Electronic

Communication:

Electronic communication is the

transmission, reception, and processing of
information b/w two or more Ends / Stations
using electronic circuits.
Information (Message) can be Analogous
(continuous) form such as voice, music, or
Digital (discrete) form such as binary-codded
numbers.

Electronic
Communication:

In 1837, Samuel Morse developed the first

electronic communication system that was called
Telegraph.
In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas A.
Watson developed the first electronic
communication system that was able to transmit
conversation called Telephone system.
In 1894, Guglielmo Marconi transmitted the first
wireless signals through Earths atmosphere.
Commercial Radio broadcasting began in 1920.

Major e-communication
types:

Analog communication system:

Information / messages are transmitted and

received in analogous (continuous) signals.

Digital communication system:

Information / messages are transmitted and

received in digital (discrete) signals.

A Simple Digital Communication Model

Electronic Signals
Communication
Signals Types
Analogous

Digital

Nature & Composition

Simple

Composite

Periodic

Aperiodic

A Simple Signal (Sine Wave):

Y(t)=A sin (2ft +
)
Y(t)=A cos (2ft +
)

Fourier Analysis:
Fourier showed that a composite
signal is a sum of a set of sine waves of
different frequencies, phases, and
amplitudes.
In other words, we can write a composite
signal as:
Y(f) =A1Sin (2f1t+1) + A2Sin (2f2t+2) + A3Sin (2f3t+3) + . . .

Required all the odd harmonics up to

infinity:

By adding these three harmonics, we do not

get a square wavewe get something
which is close, but not exact.

Composite Signal and Transmission Medium

A signal needs to pass through a

transmission medium (cable or air).
A medium may pass some
frequencies and may block or
weaken others.

This means that when we send our

square wave signal through a
medium, we get something at the
other end which is not a square
wave at all.

Example
If a periodic signal is decomposed into five sine
waves with frequencies of 100, 300, 500, 700,
and 900 Hz, what is the bandwidth? Draw the
spectrum, assuming all components have a
maximum amplitude of 10 V.

The spectrum has only five spikes, at 100, 300,

500, 700, and 900

Example
A signal has a bandwidth of 20 Hz. The highest frequency is 60 Hz.
What is the lowest frequency? Draw the spectrum if the signal
contains all integral frequencies of the same amplitude.

Solution

The spectrum contains all integral

frequencies. We show this by a series of
spikes.

DIGITAL SIGNALS
A 1 can be encoded as a positive voltage and a
0 as zero voltage:

Bit interval and Bit rate

The bit interval is the time required to send one
single bit.
The bit rate is the number of bit intervals per
second. This means that the bit rate is the
number of bits sent in 1 s, or bits per second
(bps).

Example
A digital signal has a bit rate of 2000 bps. What
is the duration of each bit (bit interval)?
Solution
The bit interval is the inverse of the bit rate.

Digital Signal: Composite Analog

Signal having an infinite number
of frequencies. In other words,
the bandwidth of a digital signal
is infinite.

Distortion:
Distortion means that the signal changes its
form or shape.
Distortion occurs in a composite signal, made
of different frequencies.
Each signal component has its own
propagation speed through a medium and,
therefore, its own delay in arriving at
the final destination.

WHY DO MODULATION ?
1- For allowing multiple signals to share
a single physical media.
2- Necessary for wireless communication
where the antenna diameter must be at
least equal to the wavelength of the
carrier signal. [ =c/f ]
3- For a medium not suitable for digital
transmission.
4- High frequencies range can travel to far
distance than Low frequencies.

Sine Wave as a CARRIER

Think of a Sine Wave as a Carrier Signal,

i.e. the signal onto which the information is

loaded for sending to the end user.

A Carrier Signal is used as the basis for sending

e.m. signals between a transmitter and a
receiver, independently of the frequency.

Carrier signals

A Carrier Signal may be considered to travel

at the speed of light, c, whether it is in free
space or in a metal wire.
It travels more slowly in most substances.
The Velocity, Frequency, and Wavelength of
the carrier signal are uniquely connected by:

c=f
Velocity of light

Wavelength
Frequency

Noise Effects on Digital Signal

Attenuation in an Digital Signal

Attenuation in an Analog Signal