Medical science

Living world
Term 2 - weeks 1-4

How to use this document:

Record your learning into this document by filling in the slides or adding to the notes section below
each slide. You can add more slides wherever you like!
There are several learning objectives spread throughout this document - by filling in each slide, you
are working towards meeting these objectives
Your notes need to be thorough, easy to understand and in your own words! (not copied and pasted
off the internet)
Every so often you will find a task slide - you must complete this task by the due date posted on
google classroom - you will use the notes you make in your slides to help you complete these tasks!
You will have weekly progress checks done by your teacher to make sure your notes and tasks are
up to date
Your learning can come from anywhere - the internet, scipad, education perfect (I recommend
incorporating information from all three sources into this document) - scipad answers are here if
you would like to use them to check your own answers, or to write better ones than in the book!
You will be working on this document in class time and for homework

Key words list

Youll see the following words a lot throughout the slides here are what they mean
Describe - 1-2 sentences giving the basic run-down about something
Explain - 2-4 sentences giving a quick run-down and then a reason(s) about how or why
Relate - Make the relationship between two or more things obvious - linking ideas together
Compare and contrast - Identifying some similarities (compare) and differences
(contrast) between two or more things
Discuss - give a comprehensive account of something. A very thorough run-down

Major Learning Objective 1: Understand the skeleto-muscular system

Topic
Human skeleton
Muscles

Joints

UNISTRUCTURAL

MULTISTRUCTURAL

Identify the major bones of Label a diagram of the human

the skeleton
skeleton

RELATIONAL

EXTENDED ABSTRACT

Explain the functions of major

bones in the body

Relate all the

features of the
Name the muscles found in Describe how muscles work
Explain why muscles come in pairs skeleto-muscular
the upper arm
Describe the role of tendons
system to explain
Name places in the body
Describe a condition involving how the human body
Describe the role of cartilage,
moves
where joints are found and
damage to the joints of the body
synovial fluid and ligaments
identify the type of joint
and explain how it is caused

The skeleto-muscular system involves bones, muscles and joints. Each of these is a topic within the skeleto-muscular
system. Complete all the objectives at uni- and multistructural levels, then challenge yourself by aiming for a relational
or extended abstract level of thinking! These correspond to proficient and advanced grades! Fill in this Google Form
now to set your learning goal.

The human skeleton

UNISTRUCTURAL - Identify the major bones of the skeleton

Complete Scipad pages 173 and 174

Then add notes here that relate to the learning objective above
There are 206 bones in your body. The major bones are:
Skull
Jaw
Clavicle
Scapula
Sternum
Ribs
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Phalanges
Pelvis
Femur
Tibia
Fibula

The human skeleton

Multistructural - Label a diagram of the human skeleton

Complete Scipad pages 173 and 174

Then add notes here that relate to the learning objective above
We have 206 bones in our body. In our fingers and toes we have the phalanges.
The bone in the middle of our calf is tibia and the one on the outside is the fibula.
The big one in your thigh is the femur, it is the biggest bone in your body. The
femur connects to the pelvis, which is in the shape of a bowl. The breastone
going up the middle is the sternum, which the ribs are connected to. The clavicle
or collarbone is the bone at the bottom of your neck. The big shoulder blade on
your back is the sternum. The bone at the top of your arm is the humerus (funny
bone). The two forearm bones are called the radius and the ulna. When your
hand is facing up the radius, and the one on the inside is the ulna. The two bones
in your head are the skull and the jaw.

The human skeleton

Relational - Explain the functions of major bones in the body

Complete Scipad page 175

Then add notes here that relate to the learning objective above

The cranium is used to protect the brain.

The spinal cord is protected by the sternum.
The heart and the lungs are protected by the rib cage.
Our backbone supports the body and helps us stay upright.

Our skeleton allows for movement because some bones are joined together by flexible joints and the muscles around
them help them to move as well.

Muscles

Unistructural - Name the muscles found in the upper arm

Complete Scipad page 176 and 177

Then add notes here that relate to the learning objective above
There are 2 muscles in the upper arm, the bicep and the tricep. The bicep is at the front and the tricep is at the back.
When the arm is relaxed, both muscles are relaxed. When you try to bend your elbow towards you, your bicep
contracts and your tricep stays relaxed. When you try to put it back down your tricep contracts and your bicep
relaxes.

