ISSN 00405795, Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering, 2012, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 359367. Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.

., 2012.
Original Russian Text N.A. Voinov, O.P. Zhukova, A.N. Nikolaev, 2012, published in Teoreticheskie Osnovy Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, 2012, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 432440.

Heat Transfer in Condensation and Boiling

in a Tubular Film Evaporator
N. A. Voinov, O. P. Zhukova, and A. N. Nikolaev
Siberian State Technological University, pr. Mira 82, Krasnoyarsk, 660049 Russia
email: voynov@siberianet.ru
Received August 16, 2011

AbstractThe results of a study of heat transfer in condensation and boiling in a tubular evaporator with
smooth and rough surfaces under the gravity flow of a water film are presented. Relationships are derived for
calculating a heattransfer coefficient, and the effect of helical roughness on heat transfer is revealed.
DOI: 10.1134/S0040579512030104

INTRODUCTION
Tubular film evaporators are used in the desalina
tion of seawater, suspension concentrations, and sew
age treatment. However, relationships for calculating
heat transfer in these apparatuses are insufficiently
perfect, which, when designing plants, leads to unrea
sonably high dimensions and metal consumption. The
problem of creating a stable film flow and avoiding the
formation of dry spots or film breakdown on the sur
face of evaporator tubes, which causes a decrease in
capacity, is also not solved. The main heat transfer
processes in an evaporator are boiling and film con
densation. The combination of a large number of fac
tors that affect these processes makes the generaliza

tion of procedures for calculating apparatuses rather

difficult. The objective of this study is to investigate
heat transfer in condensation and boiling in a tubular
evaporator with smooth and rough surfaces under
gravity flow of a water film and derive relationships for
calculating the heattransfer coefficient.
COMPUTATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS
Characteristic relationships for calculating the
heattransfer coefficient in a turbulent film in boiling
are given in Table 1.
A comparison of heattransfer coefficients calcu
lated by equations given in Table 1 shows their sub

Table 1. Equations for calculating the heattransfer coefficient in liquid film in boiling
No.

Parameters

Computational formula

Re = (285) 103,
m = 0.191.06,
n = 0.330.5

Nu = f (Re Pr );

Re > 2000

2000 < Re < 7000

At q = (820) 103 W/m2,

C = 164, n = 0.264, m = 0.685.
At q > 15 103 W/m2,
C = 2.6, n = 0.203, m = 0.322.

Re < 10000

= 34 kg/(m s)

Re > 1900

2
g

Source

[18]

1 3

Pr 1 3

1 Pr + 0.4 Pr
5 Pr + 5 ln (1 + 5 Pr ) + 2.5 ln
1 + 11Pr

Nu = 438q

0.32 0.435

[10]

q
Nu = = C Re n

t sat
Nu* = 1.1 10

Re

= 13500t
Nu = 0.064 Re
359

0.15

0.58

0.58

Kw

[11]

Pr

0.34

0.63 0.22
0.13

Pr

[12]
[13]

Re u

[9]

0.075

[14]

360

VOINOV et al.
b 103, W/(m2 )

cond 103, W/(m2 )

3

10

10

4
1

4
5

3
1

10

20

1000

3000 Recond

2000

Re

Fig. 1. Heattransfer coefficient in boiling in a water film

that falls along the hydraulically smooth surface of a tube
as a function of the Reynolds number of the liquid. The
lines represent calculation at d = 30 mm, l = 1.7 m, and
Pr = 3.5 by equations from the following studies: (1) [10],
(2) [1], (3) [2], (4) [9], (5) [4], (6) [8], (7) [7], and (8) [5].

