CHAPTER NINE ARCHITECTURE OF THE OTTOMAN PERIOD ‘THE MOSQUE OF SULAYMAN PASHA (1528) Sulayenin Pasha's monque isthe firs mosque Founded in Gaivo afer the Ortoman conquest, but not the Rest ‘eligious foundation It was preceded by the Tabiyyat Teakim al-Kulshani which was completed in 1524 “The mosque located inthe northern enelonire of dhe Citadel which was at that time oeeupied by che LJanissary corps of the Ottomaa army. The provision ‘hat the shaykh of the mosque mst be Turkish indeater te dedication to this corps The Bxreaion ‘The mosque’s architecure owes very lite to Cairene architectural waditions and its plan is entirely Otto tan Trisarecengular building, approximately ball of which is occupied by the prayer ball, the othe hal by © courtyard The prayer hall is a rectangular space fovered by a cental dome, flanked by tee hall domes, ‘The courtyard iv strrounded by an aeade tovered by shallow domes. ‘The central dome, the shallow domes around the courtyard, andthe conical {op ofthe minaret are all covered with green cles "This bulding has no Facade, inthe Caine archive total sent of paneling and decorative fenestrations. I pearance i aher introverted, al its smal portal is fn imitation ofthat of al-Naxie Mubarmad’s mosqie feazby inthe Citadel, a halfdonie on stalactites The ‘ninaret stands to the fel of the entrance on the south wal ofthe sanctuary, a high ylindsical faceted safe Teuses Mamluk device in the diferent styles of salac- tite carving on the balconies, an exception among Cairo's Ottoman uninaets The profile of the dome #8 rounded and squat. ‘Tae Inrenion “There is no vestibule; dhe entrance lea dretly nto the prayer hall, The central dome rets on spherical pendentves. Its painting and that of the tanstional Sone have been restored. The dite is attache tothe ‘upper pare ofthe wall facing the prayer niche and is reached by an inner staircase It ix also patted. The Tower pars ofthe inner walls are covered with marble lait i Mamlk style ad free of earved marble inlsiel with parte rane above the dado ‘A large marble pulpit, carved and painted, is sur mounted by a conical tp lke that of dhe minaret, just 2s Mamluk pulpits had pavilions similar to those of their minarets ‘Aloo in the western wall leads toa coustyard paved with murhle, On the westside of the conttyard i a Shrine bul in the Fatimid period by Abs Manor iba Quits, popularly known a Sick Siryl he sine ix incorporated into the architecture of the msque, and covered by 3 dame larger than those around the cour ‘yard The shrine indades the tombe of Oxoman officals with cenotaphs topped with various types of turbans in marble, Unit recently there was = wooden boat hanging above the cenotph of Ibo Qasta; i isa popular tradition in Haypt place beats in saints Shines ‘On the north side ofthe courtyard another entrance leads toa second consyardin front of a vaulted oblong, Inilling compose of two halls The outer hall opens © the courtyard and leads though a door into the inner hall, Bot ave sof wit two half domes om spherical pendentves, faring each other Aczoding tothe fou Maton ded, dis building ea kuttab Tis domes were tovered with blu tiles; the mosgue’s domes are in fgreen, The uta has» prayer nice with stalactites in the conch, ‘THE TAKIYYA OF SULAYMAN PASHA (1548) The tem aki (fromm the Turki tls) designates san Ottoman type of religious inaction wth hoarding house Functions. Is architecture, therefore, s charac terized by the presence of living units for students oF SulePL U8 The mosque of Susymin Path, 190160 ‘The takiyya isthe equivalent of the khang and indeed, sme takiyyas had stit regulations temiis: ent of the foundations of the esely Mamiue period where Sufs dwelt, worshiped, and studied, following a Cleaty defined vutrculum Same takiyyas, such as the Sulayminiyya and the Mabmodiyya (1750), are Gwoman in architecture, » counyard surrounded by living unite behind an atcade with round arches and shallow donies. The foundation