Hannah Goldstein

IR1/3/10GT
10/26/15
Compiled Annotations
Abraham, Jame, and Carmen J. Allegra, eds. Bethesda Handbook of Clinical Oncology.
Philadelphia: LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, 2001. Print.
This book explained the development of Melanoma, how UV radiation inhibits cancerous
lesions, as well as the types of Melanoma. The book provided information on detecting
Melanoma; however, this information did not benefit my research and was rendered
useless. Overall, this article was extremely beneficial because of the articles insight into
Melanoma as a whole and how UV radiation causes Melanoma.
Balk, Sophie J., Doris Day, and Bruce E. Katz, eds. "Preventing Skin Cancer." Skin Cancer
Foundation. N.p., n.d.
This article, written by the Skin Cancer Foundation, discusses the dangers of UV
radiation. The damage of UV radiation can occur after even 1 sun burn. The conditions in
which most UV induced damage could occur were during midday- afternoon and tanning
beds, and/ or while wearing minimal or thin clothing. This article was beneficial in
determining ways to prevent skin cancer; however, they provided little insight as to how
the UV radiation inhibits abnormal cell growth. As a result, this article was not very
insightful on my topic.
Conti, Claudio J., Thomas J. Slaga, and Andres J.P. Klein-Szanto, eds. Skin Tumors
Experimental and Clinical Aspects. Vol. 11. New York: Raven Press, 1989. Print.
Carcinogenesis.
This book discusses the demographics of melanoma cases as well as the occurrences and
the percentage of mortality rate. The book explained the most fatal form of melanoma
and explained slightly how melanoma metastasizes. This book was somewhat insightful
due to its' statistics; however, the book provided little data in total. Throughout the entire
book, only a few pages were beneficial.
De Fabo, Edward C., Frances P. Noonan, Thomas Fears, and Glenn Merlino. "Ultraviolet B but
Not Ultraviolet A Radiation Initiates Melanoma." The Journal of Cancer Research.
American Association for Cancer Research, n.d.
This article explains the correlation between experiments that prove UVBs direct
influence on the development of Melanoma, and disprove UVAs influence on the
development of melanoma. Mice that were exposed to UVB radiation developed tumors
at a more common rate compared to UVA exposed mice. Finally, the isolated UVB band
caused more development of melanoma copared to other light sources that contained

UVA, UVB, and visible light. This proves the direct role isolated UVB plays in the
development of melanoma. This article well explained how the experiments contributed
to this result. This article provided insightful information on how UVB radiation directly
caused the development of tumors.
Epstein, John H., MD, and Stephan Q. Wang, MD. "Skin Cancer Foundation." Understanding
UVA and UVB. N.p., n.d.
This article is an educational paper written by the Skin Cancer Foundation that discusses
how UV light affects our skin. The article explained how the suns radiation damages
skin and how the various wavelengths influence the damage. Also, how the damage can
in turn cause tumors and other abnormal cell growth to occur was explained. This article
was useful because direct correlation between the UV lights and cancer growth through
the use of words and diagrams was explained, and there was minimal bias, and properly
addressed the topic that was intended.
"FDA Sheds Light on Sunscreens." U.S. Food and Drug Administration. N.p., 17 May 2012.
This article is an educational article from the FDA that explains the importance of
labeling on Sunscreen products and the FDA regulations behind the labels. The article
described the various aspects of the FDA regulations that allow for miscommunication
between the company and the consumer. This article was important because information
showing that FDA regulations allow for the labeling of products with incorrect
descriptions was explained. Also, the article provided insightful information on aspects of
the regulations that could be altered to more accurately explain the sun protection the
product actually possesses.
"The Genetics of Cancer." Cancer.Net. Cancer.Net, 26 Mar. 2012.
This article is an educational article from Cancer.Net that explains the types of genetic
mutations. There are two categories that the mutations can either be acquired, or occur
through damaged DNA sequences, or germline, also called inherited. Also, the genes that
are most commonly linked to cancer are listed. Tumor suppressor genes protect cells, and
when mutations to these genes occur, cells grow uncontrollably. The other main category
of cancer contributing genes falls under the oncogenes category. Oncogenes turn healthy
cells into cancerous cells that then reproduce to form more cancerous cells. This article
was beneficial for simplistic background knowledge on gene mutations. However, the
article provided minimal insight on the processes of genetic mutations.
"Genetics of Skin Cancer." National Cancer Institute. National Institute of Health, n.d.

This article explained the various layers of the skin and the components of each, as well
as the common cancers that appear in each. The epidermis is composed of mostly
kerocytes; the dermis is composed primarily of fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and certain
immune system cells; and the subcutis is composed mainly of muscle, fascia, bone and/or
cartilage. The most common cancers of the epidermal layer involve the hair follicles, for
the dermis the most common cancers form within the skin from the immune system cells
moving in and out of blood vessels and lymphatics; and the common cancers for the
subcutis are at varying levels of malignancy but are near region of localized skin cancers
that can spread to this area. This article provided extensive knowledge on the layers of
skin, as well as information on the common cancers in each area. The article was
thorough and explained each aspect very well.
Planta, Margaret B. "Sunscreen and Melanoma: Is Our Prevention Message Correct?" Journal of
the American Board of Family Medicine: n. pag.
This paper was an article taken from the Journal of the Board of Family Medicine. The
article explained how the sun puts off UVA and UVB radiation. The original belief was
that UVB radiation was the primary carcinogen, so almost all sunscreen prevents against
UVB. However, through recent research, the idea that UVA radiation also inhibits
melanoma development has become evident. This article is reliable because the author is
from a medical group. Also, due to article being an educational piece that has been posted
in a medical journal, there is minimal bias and the reliability of the information increases.
Spencer, Ben. "Wearing Sunscreen May NOT Prevent Skin Cancer, Study Claims." Daily
Mail.com. N.p., 12 June 2014.
This article is an educational news article from the Daily Mail. The article explains how
even though sunscreen may prevent short term sun damage, such as burns and short-term
cancer; sunscreen has minimal to no impact on the long term development of cancer
cells. The sun's radiation causes mutations of the skin's gene that protects us, the
"Guardian Gene", which would result in potentially fatal cancer later in life. This article
is reliable because there is no bias one way or another and the Daily Mail is a widespread
new organization that provides minimal bias.
"Sunscreen Drug Products For Over-The-Counter Human Use" 21 "CFR" 352.1 2015
This FDA regulation provided insight onto the current FDA regulations on Sunscreen
products. The regulation provided information on the allowed active ingredients and legal
titles that can be provided. This information is insightful for the research of the impact of
FDA regulations on consumers buying products. The information provided information
that can be used to support that claim of lenient FDA regulations causing decreased
proper protection.
"Sunscreens Explained." Skin Cancer Foundation. N.p., n.d.