Fig. 2. Dependence of the heattransfer coefficient in the

condensation of pure steam on the Reynolds number for a
condensate at d = 20 mm and l = 2 m. Experimental points
are obtained at K = 12. The lines are as follows: (1) [20],
(2) [18], (3) [6], and (4) [8].

stantial disagreement (Fig. 1). The observed scatter in

values can be explained by different experimental pro
cedures and narrow ranges of physical and design
parameters. As a rule, the cooling of the upper layers of
a falling film during evaporation from its surface is not
taken into account at low heat fluxes. The regimes of
heat transfer that are caused by heat duty are not taken
into account. Known data on the effect of helical
roughness on heat transfer are scarce, which requires
additional studies.
In the turbulent flow of a condensate film, equa
tions for calculating heat transfer are usually expressed

in terms of dimensionless numbers (Table 2) as =

f(Recond, Res, Pr, Cr, Ga, K).
An analysis of the relationships given in Table 2 has
shown (Fig. 2) that they adequately describe the pro
cess only in the ranges in which they are derived. This
is explained by the complexity of heat and mass trans
fer, in which the nonuniformity of temperature and
mass fields; the variable composition of a gassteam
mixture; and, accordingly, the variations in the physi
cal properties of steam and condensate are observed.
In the case of high steam flow rates (moving
steam), the influence of shear stresses at the interface

Table 2. Relationships for calculating the heattransfer coefficient in steam film condensation on the inner surfaces of vertical
tubes
No.

Range of application

Recond > 100

Recond > 180

Recond > 100

PrKGa > 1015

Recond > 400

Res > 25000

Heattransfer coefficient

Source

13

Nu* =

0.16 Pr Re cond
13
Re cond 100 + 63 Pr

[18]

Nu = 0.23Ga 1 2 Pr 0.25
( 1 3)

Nu* = 0.925 Re cond 1 + 0.03 ( 4 Re cond )

0.2

[19]

+ 0.00075 (4 Re cond )

Nu = 0.943(Pr KGa)

Nu =

Pr

0.6

[6]

0.25

[20]

0.5
= ( r l(t sat t c )) 89 + 0.024 Pr ( z 2300)

0.28Re 0s .6

0.8

d
K Pr s s
l

43

[8]

13

[17]

0.5
0,5

cond

0.43
Nu = C Re 0.8
1 + 1 + x2 cond
1 + x1
cond Pr
s

cond

[21]

= 1 + 0.13 s u

13
w
cond (g)

[16]

JOURNAL OF CTHEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Vol. 46

No. 4

2012

HEAT TRANSFER IN CONDENSATION AND BOILING

()

361

(b)
Gair

h2

Gwat

(c)

Gcond Gg

Gas

Gair

Gwat

Gcond Gg

Gas

2
W

tas

tas

S2

tf

tc

W
Dc

tc

tf
W

Fig. 3. Scheme of the distribution of heat transfer media and temperature in the evaporator tube: (a) general view of tube 1 with
turbulators 2 and 3 and turbulencepromoting insert 4, (b) surface without turbulators, and (c) surface with helical roughness and
a turbulencepromoting insert.

causes an increase in the velocity and a decrease in the

thickness of a condensate film, as well as the formation
of waves on its surface, which, depending on the flow
regime, has an enhancing effect on heat transfer.
These phenomena are also not reflected in known
studies into condensation.
Under the conditions of the downward motion of a
condensate film, with allowance for friction at the
phase boundary, it is proposed to determine a heat
transfer coefficient for moving steam from Eq. (8)
(Table 2). However, in a descending cocurrent flow,
three regimes of the interaction of a gas with a liquid
with different intensities of heat transfer are observed
[15], the boundaries of which depend on both the
inner diameter of a channel and the Reynolds number
of the gas. For a turbulent film flow and the prevailing
influence of steam, formula (7) (see Table 2) is pro
posed in [21], according to which there is a consider
able influence of the condensate film on heat transfer
Re 0.8
cond, and the effect of shear stresses, the determina
tion of which is experimentally complicated, is evalu
ated through steam contents x1 and x2.
Equation (6) (see Table 2), proposed in [17], which
is recommended to be used at Res > 25000, where
cond Re 0.6
s , which is in agreement with the data [15]
obtained in the case of the heating of a water film in a
descending cocurrent flow in the transition flow
region, is of interest. In addition, dimensionless
parameter K, which takes into account the influence of
the interphase transition is introduced into the equa
tion. However, Eq. (6) (see Table 2) does not include the
parameter Recond; therefore, it can only be valid in a
studied range of condensable steam flow rates.
In the case of the condensation of an airsteam
mixture, additional resistance to steam transport to
the condensation surface is produced due to the for
mation of a boundary layer that consists of noncon

