Aspects of The Speech in The Later Roman Epic (Lipscomb)

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Aspects of the Speech in
Roman
the Later
Epic
HERBERT CANXON LIPSCOMB
Dissertation
SUBMITTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES OP THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY

IN CONFORMITY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
907
BALTIMORE
J.
H.
FURST COMPANY
1909
Aspects of the Speech

the Later
Roman
in
Epic
HERBERT CANNON LIPSCOMB
HHssertatfon
SUBMITTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES OP THE JOHNS HOrKINS UNIVERSITY

IN CONFORMITY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
1907
BALTIMORE
J.
H.
FURST COMPANY
1909
\
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
5_o
Introduction
Percentage of Speech in the
Number
Roman
Epics
G-S
of Speeches
Average Length
of Speeches
8-0
Longest and Shortest Speeches
9-10
Percentage of Speech in Various Books of Different Epics

Tables of Statistics for the
Roman
11-13
Epics
13-15
Speech within Speech
15-16
Speakers in Epic
10
Objects Addressed in Epic

Distribution of Speeches
Gods
16-17
among
Characters
17-18
as Speakers in Epic
Amount
Oratio Obliqua'in Epic
of
20-23
Restriction of Direct Speech in Messenger-scenes
23-26
Speech-scenes
20-30
Points of Technique
a;
30-3S
30-30
Parenthetic Phrases in General
30-32
2.
Stag( -directions
3!
<.
to
''
to the
'arenthetic
ad Claudian
inning and Ending within the Verse
[mmediatel
III.
Monologue
in the
Later Epic
Lamenl forthe Dead
Summary
Person A
Other References
i-'
the Speaker
!'
/'.
1.
".
II.
Showing Departures from the Gre<
Parenthetic Expressions
I.
Speecbe
itive
in Dialogue
86
8<
87-88
88
18
48
11
I!
16
ASPECTS OF THE SPEECH
ROMAN
The
THE LATER
EPIC.
monograph by G.
recent
IN
1
TV. Elderkin, dealing chiefly
various external aspects of the speech in the later Greek
-with
epic, has suggested a like investigation
on the Latin
the Vergilian standard was followed by the later
Roman
compare the usages of the various poets of the
see
how
making
and
at the
above, similar
cited
little
work
later period to
among themselvesj With
they differ
far
this
to that
of inquiry have been pursued
but
attempt has been made to enter into a discussion of the
movement of
content of the speeches or of their relation to the

the
the hope of
same time a companion study
lines
is,
epic in
use of direct speech as a constituent of epic technique,
its
to
It
side.
paper to determine to what extent
therefore, the purpose of this
poem
which they occur.
in
X^ It is obvious that in the Latin epic one has to deal with a class
of poems all of which belong to the same general period ; no great
dissimilarity
in
type exists between Vergil and his successors
Homer from
such as that which separates
and
to
is
it
those
attributes
fundamental
this
from thai of Eomerjj
communaute' du genre
d'Homere,
Virgile
which
characteristics
se
"En
et
somme,
les
primitives.''
Vergil
;ir<'
all
ili"
the
largely
art
Vergil's
differences qui, malgre'la
de limitation,
la
difference
Beparenf
generale de
de ['epopee aaive des epoques
et
Roman
epics
from
time
the
of
may
products of such an age of reflection, one
Aspects of the Speech in the Later Greek Epic, Baltimore) I906i
'Etudes Bar
is
Lnoe Patin'
" 1' epopee

tlii-
([Although
les
dans
resumenf
Pa tin
that
distinguish
rapports
I'epopee artificielle des ages poh's
the later Greek epic;
difference
fact,
Poe" ie
tin*
Latine, 2nd ed.,
however, d
i,
p.
-"''>.
It
ia
i"
be borne in mind
the prevailing opinion of tlomeraa the representative of
th<
epic be
been considerably]
force of
the above quotation
connection.
lined;
in
this
Aspects of
expect
t<>
find
Speech
i/ic
much
interwoven, 1
with
that
and
departments as
two
mythological
the
epics of
Lucan
in the historical epics of
Clandian also
Siliua Italicus;
these
which fable and history are so

in
Valerius Flaccus and Statins, and
in
comparing the
that will prove of interest in
use of the speech in the A.eneid, in

skilfully
Ionium Epic.
the later
offers material for investigation
well
as
invectives
the
in
and
panegyrics. 2
As regards
the literature on the subject, little has been done,
as far as concerns those phases of the speech which are to be
considered here, for such discussions as those found in the studies

4
of Heitlaud, 3 Summers, and Legras
have
to
do with the content
The
of the speeches rather than with their external form.

of Basore's
investigation of
Lucan have been found
study of the monologue and dialogue, while Heinze's

the speech in Vergil has furnished
much
in the
results
useful in the
chapter on
way of norms of
comparison.
[^With these few introductory words

question
first
statistical side
us
let
now
up the
take
presenting itself for our consideration, that
of the use of the speech in the

9
M. Schneidewin
has given the figures
Cf. Patin, op. cit., pp. 1S3, 200.
The fragments
of
Roman
epic.
is,
the
showing the relative
Livius Andronicus, Naevius, and Ennius yield but
little
worthy of consideration here.

!
Introd. Haskins's ed. Pharsalia, pp. lxx-i.
A Study of the Argonautica of Valerius Flaccus, pp. 60-1.

Etude but la Th<5baide de Stace, pp. 280-94.
xxxv (1904), pp. xciv-vi.

Virgils Epische Technik, pp. 396-424.
T. P. A. P. A.,
7
In this investigation the following editions (Teubner text) have been used
Vergil, Ribbeck (1903)
(1875)
Statins, Th.,
Bauer (1890)
It is to
the case,
Lucan. Hosiua (1892)
Kohhnann (1884)
Koch (1893).
Ach., Klotz (1902)
is
Silius Italicus,
Claudian,
be noted that five of the epics considered are unfinished

it
Valerius Flaccus, Baehrens
possible that the results obtained
would
dill'er
were this not
slightly from those
to be given here.
lieszuHomerosund Vergilius, N. J. f. Ph., 1884, 1, 129 ff. Schneidewin does not vouch for the accuracy of the figures for Vergil " Die Vergilischen
zahlen, welche einige fleiszige obersecundaner fur mich zusammenzustellen die
:
gefalligkeit
gehabt haben,
jedodb
gesamtresultat
daa
konnten kleine unrichtigkeiten enthalten, welche

irgend nennenswertem grade beeintriich-
nicht in
Aspect* of the Speech
amount of speech
Iliad and Odyssey,
Roman
the later
Homer and
in
38 per
Roman
the later
in
Vergil
50
Epic.
per cent, of the
In examining
cent, of the Aeneid.
epic in this regard one finds that rhetoric does
mean speech-making, and is met by the surmarked tendency which Vergil shows, in
comparison with Homer, to restrict the use of direct speech has
not
necessarily
prising fact that this
been inherited by the later epic poets, who, with the exception
of Statins
the Achilleid
in
more conservative
are even
and Claudian
in the historical
amount of speech
the
epics,
no case
in
Roman
epic,
however, shows
no such wide difference in usage as does
the
Greek, 2 for no
equals the Vergilian standardj .[The
author departs more than 8 per cent, from the practice of Vergil./
Of
3757 (38 per cent.) are

Lucan's Pharsalia contains 32 per cent,
9896 verses of the Aeneid,
the
devoted to speech.
2586
speech,
verses
in
8060.
increase
slight
in
seen
is
The Argonautica has 1911 verses of speech

Valerius Flaccus.
Statius shows
or 34 per cent, of the 5592 verses in the epic.
a
still
nearer approach to Vergil, for slightly over 37 per cent.
of the Thebaid and Achilleid
10868
455
Of
verses.
per
(40
verses, of
is
given to speech, 4037 of the
the 1127 verses of the incomplete Achilleid,
ceDt.) are
The Thebaid
speech.
which 3582 (37 per
contains
cent.) consist of oratio recta.
!7 11
The
Punica of Silius Italicns has but 31 per cent, speech or 3759

of
L2202
its
found
\b
historical
investigation
invectives,
epics,
[30 per
-Jin:;
ili.it
From an
verses.
mythological and
cent.) of
the
Claudian's
of
and panegyrics
8050
it
verses in the
Prom an examination of the Aeneid it is found that the percentage for

poem varies bul little from Schneidewin's results, thongb thedifferh in the individual books extend from 2
the cumber of v<
vv. (vim,
Snal decrease of 68 w. in the total amount
to
the whole
enoee
in
(in, vii
..I*
speech, which, according to Schneidewin's statistics on pp. 183

.,.i
the preceding page the total
also the different figuj

y
l>e
for
book
rding to
'
ni
op. cit., pp.
Elderkin, op.
cit.,
p.
6.
and second
the Bpeech
of
h tva
tfa
d. Heinze,
.
te.
first
2,
should be
w.
(Note
tables).
These
given as 8862
that in the writer's statistics for the
<lue partly t" the fact
within which
ill
in the
is
the
various
ks
ends bav<
of the Aeneid
therefore, found necessary.
Aspects </ the Speech
poems arc given

epics,
historical
direcl
to
IV
onfinished epic,
Gigantomachia.
Bpeech.
">">'
in
employs 41
Clandian
7:1
per
the fragment of the
(36 per cent.) are
based upon these four poems alone,
The
speech.
cent,
and In Eutropium, have
Ixiil'mum
those departments, the
De Etaptu Proserpinae, with

Of the 1236 verses, 449
If the statistics be
speech.
Of
and De Bello Gothico, have

Next in order is the
verses.
Bello Gildonico
per cent speech,
It!
lioman Epic.
the later
in
per cent, of an aggregate of 2029 verses.

is
found
in
3612
the
In
invectives,
(519 verses of speech or
31
further decrease
and
verses of the panegyrics of Probinus
Olybrius, Manlius Theodorus, Honorius, and Stilicho, and in the
Laus Serenae, which contain 796 verses of
direct speech or
22
per cent.
Again
from the Vergilian standard
a departure
number of speeches employed,
the
for,
may
be seen in
with the exception of the
Argonautica, none of the later epics uses the speech so frequently
In the Aeneid there are 331 speeches
as does Vergily
The Pharsalia shows
-).
120 speeches
67
in
(1
(1 in
30
a noteworthy decrease with but
Valerius Flaccus employs 188
verses).
speeches (1 in 30 verses), slightly exceeding Vergilian frequency.
In the two epics of Statius there are 280 speeches

verses)
(1
in
248
35
Thebaid
in the
verses).
The 12202
speeches (1 in 41 verses).
quently in Claudian
102 speeches
(1 in
direct discourse
(1
in
48
is
verses).
(1 in
39 verses); 32
(1
in
in
39
verses of the Punica contain 299
Direct speech occurs
less fre-
still
the four departments considered yield but
79 verses).
In the mythological
epics,
where
most often used, there are only 26 speeches

In the invectives there are 30 speeches (1 in
68 verses); in the historical epics, 17

widest departure
(1
in the Achilleid
is
seen in
the
(1
The
69 verses).
in
panegyrics
with
29
speeches
25 verses).
This decrease
in
the percentage of speech
and
in the
number of
which the later epic for the most part shows, indicates a
i
'<['
the
conversational
element in
keeping with
general characteristics of this period of public recitation.

ing,
the
Pass-
however, to the question of the average length of the epic
Bpeech, one would naturally expect to find an increase in those
Roman
Aspects of the Speech in the later
Epic.
poems produced in au age when the rhetorical schools flourished.

and ostentatious declamation was the chief delight of an idle circle
In point of
of dilettanti.
tendency
fact, this
seen in all the
is
poets of the later period, with the exception of Valerius Flaccus,
whose speeches are even shorter than those
The average length of

twice
Vergil
in
10. 1G vv.
Argonautica as compared with 11.35vv. in the Aencid.
in the
that
Lucan (21.55
the speech in
Vergil."] Statius
in
The length of
(12.57 vv.) are more conservative.
Claudian (23.56 vv.)
almost
is
Italicus
the speech in
greater than in any other of the epic
is
In the panegyrics (27.45 vv.) and
poets.
vv.)
(14.42 vv.) aud Silius
historical epics (31.71
vv.) the speeches are longer than in the mythological epics (17.27
and invectives (20.63
vv.)
vv.).
significant fact that although in Lucan, Silius

and Claudian the percentage of speech is less than in
the Aeneid, and the speech is used less frequently, yet these
It
also a
is
Italicus,
show an
poets
increase in the
many such
half as
number of speeches over 40
Statius, on the other hand,
in length.
verses
employs only about one-
speeches, though the bulk of the Thebaid
and
Achilleid exceeds that of the Aeneid, and the average length of
speech
the
is
than in Vergil, who, however, uses the
greater
more frequently.
Bpeech
Here again Valerius Flaccus shows
Of
practically no departure from Vergil's custom.
these excep-
To Schncidewin's list (1. c, pp. 133

added the Following: in, 613-54; vi, 756-859 (the longest Bpeech in
Vergil); \i, 535-94
No booi of the Pharsalia is without a speech of at least
1
Tlio Aeneid lias 13 such speeches.

be
poem
the entire
h
v.
319 64;
vi,
in
624.
in
i,
777-820;
.
type
Lur-aii
299-351; n, 68-232 (the

iv, 476-520, 593-660
vn, 260-329, 342-82; vm, 262 327, 331 153, 484-
L104
L064
1,
:,: ;i
Cf.
also
tn,
377-416,
Roman
epic);
a, 96-167); Silk
to
i,
(i,
ii!,307-65j
i,
in
Of the 6 speeches of
Phineus's prophecy to Jason

tv,
851-421;
657-672
vn, 294 373;
18 (n, 27!
i
which the i>""t bere

vn, 437-93
vi.
is
649-89;
138 B4;
v.,
instances
-'.:.
x, 194-381, 353-98).
Valeritu Flaccus, the longest
Furnishes 7 examples (Th.

the
is
offers
-J1-J--
v,
vm,
0-74
this
i\.
vn, 35-77.
471-518;
v,
49
in
198 (the longest Bpeech

