektedir.
2.3.3.BRLK KY, TARH TA KPR
Silopi merkeze bal Birlik(Cuma-Cema) kynn aasndan geen Cuma
deresi zerinde kuzey-gney dorultusunda yer almakta uzanan kprnn kemeri
yklm olup, sadece iki yandaki ayaklar kalmtr. Tek kemer aklkl ve yolu
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eimli kprler grubuna dhil yapnn kemer akl 7.62 m kemer genilii ise,
2.60 mdir. Ykk olan kpr tescilsiz olup, kltr varl olarak kaytl deildir. Kltr
varl olarak kayt altna alnmas gerekmektedir.
2.3.4.BRLK KY ERF CAM
Silopi merkeze bal Birlik (Cuma-Cema) Kyne kye 1 km. uzaklkta
meskn mahal dnda, dere kenarnda bulunan ve halk arasnda erif Camii
olarak adlandrlan yap, dou-bat dorultusunda uzanan dikdrtgen planldr.
Dtan 6,34x10,70 m. llerindedir. Cami tek sahnl ve ayn ynde beik tonoz
rtldr. Gney duvar ortasnda basit ni eklinde mihrab bulunmaktadr. Kuzey
cephede toprak dolgunun altnda kalm girii vardr. Dou ve bat duvarlar
tamamen yklm olup sadece gney cephe belirgindir. Tamamyla ta malzeme
kullanlmtr. Ykk durumda olan cami tescilsiz olup kltr varl olarak kaytl
deildir.
2.4.GLKONAK
2.4.1.DAMLARCA KY, FNK KALES
Glkonak lesine bal bugnk Damlarca Ky snrlar ierisinde
bulunan kale i kale ve d kaleden olumaktadr. Yrede Finik Harabeleri
olarak bilinmektedir. Cizre-rnak yol ayrmndan 12 km. uzaklkta bulunan Dicle
Nehrinin kuzey tarafnda bugnk Glkonak lesine giden karayolunun st
kesiminde yer almaktadr. D kalede sur kalntlar kuzey gney istikametinde
uzanmaktadr.
kale daha st kesimde kayalk topografik araziye uydurulmu, sadece
uzaktan grnt almakla yetinilmitir. Buras Cizre beylerinin Finik koluna ait
ynetim merkezidir.
2.4.2.DAMLARCA KY, FAK TEYRAN CAM
Glkonak Damlarca Ky snrlar ierisinde yer alan cami, halk arasnda
Faki Teyran Medresesi olarak bilinmektedir. Faki Teyrann asl ad Muhammed
olup Vann Bahesaray (Mks) ilesindendir. Mezar gnmzde Bahesarayn
Kartal (Verezz) Kynde bir korunun iindedir. Faki medrese talebesi anlamnda
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DEAR COLLEAGUES
The reports which you will submit during the International Symposium of Excavations,
Surveys and Archaeometry will be published as usual.
In order to receive a qualitative print and to complete the publication on time, we kindly
request you to send the texts of your reports within the context of form mentioned below:
The writings to be on A4 paper, not exceeding the writing space of 13.5x19 cm, with
Arial or Times font in 10pts. Kindly pay attention to using dashes (-) when necessary in
the text, and the text to be maximum 10 pages
*
Footnotes to be written below the text, with their numbers indicated within the text,
in 8 pts at the page where it is mentioned,
At the footnotes and the bibliography, the names of the books and the periodicals
to be written in Italic character.
The total number of the drawings and the pictures to be at most 15. If it is possible, you
are requested to scan the photographs and to save on CD as JPG on a separate file
out of the text with 300 pixel/inch; colour of mods of these photographs must be CMYK
or Grayscale; photographs to be taken by digital camera,
Please write (Drawing) for the drawings (Fig.) for the figures, pictures, and (Map) for the
maps as subtitle and please do not use table system.
Kindly write your name, title and communication address on the papers.
Please send the print out of the text, together with loading the text on a (new) diskette
or CD.
The print out of the text you will send and the text in the diskette or CD, should be
compatible, (or else the text in the diskette/CD will be accepted) with each other.
Kindly give your texts during the symposium or send until August 1, to the below address:
Kltr Varlklar ve Mzeler Genel Mdrl, Aratrmalar ve Yaynlar ubesi Mdrl,
II. Meclis Binas Ulus/Ankara.
The reports which do not follow the rules or are sent late, will not be published and will not
be given back.
Note the books of the Symposium are available on www.kultur.gov.tr
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