Muscles

Multistructural - Describe how muscles work

Complete Scipad page 176 and 177

Then add notes here that relate to the learning objective above
So that we can move our muscles contract, in the process of contraction they make themselves shorter. When a
muscle contracts it pulls on the bone and the bone can move if it is part of a joint. Muscles can only pull and not push.
So our muscles work in pairs called antagonistic muscles. So the muscles will be facing different ways so that when we
move something up one contracts and to put it back down the other one contracts.

Muscles

Multistructural - Describe the role of tendons

Complete Scipad page 178 and 179 (you dont need to have done the dissection to describe
how tendons work - read the procedure steps and there is information to help you)
Then add notes here that relate to the learning objective above
You find tendons at either end of muscles, these connect muscle to bone or muscle to muscle. They anchor the muscle
as they pull and keep them in place. The are quite similar to ligaments.

Muscles

Relational - Explain why muscles come in pairs

Complete Scipad page 176

Then add notes here that relate to the learning objective above
Muscles come in pairs because they can only pull and not push. One muscle will contract to move it one way and to put
it back its pair will contract. An example of this is in the forearm. When the arm is relaxed, both muscles are relaxed.
When you try to bend your elbow towards you, your bicep contracts and your tricep stays relaxed. When you try to
put it back down your tricep contracts and your bicep relaxes.

joints

Unistructural - Name places in the body where joints are found and identify the type of joint

Complete Scipad page 180

Then add notes here that relate to the learning objective above
Examples of joints in your body are in the fingers, toes, shoulder, wrist, ankle, knee, elbow and hip. The joints in your
fingers and toes are called ellipsoidal joints. The joint in your shoulder and hip is the ball and socket joint. The joint in
your wrist is called the saddle joint. The joint in your ankle is called the plane joint. The joint in your knee and elbow is
called the hinge joint.

joints

Multistructural - Describe the role of cartilage, synovial fluid and ligaments

Complete Scipad page 180

Then add notes here that relate to the learning objective above
Cartilage is at the ends of bones to stop them from wearing each other away
as they move. It reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber. Synovial fluid
which is produced by the synovial lining/membrane keeps the cartilage slippery
and lubricated. On the outside of the Synovial lining/membrane is the ligaments.
The ligaments attach the bones together.

joints

Relational - Describe a condition involving damage to the joints of the

body and explain how it is caused

Complete Scipad page 181

Then add notes here that relate to the learning objective above
Arthritis is a condition in your joints where they inflame and get very painful. There are two types of arthritis are
osteoarthritis and rheumatoid. Common places you get arthritis is the neck, shoulder, elbow, base of spine, wrists,
knuckles, fingers, knees, ankles and all joints in your toes. Arthritis occurs when your cartilage between the bones
wears away, causing the bones to rub against each other. A few activities that increase the chance of getting arthritis
are ballet, rugby, football, basketball, rugby and construction work.

Skeleton, muscles and joints

Extended abstract - Relate all the features of the skeletomuscular system to explain how the human body moves

Using your notes, make links between the skeleton, muscles and joints to complete the
learning objective above
Some bones are joined stiffly together and cant move against each other for example in the skull. Other bones are
joined together by flexible joints. There are many types of joints in the body that allow for different movement for
example the hinge joint in the knee and the ball and socket joint in your shoulder. Although the bones cant move on
their own they need muscles to do this. Muscles pull, but cannot push so they come in pairs working together to move
parts of the body. For example to bend your knee the hamstring contracts and the quadriceps are relaxed. To
straighten the leg, the quadriceps contract and the hamstrings relax.

Task 1

On an A4 piece of paper draw a stick-figure picture of yourself (or a

friend) and do the following:
label all the major bones and explain why we have a skeleton
Label two antagonistic muscle pairs, and explain why lots of muscles
come in pairs
Label two different tendons and explain the role of tendons in the
body
Label one place where cartilage is found on your face and explain the
role of cartilage in the body
Identify where you would find each type of joint and the explain role
of joints in the body

Completed notes and

this task are due
Monday 9th May
Drop off the
completed task on
your way to Health
(Hauora) - I will have
a box ready to collect
them! You will get
feedback the
following day
Please complete this google
form before you move on to
the next section!