;
the Panics
avoid
long uninterrupted
pe<
600
ch of 400 odd
mil
<<
86 81, 528 61
Claudian are distributed as Follows; panegyrics
m\ Con
Hon.
this
of
In
in
xn, 546-86 Ach.

in, 671-629, 650-712 ; vi,
34 85;
'_'
10
Roman
the Inter
in
Epic.
the later epic, the narrative type figures
tionally Long speeches in

1
most prominently.
The
161, ipse
Goth.
B.
Roman
speech in the
shortest
No
venit.
consumimus.
116, Ileus! etiam mensas'
Vii,
Lucan
limit for
Herceas
ix, 979,
in
epic appears in Claudian,
speech in Vergil
non
shorter than
is
Four words
Summers 3 remarks upon Valerius
vi, 29.
ness
The
found
shortest speech in Statius occurs in
speech of three words in XIII, 137, adsis
Of
is
188 speeches in the Argonautica, 46, or 24 per cent.,
within this limit.
Th. x, 393, Cohibete gradum quicumque. 5

a
It
that of the
fall
The
674-5
Flaccus's foud-
speeches of not over two or three verses.
for
the
respicis aras?
A.rgonautica hus two speeches five words in length in iv,
and
is
The Punica
.
contains
Latonia, coeptis.
speeches one verse or less in length, other than those cited
vi,
n, 322
are seven in Vergil (i, 437
v, 166
620 ispcech within speech); x, 481, 737; XII, 296), five in
Valerius Flaccus (in, 45, 475
IV, 387 (speech within speech)
above,
529; vin, 467), seven in Statius (Th. I, 465; n, 535,

641; v, 647; x, 492, 588; XI, 471), four 7 in Silius Italicus
8
iv, 59, 98; XVII, 445), none in Lucan or Claudian.
(II, 258
vir,
352 (the longest speech in Claudian), 370-418: vi Cons. Hon. 274-319, 361125,
127-93; Cons.
279-339; Man. Theod. 276-340); historical epics

427-66; B. Goth. 269-313); invectives 3
n, 112-59, 534-602)
mythological epics 2 (R. P. in,
n,
Stil.
(B. (Hid. 23-127, 139-200, 236-320,
In
Eutrop.
557
v, 4iliL
vn, 137
-
391-513
Lucan, n, 68
Cf.
ff.
i.
196-259).
ff.
ff.
vin, 116
ff.
593
iv,
vn, 294
ff.
xi,
Euhoe Bacche (vn, 3S9)

Op.
'iv.
cit., p.
7-8.
440
lias
vm, 463
I,
Th.
iv. 804,
Val. Fl. iv, 351
Sil. It. VI,
118
fit.
ff.,
Stat.
Th.
29911., 432
i,
ff.
ff.
not been considered speech.
outcries
v.
440.
have not been regarded as speech:

350); Crenaee (Th. ix, 356).
one with the preceding speech.

,
645,
cf.
the above note.
be noted here are those speeches approaching this limit, though beginning
and ending within different

Vergil,
Lucan
36
xill,
805); Mater (Th. ix,
111 considered
For the dispi
To
723-4 considered one with the preceding speech;
The following monosyllabic
''
ff.
ff.
ff.
has been read after
x,
x, 194
61.
387 not included.
(Th.
ff.
Ach. n, 96
>v.
399-400; Val.
v.
verses.
In some cases they are
615-6, 637-8
Fl. v, -212-3;
172-:;; Sil.
It.
vi,
much
shorter than
(speech within speech); vi, 45-6;
373-4
xii, 168-9.
Stat.
Th.
v,
663-4; XI, 257-
As
epics.
indicate the greatest
intensity in dramatic
not always the case, for
having
yet this
interest;
in
is
sometimes happens that one book,
it
few exceptionally long speeches, ranks higher
than another
and
11
amount of speech in the various books of the

One would expect the highest percentage to
the
to
different
Roman Epic
in the list
which the speech occurs with greater frequency,

This will be seen in
is much more action.
which there
in
several instances to be cited in the following discussion.
Aeneid the highest percentage of speech (54)

dialogue
In the
book
in
Here, too, are the long speeches
employed.
freely
is
found
lower world, throughout which
the
VI, containing the scene in
is
of 103 and 69 verses by the shade of Auchises and the Sibyl,
Book rv with
respectively.
per cent,
4!)
is
next in order
not surprising to find the speech so freely used
dramatic portion of the Aeneid.
monotony
made of
this highly
Vergil's desire to
relieve the
the description of battles
in
direct speech in
book
it is
in
may
be seen from the use
(31 per cent.).
In no other
Aeneid docs there appear so large a number of

-.
for
every 22 verses; here occur scenes in which
one
h
the gods figure (vv. 6-113, 607-32), addresses to the armies
section of the
279-84, 294-8, 369-78), a command
(vv.
to
an armor-bearer
(vv. 333-5), prayers for aid (vv. 421-3, 460-3), a combatant's
OUtery
(v.
the
<1
),
victor's
appeals of the fallen for mercy (vv. 52 -1-9,
739-lh, lamenl over

to
3teed
lii-
597-
reply (vv. 531-4), the curse of the dying (vv.

(vv. 846-56), a
the dead
Again
vv. 861-6).
in
hero's address
book v (27 per
cent.), con-
games and the departure of the

speech employed more frequently
taining the accounl of the funeral
Trojans from Sicily,

than
some other
in
speech
th
is
of
direct
parts
of the poem
where the percentage of
En this book occur 35 speeches of an ave
higher.
6.80
is
verses.
The
lowesl
percentage of speech (24)
and the smallest number of speeches (17) are found in book vu,
where
more
than
2<>d
preparations lor war and

allied
The
extend
iven
verse
to
up
to
describing the
cataloguing the leaders of the Latin
foi
percentages of speech
from
18
in
the various books of the Pharsalia
(ni) to 52 (n).
The number of
long
pi
12
Aspect* of
Speech
I hi-
Roman
the later
in
Epic.
rather than the frequency with which the speech occurs, accounts
for the
chiefly
of the twelve
vi
with 51
ii,
high percentages iu books n, vtei, and

speeches
In
book
per cent, speech,
241 of which are due
442
lias
The lowest percentage
verses.
average length of the speech

In
is less
three
verses of oratio recta,
to three of the seventeen speeches.
book
average Length of the four speeches in
55
x;
aggregate 27o verses; book
The
(40 per cent.)
is
used in book in, where the
is
than in any other book.
Argonautica the highest percentage of speech (46)
the
occurs in book iv, containing Hercules's mission to Prometheus

at
the
command of
Jupiter, the
between Pollux and
contest
Amycus, and the long speeches of Orpheus and Phineus.

vn, with 45 per cent, speech,
Book
the crucial point of the story,
Medea's mind and heart, and her
representing the struggle in
Book v (40 per
aid Jason.
final decision to
is
cent.) describes the
Argonauts' arrival at Colchis in the midst of the excitement over

the disposition of the fleece, and Jason's meeting with
Aeetes.
The lowest percentage of speech
(15)
is
Medea and
in
book vi,
about 145 verses of which are devoted to a catalogue of the
and Perses,
forces of Aeetes
after
which follows the description
of the battle.
In the Thebaid the
fifth
book has the highest percentage of
speech (74), owing to the presence of Hypsipyle's long narrative
of 450 verses, though in dramatic interest
in (50 per
cent.),
it
which contributes largely
is
inferior to
book
to the motivation of
the action of the
poem with
news of Tydeus's
victory, the interference of Jupiter in sending
the prophecy of Maeon, bringing
Mars to carry on the war, the meeting of the Argive council, the
omens observed by the seers Melampus and Amphiaraus, and
Adrastus's
of speech (48)
'.tint-
appeal of Argia.
response to the
is
also
employed
of Oedipus, the Thebans'
in
book
A
I,
murmurs of
high percentcontaining the

discontent, the
meeting of Tydeus and Polynices, and the beginning of their

ac [uaintance
with Adrastus.
of the
story
is
Iu book xi (47 per cent.) the
reached
in
the
brothers, and Croon's assumption of
encounter of the
power.
two
The amount of
in
speech in book VII (42 per cent.) 1

narrative of Phorbas, giving the
For
Eteocles.
the later
is
Roman
appreciably increased by the
list
of the forces united under
books descrip-
Statius's use of direct discourse in
tive of fighting,
13
Epic.
compare book ix, with 31 per
29 speeches of an average length of 9.96
speech and
cent,
verses.
In the account of
the funeral games in book vr, the lowest percentage of speech (11)
used.
In the Achilleid 80 per cent, of book n is direct speech,
33 per cent, of book i.
In the Puuica, book VI has the highest percentage of speech
is
Of
(G9).
716
its
with Mania's
411, or 57 per cent., are concerned
verses,
of the events of the
recital
first
Punic war
it
contains but 11 speeches, one for every 65 verses, whereas book

xiii, with
smaller percentage of speech (56), has 40 speeches,
22 verses.
one for every
Here, in Scipio's descent into the lower
2
world, dialogue plays an important role.
account of Marcellus's campaign in Sicily,

age (3)
its
With
Book xiv, giving an

the lowest percent-
lias
four speeches aggregate only 18 verses.
the exception of Cons. Stil.
where there
i,
no case of
is
direct discourse, the lowest percentage of speech (4/5) in the four
departments of Claud ian
found
is
in the
Laus Serenae,
the highest
(75) in the historical epic on the Gildonic war.
The
and
percentages of speech in the different books of the epics
and panegyrics of Claudian are given
in the invectives
in
following tables.
St ati us.
Vebgil.
Thebaid.
.357
.7 11
IV .191
IX .326
in
..Mi:;
IX
309
VIII .469
x .312
183
VIII
_'!l!l
VI ,539
XI
r
.1
.1
10
ii
VII
.J
ige in
15
V-n. vii, oontainl
'
book
vi.
XI .468
.297
V .273
in .397
''f.
ii
catalogue
3 2
II
.117
IV .319
VI
II
cf.
>' o
Val. PI. v
297
'J
72
l<)
the
Aspects of (he speech
in
Roman
the later
Lucan.
11
.52
Achilleid.
.259
..".07
vir .236
X .403
IV .222
V .366
VI .218
IN .316
in .184
VIII
Epic.
ii
.802
Silius Italicus.
vi .687
ii
iv .465
.344
153
.300
ii
.268
v .40]
vi .151
viii .373
xi .481
Valerius Flaccus.
vn
.353
vm
.317
.229
xii .225
m .317
xv
.267
ix .266
Kill .558
vii
.334
.193
iv .183
.311
.182
xiv .026
xvi .309
xvii .284
Claudia x.
Mythological epics.
Historical epics.
R. P. in .565
B. Gild .751
B. Goth .223
ii
ii
.315
.307
In Eutrop.
ii
.212
Giiran .273
Panegyric*.
Invectives.
In Ruf.
.269
Man. Thcod. .376

.OJ
.306
VI
.309
.294
in
.118
Pr. ct Ol. .269
Cons.
Stil.
ii
.282
in .032
i
.000
Laus Screnae .008
statistical
epic follows.
summary of
the use of the speech in the
Roman
Roman
of verse*
in Epic.
Lucan
of verses Per Cent. Number
9741
1127
455
40
31
8050
3759
2403
539
419
619
46
Tli
':in
Hist.
Myth,
117:;
epics..
2029
ives...
30
of
Length of
Occurrence.
Speech.
for
248
39
u.u
35
14.22
41
17
26
3
::l
Speech.
Shortest
Speech.
L2.57
::*
23.56
'
69
31.71
17.27
"
68
125
L03 w.'
over
40 vv.
words.
words.
5 words.
3 words.
13
"
7'J
"
176
'
words.
::
::
100
(?).
words.
words.
:'.
'J
18
17
"
..i
123
"
"
27. to
Number
-1
72 "
"
"
'
is
22
Panegyrics...
30 VV. 1 1.35 w.
'
67
21.55
30
10.16 "
39
14.42
299
102
-dlins
331
120
1SS
2S0
38
32
34
37
3757
2586
1911
4037
Frequency
of
of
Speech. Speeches.
of
Speech.
9896
8060
Number
Number
Vergil
15
Epic.
In the custom of inserting one speech within another. the

1
later
example of Vergil, who employs .-even sueh

speeches ranging in length from 1 to 42 verses.
There arc four 6
epic follows the
Lucan
in
nine
(3 to 11 vv.), four" in
in Statins (2
10
two
vv.),
','',
"'
37
to
Claudian (2
in
Valerius Flaccus
vv.), eleven
to
favorite habitat of these speeches,
As
5 vv.).
it
i>>
vv.).
Etalicus (2
to
indicative of the
worthy
is
(1
Silius
in
<;'
note that
28
146-7 and xn, 801-2, transpose! by Ribbeck, have !>< en read after vv. 145
In hooks n and in, only i!m< r speeches occurring within
Lvely.
ix,
and 80
axrative ha
iona one verse or more in length have nol been included
'Parentl
in
reckoning the
: '-
total
number
of verses in tin- Bpeech.
Verses removed from the text of the Thebaid and Achilleid by Evohlmann am!
Clotz have been
Th.
446.
-6
vu, \^\ 7;
vin,
H'J.
399,
'.;.
646 9
rv,
Tin,
;.;
'
iv,
Th.
::7i
-I.
d by Baehrens.
r.
643
191-2
"in. 676
'.M,
61
vui,
557
be following quotations from an opponent's speech nol included:
Vahlen.)
637 3; vi, 620
v,
9;
th
bracketed by ECohlmnnn, has been omitted.
Ennius, Ann. 46
11';
with the exception of
re tored,
iv, 716,
all
v,
104-42
within
700-12
vi,
tuded within
Bypsipyle'i
242
7.
137
narrative
th.'
206
II
62, 7i
7.
\.
19,
narrative; vu. 449-67; vin, 140 7: xiu,