deeds of later, cig teenth century, elgious institutions show that Sats ‘vam no longer part of the actvides of moxques and sadratas Instead, Sufi shaykhe pursued their iuals in the zdwiyas and takiyyan Sometimes, the term takiyya was semply used (0 designate the part of the madrasa devoted to living {quires Atthe foundation of Muthamiad Bey ABO" Diishab, = madrata for the four Islamic ete, the students vexience wa called the akiyy, but no Suis Sere attached ro the foundation ‘The inscriptions on the ‘Takiyya Sulaymaniyy do not indude the term tayo, but do refer ty a madras Takiyya Sulaymsniyya is the popular name and alo the term used by histrians| ‘The Marley facade has «groin-vauled portal leading through a straight, exos-vauled passage into the courtyard ‘The courtyard is surounded by a cole lumned arcade with round arches Behind each arch ix the entrance to cll, excep onthe as of the enteance, hich conrespond a the gia, There, 2 domed room, pens onto the courtyard and ince the prayer niche, ‘Unfortnately, the foundation isnt metioned in the swaqf deed of Sulaymin Pasha, so we do not know ‘exactly how the madeass Sanctioned, oF i the founda tion originally included ather structures, There it no _monque or minaret attached t i Insioonariy ‘THE MOSQUE OF MAHMOD PASHA (1567) The mosque of Mabniid Pasha is a fce-standing building stnted! on the northeast side of the madeasa ‘of Sultan Hlsan, alo facing the Citadel. Apart rom its roman minaret the architectore i enteely Mamluk in syle "There are even two Features copied fro the Saltan Hasan mosques locating of the mausoleum dome behind the prayer hall ro face the Gade, and Tiling the ninaret on e sensicircular,protring but uuess apking the done. The profile of che dome is Slighly shorter and more rounded than Mamluk domes Pr 120 ‘The mosque and mausoleum of Mabméd PashaPL 121 The mogue of Mabméd Path, interior view "The minaret i lender circular tower that appears paticulany elongated because of the civeular batress fom which i rests, The same feature wan be cen a the nearby mosque of Sultan Hasan whit might have inspired the Mabmadiyya arcitect The shaft of the rinavet, Uke the buttress, is ribbed with vertical snoldings, and ithas a bakony on ealacies a the oot level and another, higher balcony The rectangular hall's cole syported by two pairs of coluinas,# featute found in the mosque of Satan Barsbay in che cemetery, but here the columns ate ancient Hayptan granite columns and their pointed Arches are not parallel wo the ila wall, but form a eo tangulat pavilion in the center of the mosque with lantern in the ceiling to adit ight These ae ae slighty higher than the exntral aisle A logis of Dalned wood faces the prayer niche and i ached by “There iso marble decoration, but intricate stucco and colored:ghss windows and a beautiful arabesque Painted ceiling make thie mossue particulary aac: tive. The fac that the mosque is fie standing enhances the etext of ce light coming through the windows. The dome, beyond che gia wal, vests on pendeatives and ieplnin, It sone of the ew domed mausoleans of the ‘Oxcoman period ‘The mosque of Mati Pasha (1375) at “rab Yasir inthe cemetery southeast ofthe Citadel is Similar in plan to this mosque, bur it lantern ix sp ported by piers instead of columns Wilton Monnens 161 HE MOSQUE OF SINAN PASHA (1571) ‘This mosque it one of the mos intersting in ©nioman Cairo, Ik was built on the Nile shore af the port of Balsq, which was at that cme separate! fom the reat of Cairo and cloner tothe river than ii today, Decase the ver har since sifted westward The morgue ix s1 askew within ils cucosure 10 maintain the Mecea orientation “The niougue’s domed cchunber is surrounded on thiee sides by an arcade of Slightly pointed arches supporting shallow domes; minaret Hanks the mosque on the south sile The ‘enelosure doesnot allow the mosque a stee acae, He Bchitectre is dominated by the ceuttal dome. ‘The ‘central dome's profile i rudd