densable gas molecules, which leads to a considerable

decrease in the heattransfer coefficient [25]. In this
case, the value of the heattransfer coefficient depends
on the intensity of interrelated heat and mass transfer
processes both in a gassteam mixture and in a con
densate film. By now, a large number of studies into
numerical description of such systems have been per
formed using different approaches and assumptions;
however, the models are not yet perfect for practical
use [2631]. The authors point out that the thermal
resistance of the gassteam boundary layer is high at
low values of the Reynolds number Recond and the
resistance decreases with its increase. The overall
heattransfer coefficient in condensation decreases
along the length of the tube, which is explained by a
decrease in the fraction of steam and an increase in the
mass fraction of noncondensable gases at the inter
face. As for the enhancement of the condensation pro
cess, it is pointed out that stirring leads to the intensi
fication of condensation of a gassteam mixture. To
enhance heat transfer in steam condensation, various
profiled surfaces of tubes are used [3234], which
makes it possible to reduce the thermal resistance of
the condensate film due to a decrease in its thickness.
However, the use of profiled surfaces is insufficiently
effective to decrease diffusive resistance in the con
densation of an airsteam mixture, which requires
searching for a new method for enhancing heat trans
fer. In this study, the removal of noncondensable gas is
ensured by generating circulation vortices over the sur
face of the condensate film, which form when steam
flows over streamlined bodies made in the form of a
wire helix installed with a gap to the heat transfer sur
face. Figure 3 presents a scheme of the flow and tem
perature distributions in the evaporator tube.
Tubes made of copper with a diameter of 20 1 mm
and a length of l = 2 m along the inner surface of which
a condensate film falls and along the outer surface of

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Vol. 46

No. 4

2012

362

VOINOV et al.

The heattransfer coefficient was determined from

the equation
= 1/[(1/Kexp) (1/f) (w/w)].
(1)

f 103, W/(m2 K)
10
8

The experimental values of the heattransfer coef

ficient Kexp were calculated by
Kexp = Q/(Ft).
(2)

6
4
2
50

100

150

200
300
q 103, W/m2

Fig. 4. Heattransfer coefficient in heating of a water film

that falls along the smooth surface of a tube as a function
of the heat flux at l = 2 m, d = 20 mm, Ref = 9000, and Pr =
3.5.

cond 103, W/(m2 K)

3
Weak
interactions

Transient
regime

Annular
dispersed regime

2
5

10

Nu* = 0.004 Re0.39 Pr0.78.

(3)
2
At q 50 kW/m , the correction of f was per
formed using experimental data presented in Fig. 4.
The thickness of a falling water film was calculated
by the relationship [15]
= 0.135 Re

1
2

8
7
6
5
4

The heattransfer coefficient from the water film in

heating at a heat flux of q < 50 kW/m2 was determined
from the relationship [15]

20

30 40 50
Res 103

Fig. 5. Dependence of heattransfer coefficient in conden

sation of pure steam on Res at d = 20 mm, l = 2 m, and
t = 50C. Experimental points are as follows: Recond =
(1) 3000 and (2) 2000. Dashed line represents data for the
airwater system in heating [15].

which a water film falls were studied. To enhance

steam condensation, turbulencepromoting insert 4
(Fig. 3) made of wire 2.5 mm in diameter with steps of
s = 5, 10, and 25 mm was installed inside heat
exchange tubes. Regular artificial helical roughness
(Fig. 3a) made of wire with diameters of h = 0.25, 0.5,
and 1.5 mm at a roughness parameter of s/h = 67 was
installed on the tube surface; in some cases, an M20
metric thread was produced on the outer surface of the
tube.
Water supplied to the steam generator was pre
degassed by boiling. The residual concentration of
oxygen in water was 2 mg/L. The physical properties
of water and steam were calculated using the average
temperature at the inlet and outlet of the working sec
tion of the tube. Temperature was measured using
TSM9418 resistance thermometers. Temperature
data were output on secondary Termodat
35TSO/GVS devices and entered in the computer
database using Termonet 1.01 software. The heat flux
was q = 50250 kW/m2, and the flow rate of the liq
uid varied from 0.2 to 2 m3/h.