I;. Goth. 646 7
EL P. in, II 5.
;
precedii
;
m,
i\,
IK
1
:
16
Roman
Epic.
(76 per oent.)of the 37 cases cited occur within speeches 40 verses
or more in length.
[The
speakers
confined
A.rgonauticaj
ooronatae
302
i,
epics from Vergil to Claudian are
with the possible exception of the
where
11'.,
Jason in a dream,
to
Vergil the speeches, as a
of
figure-head
the
hewn from
carinae,
tutela
Dodona, speaks
fin
Roman
the
in
gods and men,
to
Argo,
the
the prophetic oak of
^-i
rule, "are also
addressed to either
gods or men, though departures from this custom are occasionally
In
met with.
monologue
651
iv,
ff.
Dido
words of her
directs the opening
Trojan robes and the familiar couch .""]/Aeneas
to the
appeals to the sacred doves of
Venus
(vi,
194-6), arm Cybele
urges the Trojan ships to leave the shores as goddesses of the seal
Turnus beseeches the winds
(ix, 116-7).
tius,
in x,
676
the " despiser of the gods," invokes his right
in x,
adsiut
773-4, Dextra mihi deus
So Turnus,
" Sed
in
Nunc
upon
his
The presence of Mezeutius's speech
861-6, Heyne,
humanae
naturae
spear
telum, quod missile libro,
in the conflict with Aeneas, relies
spear for aid (xn, 95-100).

to his horse in x,
et
Mezen-
ff.
arm and
h.
1.,
justifies in these
words
indole hoc ipsum videtur alte insitum
cum iis ipsis animantibus, quibus diu adsuevimus, tamfamiliaribus et sodalibus agamus et confabulemur.
cum
quam
Xou vero pro epici carminis dignitate nimis humile hoc videri
In Mezentio accommodatum erat
debet in equo bellatore.
commeutum, quia mox equi vulnere ipsi sessori caedes paratur."
esse, ut
In xii, 872
ff.
a portion of Juturna's complaint
one of the furies
Of
are those
men.
Exceptions to this rule in the Argonautica,
speeches to the
(vii,
of Hopleus's
The
The
addressed to
is
form of an owl.
547-8),
Argo
and
Statins follows the license of
the later epic, the speeches in the Pharsalia are directed to
either gods or
bulls
in the
-p<i
i!i
tn
(iv,
335-6), the
fire-breathing
dragon
(vm, 75-8, 95-104). 2
Homer and
Vergil in the introduction
the
the horse of
Tydeus
in
Th. ix, 211
ff.
invectives ami panegyrics of Claudian offer no exceptions.
vn, 547.
last
three instances are only parts of speeches.
Note the situation
in
Asjiects of the Sjieeeh in the later
Roman
17
Epic.
Imitation of the Aeneid appears again in Capaneus's invocation of
arm
his right
Tn
Th. ix, 548-50, Ades o mihi, dextera, tantum
in
Te
superum
To the serpent sacred to Jupiter, the same
contemptor adoro.
In the Punica there
hero speaks words of scorn in Th. V, 565 ff.
XVI, 389 ff.,
occur three speeches addressed to horses (iv, 2G5 ff.
praesens bellis et inevitabile nurnen,
voco, te solam
4'2(j if.)
of these, the last two are in the
exclamation
sudabitis, arma, cruore
in
II,
455, Heu quantum Ausonio
and the prayers of Sabratha (xiv, 440-1)
and Bato (xiv, 458-9), addressed
Compare
divinity of the ship.
to the figure of the protecting
also the
words of Scipio's
129, Fac nostrum hoc, mea dextra, decus.
xvu,
in
of exhortation
Other instances worthy of mention are
during- the chariot race.
Hannibal's
way
in Claudian
command
Titan's
is
aureus anni (Cons.
Stil.
to the
golden years,
soldiers
Noteworthy
rutili
grex
n, 450). 1
poems is
by the frequency with which they
2
Of the 331 speeches in the Aeneid, for
appear as speakers.
example, 70, or 21 per cent., are assigned to Aeneas, 29 to Turf_The prominence of the
different characters in the epic
indicated to a certain extent
to Anchises,
and 13
1;
witli
23 speeches out of 120,

and Cornelia
(8),
latter
book v
"t"
and
lead with 24
-I
the
For
tli>'
Kl.
t_\
pe
;
.
i:.
'
Th.
tv,
I'.
:.
i.
:i-
ff.
so
In the two books of
to
Bannibal,
Bame
the
assigns to
relative
v, 6
198 Iocladed.
important
Dumber of
Aeneas; Bcipio Africanua
mosl
th.'
spa ch addre ed i" cities, ialandi, tc.,

\<h. r, 884ff.
Stat. Th. rv, 825 ff.
In Eutrop. a, 296 ff.
I94fl.
rkin, op. cit.,
until after the
Tydeus and Adrastus
respectively?]
:'
202 3;
7,
practically
Vergil
;i-
'
Cato
former 38 speeches are given, to the
speeches,
Punica,
1
VaL
to the
[talicu
Siliufl
in
(16),
25 per cent., represents the proportion allotted to
Achilleid
figure
Pompey
Jason, in the Argonautica, speaks more
any one character.
large a percentage to
the
followed by
the Thebaid, Statius naturally does doI assign
In
24.
Thetis.
is
Medea, who, however, does not appear
often than
beginning
(5).
In the Pharsalia, Caesar,
to Dido.
nii-.
I6ff. Included.
f.
\'.
BiL
rgil
in,
ft.
m,
39
it.
688ff.
18
maior
l>i'
nexl
is
the later
in
No
order with 23.
in
Roman Epic
satisfactory comparison can
made of the four departments of Claudian.

Through the importanl place given to the supernatural
motivating
gods figure conspicuously as speakers
force, the
In discussing this phase of Vergil's art, Sellar
epic.
says
as a
in the
"The
geueral impression produced by reading the Aeneid imnie-
tir-;
diately
the
reading-
after
machinery,' consisting
Olympian gods
most
in
Iliad,
a great
that
is
hindering or furthering the catastrophe,
in
and conventional element
imitative
closer examination of
more conspicuous
supernatural
the
degree of the agency of the
its
in
whole texture brings
figures of the
But a
the poem.
to light beneath the
Homeric mythology, the presence
of other modes of religions belief, feeling, and practice."

distribution of the speeches
among
the greater
and
Venus
(13),
inferior
Neptune
agencies, 3
Faunus (vu, 96
(2),
Apollo
Vulcan
Juturna (xn,
ff.)
(3), Iris (3),
(2),
and Diana
229
ff.,
625
Mercury
(2),
Of
the
(1).
ff.,
872
ff.)
and
appear as representatives of the creations of
Italian mythology, Alleeto (vu,
Trojan
speeches in the
supernatural agents, 49 arc spoken by Juno
(11), Jupiter (10),
['I),
ile
to
The
lesser divinities
attests the truth of this criticismJfor of the^H:
Aeneid assigned
the
is
Penates (in, 154
ff.)
421
ff.,
452
ff.,
545
and the
ff.)
witnesses, respectively,
as
to
the
which the invisible world was thought of.

widespread belief in the protecting divinities of each
reverential fear with
ami
ill"
to
home,
and
Other supernatural speakers include the

nymphs Opis and Cymodocea, Somnus, Aeolus, Tiberinus, and
city,
state.
roll.
That
him
to
<^^\<
the
Pharsalia 4
in
"Stellung
speakers
are
entirely
absent
from
welche der Gegenwart so nahe liegen, vertragen
Behandlung, entweder halt sich die
an die Geschichte, dann
Poets of the Augustan
Age
kommt
Virgil, 3d
nicht viel
mehr
ed., p. 3(55.
within speeches nut included.
sf
<*
*
afc.
n.
;T.,
the
Lucan's choice of the alternatives presented

writing an historical epic on recent events: " Histo-
3chwer eine poetische
nu."
i
as
is
.11..
pp. 367
ff.
speech within speech, can hardly be regarded as an exception.
als
Aspects of the Speech in the later Eojnan Epic.
Chronik heraus
eine versifizierte
der Phantasie, dann
geriit
rischen Bewusstsein
der Zeit.
oder
das Reich
sie beschreitct
Widerspruch mit dem
iu
sie
19
Nur wenn
der
Dichter
histo-
die
in
dammernde Welt der Sage sieli versenkt, 1st sein Geist fur
Lucan bewegt sich auf dem historischen
poetisches Schaffen frei.
Boden, gibt also eine in Versen gebrachte Geschichte, er verdas
schmaht sogar den herkommlichen mythologischen Apparal
In this manner
Fatum 1st das Lenkende nnd Bestimmende."
;
'
how the gods

Pompey the proved
v,as also solved the delicate question as to
could aid
cither " Caesar the freethinker or
failure."
In the other epics of the Silver Age, however, one finds
64 of the speeches
Aeneid (19 per
in the
a return
It has been observed
to the conventional use of the supernatural.
that
cent.) are given to
mythological characters, a proportion very nearly equaled by the
Argonautica with 35 speeches from a

3
the Thebaid)
and
To
greater
the
Jupiter
Minerva
4, 1, 2
Mercury
Pluto
1;
may
of these speeches in the three epics
follows:
2;
1,
0.
one may
cite
8,
5,
10; Juno
Apollo 5
0, 0,
(>,
agents
31 speeches are assigned
deities
The
Argonautica, 29 in the Thebaid, 31 in the Punica.

tion
Statins (in
11
respectively, 15 per cent, of the whole in each
and 44 speeches,
case.
of 188.
total
Silius Italicus allot to supernatural
2, 3, 1
Iris 0, 1,
As
Diana
11
3,
9,
0; Neptune
0, 3,
be
in
indicated as
Venus 7,
0; Mars 2,
2, 0,
the
distribu-
Bacchus
2,
3,
0,
3;
1
1.
types of the inferior deities as speakers,
Fama, Hecate, Boreas, and
idle from
Valerius
Flaccus; Hercules, Virtus, [smenos, and Tisiphone from Statius;

Fides, Anna, Proteus, Cymodoce, and the god of the river
One
Trebia from Silius [talicus.
of the mosl striking features of
representative of the ola

lasl
poems of Claudian,
the prominence of the rdle given t<> mythological figures,
world,
the
the
\.~
who deliver
l
:i
8,
in,
or
per cent, of the 102 sp<
':!
8chanz, Romische Litteratur,

Heitland,
I.
<
..
In the Achilleid
N.plunc
''I'll,
I.
v,
I'
1,
'
8]
hinm
i,
p.
ee
to
rapernatun
I.
oil and Pan.

I.
2*, 2. aufl.,
p.
\\
36611. included.
505fl., Bol to Jupiter, included here.
che
in
the four de-
20
in
Roman
the later
Epic.
In 17 other instances personified rivers
partments considered. 1
and localities Bpeak, such as Tiberinus, Africa, Delos, and Henna.

The goddess Rome has .-even of these speeches. In this connec-
comment of Glover 2 is worthy of note: "In the poetry

of Claudian we find two aoble conceptions, overlaid and marred,
is true, in some measure by uninspired work, by rhetoric and
the eternal grandeur of Rome and the
adulation, yet noble still
tion
tin-
it
beauty and sufficiency of the old religion."

It has been noted
in the Aeiieid is
shows a
above that the proportion of direct speech
much
less
than in Homer, and that the later epic
In investigating the causes of
further decline.
still
this
Vergil and his successors, one would expect to discover
decrease in
as a contributing factor the presence of oratio obliqua,
due both
Roman's habit of thought 3 and to the influence of the

historians, by whom this mode of expression was so generally
the
to
used.
An
shows that
It
examination of Vergil and the later epic, however,

little
of the difference can be attributed to this source.
estimated that the Aeneid contains not over 140 verses of
is
if converted into oratio recta, would increase

amount of speech in the poem only about one and one-half
The longest of the passages occurs in vin, 10-7,
per cent.
giving the substance of the message sent by the Latins to
Diomedes. In xi, 227-30 the result of this mission is indicated
such material, which,

the
by the few verses of indirect discourse representing Diomedes's

response, which, however, is given in full by Venulus in vv.
when he appears before the assembled council. Among

the other instances in which oratio recta might have been em_!-")L!
ff.,
ployed, an-
742-6, Iopas's song
i,
at the
banquet in Carthage;
28994, Aeneas's Bpeech to his companions after receiving the

warning from .Mcnairy; vn, 380-91, Amata's song to Bacchus.
iv,
The number
is
"Lin
each
ami Pluto
as follows:
- each
Ceres 8; Jupiter 4; Diana,

Venus, Minerva, and Titan 1 each
Rhadamanthus, Lachesis, Allecto, Bellona, Terra, Aurora,

a naiad, and Fa Lias, the giant, 1 each.
Justice 2
id
I.
tters in
the Fourth Century,
Gildereleeve-Lodge, Latin
p.
is
ina,
''<
ra
i
assigned to
Ma
Cybele,
p.
Grammar, 3d
236.
ed., 649, n. 1
Elderkin, op.
31.
-
inual/, Lateinische
(irammatik,
3. aufl., p.
298.
eit.
Roman
An
opportunity for the
excellent
speech
is
21
Epic.
introduction of a collective
offered in n,
229-33, containing the sentiments of the

Laocoon and the horse. Vergil's choice of
Trojans in regard to
the indirect form in giving the invitation to the contests in v,
291-2 and 485-6, has been noted by Heinze.