and the lower part has ewo ows of windows, he upper ones inthe tape of lobed arches. "These are ommon on. Fatimid buildings, but they are used only once ina dome, atthe shyine of Sayyida Rugayya, bul more than four cen lures cavler, Becween the facets of the dome that include dhe windows, there are aml botresses oF tr ret efowned by onionrshaped tops, which give this dome its particular appearance ‘The minaret i a squat tlindicl shaft with one baleany and conical top The mosque ol Sinsn Patha has the largest stone dloneia Cairo, with 2 diameter of about fieen meters Wis half meter larger than the dome of Baraig, The interior x bevy influenced by the arcitesune ‘ofthe Fadiwiyyn mausoleum, The transitional zone ie Set within, mot above, the sestangular part of the builing and is composed of tiled squinche, each within pointed arch. ‘The wpper arch of the aquel ‘decorated with stalactites, Curiously, the inner lower PL 122 The moague of Sinn Pasha a Bai1682 Fy 35 The monsue of Sinin Pasha (Deparment of An windows ofthe dome do not have the same shape st they do.onthe exterior Their exterior shape is a double arch, inside they take the shape af rots filled ith ore gle The prayer aiche ie decorated with Mamfuk style polychrome marble. Around the base of the dame rine 2 gallery with a woolen balustrade whose function i fot evident. The dita i a wooden balcony facing the prayer niche reached, lke the gallery, by a staircase in the wall Baioonarey "THE MOSQUE OF MALIKA SAFIYYA (1610) Malika Safiyya was the Venetian wife of dhe ‘Ottoman Sultan Murad III” When one of her slaves, “Uihunan Aghs, decided to build this iosgue, he came up against legal problems, It was found that a a slave, Ihe was not legally ented either to bull a mosque of to make endowments, as his properties after hie death should ever ois owner, Malika Safiya Att could ‘ote proved thatthe save hal been freed before hit death, nor that he had the permission of is owner to rake endowments, the endowment was considered ‘legal. Thos the morgue and all other properties endowed wo it reverted to Malika Saliyya ‘The mosque is built on level much higher than the street and it reached by & long smiciteala Hight of eps. The exterior walls ate not decorated but there ate Windows on two levels A minaret Hanks the building fn the southeast comer. Thete ate three tatrances, ne ta eth facade, each composed ofa sallow tiled Feces framed by a molding with angular oops. They thas lifer from the sieet entrance leading to the mosque complex, which has 1 tiled groimvauled por ‘The plan is similar co that of the mosque of Soy rin Pasha, with similar courtyard, The sanctuary, however, although alto covered by 1 large rounded dome, is Manked by stall dames insted of large hall Gomes. ‘The lateral small domes are supported by Arches carried by columns. As at dhe moague of Sing Pasha, a wooden gallery unt around the inner base of the dome; the dita is opposite the prayer niche. Three doors, the central one larger, connect the sanctuary ‘withthe courtyard, The mougue of Malika Safiya has fone feature inherited from earlier architecture: dome lover the prager niche, it protrades atthe back wal of the mosque Fig 54 ‘The mosque of Malia Safiya (Deparisent of An es)ntsoonarne THE MOSQUE OF AMIR YUSUF AGHA AL-HIN (1625) ‘he mosque of Amir Yanul Aghs al-Hin ig located in ‘he neighburhond of the Islamic Museums wos but by an amirofCireasian origin. Except forthe minar, ite architecture follows” Mamluk trations. A ‘maniceum with domme, forthe amie an his fmiy, ‘nae attached othe buling, but was demolished inthe last centiny to make way for the comsriction of Mubansnad SAW street The mosque is a free-standing building with a gia plan, decorated with polychrome marble in dhe Mam 168 PL 124 The manque of Yoru AghE olin, view of the Taos wits masa, Jak syle The original sabi-kuttab can be seen on the ‘eastern facade which alo inchides the poral The other Sil on the northwestern