7 12

(4)

CONDENSATION OF STEAM
AND AN AIRSTEAM MIXTURE
Depending on the flow rate of steam, three charac
teristic regimes of interaction of a gas with a conden
sate are observed in condensation: weakinteraction,
transient, and annular dispersed regimes (Fig. 5),
where the Reynolds number of steam was calculated
using the average flow velocity of an airsteam mix
ture supplied to the tube.
The dashed line in Fig. 5 represents the data of [15]
for a descending cocurrent flow in the heating of a
water film. The mismatch between the boundaries of
regime transition for steamcondensate and air
water systems is explained by different densities of
steam and air, since, due to the lower density of steam
compared to air, a larger flow rate of steam is required
to achieve the necessary value of shear stress at the
interface.
The region of weak interaction is Res 20 000 for
the studied diameter of the channel. In this range of
the Reynolds numbers for steam, the heattransfer
coefficient in condensation hardly depends on shear
stresses at the interface. In the region of weak interac
tions, the value of the heattransfer coefficient in con
densation is most affected by the flow rate of the con
densate and the phase transition criterion K (Fig. 6),
and the value of the heattransfer coefficient for pure
steam can be calculated by the relationship
0.78
Nu* = 2.2 10 7 Re1.16
(K ) .
cond Pr
1.8

(5)

The flux of condensable steam depends to the

greatest extent on pressure in the condensation zone
and decreases with its decrease (Fig. 7).
To estimate the value of a heattransfer coefficient
in the condensation of pure steam in the transient
regime (Fig. 5), the following equation is derived:
0.94
Nu* = C Re1.16
Pr 0.78 ( K ) ,
cond Re s

JOURNAL OF CTHEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Vol. 46

1.8

No. 4

(6)
2012

HEAT TRANSFER IN CONDENSATION AND BOILING

where the constant changes depending on the diam

eter of the used tube of the evaporator [35].
The effect of shear stresses on the intensity of heat
transfer due to a change in the hydrodynamics of the
flow of a condensate film is evaluated by the dimension
less parameter Re 0.94
. A similar dependence in the
s
transient regime was obtained in [15] in studying heat
transfer in heating for an airwater system.
The maximum increase in the value of the heat
transfer coefficient in the transition region is twofold,
both in the condensation of pure steam and the con
densation of an airsteam mixture. From this, we can
infer that an increase in the velocity of the airsteam
mixture in a tube does not lead to a decrease in diffu
sive resistance at the interface and only affects a con
densate film.
In the annular dispersed flow regime, a decrease in
heat transfer is observed, which is caused by the influ
ence of drop entrainment on the turbulence of steam
[15]. As was found, in the condensation of an air
steam mixture, a decrease in the heattransfer coeffi
cient with an increase in the fraction of air in steam is
observed (Fig. 8) according to the relationship
cond2/cond1 = 0.97exp(3.8E),
(7)
where cond1 is the heattransfer coefficient for pure
steam and cond2 is the heattransfer coefficient for the
airsteam mixture.
According to the data in Fig. 8, the presence of a
turbulizing insert in a tube enhances the film conden
sation of an airsteam mixture by a factor of 2.3.
A helix with an optimum roughness parameter of
s2/h2 = 47 makes it possible to ensure the maximum
value of a heattransfer coefficient due to the genera
tion of circulation vortices in the entire interturn space
of the turbulencepromoting insert, which removes
the noncondensable gas from the interface and stir an
airsteam mixture, equalizing the profiles of the gas
temperature and partial pressure over the condensate
film. Circulation vortices do not form at a roughness
parameter of s2/h2 3, which leads to a decrease in
heat transfer.
An analysis of experimental data presented in
Figs. 8 and 9 shows that the installation of a turbu
lencepromoting insert ensures the intensification of
condensation for both a steamliquid mixture and
pure steam.
This can be explained by the effect of vortices
formed by helix coils on the equalization of tempera
ture profile. The enhancing effect of vortices on the
condensation of an airsteam mixture begins to
manifest itself at the Reynolds number of a gas
steam mixture that flows over a streamlined body
Re = uh2/s 103, whereas the generation of vortices
occurs at Re > 5 according to [25].
The application of helical roughness to the surface
along which the condensate film falls leads to the
intensification of condensation by a factor of 2 (Fig. 9,