Worthy of
remark is the use of the well-known form of conclusion, Haec
1
ubi dicta dedit, after the passage of oratio obliqua in vn, 4(58-70.
With
the exception of Silius Italicus, the later epic
fruitful in material for speech
The
than Vergil.
only a few examples, such as the inquiry of
even
is
sa
L<
Pharsalia shows
Pompey
yiii,
in
16770, the advice of his followers in vi, 3179, and their

Opportunities for speech are more frecomplaints in VII, 52-5.
quently presented
the Argonautica
in
with
75 odd verses of
In vni, 387-99 thirteen verses are concerned
oratio obliqua.
with the Argonauts' protest against the presence of Medea, the
many
cause of the
details of
indirectly in
Amazons
are related
Again, in VI, 17-26, the poet
132-9.
v,
have reported the exact
The
which they were exposed.
to
perils
Hercules's encounter with the
words of Perses's message
might
Jason,
to
The Thebaid,
warning him against the treachery of Aeetes.
though much longer than the Argonautica, contains only about
As
65 verses of speech-material.
may
use of oratio obliqua,
The
227-31J.
invitation
to
influence of Vergil
the discus-throw
in
of the boxing-match (vi, 729-30)
moning
(v,
the contestants;
363-4)
followed.
is
the Achilleid occurs

lor the
Ilaee
in
i,
Graiae castris
war, largely dependent
'Op.
<'ii.,
pp.
in
The
best
475-81,
iteranl
Italieu-
Silius
'1.
vi,
is
i-
seen in
646-7.
direci
the
the
Only
924-8), and
enemy (vn,
form of the
the
in
speech used
in
sum-
instance of oratio obliqua
in
setting forth the Greeks' desire
traduntque
a
example of the Aeneid
concluded
hut
(vi,
arrival of the
is
here again
of Achilles, a
return
poem of
Adrastus
to
announcement of the
the messenger's
Musi
to the
be cited Apollo's song
360-4), the Argives' appeal
(vj,
typical examples of Statius's
oohortes.
versified
upon the account
by the word
gh
Tl
history of the
of Livy,
it
the
Punic
yields do
22
amount of
great
oratio
obliqua;
200 odd
its
represent a Blight increase over the other
13554) the
case (xi,
verses
JO
ges
verses, however,
Roman
In one
epics.
many
able influence of the historian in
this connection;
for instance,
each uses indirect discourse in expressing the fear of the
Romans
approach of Hasdrubal and their lack of confidence in
the
at
as
comparison of several
and Livy, noted by Lemaire, shows the prob-
Silius
in
Epic.
speech continues for as
indirect
limit for the Punica.
the
Roman
with
Nero's ability to cope
578-87
Livy,
xxvn,
the
40, 44).
enemy (Sil. It. xv, 516-21,

Compare also the thoughts of
Hasdrubal and the words of the oracle as given by Silius (xv,
607-10; xvii, 1-7) and Livy (XXVII, 47
xxix,
10, 11).
On
the other hand, the poet, in ix, 246-8, expresses in a few verses of
oratio obliqua the
which Livy
main thought
introduces
in the
long oration of Hannibal
as direct speech in
xxi, 43.
In like
manner the form of an extract from the latter part of Marcellus's

speech in Livy, xxiv, 38,
Note
Silius's use
is
changed
parenthetically, as in n, 18, clamat,
form of conclusion, as
Iactarat talia, 182,
sion,
in Sil.
xiv, 294-7.
It.
of the verb of saying with oratio obliqua, either
in
and xv, 516,
iactant, or as a
xi, 155, Talia iactantes
Haec postquam
dicta.
The
XVII, 118,
familiar expres-
sub corde volutat, introduces the sentiments of the
youth
in
xn, 556-7.
The
Roman
scattered bits of indirect discourse in
Claudian aggregate about 55 verses, including the various rumors

reported in In Eutrop.
EC,
For other opportunities
463-73.
for
speech in this- invective, compare vv. 307-9, 359-64, 365-9.

.Material for monologue is found in VI Cons. Hon. 148-51.
Note the forms of introduction and conclusion here
ingentes
:
pectore curas Volvebat (vv. 147-8)
anxius
In
(v.
all
152).
instance of a change from indirect to direct speech,
a- exemplified
song of the
by the inquiries of Dido
Salii
in
Ed.
Sil. It.
in
vm, 288 ff., where
argument of the hymn, introduces

1
dum secum movet
the epic poets, with the exception of Lucan, there occurs
least "lire
it
Talia
its
Aen.
750
i,
if.,
and the
Vergil, after stating the
exact
Cf. Forbiger's note
words. 2
on
v. 293.
As an
Roman
from the
illustration
Compare
668
ff.
also
R. P.
33
in,
be cited Hercules's protest
462
xi,
ff.;
within
ff.,
ff.
It.
Sil.
375 ff.
xu,
n,
the Argonautica,
in
Th. vi, 316
Stat.
Claud.
Lemnos
delay at
the
against
may
later epic,
23
Epic.
Jupiter's speech
to
the gods.
more
significant cause of the limitation of the speech iu
Homer,
Vergil, as compared with
Roman
the desire of the
is
poet not only to avoid the superfluous and whatever contributes
nothing to the movement of the narrative, but also to leave
room
for the exercise of the reader's imagination.
Among
the
indications of this phase of Vergil's art Heinze cites the restricted
use of the speech in messenger-scenes, a tendency apparent
Roman
later
by way of
little
owing
illustration
The
to the
In the Argonautica, one finds

Venus,
agency.
of divine
absence
and Quintus.
epic as avcII as in Apollonius
Pharsalia offers but
in the
message repeated in oratio recta in only one instance.
Fama the
Lcmniaii women
131-2, gives
ii,
among
the
report which
to
goddess, with
the
Eurynome
Neaera, speaks at length to
Repetition 3
the words of Venus.
she
is
one
142-60, amplifying
in vv.
Jupiter had given
that
Bercules the
In IV, 38
she had received from Jupiter.
Karns
first
spread
the voice of
avoided in iv, 78-81, where
a Bimple statement indicates that Iris delivered to
command which
to
is
a
in
instructions
to
Mercury
through the words, [mperiumque patris celerans Cyllenius ales

Advenit.
In v, 546-7 Jason, after his reply to Aeetes, sends
to
bear the kin-'- response to the Argonauts, Turn Castora
ir
mil
Qui
tit,
delivered
ferat
Acaei
oratio
in
in
recta
w. 553 ff.
So
are entirely devoid of speech.
Juno ordered
Venus
i<
f.
to
the
ora
which, as stated in
i,
p,
243,
ii-
on
L86
''.
.".ol.
is
in
heard "f
thi
Pel
stated thai
(v.
L89)
by
and
(w. 39
task
I Blderkin, op. cit, pp. 8
i"
is
it
Argonauts
charge
nothing farther
w. 48S
v.
:i
grove mentioned
heaven- after performing the
ends Minerva with

.
Beeka
the
t<>
ill"
is
Often messenger-scenes
iu vii,
bring Jasoo
op. rit., pp. 39
II, in/,.,
Juno
to
immediately
-lie
returns
Iris
The message
tyranni.
sociis responsa
hi,
501-5.
i
After
the real object "f
move Minerva from the scene.
Cf.
Lemaire,
Roman
24
Througb
the two verses of oratio obliqua in
the later
in
Jason bad commanded Echion
that
meet the brazen-footed
readiness to
Jason
in
vi.
17
as noted
if.,
form;
the indirect
appearance
Mars,
of
in
appears
it
Perses's message to
bulls.
prevented
is
on
bringing
Minerva and Juno accomplish
vn, 544-5
inform Aeetes of his
to
another connection,
deliverance
its
Epic.
the
conflict.
is
given in
by the sudden
In I, 91-9
their purposes without the aid of
messengers.
shows the same tendency
Statins
speech iu such scenes, though once

oratio recta
In Th.
allowed.
is
I,
to restrict the use
repetition of a
we
7 (succedit Laius)
in n, 2 (Iussa
learn
that
in
292-302 Jupiter sends Mer-
cury to communicate to the shade of Laius the

delivered to Eteocles;
of direct
command
command
gerens remeat)
Mercury discharged
this
to be
and
duty
and returned from the lower world, accompanied by the shade of

the Theban, who, in vv.
dom
against
1 1
6-9, urges Eteocles to hold the king-
brother.
Elsewhere Statius avoids a second
The message which Jupiter entrusts to Mercury in vn,

delivered to Mars in the direct form.
In verse 81
speech.
6-30
his
not
is
one finds the simple statement,
Ille refert consulta patris.
79ff. Juno, determined to destroy the
In x,
Theban s when overcome
with sleep, makes use of the services of Iris: Orbibus accingi

solitis
iubet Irim ct
speech
senger's
to
omne Mandat opus (vv. 812). The mesSomnus is given directly in vv. 126-31.
Again, in xn, 683-6, Phegeus might have spoken
form
There
in the direct
announcing Theseus's ultimatum as expressed
in
in v. 598.
no indication of the deliverance of the messages of
is
Parthenopaeus (rx, 891
ff.),
and Amphion (x, 499
ff.),
the latter
case affordiug an opportunity for speech.
An
investigation
discloses
ins
Si
I.
tli'-
an
of the
exceptional
messenger-scenes
in
Silius Italicus
instance of a double repetition, which
carefully avoided in the mission of the shade of Laius to
nymph Anna
icles.
In vin, 30-8 Juno sends the
.-pints
of Hannibal and to urge him to hasten into Apulia.
'Though Maeon
to revive
addresses Eteocles directly in in, 59 3., Tydeus's words in n,
699-703 are not repeated.
Roman
In vv. 211-24 she addresses the Carthaginian

turn, repeat? to
his
Other messenger-scenes
(vv. 233-41).
So from in,
briefer.
the essential
soldiers
parentis, one learns
168-9,
Jupiter had
that
portabat
the
in
That
479,
Quae postquam
book x, vv. 291-2,
in
direct
conveyed
Iris
Jupiter's message to Minerva, given in ix, 473-8,

v.
iussa
Mercury
Hannibal
form, disclosing the object of his mission.
by
in
much
in the Punica are
despatched
to
who,
leader,
part of the message
Cyllenius
172-82 the messenger speaks
vv.
25
Epic.
indicated
is
In
accepit dubitans Tritonia virgo.
state that
Rome
Lentulus bore to
com-
the
mands which he had received from Paulus in vv. 2802. In

ix. 5516 Iris, sent by Jupiter, calls Mars from the field of
battle, though direct speech is used in neither case.
We know that
the command was delivered from v. 553, Nee vetitis luctatus abit
Gradivus.
Opportunities
speech
for
are
again
offered
204-9, where we are told that Hannibal's summons

treated
is
with
In
contempt.
the limitation
of direct
descriptive of
political
speech in
those scenes
the instructions given
carrying out
Sicoris,
vv. 56873, pleads before the
Roman
contrast that of Bostar in book

to consult the oracle
-.ni
of this journey one
Hannibal
to
oracle
In
in
the
inscription.
In
Hammon
Romans
-cud ambassadors
demands
all
Thi
of the resull
bl
mand
borne
upon
Hannibal, who,
to
iil<
carried oul by
leader In
v.
In
Hannibal.
bis shield the words,
to the
'
tl"'
v.
178
261,
'
PRO!
pendunl
anna
pngnam.
For other instances "f

V( rg.
in
expressed through oratio
138 9 S:iiricu>, in addressing
i\,
the dying Solimos writes in
vetantia
recta
this mission
which the response of the
Lmpetnons Varro be prevented from joining battle
VARRO.
With
informed through the envoy's
first
n, LI22, scorns their
:t ii
ambassador
Verses 6-13 state thai he
'The Punica contains an inter

of
Saguntum's
Often such scenes are without direct speech.
reported.
is
6914
i,
is
in.
of Jupiter
vv. 650-712, within
in
is
oratio
in
senate.
Punica
tin'
Exceptional
embassies.
be
the
in
appeal to Koine in book i; here, in vv. 634-71,
Decius
to
may
connection
this
xi,
in
m,
inscriptions in
Luc. n, 848-4
\m.
798
Soman
Claud,
B.
epic, cf
Goth. 64
BiL
It.
vr,
192;
i2 1>
In
obliqua.
808, His avide
iv,
Roman
Epic.
Hannibal
is
the later
in
dictis,
informed
the Carthaginians' decision (vv. 80-1-5) in regard to the fate
oi'
Paouvius, given
Rome;
to
Consults
30 we
oratio obliqua in vv.
in
Yirriiis delivers the
that
learn
68-9, tota profudit
in vv.
In only one
of
the
is
Mercury
I,
R. P.
in
CyUenius
in
XVII, 156-7, and the
messenger-scenes
three
In the
ales.
direct
Claudian's
in
summons
Pluto
speech employed.
76-7, Tunc Maia genitum
adstitit
was com-
senate
form are given the
indirect
172-81.
in vv.
direct
command
he gives the
In the
Hannibal
to
speech of the ambassadors
mythological epics
Roman
reply of the
the
Capuans.
to the
Carthaginians' message
acciri.
message
59-63, despatch envoys
tumidis incendit vocibus aures; in vv. 120-1, 129-
et
municated
advice of
In xi, 64 the Capuans, following the
of his son.
Imperat
form (vv. 93-116)
which the messenger makes known to
From
118, Audierat mandata Pater.
Iamque viam Pluto supcras molitur ad auras Germaui monitu, one assumes that Mercury returned with a reply.
In R. P. in, 1 if. and Gigan. 42 ff. Iris, in summoning the gods,
Jupiter, as stated in v.
vv. 2789,
appears as Jupiter's
[A
messenger; these scenes are without speech.
further element affecting the shrinkage in
Homer
speech in Vergil as compared with
by Heinze, 3
that
to confine the speech-scenes within
number of speakers appearing
in
Note the manner
in
It
is
Xec
The two forms
891-907.
mitiget iras
mx
In
which the poet here avoids a long passage of oratio

if he were present
Kedde Iovi Tantumne
Line frater, In me iuris erit? etc.
For other messages in this form,
Vergil, xi, 177-81
Luc. vm, 218-38 ix, 87-97 Val. EL H, 601-7 Stat.
Tli. ix,
The conserva-
even more noticeable.
is
obliqua; Plato addresses Jupiter as
cf.
narrower bounds,
a given scene.
tism of the later epic in this respect

1
amount of
length of the dialogue and to limit the
restrict the
to
is,
the
the tendency, noted
is
are combined in Sil.
It.
ix,
474-8:
die, Pallas
Parcarum vertere leges Die etiam ni desistis, etc.

in Vergil and the later epic, Iris serves Jupiter in
speret fixas
worthy of remark that
instances
Vergil, ix, 803
Val. Fl. iv, 77
Sil. It. ix,
471, 551
Claud. E.
Gigan. 42), while she appears as Juno's agent in but four (Vergil, v,
606 ix, 2 (iv, 694 not included); Val. Fl. vn, 186 Stat. Th. x, 81).
"Op, lit., pp. 397-8. To the two instances of Vergil's use of the dialogue of
P. in,
more than MmJnpiterand Juno
-.
in x,
cited at this
607 ff.
place,
add the conversation between
Roman
regard to Lucan, Basore,
two instances
27
Epic.
c, has recorded the fact that in only
1.
simple address and reply exceeded, and only once
is
do as many as three speakers appear
a given
in
Like
scene.
upon the use of coupled dialoguesTas may