comer of the moxque wae ued i this century, when the mosque was restored ter the Khali was fled in ancl replaced by 2 street ‘This new sa ie an anchor, 2 tan ination (ofthe sabil of Abd al-Rajmin Katkhudbuile about & century Inter than the moaque of Yasul Aehs ‘The interior displays am tumusual leature in the rmasheabiyya cccupying the western wall The mosque teas ereced om the eastern side of the Kha and the windows were placed to allow worshipers to enjoy the ew of the canal and gardens outside, as was common in residenvial architectne. Another ineereating deta x the presence of wooden balconies that occupy the whole width ofthe thrce wine around the main ane, and cus ‘ud a kind of uppe floor to the mosque. The Function ofthese balconies is wot quite clea Ii walkey that they all were dldes for recitations Binuioonarny ‘THE MOSQUE OF SHAYKH AL-BURDAYNI (1616-20) This small building, located inthe Dawadiyya quarter not far from the mosque of Malika Saiyya, is fi architectural surprise Te appears asi the architect,166 — PL 129, The mosque of Shay sb Bardayns oF the founder, tied to revive the ayle of Mami bulidngs of the Osythsy period. Lavishly decorated, i imerioe contrast with hat of the Octrman binge already detebed is founder was not a Turk, nor treme ofthe ruling clase, but an Egyptian shaykh of he SAAB ite "The facade eeatment is totaly Mamluk The orgie has two fades, the western one with the por: {al ad minaret on its right side, The minarets first story is etagonal and the citcular second szetion i carved ‘The upper part consis ofa bulb resting on a balcony on sacties, and is dhus a imitation of late Mamluk minarets with a carved fest sory decorated ‘wth keel-arched uiches framed with molding. The two balconies eat om stalactites of diferent pater. ‘The only difference between ths ancl Mam minarets is ‘hat the bull isnot carried on an atagonal pavilion, ‘bu set dizetly above the balcony ‘The quality of the carving less refined tha that ofthe Qaytby period Te isthe only Ottoman wninaret with an instiption band, here placed on the octagonal section Te provides ‘he date of 1625, which i much later than that of the mosque “The mosque is L-shapel and very smal. The qibla wall is entirely covered with marble polychrome panels, fd the other walls havea high marble dado, The win floes have stucco and colored-slass decoration. The prayer niche, vidhly decorated with inlaid marble and blueelas past, i one al the Finest exanypes of decors tion in the Mlaaluk tration, ani the wooden ceiling isichly painted Opposite the prayer niche area ar finda wooden frieze with an inscription band, aso in Tate Mamluk style, running along the walls under the felling. ‘The wooden pulpit with geometrical designs shows a succes revival of Mamluk ae ‘Shaykh al-Busdays, sponsor of the mosque, was 3 Shafts Egyptian, noe Turk, and this may expain the traditional, loeal character of the mowgue's aechi Binsocarney THE MOSQUE OF AMIR ‘UPHMAN KATKHUDA (1734) Gthman Katkbucs, a wealthy amie, built a mosque together with residential and commmerial buildings at ‘Aatakiy in the area which is today Opera Square, (Only the left side of the Tae ofthe mingue was visi PL 126 ‘The morgue of Amie Uthmin KatkhadsPL 127 The mongue of ‘Uhm Katkads, serio vew ble from the street; the rest war sutrounded by houses and ¢ tab, a haniion, sabil-katab and a nember of shops. The siuctures formed a complete ty quarter 'Ngvoin-valted pocal i in the center of the facade sand & minaret stands on its lei, oF northwest commer ‘Apart from the Turkish shape of the minaret and the blue-green ‘Turkish les decorating the linet of the entrance the lace, with ity reeased panels inclading trindows, x Mamluk in tye Fig 59 ‘The mosque of Amie “Uthmin Kakhad (Depre ncn of Anti) 165 ‘he entrance leads directly into the mosque from the westem side ‘The mosque is hyposyle in plan, widh a outtyard Te isthe only mosque ofthis period to have och an archaic layout. Marble columps