363

cond 103, W/(m2 K)

1
2
3
4
5
6

20
15
10
5
0

1000

2000

3000

4000
Recond

Fig. 6. Dependence of heattransfer coefficient in conden

sation of pure steam on Reynolds number for a condensate
at d = 20 mm, q = 80200 kW/m2, and l = 2 m. Experi
mental points 13 (atmospheric pressure) are as follows:
K = (1) 8, (2) 12, and (3) 20. Experimental points 46 are
as follows: (4) 80% vacuum and K = 20, (5) 60% vacuum
and K = 12, and (6) 20% vacuum and K = 9. The solid
lines represent calculation by Eq. (5).

W/F, kg/(s m2)

1
2
3

0.18
0.14
0.10
0.06
0.02
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

Pab, atm

Fig. 7. Mass flux of condensed steam as a function of abso

lute pressure at d = 20 mm, q = 80200 kW/m2, l = 2 m,
and Recond = 16009000. The experimental points are as
follows: K = (1) 20, (2) 12, and (3) 9.

cond 103, W/(m2 K))

1
2
3
4

15
10
5

0.10

0.05

Fig. 8. Dependence of heattransfer coefficient in conden

sation on fraction of air in steam E at Recond = 2500, Res
20 000, t = 4060C, Dc = 11 mm, and h = 2.5 mm.
Experimental points are as follows: s/h = (1) 6.6, (2) 3.3,
and (3) 16.6; (4) h = 0.

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Vol. 46

No. 4

2012

364

VOINOV et al.
cond 103, W/(m2 K)
1
2

40
30
20
10

1000

2000

3000

4000 Recond

Fig. 9. Heattransfer coefficient in condensation of air

steam mixture as a function of Reynolds number for a con
densate at d = 20 mm, q = 80200 kW/m2, l = 2 m, K =
12, E = 0.05, Res 20 000, and s/h = 6.7. Experimental
points are as follows: (1) with turbulencepromoting insert
and (2) with helical roughness on the inner surface of a
tube at h = 0.5 mm. Dashed line represents condensation
on surface without turbulators.

103,

W/(m2

K)

10

15

16
12

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

8
4
0
5

20

25 t, C

Fig. 10. Dependence of heattransfer coefficient in boiling

of water film on temperature at d = 20 mm and Ref =
15000. Experimental points 14 for tube without turbula
tors are as follows: q = (1) 75, (2) 150, and (3) 250 kW/m2;
(4) rough surface of a tube at h = 1.5 mm, s/h = 6.0, and
q = 250 kW/m2. Experimental points 57 are same as
points 1, 3, and 4, but with moistening in air surrounding
the film.