Pompey, after speaking with
restrictions are placed
from vin, 72 ff., where
be seen
Cornelia, replies to the requests of the Mitylenians.
In
of
limitation
this
dialogue
the
Claudian
approach to the practice of Lucan, allowing the

reply in but four instances (B. Gild. 230
iv Cons. Hon. 214
Pr. et 01. 126
ft'.;
more than two speakers grouped:
ff.
ff.),
in
shows a near
speaker to
first
In Ruf. n, 206
B. Gild. 28
231
ii,
Rome
implore
Gaul,
Spain,
ff.
four instances the

ff.,
471
first
ff.
145
speaker replies (iv,
This limit
ff.).
In v, 578
cases.
urge that Stilicho accept the consulship.
to
In the Argonautica dialogue plays a more important
282
in
and Oenotria
Africa,
Brittany,
ff.,
exceeded, however,
is
In
part.
436
if.
Aeetes twice answers the questions of Jason,

ff.
Medea and Venus
are given four speeches in
217
11".
VII,
In
the
long
together
scene in
which Jason and Medea figure in book vn, a dialogue of
211
i,
ff.,
live
Rarely are more than two speakers
speeches begins with v. 477.
In
v,
only three
in
adding a third speech in vv. 596
grouped.
the
after
of
prophecies
the
augurs
Mopsus and Idmon, Jason encourages his companions; in

61711". Jason, Meleager, and Telamon speak in the council of
Argonauts;
-
In
six
i,
in
v,
<>2
ff.
Jupiter ailences
do case
in
3peeches,aa
which the
in
Statius
firsl
is
dispute
the
between
the dialogue carried to the extent
the scene between Aeneas and
The
Venus
in
speaker replies (Th.
i,
21
in
ff.,
557
ff.;
u,
393
is
ff.;
As many as
the scenes between Manto and
Ach. [,775ff.j
four speeches are found only
of
Vergil,
Thebaic! and Achilleid sho^ Beven instance*
607ff.; x,423ff.;
Tired,-,-
[i,32ff.).
(Th. iv, 518ff.), Adraatusand Hypeipyle (Th, v, 20ff.),
Antigone
and
Phorbae
Argia (Th. xn, 366

,,t
the
III,
and .Minerva.
321-409.
m,
Jupiter
ff.
responds to the complaints of Borne and Africa, and

Stil.
ff.
while only twice are
speakers
in
Th.
ff.).
(Th.
vn. 247
Statiut
xi, 242ff.
ff.),
and
Antigone and
assembles the largesl
number
After Aepytus's announcement of
28
in
the later
Roman
Epic.
Polynices's threat, there follow four short speeches aggregating
about five verses,
which various members of the king's retinue

then Creon taunts the king
In
advise that he scorn the challenge

for his
from
Again,
Eteocles.
protest
660
V,
Amphiaraus
first
IV.,
animated reply
closes with an
the scene descriptive of the Argives'
in
Lycurgus's
against
Th.
in
ami the scene
hesitation,
together, then
threat
upon the
life
of Hypsipyle
Tydeus speaks, then Adrastus and

Tydeus again, and finally Lycurgus.
Adrastus, Tydeus, and Polynices appear as speakers in Th.
438
IV.
'
152
II,
Th. vi, 816
IV.,
IV.
nr,
348
With
ff.
where Capaneus
these instances
I,
compare
remonstrances of
replies to the
Tydeus and Hippomedon. In Ach. I, 496 ff. Protesilaus speaks

In the matter of
with Calchas and Diomedes with Ulysses.
coupled dialogues Statius's usage
to Creon,
who speaks
is
confined within even narrower
In Th. XI, 669
limits than that of Vergil.
ff.
Oedipus responds
again after Antigone's plea for mercy
in
712 ff. Ulysses, after answering Diomedes, converses with

Lycomedes in Ach. n, 32 ff. Ulysses and Achilles are given a
Ach.
i,
dialogue of three speeches, after which the latter replies to the

request of Diomedes.
With the exception of the scene between Marus and Serranus

102 ff.), in which the outcries of Begulus's son (vv. 296 ff.,
416 ff.), serve to break up the long narrative of the old armor(vi,
It
arer, the dialogue in Silius Italicus is limited to three speeches,
of which type there are nine instances in the
426
ff.
vm,
IV.;
81
xvii,
ff.
ix, 111
344 ff.).
ff.
2
;
poem
xm, 450 ff.,
(in, 69
497
ff.,
ff.,
VII,
781
ff.,
In the Punica, as in the Aeneid, the
ings of councils afford favorable opportunities for the intro-
duction of several speakers.
So in ix, 527
and Jupiter discuss the
of Hannibal, and in XI, 73-109
fate
ff.
Minerva, Juno,
Torquatus, Fabius, and Marcellus express their views in regard

to
Capua'e demand.
'Here Adrastus
is
given
Again,
a
in
xi,
502
ff.,
Mago, Hannon, and
second speech after the replies of Tydeus and
Polyni
H(
re
Batricos speakf twice before Solimus's reply.

ipio'a
gue of five
question in the indirect form in
v.
832 Silius avoids a
Roman
Epic.
"J.v
representatives of the Barcine faction speak in the Carthaginian
Elsewhere
senate.
speakers
three
compare the prophecy-scene

Hannibal, and the priestess
in
10(3
I,
figure,
grouped but twice
are
and
in
ff.,
is
670
v,
employment of various
Inter-
sometimes allowed, as
and Juno; or
in
the Thebaid, in,
where the shouts of the crowd and the intervention of
ff.,
night bring
an end
to
Amphiaraus.
Again,
Antigone about
between Capaneus and
discussion
the
Th.
in
404
XII,
Menoetes
ff.,
forestalls
speak for the third time in the dialogue with
to
In book xin of the Punica the shades of Pomponia
Argia.
(v.
the
in the Argonauwhere Jupiter prevents a continuation of the
if.,
is
controversy between Mars
669
shown by
clearly
bring the speech-scenes within certain limits.
to
ruption of the dialogue

tica,
2
ff.
this restriction of the dialogue is conscious in the later
epic, as in Vergil,
means
Hamilcar,
conference with
Scipio's
the shades of his father and uncle in xiii, 654
That
which
648), Hamilcar (vv. 750-1), and Alexander (v. 776) depart
immediately after replying to Scipio.
PA
of the desire to reduce the
indication
further
length of
speech-scenes appears in the form in which questions arc often

given. 4
with
Through the use of
the pilot
PharsaliayVin,
the
object
instances
ferant
1(17
of
xii,
mission
simple address
5
may
be seen in
167-8, rogitant
v,
Fl.
Th. n, 31)0-1, causae

5
11-.",,
In
tin'
tunities are offered
Pompey's conference
and reply in the
oratio obliqua
an avoidance of direct speech
11'.;
one's
Val.
Stat.
Ediditj
limited to
is
viae
in
the
inquiring
following
quid ausi Quidve
aomenque rogatus
Explorat causas victor poscitque benigno

Punica, vn,
'27
IT.
and
vm,
77
ff.
oppor-
number of speeches
for increasing the
dialogues between Cilnius and Hannibal, and Aeneas and
Again,
ctively.
'In book xiii

729 3.,
7"i7
ipio
tin(T.
i-
Bcene
in
the
given
ih.
thi
iili
"l
len. u,
Hei
die
world (xiii),
Lower
speeches by Autonoe (vv. 435 fl., 489

have nol been considered pari "f tli-
9inon's conference w
Cf Hei
the
in
in
Anna,
fl.)
and the Sibyl
op. cit. ,
80
Aspects of
Speech
tin-
in
the later
Roman Epic
given in the indirect form in vv. 752
Scipio's questions are
ff.,
798, and 831-2.

In other situations also one frequently finds a simple statement
or a few verses of oratio obliqua introduced instead of a direct
In
speech.
Pharsalia,
the
followers, the substance of
verses;
Pompeius
123
ix,
in
is
Valerius
is
and Sex.
Cn.
In
166).
(v.
the
Argonautica,
with
Hercules;
again,
in
570
v,
557
it,
<1.
ii,
176200 Adrastus's reply
and Polynices
is
scene
the
ff.,
tion in the scene
between
Mago and Hannibal
where only one of the three opportunities

advantage of by the poet.
In the
Tydeus
to the appeals of
Note the
not given in the direct form.
in Sil. It. x,
for
ff.
Laomcdon's
in
between Jason and Aeetes might have been lengthened.

;
his
to
given in the preceding
between
more than address and reply
avoids
conversation
dialogue
replies
followed by the statement, Sed Cato laudatam iuvenis
iram
compescuit
Pompey
ff.
whose speech
the
ff.
319
VI,
speech
restric-
372
ff.,
taken
is
like brevity appears in Claudian's
account of Bellona's interview with Tarbigilus in In Eutrop.
II,
;Y.
/at has been seen above that the largest number of speakers
often found in the meetings of senates or councils;
is
but even here
there occasionally occurs a noteworthy limitation of direct speech.
So
in
Argonauts' discussion as to whether or not Hercules
the
should be
left
on the shores of Mysia (Val. Fl. in, 613-714),
only three of the speeches are given in the direct form, though
four other opportunities for speech are oiferedlat vv. 614, 629,
640, and 601.
The
scenes descriptive of the assemblies of the
bians (Val. Fl. v,
363
ff.;
vill,
275
11'.)
261
are
and of the Argives
ff.)
without
contending before Jupiter as
to
recta.
(Stat.
[Of
the fate of Thebe\s
(.Û+^rThr-^-SSS-i^), only Bacchus

the absence of oratio recta
oratio
is
Th.
the
II,
gods
and Aro-os
assigned a direct spcechj
from the Punica,
67211'.,
i,
where
Roman senate debates the question of war with Carthage.

^Passing to the question of points of technique in which the
Roman epic affords a contrast to the Greek, one finds standing
out
1
prominently the use of the parenthetic verb
and phrase,
Enninfl places the verb fatur within the speech in Ann. 360 (Vahlen).
Aspects of the Sjjcech in the later
Roman
through the presence of which the speech becomes
more
In addition
colloquial in tone.
31
Epic.
less
formal and
to the simple verb other
phrases were introduced, until finally narrative entirely foreign in
purpose to the verb of saying was inserted within the body of the
speech."]
The
extension
first
is
seen in the familiar use of a noun
subject with the verb, as in Aen. vi, 259, conclamat vates;

Fl. v, 293, Pallas ait;
Sil.
785-6, inquit Docta comes Triviae.
xiii,
It.
phrases appear
Tiphys
x,
Th. ix, 663 4, confusa vicissim
hortatur
expression
is
Additional
Val. Fl. in, 259, attonito conclamat ab agmine
in
Stat.
268,
Val.
Th. yii, 78, Occupat Armipotens
Stat.
iam
clara
voce
further lengthened in Aen.
still
Anchiscs, atqne ordine singula pandit;
To be noted
vi.
refert;
parenthetic
7i:.">,
Suscipit
xn, 4256, lapyx
clamat primnsque animos accendit in hostem

dixit spesque addidit alas.
Virgo
The
sacerdos.
Val. Fl. VII,
here are the two
in
Vergil in which the conclusion of a division of the speech
is
cas<
indicated before the speaker continues; viz., vi, 6289, ETaec ubi
dicta dedit Phoebi longacva sacerdos, u Sed iam age
8545, Sic
;
pater
Anchises, atque haec mirantibus addit
"Aspice.
In one
instance Vergil breaks into the speech twice with differenl
of the parenthetic expression

"
Immo "
cf.
XI,
459-60
parts
" o cives" arrepto tempore Turinis,
ait
"Cogite concilium
Silius
following the Vcrgilian precedent, separates the
[talicus,
ooun and verb
"Non
lie
IS]:
rerborum,"
This tendency
I
in ix,
i-
inquit,
"stimulantum," Poenu
more aoticeable
follow ing types
may
be cited
'
ticam "
nit
Scythici" Tirynthius "oatia ponti
" ac
Mo]
tfl
i
ra tiii-ns
" aon
si
labemqne
mortalia
" ondiqufl
."7I.
'I".
memb
in,
[ovii
:..
"pn
minant, " o magnanimii memoranda pahu

iv.
'Cf.
Withofa punctuation
<-f
SiL
Ii.
nix,
<-iis
the Argonautica, from whioli
in
:
ii,
'
0.
:.
:V2
Roman
Epic.
Note thf presence of a second verb with an adverbial phrase
vn, 257-9
Atque
"Cum
The
"quin hoc" ait "audi

genas" lacrimisque haec infit obortis
aetheriis ad te modo laborer auris,
attolle
levis
may
other words outside the speech
be seen in the Aeneid, v,
"Quo diversus abis ? " iterum

Cum clamore Gyas revocabat
" pete saxa, Menoete
"
!
Here again Valerius Flaccus shows

pare
word connected grammatically with
parenthetic use of a
166-7
in
more varied
Com-
usage.
" Sequor, o quicumque deorum"

Aesonides "ciet" altus
ait,
iv, 674-5.
Contra inscius astus
"Ergo nee
hie nostris derat labor arduus actis"
Bzcipit Aesonides "et ceu nihil aequore passis

v, 541-3.
Mars saevus ab
"Hostis io," conclamat equis "agite
ite,
altis
propinquat,"
vi, 28-9.
The
connective que
is
placed within the speech in iv,
473-4
Sustulit hie geminas Phineus ad sidera palmas

"Te" que ait " iniusti, quae nunc premis, ira tonantis
As a
still
use of interôl
and
.-ie
n the
Roman
.a narrative as
speech in this
way
This practice
effectiveness.
through the medium
Cf. also
337;
what may be termed stage-direc-
is
especially significant as
drama upon
and
it is
i.
)vi.l,
290 et
show-
Roman
epic
a suggestive fact that in

story-teller of
Roman
Met.
ix,
i,
456, 734, 752, 756
n, 33, 642
in, 644
saepe.
the pure parenthesis