support the haut painted wooden ceiling. The prayer niche is decorated with inlaid marble, also Mamluk in style Bintsoonanny ‘THE MOSQUE OF MUHAMMAD BEY ‘ABU’L-DHAHAR (1774) Like dhe mosque of Sultan Hasan, that of Muara mad Hey Abi'PDhabab wat a madeata for the four "tes of Islamic law, but unlike the late Manluk foun dations, ic had no services fy Suis Tus Extesion ‘Standing opposite al-Azhas inthe middle ofthe city, icis architecturally an iitation ofthe mong of Sin, Pasha at Bila, with slight differences. Sinan Pasha's ‘mosque is within a garden enclosure; Aba’-Dhabab’s tosgue, in the hear ofthe city, it surrounded by a facade wall. This wall is lower than the walle of the masque proper, so that the arcades ofthe mows ane ‘sible frm outile dhe wall "The facade is paneled in ci PL 128 The madrasamonqe of Mubammad Bey Aba ‘aa166 the Mamluk syle ith stalactite recesses inlading win dvs. The mosque stands above shops on the east and seu facades "The profile af the dome simi to that ff Sinan Pasha's mosque and it has the same width but Isbuilt of brick. The windows of the drum are the usual Alouble- arched openings surmounted by a circle ome, Ailering from the Iobed-areh windows of the Sins Pasha dome Buttress inthe shape of turets lank the sixteen comers of the drum "The minaret alo dillers in shape and fcation eis bn the southwest corner and ie an imitation of the nearby minaret of Sultan aLGhir, which at the time Abu'EDbahab founded his morgue, sil had four bolle ‘The minaret of AbiIDhatiah fas five tbs ‘The portal is also Mannluk,tilobed and groin vaulted, snd the windows have in thei Hines bite of green ad blue Ouoman syle filer ‘Tue Iwventon ‘The portal, reached by a fight of steps, leads 1 a ziyada,suroondiog the mosque on its east andl south fides ‘The rive results fom adjusting the lace to ‘he ateet alignment, making an angle with the main parcof the building Tothelef ofthe entrance isa very elaborate cast bronze gril behind which was once housed very rick Hivary “Like the mosque of Sinan Pasha, this mos com pose ofa central dome surrounded on the three nom Aiba sides by an areade supporting shallow dommes “The dome at the northeast enmer i occupied by the tombs of the founder and hie sister, The walle are ppaeled with Turkish and ‘Tuisian tiles characteris Tally Blue and yellow ‘Te funerary comer is enclowe with a Iney bromae il “The sanetwary, oF domed area, has three entrances Testing from the three arcaled galleries through entrances enhanced by stalacitectestings Te interior har the trilobod lage squnches seen atthe Fadwiyya dome and. Sink Potha's momque Mesherof peas inlaid long with marble, ax exceptional decoration for this time, i ound on the prayer niche which x paeled in early Manalel syle. The scription bands afe more Gxtoman in siyle than Mamluk, set in. carouches Undemmeath the deme anc earved in kaa spt. They sre painted and gilded The sida is « remarkable ‘wooden baleony that projects on brackets fon the ll (acing the prayer niche ‘On the southside ofthe mosque and separated from ie by a wall tworstorie complex of rooms around 2129 ton ill athe mongunof Muna ey Ab ‘courtyard: ‘The foundation deed cals this ekiyya, Sand stipulates thae ie be used by Turkish students Bantioorariy "THE MOSQUE OF HASAN PASHA TAHIR (1609) "The mosque of Hasan Pasha Tahir was built shortly ater Mubamimad SA came to. power by one of his fier. The busing, inthe Fikniya quarter not far fiom the mosque of Ibp Talun, has a eutiously hybrid characterPL 130 The meeque and muauceam of Hasan Pash Tahir ‘The facade shows an obvious attempt to revive Mamluk architecture Tt hae tele poral with groin and to the vight isa sabi-huttab, Moldings are weed densely, framing carved panels A minaret tothe eight ofthe Sabi-kutt fe 4 strange imitation of Mami tiple with an octagonal Get story and a circular second Story with moldings The third story carves ul bt isa continuous circular shal rather than = pavilion, ‘Two