EJs Feedback:
Great notes - clear and easy to
understand. You may like to use
more pictures to support your
learning within this document!

Major Learning Objective 2: Understand the circulatory system

Topic

UNISTRUCTURAL

MULTISTRUCTURAL

RELATIONAL

Blood

Describe the function of

blood

Describe the four main

components of blood

Explain the importance of each

component to the body

Blood Vessels

Identify the three types

of blood vessels

Describe the purpose of each type

of blood vessels

Describe the properties of each type of

blood vessel

Label a diagram of the heart

Explain how blood moves through the

heart

Describe the difference between

oxygenated blood and
deoxygenated blood

Explain why the left ventricle is

thicker than the right ventricle

The Heart

Describe the function of

the heart

EXTENDED ABSTRACT

Compare and contrast the

three types of blood vessels

The circulatory system involves blood, blood vessels and the heart. Each of these is a topic within the circulatory
system. Complete all the objectives at uni- and multistructural levels, then challenge yourself by aiming for a relational
or extended abstract level of thinking! These correspond to proficient and advanced grades! Fill in this Google Form
now to set your learning goal.

Blood

UNISTRUCTURAL - Describe the function of blood

Complete Scipad pages 182

Then add notes here that relate to the learning objective above
Blood has 5 functions. They are, it carries oxygen from your lungs to your cells, it carries carbon dioxide from your
cells to your lungs, it carries hormones from the glands around your body, it regulates your temperature by moving
heat around your body and it carries nutrients from your digestive system to your cells.

Blood

MULTISTRUCTURAL - Describe the four main components of blood

Complete Scipad pages 182

Then add notes here that relate to the learning objective above
If blood was spun really quickly it would separate into four components. They are plasma, platelets, white blood cells
and red blood cells.
Plasma - Makes up about 54% of our blood. It is a straw-coloured liquid.
Platelets and White Blood Cells - They are tiny fragments of cells. They
make up 1% of our blood.
Red Blood Cells - They make up about 45% of our blood.

Blood

RELATIONAL - Explain the importance of each blood component to the body

Complete Scipad pages 182

Then add notes here that relate to the learning objective above
Plasma -It transports carbon dioxide from your cells to your lungs, nutrients from the small intestine
to your cells, and chemical messengers (hormones) to your cells.
Platelets - T They are responsible for making blood clot when you get
A cut in your skin.
White Blood Cells - They are responsible for fighting infection and disease. The number of white
blood cells increases when a person is fighting infection or disease and decrease when a person is healthy.
Red Blood Cells -They contain a chemical called hemoglobin that carries oxygen around your body.

Blood vessels

UNISTRUCTURAL - Identify the three types of blood vessels

Complete Scipad pages 183

Then add notes here that relate to the learning objective above
The three main types of blood vessels are arteries, veins and
capillaries. Arteries appear red when viewed through the skin.
Veins appear blue when they are close to the skin because of the
refraction of light through the skin. Capillaries are in between the
arteries and the veins and they are very small.

Blood vessels

MULTISTRUCTURAL - Describe the purpose of each type of blood vessels

Complete Scipad pages 183

Then add notes here that relate to the learning objective above
Arteries have a narrow hole which takes deoxygenated blood away
from the heart. The blood travelling is under very high pressure.
Veins have a large hole and take deoxygenated blood back to the
Heart. The blood is under low pressure and valves keep the blood
moving in the correct direction.
Capillaries are are very thin so that oxygen, nutrients and hormones
Can flow out of the blood and into the tissues and waste materials
can flow in.