;
the
vn, 120-1.
v, 195,
ii
vn, 660
(cf.
should be mentioned the
Metamorphoses of Ovid, 3 the dramatic
<
iv,
of rhetoric,
epic,
gains largely both in naturalness
ing the undoubted influence of the
the
further development of this custom, forming a striking
feature of the speec 1
tions
is
employed
(cf.
n, 283
in, 562
v, 280,
282
17; xn, 88), or narrative descriptive of a gesture of the speaker

-1; vin, 575; xi, 693, 7125-7, 753; xm, 132-3, 264, 458).
Roman
one finds a free use of such interpolated phrases,
literature,
many
33
Epic.
cases similar to that observed in the epic.
iu
These phrases,
termed stage-directions, representing a conscious adaptation of a

custom of the drama, are frequently employed to describe a
gesture of the speaker, 1 and in two of the following case
introduced as pure parentheses

At
raniurn
are
hunc " (aperit ramum, qui
veste latebal
" Adgnoscas."
Aen.
Cum
106-7.
vi,
animos iuvenum et tarn certa tulistis

Pectora."
(Sic meraorans umeros dextrasque tenebat
Araborum et voltnm lacrimis atque ora rigabat. )
talis
" Quae vobis,

Aen.
Hunc
ix, 249-5'J.
tamen, orba parens, crinem" dextraque secandum
Praebuit " hunc toto capies pro corpore crinem,

Stat.
Th.
ix, 900-1.
" Accipe digna

"consulta." Togaque
Et Capua et nobis," inquit,

Armatuni amota nudat latUB, "hoc ego belluni
316-S. 3
Sil. It. xi,
More often the narrative, with a verb of saving preceding in

some instances, is introduced after a pause in the speech.' This
use of stage-directions appears in the Aeneid, [V,
Note also the extended phrases within the speech

vi,
iv,
1
263
767-3
178
v.
195-6;
9,
Observe the use
iv, 7")7,
of Buch
\.
276
Fatur, et o tentans prolem
\i\',
'Closely
related
to
the
speaker.
The Aeneid
the
is
in
to
It.
Btat.
is
in, 116-7; iv. 638
(m, 634-5
Th.
the use of the
the
7,
I
I
v,
565
6,
in
Val. Fl.
Clamat, El trabe
parenthesis
words or
a
Th.
as
Btate of
means <>f
mind .if the
:>
parenthesis in
en, 7-9; Bil.
It.
Latinus' s
am
xm,
which no appreciable interval

In
of time
the application of this
rub
elapsi
have been
more latitude ha
.
allowed where the narrative describes action which breaki Into the speech,
m,
19
7\
in
'I'll,
forte
xvi. 342
also ra,
Btat.
tela
ceptrum hoc" (deztra Bceptru

Cf. also Stat.
77
\iv, 37-8).
affords an illustration of such
en, 206
where
vn, 801, inquit pariterque manus ad
understand
Numquam fronde."
I
mi, 227-8
CoviB
Sil.
above
reader better
Clamat, cunctantis nrgens umbone caterva
135,
enabling
addn
ff.,
phrases along with the parenthetic verb
fraxinea Capaneus Bubil obvius

ferebat;
3G1
II,
275-6), and the verb of Baying separated from n- subject
:..
657
re
in
34
Dido's
action
monologue
is
the later
in
Unman
Epic.
described before the concluding words of her
Felix, lieu
minium
felix, si litora
tantum
Numquam
Dixit et
Dardaniae tetigissent nostra carinae."

os impressa toro "moriernur inultae,
vn, 44951 the
In the Argonautica,
Jason
to
is
of Medea's speech
latter part
preceded by the following verses of narrative
Titania iamque
Gramina Perseasque sinu depromere

Coeperat
his
Oedipu^'s lament closes with a cry
the Thebaid, XI, (!25-31
in
vires
iterum conpellat Iasona dictis
of disappointment alter his fruitless search for the swords in the
bodies of his sons
manus infestaque vincula tandem

medium nunc saltern admittite patrem."
Solvite quaeso
Dividite, et
Talia dequestus paalatim insumpserat iras

Mortis, et occulte telum, ni nata vetaret,
Quaerebat
sed cauta
Heu
maim
subtraxerat enses
Furit inde senex
Antigone.
Furiae,
num
totum
" Ubi noxia tela?
abiit in corpora
ferrum ?"
For other examples, cf. Val. Fl. I, 723-4; Stat, Th. vi, 173
x, 439-40
359-62 ix/73-4
xil, 92-3; Ach. I, 908
1
xm, 762.
Sil. It. xi, 532-G
The narrative is introduced within the speech not only to
vii,
describe a gesture of the speaker, but also to represent an act or
This type occurs
state of the person addressed.
over
Idmon and Tiphys
in the
in Jason's
Argonautica, v, 54
Rectoremque tuae moneas
ratis."
Haec
ff.
lament
ubi fatus,
Sola viruin flammis vidit labentibus ossa.
"tûod tamen extremis unum solamen in oris

Restat " ait, " caras humus haec non dividat umbras
Again,
<
in
the Aehilleid,
I,
785
ff.,
Ulysses's speech to Diomedes
Veasionally in the later epic, narrative
of the speaker's words,
though addressed
is
employed
287, Sic furit et patrias coeptis ferus advocat umbras.

Sil. It. xi,
of address
"
12-4
(cf. it,
643-5 and
Stat.
to
denote a continuation
to a different person, as in Val. Fl. VI,
Th.
vm,
though not indicated as here); xv, 361.
Cf. also Val. Fl.
80-4, where there
is
i,
561-2
change
Asjieets of the Speech in
is
twice broken
35
Epic.
by narrative describing the
into
words upon Achilles
Roman
the later
effect
of his
Aspicit intentum vigilique haec aure trahentem,
Cum
paveant aliae demissaque lamina
Atque
iterat
flectant,
(vv. 794-6).
Exisset
provida signo
stratis, ni
Deidamia dato cunctas hortata sorores

Sed haeret
Respiciens Ithacum coetuque novissimus exit.
Ille quoque incepto paulum ex sermone remittit,
Pauca tamen iunêns
Liquisset mensaa ipsum complexa.
(vv. 802-7).
Cf. also Th. in, 7G
An
ff.
instance closely resembling that cited
from the Achilleid (vv. 794-6) occurs

within Pacuvius's appeal to his son
Punica, XI, 349-53,
in the
An
tristia
vincla
Et Decius non erudiunt componere raenteni ? "

Talia commemorans, famae maioris amore
Flagrantem ut vidit iuvenem surdumque tiniori
" Nil ultra posco, refer in convivia gressum
'
third type of the narrative as stage-directions brings into the
speech a
new element
Compare
the Sibyl's
562
IV.
as an occasion for the speaker to continue.
words addressed
Aeneas
to
Vergil, VI,
in
torvosquo sinistra
[ntentans anguis vocal agmina saeva sororum."
(Turn
demum
Panduntur
\'i
borrisono stridentee cardine sacrae
portae.
stibulo sedeat
" Cernis, custodia qualis
(vv.
bows an
speech
within
advantage
of
instance of
speech
appearance
the
strengthen her appeal

ii
v,
of stage-directions
use
129
of the
mum
.-mi
the
in
fleet
promittil
'.'
distance
Agebat
"
advereo nituerunl vela profundo;
Rapnil jai
a P0I3 ."
Lemnia classia erat.
1',
"Superiane vocantibuB
rtunam atqae iterat
%
Cf. Sil.
It.
>>-nm>i-
i-..
L65ff.
ecce rat
den
<f.
nltro
alaoTb.
in
where Polyxo takes
ff.,
Lemnian women:
to the
in caedi
tot
Pluribna
tlii-
Th.
in
-">7l -."i).
BiL
it,
n, 512
to
;}(>
In the use of
the later
in
parenthetic expression
the
Thessala
ii< [ii it
Epio.
Lncau and Claudian
In only two instances (vi,
stand apart from the other epic poets.

762,
Roman
Lucan break
more than the simple verb, while
IX, 979, monstrator ait) does
into the speech with anything
Claudian admits the noun subject with the verb only

215, Pallas ait; in, 134, subicit Cybele; Pr. et
Oh
in
R. P.
Dux
127,
one ease, R. P. in, 270, the participle vociferans
In
parenthetically, though
The
parenthesis
limiting
is
II,
ait.
used
noun preceding the speech.
and narrative descriptive of gesture are
totally
1
absent from the speeches of these two poets, a fact which, in the
of Lucan, bears out Heitland's
criticism
of the formal
character of the speeehes and their lack of spontaneity.
[That the
Roman
Greek custom
the verse, 3 has
epic
departed
from the formality of the
allowing the speech to begin and end within
in
been noted by Kvicala
considers this practice an indication of

feeling
"a
and Elderkin, 5 who

less
as to the objectionableness of a sudden
narrative."
In
this
freedom than Vergil,
respect
for,
the
later
epic
sharply defined
transition
from
shows even more
with the exception of the Argonautica,
where the speech more frequently
closes with the verse, in every
case the percentage of speeches beginning and ending within the
verse exceeds that in the Aeneid.
may
of the various poets
comparison of the usages
be made from the following table. 6
R. P. m, 295 fl. and 312 ff., have been considered separate speeches
vening narrative in both cases serves as a reply to Ceres' s complaints.
2
1. c, p. lxx.
1
For speeches beginning within the verse in Ennius,
cf.
Ann.
45,
the inter-
111, 394
(Vahlen).
1
Beitrage zur Erklarung der Aeneis, pp. -<J5-74.

cf. also Nbrden, Verg. Aen. vi,
>p. cit.
pp. 8, 9, 10
;
The same
liberty
is
allowed
in the use of
p.
135.
speech within speech, though the two
speeches of this type in Claudian begin with the verse.
Roman
of
Speeches.
Valerius Flaccus
Silius Italicus
within the
No. ending
within the
within the
the Verse.
Verse.
Verse.
Verse.
25
35
36
45
41
38
81
24
61
21
43
25
29
331
120
188
280
299
102
Lucan 2
$ beginning
begin-
82
42
68
127
122
39
ff.
ix,
257
ff.
377 ff.
iv,
161
ff.;
536
iv,
(xin, 785
With
ff.
more
by Vergil in Aen. vi, 719
ff.),
within
occurs
ff.,
(in,
3
260
(i,
4
ff. ).
ff.
x, 431 ff. j
from the conventional method but twice
Claudian only once (R. P. in, 133 ff.).
663
ix,
874
ff.,
there
cited,
the single exception
xi, 258, 259,
worthy of remark that
is
Greek epic is
wheo
The Argonautica yields four examples

v, 292 ff., 584 ff.), the Thebaid seven
Silius Italicus departs
It
74
30
the poets of the later period offer one or
all
instances of this liberty, sanctioned
465
L20
occasional omission of intervening narrative
introducing the speeches in dialogue.
722
73
40
further departure from the formality of the
seen in the
of Lucau,
ending
ning within
No.
Number
37
Epic.
ten of the seventeen instances
in
such
speech
the
an expression
as
Excipii Ascanius (Aen. ix, 258) or coufusa vicissim Virgo veferl

The simple verb ait is found in Val. Fl.
(Stat. Tli. ix, 663-1).
The
(1. c.
),
Aeneid
for the
statistics
differ
speeches within speeches, with the exception of
L16;
vii.
615 6;
660;
i\,
333, 6731
x,
I
')
vm,
;
iti'.n
work was
Iff.
iii
iv, 6
iii-
is ,,,,!
direct
included
examine
in
i:;:; it.
this
monograph
bile the present
Fan
form
in
nn,
218ff.
(cf.
w.
I,
p.
26, supra.).
IV,
t's list.
led as part
r-
m,
embraces speeches within speeches in

also Pompey's message to the Parcr,87ff.
Tb. m, 546, Quid furtim La<

\ ii-i
Lemaire and Lactantiu
i
classified:
tion
viii,
it; it.
win- arc wrongly
632 and 756

peechesin the Pharsalia, cf. the recent
kationibus, Pars c, Regimont. 1908, pp. 6 T.
to
thian
as tlu>
of these
bad an opportunity
pn
a, 3, as well
Evicala omits v, 166,
also vi, 562
by R. Faust, De Lucani
first
lull,,
at
vi, 620.
[n the above figures for Vergil, rv, 651-62 has
185.
ra detailed arrangement
writer
The
739-41.
737,
;
been regardi
The
from those given by Evicala
slightly
wlin includes the beginning of Aeneas' s narrative
to
sles
b.
of
arc not strictly dialogue.
Ampbia
38
Aspeots of the Speech in the later
161
iv,
The words,
Stat. Tli. iv, 536.
Polynices's brief reply in Stat. Th.
Epic.
Ille refert contra, follow
Six of these speeches
465.
465; XI, 258, 259, 260

Claud. R. P. m, 133 if.).
begin within the verse (Stat. Th.
xm, 785 if.;

Among the questions
Bil.
I,
Roman
It.
ff.
yet to be considered concerning the use
of the speech in the later epic
Valerius Flaccus
i,
Here
that of the monologue.
is
especially deserving of study, for in the
is
Argonautica one finds monologues assigned not only to Medea in
books vii and

Jason
51
150
(i,
tune
(i,
(vi,
741
642
iv,
In
in Apollonius,
497
(vi,
ff.;
ff.).
704 ff.), Pelias (i, 712 ff.), Hercules (iv,

ff.), Juno (i, 113 ff.;
m, 510 ff.), Nep118 ff.), Jupiter (vi, 624 ff.), and Minerva
iv,
ff.;
Hecate
ff.),
but also to various other characters, such as
viii,
this respect
who
Valerius affords a notable contrast
monologue
confines the
to
Medea and Mene. 2
In the forms of introduction the poet avoids the repetition of
may be
phrases, as
talibus
111-2);
from the following instances
seen
set
Quos
amens Insequitur solitosque novat Saturnia questus (i,

Iugemuit Iuno tandemque silentia rumpit (in, 509);
Ingemit ac
tales
evolvit
pectore
referebat pectore voces (vi, 496)
quam
pectora curis (vi, 623)
questus
117);
has imo
Talibus aegra niovens nequi-
medio
sic fata
molli semet sic increpat ira (vn, 127)
....
(iv,
dolore est (vn, 8)
talia fatur
(vn, 197)
9); secum (i, 150; vi, 741); inquit