This article explains how various types of sunscreens affect skin damage. The article
explains the levels of Sun Protection Factor coverage and the fact the spf is a
measurement of the sunscreens ability to prevent UVB induced damage. The active
ingredients in the sunscreen are what protects against skin damage. This article provided
insightful information on sunscreen protection and how the various categories of
sunscreen cause less or more protection. However, this article provided minimal insight
into how the sunscreen prevents damage to the skin/ what damage to the skin sunscreen
helps prevent against.
"UV: Molecular Mechanism of Action." UV: Molecular Mechanism of Action. N.p., 2003. Web.
11 Oct. 2015.
This article thoroughly explained how UV radiation causes skin cancer. The UV radiation
damages various genes that encode for certain proteins. This causes a different base to be
placed that\n the intended one. As a result, the protein sometimes cannot function, and
over periods of exposure to the light the proteins can reproduce and create more
ineffective cells. This can result in the cells becoming cancerous. This article was
somewhat beneficial because its insight into how UV radiation can cause a direct link to
cancers. But, minimal information on melanoma development was provided; and
therefore, was minimally beneficial.
Webber, Mukta M., and Lea I. Sekely, eds. In Vitro Models for Cancer Research. Vol. 3. Boca
Raton: CRC Press, 2000. Print. In Vitro Models for Cancer Research.
This book described various medical techniques for the treatment of carcinomas of the
mammary gland, uterus, and skin. The book explained, in depth, in vitro models of the
mammary gland, uterus, and the skin, and insight into how this is beneficial. This book
was interesting and explained the diagnosis and treatment of these cancer; however, this
book was of little value to research on development of cancer and cancer growth. This
scholarly book provided minimal information on skin cancer, and even less information
on the development of melanoma.
Wei, Q., J. E. Lee, J. E. Gershenwald, M. I. Ross, P. F. Mansfield, S. S. Strom, L.-E Wang, Z.
Guo, Y. Qiao, C. I. Amos, M. R. Spitz, and M. Duvic. "Repair of UV Light-Induced DNA
Damage and Risk of Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma." JNCI Journal of the National
Cancer Institute 95.4 (2003): 308-15.
This educational article published in the JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute
discusses an experiment that was conducted to further explain how UV radiation plays an
important role in the development of CMM. Patients were observed and DRC, DNA
Repair Capacity, was concluded to play an important role in the development of CMM.
UV induced DCR was observed in all case study patients. This article provided a case
study to support the hypothesis that UV radiation causes repair gene damage, thus

causing cancer. The evidence provided will be used to further prove the DCR is affected
by UV radiation. The article provided insightful information that will benefit the research
by providing support to prove UV induced DNA repair gene damage plays an important
role in Melanoma development.
"What Is Alzheimer's?" alz.org. N.p., n.d.
This article discusses the development of Alzheimer's disease and the common symptoms
that forms of Dementia inhibit. The article explained the importance of visiting the doctor
and checking to find whether a patient has Alzheimer's or not. This article was interesting
because the importance of Alzheimer's detection was explained. However, the article
extremely bias and was truly a persuasive piece of writing that provided no insight into
the scientific aspects of Alzheimer's and was clearly written to persuade the reader, not
educate them.
"What Is Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation?" What Is Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation? N.p., 20 Mar. 2015.
This article discusses UV damage, the types and intensity of UV radiations. However, the
article was more focused on when UV was strongest and protection, not on how UV
radiation damages DNA repair genes. This article was only somewhat useful, because
some information on UV skin damage was provided. But, the article was more focused
on protection instead of cancer/ tumor development.
Winsey, Samantha L., Neil A. Haldar, Howard P. Marsh, Mike Bunce, Sara E. Marshall, Adrien
L. Harris, Fenella Wajnarowska, and Ken I. Welsh. "A Variant within the DNA Repair
Gene XRCC3 Is Associated with the Development of Melanoma Skin Cancer 1." The
Journal of Cancer Research. American Association for Cancer Research, n.d.
This article explained the discovery of the possible influence of the damaged XRCC3
gene on the development of Melanoma. The XRCC3 gene is responsible for preventing
chromosomal breaks, movement, and deletions which would result in cancer. Also,the
gene aids in the restoration process of damaged strands of DNA. Because of this genes
major role in proper cell growth, any damage to this gene could result in the development
of Melanoma. The XRCC3 genes role in the body was explained and the damage that
could be caused to the gene could result in the development of melanoma and tumors.
This article was beneficial in explaining the UV induced damage to genes and the role
those genes play in the body. The importance of these genes was explained which
therefore furthered the influence of the findings.