Blood vessels

RELATIONAL - Describe the properties of each type of blood vessel

Complete Scipad pages 183

Then add notes here that relate to the learning objective above
Arteries - They have thick walls and thick layers of muscle and elastic fibres because there is blood travelling under
high pressure. They also have a skinny hole. Arteries take oxygenated blood away from the heart. They dont have any
valves. Arteries appear red when viewed through the skin.
Veins - Blood in veins is under low pressure so the veins can have thinner walls. They also have less muscular tissue,
elastic tissue and a large hole. Veins take deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Valves keep the blood moving in the
correct direction.
Capillaries - You find them in between arteries and veins. The are very tiny , one-cell thick blood vessels. Since they
are so thin oxygen, nutrients and hormones can flow in. They contain oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

The heart

UNISTRUCTURAL - Describe the function of the heart

Complete Scipad pages 184

Then add notes here that relate to the learning objective above
The heart is a hard working pump made of solid muscle. It
contracts and estimated 65 times per minute. The heart
pumps blood to the lungs and the rest of the body.

The heart

MULTISTRUCTURAL - Label a diagram of the heart

Complete Scipad pages 184

Then add notes here that relate to the learning objective above

The heart MULTISTRUCTURAL - Describe the difference between oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood
Complete Scipad pages 187
Then add notes here that relate to the learning objective above
Key:
Oxygenated blood= red
Deoxygenated blood = blue.
Oxygenated blood is filled with oxygen as it has just passed
through the lungs whereas deoxygenated blood has had
most of its oxygen removed and is returning to the lungs
to have itself reoxygenated. Oxygenated blood passes
through the left side of the heart and deoxygenated blood
passes through the left. Oxygenated blood is quite a bright
red and deoxygenated blood is a dark-red almost blackish
Colour.

The heart

RELATIONAL - Explain how blood moves through the heart

Complete Scipad pages 184

Then add notes here that relate to the learning objective above
Deoxygenated blood enters the heart via the inferior and superior vena Cavas. These blood vessels empty into the
right atrium, then flows into The right ventricle and then pumped to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary
divides into two so that it can deliver blood to the left and right lungs. Upon reaching the lungs the blood becomes
oxygenated and returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins. They then enter in the left atrium and flows
through to the left ventricle. The left ventricle sends the oxygenated blood to the aorta. The two sides of the heart
are separated by a wall called the septum.

The heart

RELATIONAL - Explain why the left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle

Complete Scipad pages 184

Then add notes here that relate to the learning objective above
The right ventricles muscular walls are thinner
because the right ventricle only takes blood to the
lungs whereas the left ventricle has to take blood
around your whole entire body. Therefore the left
ventricle is thicker so that more blood can pass
through.

Blood, Blood vessels AND THE HEART

EXTENDED ABSTRACT - Compare and contrast the

three types of blood vessels

Using your notes, make links between the blood components, blood vessels and heart to
complete the learning objective above
Similarities

They all carry blood.

They all have vessel walls: arteries have thick
walls, veins have thin walls and capillaries
have one-cell thick walls.
Arteries and capillaries both have red blood
travelling through them.
Arteries and veins both have muscle and
elastic fibre surrounding them, although
arteries have more.

Differences

They all pump blood in different ways: Arteries pump blood

away from the heart, veins pump blood back to the heart and
capillaries carry blood to the tissues.
The blood in veins and arteries are different colours. Arteries
blood is red, veins blood appears blue from under the skin.
Veins have valves but arteries and capillaries dont.
They all have different levels of oxygen: Arteries have
oxygenated blood, veins have deoxygenated blood and capillaries
have both.
They all have different size holes: Arteries have a narrow hole,
veins have a large hole and capillaries have a tiny hole.

Task 2 and 3

On a piece of paper, draw each blood component and write a simile

for each
Fold an A4 piece of paper in half - On one half draw draw a vein, artery, and capillary - annotate
(write around) each to show how they are different and fill each
with oxygenated/deoxygenated blood (where relevant)
- On the other half draw the 4 chambers of the heart and use different
coloured arrows to show the pathway oxygenated/ deoxygenated
blood flows through. Include the lungs and body in your diagram

Completed notes
and these tasks are
due Monday 16th
May
EJ will collect them
during class

Please complete this

google form before you
move on to the next
section!

EJs Feedback: Extended abstract

Your slides are very well written
and you have found some great
pictures which you have used very
thoughtfully! Keep up the great
work!