(i, 643;
iv, 51, 706); ait (i, 713; vn, 331).
Following the
custom of Vergil, 3 Valerius frequently allows the monologue to
be addressed to an imaginary hearer rather than to the speaker's
haec
self,
as in
gemuit
I,
712
(viii,
ff.,
Hercules to Hylas
Pelias to Acastus
118
ff.,
Neptune
and Jason;
to
iv, 51
ff.,
Melie, Jupiter, and
Amycus; 704 ff., Jason to the sea; vi, 497 ff., Hecate to Medea;
vn, 198 ff., Medea to Jason (in part); 338 ff., Medea to Aeetes
and Circe (in part) viii, 10 ff., Medea to Aeetes.
The type of monologue which serves to portray the state of
;
mind of
the speaker in
For Lucan's use
'
Cf. Elderkin, op. cit., p. 39.
Cf. Heinze, op. cit., p. 422.
definite situation
of the monologue, v. Easore,
1.
c.
is
given a
much
Roman
more important place
Argonautica than
in the
Illustrative of this class
the
is
39
Epic.
the Aeneid.
in
monologue of Pelias
in
I,
712
ft'.,
expressing his fear for the safety of Acastus, his disapproval of
which led
the motive
son
his
to
enlist
of the
cause
the
in
Argonauts, and his determination to wreak vengeance upon the
Again, in in, 510
parents of Jason.
her
ff.,
Juno, complaining that
Hercules have been of no
efforts against
resolves to
avail,
Each of these monologues, while
gain her purpose at any cost.
characterizing the speaker, at the same time prepares the
some subsequent event, the former

Alcimede, the
The monologues
band of Argonauts.
and Jupiter (vi, 624 ff.)
also
show
of Neptune (iv, 118
this
ff.)
double purpose, though
Amycus
introduced more especially to foretell the fate awaiting
and Colaxes,
for
withdrawal of Hercules from the
for the
latter
way
Aeson aud
for the death of
In the psychological portrayal of
respectively.
struggling against her love for Jason and her desire to
Medea
him in the accomplishment of his task, Valerius has used

monologue with excellent effect the poet employs this means
assist
the
to depict the various stages through

it
ning of book vii she
Vet
Jason?
were
It
he should care for her, there
unknown
is
but
Aut mens Baemonias quando pater

Through the reference to the good
follow such
:i
Jason, only
to
her
spirited
leader
close
sight,
reply
Bed
she
intimates
with
sic
Beinze, op.
<T.
Siimrii.-i
it.
(.,. cil
,
of love as
in
t
ibit
pp. 120 'J.

pp. 24 -6), in
has
ille
fortune
revisel
(w.
ad urbes?
16
'.'
J).
those allowed to
<>f
her desire
wish
quoque carus abito
89-100)
(vv.
chance that they will
little
half-hearted
thai
(v.
with
return
to
20).
he depart
s
Ji
in accepting the condition- imposed
by the treacherous Aeetes serves
the begin-
before the stranger's
Nam quando domos
ever see each other again,
from
in
why, she asks, should her thoughts be only of

was not for her sake he came to Colchis, and even
arrival.
if
Thus
confesses the cause of her disquietude,
first
nights
such sleepless
for
,,f
which her love passes before
2
obtains the final mastery over her will.
to
deepen the love already
'
'<'
" of
compared with that of Apolloniu

tamined here.
i
Valerias'* treatment of the
and
10
and
to
increase
tfie
in
Roman
later
anxiety of Medea, until finally (vv. 128
fche
she reproaches herself for
all
why
should
difference to her whether he perish or not?
it
make
reason for her
appears in the very words with which the question
interest
concluded,
tanto turbetur Graecia luctn
et
and feigned indifference

his
IT.)
that she suffers on account of one
who. perchance, will forgel even her name

a
Epic.
is
had been placed
fate
is
This self-reproach
followed immediately by the wish that

in the
hands of others, and that he had
She next seeks
never come to the shores of Colchis.
to justify
her commiugled feelings of pity and love for Jason through the
mention of his relationship to Phrixus, the concern of her
sister
Chalciope, and the circumstances under which he entered upon

the voyage
end she wishes that he
in the
may
return to Greece,
whether victorous or not, unmindful of the prayers which she has

offered in his behalf
and bearing no
ill
The arrival of Venus in Colchis has its

Medea even before the goddess appears
209 she no longer
toward her
will
to
protests against her love for Jason
thought of his death
is
uppermost
in her
father.
upon the heart of

view.
In vv. 1 98
effect
now
the
In the opening
mind.
words of her monologue Medea suggests the means of escape

which she herself
if,
alas
is
As
(v. 200).
ship
would that
if this inability to
enough, she, as her
How
his death.
one solace
is
fate,
when she
so
is
prevent his death.
to
is
for
unable
deeply concerned?
Her
to
skillful
resist
But Venus comes

voice pleads
the
in the
cause
of
the entreaties of the goddess,
the stranger finally wins in the conflict with her
her father.
her,
Here labores?
companion, must even witness
She enters the innermost chamber with the
determination to bring forth the magic drugs
overcomes
nisi
the thought that she can honor his last remains,
in
Medea
loyalty, to
render assistance were not hard-
sister's
disguise of Circe and with
and her love
wife,
his rescue
to
can she bear to have Jason believe her, too,
nn moved by his
though unable
mother or
his
w ith
maiden, do but weep
come
For what can she, a

misfortunes, Quidne tuos virgo possim
Tin ssalian potions

for his
to offer later
there be such a one, might
the sense of shame
and thinking of death as a ready means of escape,
she hesitates once more before the final surrender
"Tune
Cum
sequeris"
tibi tot
the later
in
"quidquam
ait
Roman
41
Epic.
aut patiere pudendum,
mortes scelerisque brevissima tanti
Effugia?"
(vv. 331-3).
She delays, gazing
How
triumphs.
give up
at
the fatal drugs, but soon the desire to live
can she die upon the very threshold of
life
and
joys of youth and the companionship of a brother
all the
manhood ? Then, too, she could not be so cruel

who had placed his trust in her alone. Again
not yet grown to
as to forsake Jason,
the consciousness of guilt returns and she attempts to justify her
course of action
her father should have exposed Jason to the
fury of the fire-breathing bulls at the very outset, ere her heart
was touched with compassion
for
him
she cannot do otherwise
than yield to the persuasions of one so experienced and powerful

as Circe
Testor cara tuas, Circe Titania, voces,
Te ducente
me grandaeva
sequor, tua
Consilia et monitis cedo minor."
fatigant
(vv. 347-9).
In Statius the monologue

and
Achilleid
among
together
Diana (Th. ix, 713 ff.),
471), Argia (Th.
th.'
624
i,
age of
;i
less freely
xir,
In
ff.).
20!)
the Thebaid
used;
Etcocles (Th. in,
the following characters:
(Tli. vi, 372ff.),
(Ach.
is
but eight clear cases, distributed
offer
ff.),
Thetis (Ach.
introducing the
(i
Apollo
ff.),
Pietas (Th. xi, li;r,-70,
31
i,
11".),
Achilles
monologue Statiua favors
simple parenthetic verb, such as
ait
(Th.
xi,
165,
171; hi, 209; Ach. I, 31) or clamat (Th. in, 6) orinquit (Th.
ix, 713).
The phrase secum is employed in Th. vi, 372, and
Ach.
i,
624.
In
regard
to
limn, the monologues of Diana and
Argia appear a- illustrations of the type addressed

furnishes a Bingle
monolog
in
Th. vi, 372ff.
example of
they are about
'If
of th-
to
w. 331-3 and 838 ff.
whom
the chariot race in which
in the
above analysis the various notea
of
to casl
few joya await
so
be considered together,
Bntecheidungamonolog occurring
In the
in
engage, finally determines
ide of the augur,
an imaginary
Apollo, uncertaiu as to whether he
Bhould favor Admetus or Amphiaraus
on the
to
the Entscheidungs-
his
in
influence
short
the
we have here the one
in
Lrgonautica.
Lemaire bave proved belpfuL
12
time that he
to live.
is
Epic.
The
soliloquies of Eteocles (Th. in, 6
ff.)
may
ami Thetis (Ach.
I,
Statins' s use of the
monologue
31
Roman
the later
in
be cited
as
representative
if.)
of
for the purpose of characterization.
In the former the poet pictures the forebodings of the
Theban
king suffering the torments of a guilty conscience, in the latter

the feelings of Thetis at the approach of the Trojan fleet
solicitude for Achilles
for aid.
1
713
if.
and her determination
her
Neptune
to appeal to
parallel to Valerius's usage in the Argonautica, IV,
afforded by Statius in the monologue of Diana (Th. ix,
is
serving
ft'.),
prepare
to
approaching
the
for
death
of
Parthenopaeus.
Of
the fifteen
monologues
in the
Hannibal as follows:
vn, 147
xvn, 221
558
ff.,
260
ff.,
Jupiter (vi, 600
ff.),
Apollo (xn, 407
ff.),
ff.,
ff.
606
Punica seven are
421-2;
ix,
allotted to
497
XII,
ff.
Other speakers include
ff.
Solimus (ix, 169
Varro
ff.),
Hasdrubal (xv, 508
ff.),
(ix,
646
ff.),
the genius of Italy
(xvn,
(xv, 523
ff),
127
In the forms of introduction the phrase secum often
if.).
Cato (xv, 731
soldiers of Scipio
the
ff.),
vn, 146, ita secum immurmurat xv, 522, His

sic secum
xvn, 221, Haec secum infrendens
Note the combination of favorite
606, Cum secum Poenus.
phrases in xn, 496, Sic igitur secum curasque ita corde volutat.
The simple verb inquit is used in VI, 600 ix, 171, 646
XV,
xvn, 559. The introductory verb is omitted in xn,
508, 731
407 and xvn, 127. Instances of the type of monologue tending
in form toward the half-dialogue are offered by Silius Italicus in vi,
600 ff.; ix, 169 ff.; xn, 1()7 if.
xvn, 260 ff., 606 ff. The
nearest approach to the Entscheidungsmonolog is seen in xn,
497 ff., where Hannibal, hesitating whether or not to withdraw
from Capua, finally reaches the decision to march on Rome. The
appears, as in
super infrendens
class of
monologues which characterize the speaker
situation figures prominently in the Punica.
be
cited
by
way
of
illustration.
In
vn,
in a definite
The following may

147
ff.
Hannibal,
discouraged and irritated by his lack of success in the contest with

ich cases as iv,
006
ff.,
ix,
375
ff.,
481
ff.,
in
which the speaker may have
intended that his words should be heard by others present, have not been in-
cluded here.
Roman
Fabius, wonders
if his
former victories would have been won, had
Roman
he been opposed by the
In ix, 646
leader.
him
realization of the baseness of his flight leads
Rome
suicide as preferable to returning to
221
43
Epic.
Varro's
ff.
to think of
In xvn,
in disgrace.
Hannibal, indignant that he should have departed from
if.
Rome,
Italy without having captured
and accomplish
his purpose
resolves to return at once
again, in vv. 55865, the poet por-
trays Hannibal's despair at the opposition of the gods and his
war
sense of responsibility for the miseries resulting from the

finally,
in
vv. 606-15, the words of the boastful Carthaginian
leader reveal a spirit defiant of the gods and uncrushed by defeat.
From
the four departments of Claudian seven monologues have
been gathered
of this number, three occur in the mythological
313
epics (R. P. nr,
407
ff,
(Ceres)
ff".
three in the invectives (In Ruf. n, 11
of Constantinople);
In Eutrop.
panegyrics (vi Cons. Hon. 274
ff.
(citizens
40(5),
(In
Ruf.
In R. P. in, 313
ff.
intro-
In
11),
II,
Cons.
fatur (vi
the
in
As forms of
(Alaric)).
and the verbs profatur (R. P. in,

inquit (Gigan. 98).
Pallas)),
373-4 (Rome)), one
i,
if.
ff.
(Rufinus), 88
Haec etiam secum
duction, one finds the phrase,
27:;) :m d
Gigan. 98
ff.
Hon.
Ruf. n,
ff.
In Eutrop. [,3734 no introductory form Is employed.
For the type of monologue addressed to an imaginary hearer,
vi Cons.
compare R. P. nr, 407 ff. In Ruf. ir, 88 ff. (in part)
88
Hon. 27
ff.
(in
An
part).
with reference
to their
dungsmonolog.
An
examination of
content discloses no case of the Entschei-
excellent
the purpose of characterization
Hon. 27
ff.,
ff.)
second purpose
in
be
considered
f.
and
in
the midsl of the mis-
the
Rufinus (In
monologues of Ceres
Ruf. n,
;
ff.)
the one
also serve a
prepares for the
Proserpina, the other for renewed invasions
forces.
the dead, though
for
in
for
offered by claudian in vi Cons.
motivating the action
earch for
by the barbarian
The lament
is
have come upon him
(R. P. in, 313
goddess's
example of the monologue used
expressing .Marie's despair
fortune- which
of speeches
this class
;i
[einze, op. cit., p.
discussion
121.
of
n<>t
this
really
phase
monologue,
of
the
is
to
later epic
Aspects of (he Speech
55
Cornelia's lamentations (ix,
290
1
of Pompey.
pile
and
ff.)
provoked by the sight of the
ff.),
flames arising from the funeral
Flaccus, Jason (in,
Clite (in,
body of Cyzicus, and Jason again,
the
and Tiphys.
frequency
many
ff.
376
ff.
605
if.
(Hypsipyle)
Ismenis)
(Oedipus)
laments
in the
of thought
ff.,
III,
151
138 ff. (Eurydice); IX, 49
vi,
over
ff.
ff.
(Ide)
Thebaid one
of the
finds certain similarities in the
V,
XI,
these
modes
there occurs but
speakers, though
different
(Polynices),
x, 793 ff. (the mother of Menoeceus)

xn, 72 ff. (Creon), 322 ff. (Argia). 2 In
repetition of phrase
little
37
as nine examples, scat-
tered through the various books as follows
608
mourn over
Idmon
appears with more
ff.)
v,
in
In Valerius
31G
Cn Statins the lament naturally
the Thebaid yields as
Epic.
furnishes an instance worthy of mention in
The Pharsalia
speech.
Roman
the later
vn
so the one lamenting grieves over the
change in the condition or appearance of the loved one (in, 154
xn, 322-4), or refers to the wounds

of the dead (hi, 153; ix, 69-70; x, 813-4; XI, 624; xn, 340),
or places the responsibility upon the gods or others, who in some
cases are immediately exonerated of all blame (vi, 143-50
XI,
617-23 v, 620-4 x, 795-803 xn, 333-7). No example of
6
G13-5
v,
381-4
ix,
this type
The
many
of speech
found
in either Silius Italicus
speech, representing the words
collective
speakers,
is
women
to
is
expressed in in, 154
in V,
vm,
615-6.
Hercules, and xi, 483
293
ff.
ff.,
of several or
is
ff.
The warning of
the Trojan
and the lament of the Trojan

devoted to the
priests'
song
to the prayer of the Latin matrons.
more prominent. Nine

ff., 68 ff.; hi, 307 ff.
399-400; V, 261 ff., 682ff. vm, HOff. ix, 848 ff.), five
Valerius Flaccus (i, 627 11'.; n, 113-4; iv, 327 ff.; v, 17 ff.,
In the later epic the collective speech

appear
in
Lucan
(i,
248
ff.
is
n, 45
in
or Claudian.
seldom made use of by Vergil; only four
is
instances are found in the Aeneid.

ites
'('f.
Cornelia' 8 words
(vm,
639ff.) uttered jusl before the death of
Pompey.
Lycurgus (vi, 197 ff.) and the Argives (vm, 174 ff.
should also be noted here, though diiTering cither in content or situation from
'The complaints
of
the laments cited above.

