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Combustion
Nadine Spitz
Environmental Engineering
Ben-Gurion University
Contents
What
applications.
Coal
combustion description.
Coal power plants and air pollution:
Mechanisms and control
technologies.
Coal and air pollution in Israel.
Proximate Analysis
Elemental Composition
6595%
H
2-7%
O
<25%
S
<10%
N
1-2%
Char 2070%
Ash 5-15%
H2O 2-20%
Coal
Coal Sources
Coal Applications
Homes heat and cooking
Transportation steam
engines
Industry metal works
Electricity power plants
volatiles
CO2, H2O,
coal particle
p-coal, d=30-70m
char
heterogeneous
combustion
CO2, H2O,
devolatilization
tdevolatile=1-5ms
tvolatiles=50-100ms
tchar=1-2sec
matter
Trace metals
Organic compounds
CO2
Carbon monoxide, CO
C + O2
CO
Particulate Matter
Bottom Ash
Fly Ash
As high as 99.9%
Wet scrubber
95-99%
Cyclone
90-95% (d(m)>10)
FORMATION
Trace metals
Class 1
Elements that are
approximately equally
concentrated in the fly
ash and bottom ash
(Mn, Be, Co, Cr)
Class 2
Elements that are
enriched in fly ash
relative to bottom ash
(Ar, Cd, Pb, An)
Class 3
Elements which are
emitted in the gas
phase (mainly Hg).
Collection of fine
particles.
Sorbents ???
CONTROL
Control of total
particulate matter
emissions
Organic Compounds
Include volatile, semivolatile and condensable organic
compounds either present in the coal or formed as
a product of incomplete combustion.
Characterized by hydrocarbon class: alkanes,
alkenes, aldehydes, alcohols and substituted
benzenes.
The main groups of environmental concern are:
1) tetrachloro- through octachloro- dioxins and
furnans.
2) Polycyclic organic matter (POM).
Emissions dependent on combustion behavior in the
boiler (air/fuel ratio, residence time, temperature or turbulence).
SOx Formation
O2, M
radicals
Coal-S
SO
SO2
SO4SO3
SO2 molecule
H2S
SOx reduction
Pyridine1
Pyrrole1
Aromatic
amines
1
Structur
~
e
Relative
amount
N
15-40%
N
60%
NH
6-10%
Stability
More
stable
Less
stable
Stable
Main NO Mechanisms
1.
Thermal NO
2.
Prompt NO
3.
Thermal NO
(Zeldovich mechanism)
N2 + O NO + N
N + O2 NO + O
Strong temperature-dependence: >1300-1500C
Not a major source of NO in coal utility boilers.
Prompt NO
N2 + CHx HCN + N +
N + OH NO + H
Prevalent only in fuel-rich systems.
Not a major source of NO in coal utility boilers.
volatiles
HCN/NH3
HCN/NH3 + O2
NO
(formation)
NO + HCN/NH3
N2
(destruction)
(formation)
Char-C + NO N2 + Char(O)
(destruction)
NO Reduction
Combustion controls:
1. Modification of combustion configuration:
Reburning
Staged Combustion (air/fuel)
Post combustion controls:
1. Injection of reduction agents in flue gas.
2. Post-combustion denitrification processes.
Reburning
Excess air
volatiles
char
homogeneous
combustion
heterogeneous
combustion
CO2, H2O, NO
CO2, H2O, NO
devolatilization
CO2, H2O, N2
CHi + NO HCN
HCN + NO N2 +
CHi
Staged Combustion
Fuel Rich
volatiles
char
homogeneous
combustion
heterogeneous
combustion
devolatilization
CO2, H2O, N2
O2
Control Technique
NO Reduction
Potential(%)
20-30
35-55
40-60
50-60
30-60
75-85
50-80
References