Major Learning Objective 3: Understand the respiratory system

Topic

Respiration

UNISTRUCTURAL

Describe the process

of respiration

Breathing

Describe the purpose

of breathing

The lungs

Label a diagram of
the lungs

MULTISTRUCTURAL

RELATIONAL

EXTENDED ABSTRACT

Write the word equation for

respiration

Explain why respiration is

important
Name the gas needed for respiration,
and the gas produced by respiration
Name the muscles that help with
breathing

Explain what happens

during inhalation and
exhalation

Explain the relationship

between the respiratory
system and the circulatory
system

Describe the functions of the parts of Explain how gas exchange

the lungs
occurs in the lungs

The respiratory system involves the process of repsiration, breathing and the lungs. Each of these is a topic within the
respiratory system. Complete all the objectives at uni- and multistructural levels, then challenge yourself by aiming for a
relational or extended abstract level of thinking! These correspond to proficient and advanced grades! Fill in this Google
Form now to set your learning goal.

Respiration

UNISTRUCTURAL - Describe the process of respiration

Complete Scipad pages 191 and 192

Then add notes here that relate to the learning objective above
Respiration is the process that the body uses to release energy from digested food.
Respiration takes place in the lungs and is driven by a series of mechanics called
inhalation and exhalation. Respiration releases energy from glucose so that life
processes can carry on. Aerobic respiration needs oxygen but anaerobic respiration
does not. The respiratory system is adapted for gas exchange.

Respiration

MULTISTRUCTURAL - Write the word equation for respiration

Complete Scipad pages 191 and 192

Then add notes here that relate to the learning objective above

Respiration

MULTISTRUCTURAL - Name the gas needed for respiration,

and the gas produced by respiration

Complete Scipad pages 191 and 192

Then add notes here that relate to the learning objective above
We breath in to take oxygen and breath out to expel carbon dioxide.
AEROBIC

ANAEROBIC

NEEDS OXYGEN?

Yes

No

NEEDS GLUCOSE?

Yes

Yes

PRODUCTS FORMED

Carbon dioxide and

water

Lactic acid

Respiration

RELATIONAL - Explain why respiration is important

Complete Scipad page 191

Then add notes here that relate to the learning objective above
Respiration is important because it produces
energy that is essential for the normal
functioning of the body. Respiration provides
cells with oxygen and expels toxic carbon
dioxide. So, Cellular respiration is important
because it provides the energy for living
organisms to perform all of the other
necessary functions to maintain life.

BREATHING

UNISTRUCTURAL - Describe the purpose of breathing

Complete Scipad page 193

Then add notes here that relate to the learning objective above
Breathing provides with the oxygen provide
required for respiration. When we breathe in,
we inhale. When we breathe out, we exhale.
Breathing gets the oxygen to the bloodstream
through the lungs.

BREATHING

MULTISTRUCTURAL - Name the muscles that help with breathing

Complete Scipad page 194

In between the ribs there are
intercostal muscles. These relax and
contract as we breath in and out.
These muscles lift the ribcage up
and out, expanding the chest. Also
other muscles contract to flatten the
diaphragm. This makes the space
inside the ribcage bigger and reduces air pressure in the lungs. Air moves into the
lungs because the air pressure outside is higher.

BREATHING

RELATIONAL - Explain what happens during inhalation and exhalation

Complete Scipad page 194

Inhalation
Intercostal muscles lift the ribcage up and out expanding the chest. At the same time muscles contract to flatten
the diaphragm . This makes the space inside the ribcage bigger and reduces air pressure in the lungs because
the air pressure outside is higher.
Rib Cage gets bigger as the intercostal muscles contract.
The diaphragm contracts and moves downwards.
The volume of the lungs gets larger.
Exhalation
The intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax. This lowers the chest and raises the diaphragm. The space in
the rib cage gets smaller so the air pressure increases. This forces air out of the lungs.
Rib cage gets smaller as the intercostal muscles relax.
The diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards.
The volume of the lungs gets smaller.