'I
II'..
Hannibal
Cf. Ennius,
to
Ann. 110
Sychaeus,
ff.
is
(Vahlen).
not a clear case.
Roman
the later
in
45
Epic.
550 ff.), seven in Statius (Th. i, 1 73 ff. vn, 123 ff. vm, 174ff.
if.,
584 ff., 588
xn, 472-3). Silius Italicus furnishes
nine examples (i, 568 ff., 598 if.
XI,
VII, 78 ff.
VIH, 659 ff.
603 ff.; xn, 643 ff; xv, 571 ff; xvi, 342-3; xvn, 127 ff),
B. Goth. 461
R. P. n, 367 ff;
Claadian ten (B. Gild. 488 ff.
In Ruf. ii, 88 ff, 228 ff, 261 ff, 385 ff. (?); In Entrop. I, 350 ff.,
vi Cons. Hun. 570 ff.).
In connection with Statius
359 ff.
;
x, 67
several additional instances are to be noted in which
speaks
acters
simultaneously, as in the
Polynices in Th.
i,
447
ment
the
also
Cf.
example occurring
in the singular
verbis
Note the abridg-
Th. XII, 4589, where
in
gives in turn the words of Antigone and Argia de-
poet
haec
rapuisse,
Me
are given to two speakers
"Anna,
Contendunt
me
pietas,
hacc fratris
vicibusque
duxit amor."
probant.
Elsewhere
one case appears in which the same words
in the later epic but
iv, 98,
Creon
soldiers of
the
artus
coniugis
" Ego corpus, ego ignes,
^ \<
816-7.
obliqua
Quid
o mitissime Achivum,
VI,
and
of Tydeus
reply
cum mixto clamore
ea,
Th. v, 669-71;
manding punishment from
It.
Vix
"Hex
tueutes Incipiunt una:
opus?
ff.
two char-
the formula of exhortation in
cf.
dux
rapite arma, viri,"
viri,
significant of the content of these collective speeches,
may
following typical classes
um!
sisir.
Th.
Si;,t.
(Luc.
citizens
I,
be mentioned
24.S
r,
ff.
the
complaints of sol-
n, 45 ff
Sil.
uterque.
instat
261
v,
173 ff; Claud. In Ruf. n, 88
IT.);
ff.
ix,
expres-
vn, 123 ff.), sorrow (Th. vm. [74 ff.)"

wonder (Th. xn, 172-3), joy (Val. VI iv, 327ff.j Claud. B.
opinion- in regard to pol itical affairs (Stat. Th, x,
Goth. 461 IV.)
sions- of_fcar (Stat. Th.
:U.
588
IT.
;
gods (Val.
V.,;
T31aud. In Eutrop.
wordj Qlfixhortatkin.
Claud. B. Gild. 188

in
/Ae
form.
aliquis id
IT.).
<
parallels to
Luc.
n,
'7
;
within speeches
(Sil.
ff.,
359
x, <i7
xv, 671
It.
>jdv occasionally
La
Th.
Stat.
Stat.
Th.
i.
v,
171
II'.)
IT.
xvn,
It.
xn,
127(1".
finds the indefinite
(laud. In
491-2, and
prayers to
Sil.
the snjbjecl singular
Greek usage, 8 one
ili<'
in
Th.
Stat.
L7ff.;
v.
Fl.
350
i,
sil.
it..
Eutrop.
i.
16-6, doI
incladed.
i
Helm
in
Woch.
op. cit., pp.

Fiir K'l.
12
''>
:ii
i
au
PhiL, 1908, no. 52,
i.
op. cit.,
cols.
p. 2
1,
n iih review by
l.'.
16
350
the indefinite alter in In Eutrop.
quisque
in Sil. It.
xv, 571
of conclusion, compare Luc.
The
I,
358
In the later
Epic.
the distributive
For quisque
in the
form
briefly
sum-
257.
may be
results of the preceding investigation
marized as follows
1.
I,
XVII, 127.
Roman
Roman
epic, in
general, one finds a restriction
of the conversational side of speech with a nearer approach to

declamation,
epics
as
show
the
in
for,
compared with the standard of Vergil, the
a decrease in the
number of
amount of speech employed
later
as well
speeches, with the exception of Statius's
Achilleid and Claudian's historical epics in the one case,

the Argonautica of Valerius Flaccus in the other.
and of
Moreover, the
average length of the speech tends to increase in the later epic,
though
Valerius
here again
Flaccus affords a contrast to his
Argonautica are even
contemporaries, for the speeches in
the
shorter than
Lucan, Silius
those in the Aeneid.
Italicus,
and
Claudian employ a larger number of speeches exceeding 40 verses
length than docs Vergil, while Statius's poems contain only
in
about one-half as
practically
many such
speeches
the Argonautica
no departure from the Vergilian
practice.
shows
Again, the
tendency which Vergil shows to restrict the length of dialogue and
narrow limits
to confine the speech-scenes within
noticeable in the later epic, especially in

2.
An
is even more
Lucan and Claudian.
examination of the various books of the different epics
with reference to their percentages of speech reveals the fact that
dramatic interest and lively action are frequently indicated by a

large
number of speeches
rather than
by a high percentage of
speech.
3.
In the practice of inserting speech within speech the later
epic follows the
example of Vergil
the large majority of such
speeches occur within those 40 verses or more in length.

4.
The speakers
men, unless the case

l
The
longest speech
Roman epic are confined to gods and

which the figure-head of the Argo speaks
in the
in
in the
shortest (2 words) in Claudian.
Koman
epic (450 vv.)
is
found in Statius, the
Roman
Jason in a dream be considered an exception.
to
objects addressed, greater liberties are allowed
47
Epic.
In regard
to
one finds speeches
directed to the sacred doves of Venus, the Trojan ships, a hero's
arm and
spear, to horses, the
In the
5.
Argo, the dragon,
naturally the most prominent speakers
Aeneas has 21 per
same proportion
Through
cent,
that
as
etc.
poems the principal characters
different epic
in Vergil, for
331
of the
are
example,
practically the
speeches,
assigned to Hannibal in the Punica.
the conventional use of the supernatural as a motivating
force the gods are given an important place as speakers in all the
Roman
epics
noteworthy
in
with the exception of the Pharsalia.

respect
this
is
mythological figures 39 per cent, of the total
But
6.
Roman
all
speeches
poems, exclusive of those instances in which
in the various
sonified rivers
Especially
who
number of
the usage of Claudian,
and
localities speak.
of the decrease in the percentage of speech
little
epic, as
compared with Homer,
oratio obliqua, for in the Punica,
is
due
in
the
to the presence of
where speech-material
is
most
^.abundant, there occur only 200 odd verses of indirect discourse,

tV4^
which,
converted
if
amount
<>f
the
direct
poem
less
into
speech in the
form, would increase the
than one and three-fourths
per cent.
7.
more perceptible cause of the decrease in the percentage

in Vergil, due to the more cultivated taste of the
of speech
epic,
artificial
the
later
epic;
verses of oratio obliqua
Striking departures from
tin-
in
the habit
verse (extended
tive;
the
Roman
indicates that
thai the mi
in
the
in
later
epic)
'
the
as delivered.
the custom of the
Greek epic are
and
dialogue without
in
within
the privilege of
intervening narra-
epic thus avoids the formality of the Greek
Note the exception in tin' Argonaotica.

(iITith the only exception in- re.
Lucan
messenger-
of beginning and ending the speech
introducing the speeches

3
in
presence of the
or the
simple statement
envoy hud been despatched, or

found
speech
avoid superfluous repetition, noticeable also
to
messenger or a few
8.
of direct
the restriction
tendency
scenes, a
iii
is
is
Aspects
epic and at
the
"j
tin
Speech in the later
same time adds
may
of the situation, as
Roman
to the realism
Epic.
and
effectiveness
be seen from Polynioes's ready reply
Tydeus in the heated argument before Adrastus (Stat. Th. i,

the poet
465). His speech follows immediately that of his rival
to
to conclude the
purposely avoids the use of narrative

speech or to introduce the latter.
Greek epic
to the
is
still
former
more marked contrast
afforded in the introduction within the speech
of increased phrases and narrative serving as stage-directions.
The Roman
epic here
shows the influence of the drama
desire to give a natural
and
life-like portrayal
in its
of the situation,
an influence not observed in Lucan and Claudian, as such interpolated narrative descriptive of gesture and the like
is entirely
absent from the more formal speeches of these two poets.

9.
The Vergilian type of monologue addressed
hearer frequently occurs in the later epic

tion
The
there
class
is
found but
little
in the
to
an imaginary
forms of introduc-
repetition of stereotyped
phrase.
of monologues which serve to portray the state of mind
of the speaker in a definite situation figures more prominently
than in the Aeneid
in Valerius Flaccus particularly
is
this the
The Entscheidungsmonolog is rarely used the later epic

offers but three instances.
Only in the Thebaid is there any
considerable amouut of lament for the dead.
10. The collective speech appears with greater frequency in
case/]}
the later epic than in Vergil.
As
in Apollonius
the purpose of this class of speeches
is
and Quintus,
to express feeling
opinion rather than to assist the action of the poem.
Cf. Elderkin, op. eit., pp. 42-3.
and
LIFE.
Herbert
Lipscomb was born in Salisbury, Md.,

In the autumn of 1898 he entered Ran1882.
Cannon
September 17,
dolph-Macon College, where he graduated with the degree of A.

B. in 1901, and A. M. in 1902, having served as Instructor in
The two sessions
Latin during the last two years of his course.
in Randolphin
teaching
spent
graduation
were
following his
Macon Academy
entered
Bedford City, Va.
at
the departments of Latin,
In October, 1904 he
French, and Italian of the
Johns Hopkins University, where he studied under Professors

Smith, Wilson, and Armstrong, Associate Professor Ogden, and
Doctors Barrett and Shaw, to all of whom he wishes to acknowl-
To
edge his obligations.

in
Latin was mainly done, he
E.
Blackwell
President
li.
Associate
Professor
University, and
at
Professor Smith, under
t<>
Athene he desires
shown
in
the present
offered during
it-
especially
G.W.
t<>
indebted.
Randolph-Macon
M. Robinson
D.
Dr.
is
of
whom
of
the
his
work
Also to
College,
to
Johns Hopkins
Elderkin of the American School
express bis appreciation of the interest
work and of the many helpful suggestions
preparation.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY

Los Angeles
This book
is
DUE on the last date stamped below.
Form L0-42m-8,'49(B5573)444
THE LIBRARY
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Aspects of The Speech in The Later Roman Epic (Lipscomb)

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A

Aspects of the Speech in

HERBERT CANXON LIPSCOMB

SUBMITTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES OP THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY

Aspects of the Speech

HERBERT CANNON LIPSCOMB

SUBMITTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES OP THE JOHNS HOrKINS UNIVERSITY

Percentage of Speech in the

Longest and Shortest Speeches

Percentage of Speech in Various Books of Different Epics

Speech within Speech

Objects Addressed in Epic

Oratio Obliqua'in Epic

Restriction of Direct Speech in Messenger-scenes

Parenthetic Phrases in General

inning and Ending within the Verse

Lamenl forthe Dead

Showing Departures from the Gre<

ASPECTS OF THE SPEECH

various external aspects of the speech in the later Greek

epic, has suggested a like investigation

the Vergilian standard was followed by the later

compare the usages of the various poets of the

among themselvesj With

of inquiry have been pursued

attempt has been made to enter into a discussion of the

content of the speeches or of their relation to the

same time a companion study

use of direct speech as a constituent of epic technique,

paper to determine to what extent

therefore, the purpose of this

which they occur.

type exists between Vergil and his successors

such as that which separates

from thai of Eomerjj

differences qui, malgre'la

de ['epopee aaive des epoques

products of such an age of reflection, one

Aspects of the Speech in the Later Greek Epic, Baltimore) I906i

" 1' epopee

I'epopee artificielle des ages poh's

the later Greek epic;

Latine, 2nd ed.,

the prevailing opinion of tlomeraa the representative of

the above quotation

in the historical epics of

which fable and history are so

Valerius Flaccus and Statins, and

that will prove of interest in

use of the speech in the A.eneid, in

offers material for investigation

the literature on the subject, little has been done,

as far as concerns those phases of the speech which are to be

considered here, for such discussions as those found in the studies

do with the content

of the speeches rather than with their external form.

Lucan have been found

study of the monologue and dialogue, while Heinze's

[^With these few introductory words

presenting itself for our consideration, that

of the use of the speech in the

has given the figures

Cf. Patin, op. cit., pp. 1S3, 200.