balconies on stalactites are set between the three (On the left side of he entance isa mausoleum dome peculiar architecture, is hase is below the mosque took and the lower part has a window with a saneite teoess and moldings. The transitional zone, which sof ‘one though the done is of brick, ie Maik in syle, wth anduating steps "The dome isl in vertical and ‘hin, and iedecorated with moldings. Hs pated profile thar eifers Irom Mami domes Next co this dome is another, rounded dome of even ‘more exec character Te was bul fora brother of the Imosque’s founder and aay have boew inspired by ‘Turkish provincial architecture “The interior of the mosque ol Hagan Tie iss all whose roof is supported by the paits of columns There isa lantern, ad the devovation is of traditional Mao sile 167 ‘THE MOSQUE OF SULAYMAN AGHA, ‘AL-SILAHDAR (1837-29) The mosque of Silayman Aghi alSahdar, nor fu from the al-Aqmmar mosque on the opposite side of the street, exhibits all the decorative features of the Mufammad A syle “Ta Bxreaion "The facade is relatively low a x eompesed of three sections On the north setion the mosque stand above 40H of shops. An entrance at the northernmost se fiom Teads to the courtyard of the mosque Further south ina round atched entrance between the mosque And the kuti, whichis est to the sabi rather than above it The minaret, an especialy elegant shaft, tl The mop of Ami Slaymnin Agha Stair168 Sender and cylindrical with an elongated conical top, stands between the madenea and the moxgue, Tas one Duleony om horizontal moldings, "The facade ofthe sabi,» amboyant display of Ite ‘Ouoman decoration, rounded and bul of marble with round arched windows, ie a¢ the southern pat of the complex. Its east bronze window grills have « very inuricate lacy pattern. Above thens are able carvings imitating texte folds, device of Kalin Baroque sit CCartouches with Turkish inscriptions inmost stp Aecorate the entire upper part of the tabi facade and fbowe thee is. repetitive mot of acanthu-lke leaves. ‘A wooden carved and painted sunshade tops the sabi facade. There it 4 great similarity betwen this sab and the one facing the modrasa of al-Naie Mubas ‘mad, builtin the same period (1828) by smal Pasha ‘Next tothe sibilof Sulayinda Agha al Siabd ie round arch tha fumes the entrance on the side srt leading to ancther entrance to the mowgue theough covered Hight of eps “Tu berenion The interior combines feature ofboth Ottomas and Cairene architecture. The courtyards rounded arcades are covered with Ottoman syle shallow domes. Above the entrance tothe mosque ia charming smal semicir= cular balony that is very Western in style "The rot of the sanctuary is caried on fou identical marble 0: tums, forming thre aisles parallel tothe qi wall They support round arches snd central lantern. The prayer niche, made of white marble, ir decorated with Western style floral mols and loks like something ‘that might be found in Buropean baroque church The ditt sa gallery with wooden balustrade above the entrance, commanieating withthe sal round Bakony outside A row of horizontally pierced oval windows bring light from the courtyard into the interior. Taterestingly, and unexpectedly, the window recesses lof the mosque show thatthe facade has heen adsted Ce the sticet alignment by progressively thickening the ral just ab inthe a}eAqmar rooaque ad all he Man Tuk tongues on the same street THE MOSQUE OF MUHAMMAD ‘ALI (1830-48) Tn the architectue of kis monque, Mubammad ‘Al Pasha, viceroy and initiator of Egypt's modern age, achieved radical break with all iadtions character. izing Caito architecture fom the Mamluk 1 the late Octorman period The break is emphasized by the choice of se. ‘Muhammad ‘Alt pulled dow the remains of Mans Tuk places snd their dependenccs, described shorly before by Napoleon's scholars asthe most impressive buildings in Caizo despite shir diapidated condition. Recent excavations show that in order ¢o build the mosque on