THE LUNGS
Complete Scipad page 193

UNISTRUCTURAL - Label a diagram of the lungs

Mouth/Nose >

Trachea >

Bronchi |

Bloodstream

< Alveoli

< Bronchiole

THE LUNGS

MULTISTRUCTURAL - Describe the functions of the parts of the lungs

Complete Scipad pages 193

Trachea - Air passes between the lungs and outside the body through the trachea.
Bronchus - The Trachea divides into two bronchi, with one bronchus for each lung.
Bronchioles - Each bronchus divides further in the lungs into smaller tubes called
bronchioles.
Alveoli - At the end of each bronchiole, there is a group of tiny air sacs. These air sacs
have bulges called alveoli to increase their surface area and speed up the absorption
of oxygen.

THE LUNGS

RELATIONAL - Explain how gas exchange (/diffusion) occurs in the lungs

Complete Scipad page 190

At any given time approximately 5% of all the blood circulating around your body is flowing through the capillaries. However, it is
this 5% that is performing the hardest job of the digestive and respiratory systems. That job being the exchange of nutrients and
oxygen and waste products. Exchange occurs mainly through the process of diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of molecules
from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

1.
-

Nutrients and oxygen in the blood:

When arriving from arteries its high concentration.
When leaving for veins it is low concentration.

2. Carbon dioxide and waste products in the blood:

- When arriving from the arteries it is of low concentration.
- When leaving for veins its of high concentration.

RESPIRATION, BREATHING AND THE LUNGS

EXTENDED ABSTRACT - Explain the

relationship between the respiratory
system and the circulatory system

The respiratory system and the circulatory system are connected to the lungs. The
respiratory system gets the oxygen from the air into your bloodstream and supplies
the oxygen for the circulatory system, as it needs oxygen from the lungs to pump
around the body.

Task 4 and 5
-

On an A4 piece of paper draw a labelled diagram of a set of lungs - then

in one lung draw/describe what happens during inhalation
in the other lung draw/describe what happens during exhalation
On an A4 piece of paper write the equation for aerobic respiration
across the middle of the page
For each reactant, state where it comes from and how it got to the cells
For each product, state where it goes or what it is used for

Completed
notes and these
tasks are due
Monday 23rd
May
EJ will collect
them during
class

Please complete this google form before

you move on to the next section!

EJs Feedback: Relational

Your notes are epic! I love how you
have incorporated the pictures with
your written descriptions. Check
out the comments I have left on a
couple of your slides. To truly
demonstrate an extended abstract
level of thinking, you need to add a
bit more value to your final slide.
See my comment and see if you can
add anything else to add depth to
your answer!

Major Learning Objective 4: Understand the reproductive system

Topic

UNISTRUCTURAL

MULTISTRUCTURAL

Reproduction

Describe the purpose of

reproduction

Describe the two types of reproduction

Male and female

reproductive
systems
Fetus formation

Label the male

reproductive system
Label the female
reproductive system
Describe fertilization

RELATIONAL

Discuss the the process of

reproduction in humans,
referring to specific parts of
the body and their role and the
processes within fertilization

Describe the function of the parts of the

male and female reproductive system
Identify the two types of cells involved in
fertilization and where they come from

EXTENDED ABSTRACT

Explain how a fetus develops

The reproductive system involves the male and female reproductive systems working together so that fertilization can
occur. Complete all the objectives at uni- and multistructural levels, then challenge yourself by aiming for a relational or
extended abstract level of thinking! These correspond to proficient and advanced grades! Fill in this Google Form now
to set your learning goal.

reproduction

UNISTRUCTURAL - Describe the purpose of reproduction

Complete Scipad page 196

Reproduction is the process of producing an offspring. We reproduce because it is
important to maintain population from extinction.

reproduction

MULTISTRUCTURAL - Describe the two types of reproduction

Complete Scipad page 196

There are two main types of reproduction: Asexual and sexual.
Asexual - where only one parent produces clones of themselves.
Sexual - where two parents produce an offspring which are genetically different
from themselves.

MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS

Complete Scipad page 196

UNISTRUCTURAL - Label the male

reproductive system

MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS

Complete Scipad page 196

MULTISTRUCTURAL - Describe the

function of the parts of the male
reproductive system

Testes Glands in the scrotum that produce sperm and the hormone testosterone.
Urethra A tube inside the penis through which urine and semen pass out of the penis.
Epididymis Tubes at the back of the testes that store sperm.
Bladder Flexible bag for storing urine.
Vas Deferens Tubes that connect the epididymis to the Urethra. Also called the sperm duct.
Anus Opening through which faeces paces.
Prostate A gland just below the bladder that produces a fluid that provides the sperm cells with nutrients.
Rectum Elastic sac that stores solid body waste before being passed as faeces.
Penis The external sex organ of a male. A hood of skin (foreskin) covers the head (glans).
Scrotum A sac that holds the testes.

MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS

Complete Scipad page 197

UNISTRUCTURAL - Label the female

reproductive system

MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS

Complete Scipad page 197

Vulva External opening of the vagina.

Urethra Tube through which urine flows through after exiting the bladder.
Bladder Urine is stored here before passing out the urethra
Vagina A tube that connects the cervix to the vulva.
Cervix Junction between the uterus and vaginal tube.
Uterus Organ in which the baby develops if an egg is fertilised.
Fallopian tube One of two tubes that connect an ovary to the uterus.
Ovary One of two organs either side of the uterus. They contain the eggs.
Rectum Elastic sac that stores solid body waste before being passed through the faeces.
Anus Opening through which faeces pass.

MULTISTRUCTURAL -Describe the

function of the parts of the female
reproductive system

Fetus formation

UNISTRUCTURAL - Describe fertilization

Complete Scipad page 198 and 199

Fertilization is the process of fertilizing an egg. Firstly sperm enters the vagina,
then sperm makes it past the cervix and into the uterus, then an egg is released
from the ovary, then fertilisation occurs when a sperm enters the egg and finally
the fertilized egg attaches the lining of the uterus and grows into an embryo.

Fetus formation

MULTISTRUCTURAL - Identify the two types of cells involved in

fertilization and where they come from

Complete Scipad pages 198 and 199

The two types of cells are sperm and the eggs. The sperm comes from the male and
is stored in the epididymis. The eggs are the female sex cell and are stored in the
ovaries.

Fetus formation

RELATIONAL - Explain how a fetus develops

Complete Scipad pages 198

When an egg is fertilised it will contain half of the mans genetic material and half
of the womans genetic material. Once fertilised the egg divides to form a ball of
cells called an embryo. This attaches to the lining of the uterus and begins to
develop into a foetus (fee-tus). After nine months the baby is ready to be born.
The cervix releases and muscles in the wall of the uterus contract, pushing the
baby out of the mothers body.

REPRODUCTION, MALE AND FEMALE

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS AND FETUS
DEVELOPMENT

EXTENDED ABSTRACT - Discuss the the process of

reproduction in humans, referring to specific
parts of the body and their role and the processes
within fertilization

Reproduction is the process of producing an offspring. There are two main types of reproduction
asexual and sexual. Reproduction involves the female sex cell (eggs which are stored in the
ovaries) and the male sex cell (sperm which is stored in the epididymis). Fertilization is the
process of fertilising eggs. Firstly sperm enters the vagina, then sperm makes it past the cervix and
into the uterus, then an egg is released from the ovary, then fertilisation occurs when a sperm
enters the egg and finally the fertilized egg attaches the lining of the uterus and grows into an
embryo. When an egg is fertilised it will contain half of the mans genetic material and half of the
womans genetic material. Once fertilised the egg divides to form a ball of cells called an embryo.
This attaches to the lining of the uterus and begins to develop into a foetus (fee-tus). After nine
months the baby is ready to be born. The cervix releases and muscles in the wall of the uterus
contract, pushing the baby out of the mothers body.

Task 6

Fold an A4 piece of paper in half

- On one side draw a labelled diagram of the female
reproductive system and
- Highlight where the female gametes are made
- Draw where the gametes travel for fertilization
- One the other side draw a labelled diagram of the male
reproductive system and
- Highlight where the male gametes are made
- Draw where the gametes travel for fertilization

Completed notes and

these tasks are due at
the end of class on
Thursday 26th May
EJ will collect them at
the end of class

Please complete this google

form before you move on to
the next section!

EJs Feedback: Relational

Overall you have done a great job!
You havent quite told me how a
fetus develops, just that it happens
in 9 months. Add a little bit more
information and you will be at
extended abstract! Well done!