top ofthe preexisting structures, rome ten meters of rubble were fied i Just st Salah al-Din many centutics cartier had abolished all traces of Fatimid power and status by Fefasing 10 live in their palaces and having them Gismailed and poreled ‘out to is couriers, 20 Muhammad “Ai destroyed all traces of the Mamluk palaces Irom which Egypt had been ruled since the thir. teenth century ‘That sr why, among Cair's wealth of Iistore monuments, cher ts not one royal palace lef from these periods Ti is, however, paradonical that while politically Mohammad &AI acted quite independently of Ista bul architecturally during his reiga style came closer to {hat of Tan than ever before, chung ts Western, partculaly French, infhcnce Mubanmmad All Cairo set out to shandon the oriental Middle Ages and begin the modern Western Age, in ellect, to surpass Istanbul Mubanimad ‘Al, who was more eager t© bold modem foctries than religious foundations, rected this mosque, where he is buried, aa mon. rent to hime Originally, he planning ofthis mosque was asigned te Maljammiad ‘Al's French architect, Pascal Coste, who probably would have built iti the Hol Mazak style, judging from his interes in Cair'straditanal ihitecture. For some unknown reason, however, the Pasha changed his mind and an Armenian archiee, ‘whose name isnot known, designed he mosque on Plan similar co tha of the mosque of Sultan Abmnad in Istanbul Because it is the mot visible monument of Cara, Muparomad ‘Ais mosque, the least Egyptian of monuments, became a symbol ofthe city. Populaely Known a aya, meaning citadel ti thus confoed se well with the works of Sala al-Din,anciurecruse oF mit OrroMa® PERIOD 169 PL 192 The moague of Mohammad ‘Al “The long time i ook to compete this monument may he due tit size, ggantie by Cairo'sarchitetutal Standards ‘That combined with its prominent location {nd ite prof, the domed silhouette Masked by a paie fof slender high aninarets, contributed to its prestige ‘The minarets over eighty meters high, stand on bases only three meters wide The architecture ofthe mowgue is totally Ottoman, though is domes are, relative to then edt, higher and less squat than those in Tatanbal “The plan iy «central dome carried on four piers and spherical pendentives, flanked by four half-domes, ‘The Courtyard, as atthe mosques of Sulayman Pasha and Malika Safiya, is surrounded by rounded arcades canying small dormer “The moxque has three entrance, on the aor, west tnd cant wall. ‘The western entrance opens onto the Courtyard, which also bas = northern and southern ‘trance from dhe mosque Inthe nile of the cout: yard is 3 smarble ablution founesin sith carved ‘worden oof on coluinns, the whole lavishly deco ate in’ style ecaling the decotation of the sabi-estab Facing the madrasa of a-Nasiron Mufizz street builtin 11828 by Ismail Pasha, The sbil and the upper part of the conneyard fade are decorate with all val wall ptintings on which Mediterranean landscapes are rep evened ‘On the west wall ofthe courtyard is an izon cook presented to Mubammad ‘Alt by the French King Louis Plippe, with tea sal on the upper level. es style i misaure of neo-gothic and oriental elements “The etre decoration of the building i alien to airene trations, and infact 0 Islamic art» Theee fare no aalactites, geomet shapes oF arabesques: only the inserption bande continue an Islamic tradion Even the marble chosen fr decoration ie differen ome that of earlier mosques: the walls and piers of the hosque ae paneled with alabaster from Upper Beypt,70 which isinappropriate for arehitecute a it deteriortes ‘ich In the southwest corner uf the sanctuary, within an ‘uclosure richly decorated with bronze openwork, is the marble cenotaph of Muhammad ‘AR Tn 1036 sevioussteuctural deficiencies were fund inthe dome And ital t be tally rebile Te tok two years Between 1937 and 1939 dhe deviation was renewed aud in dhe mid ofthe 1907s the whole citadel complex Wess again renovated Bimiocearie