point 2), whereas enhancement does not exceed a fac

tor of 1.65 in the heating of a falling water film [33].
Thus, in the case of steam condensation, it can be
assumed that helical roughness stirs not only liquid
layers, but also the steam phase in the cavities of
roughness [36].
HEAT TRANSFER IN BOILING
IN A FALLING LIQUID FILM
In the organization of boiling in a liquid film, two
mechanisms of steam formation on its surface were
revealed: surface evaporation due to the difference in
moisture contents at the interface and in the core of an
airsteam mixture that surrounds the film and the for

mation of steam bubbles on the heat transfer wall of

the tube.
Under the conditions of surface evaporation and
negligible heat duties (t < 25) (Fig. 10, points 14),
partial condensation of steam bubbles in the film
occurs due to the cooling of a liquid as a result of the
evaporation effect, which leads to an increase in the
heattransfer coefficient in the film. When the film
falls along the smooth surface of a tube, we have b
t1.0; when there is helical roughness, we have b
t0.55. The lesser effect of t on heat transfer when the
film falls along helical roughness (compared to a
smooth filmforming surface) is caused by steam stir
ring in the cavities of roughness.
The amount of evaporated moisture from the sur
face of the water film can be determined using the
value of a mass transfer coefficient as follows [33]:
for the surface of a tube without a turbulator,

= 0.32 Re 0.15
Sc 0.33 X 0.85(Ds d );
f
for the surface of a tube with helical roughness,

(8)

0.33
(9)
= 0.02 Re 0.5
X 0.85(Ds d ).
f Sc
At t 25, intense steam formation on the wall
of the tube leads to the rejection of air from the inter
face and the termination of moisture evaporation from
the surface, which stabilizes b, which becomes inde
pendent of a temperature difference. The installation
of a jacket coaxial to the tube and the supply of steam
to the produced gap, in order to moisten air, lead to the
elimination of surface evaporation and the stabiliza
tion of a film flow at small values of t (Fig. 10, points
57).
At q 50 kW/m2, the effect of the heat flux on the
intensity of heat transfer in a falling water film for both
smooth and rough surfaces was b q0.7. The effect of
the Reynolds number of the film was b Re0.1
(Figs. 11, 12), whereas, during heating [33], we have
heat Re 0.39
, since heat transfer mainly occurs by
f
thermal conduction in heating and by convection in
boiling.
A relationship for calculating the heattransfer
coefficient in a water film that falls along the smooth
surface of a tube in the absence of surface evaporation
at q = 50300 kW/m2 has the form

0.75

(10)
Nu = b = 1.85Re 0.1
f
.

t sat
The value of the heattransfer coefficient increases
with an increase in the height of the hill of helical
roughness, whereas the intensity of heat transfer
decreases in heating at h > 0.25 mm (Fig. 13). All other
conditions being equal, the maximum enhancement
of heat transfer compared with a smooth surface in
boiling was no more than a factor of 1.7.
The presence of a metric thread on the surface of
the tube when a water film falls along this surface does

JOURNAL OF CTHEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Vol. 46

No. 4

2012

HEAT TRANSFER IN CONDENSATION AND BOILING

not promote the intensification of heat transfer both in

boiling and in heating, which is due to the absence of
liquid stirring in the cavities of roughness as a result of
a nonoptimum roughness parameter of s/h = 1. It can
also be stated that the hills of roughness formed by the
coils of a metric thread are not evaporation centers.

b 103, W/(m2 K)
1
2
3
4

20
15
10
5
0
5000

10000

15000

Ref

Fig. 11. Dependence of heattransfer coefficient in boiling

on Reynolds number of film at d = 20 mm, q =
250 kW/m2, and s/h = 67. Experimental points are as
follows: (1) M20 thread, (2) helical roughness at h =
0.25 mm, (3) h = 0.5 mm, and (4) h = 1.5 mm. Dashed line
represents smooth surface of tube.

b 103, W/(m2 K)
1
2

20
15
10

5
4

100

200

300
q 103, W/m2

Fig. 12. Heattransfer coefficient in boiling as a function of

heat flux at d = 20 mm, t = 27, Ref = 15000, and s/h =
67. Experimental points 1 and 2 are as follows:
(1) smooth surface of a tube and (2) surface with helical
roughness at h = 1.5 mm. Lines 3 and 4 are as follows:
(3) data [14] and (4) data [12].

103, W/(m2 K)

10

1
2
3
4

0.5

365

1.0

1.5 h, mm

Fig. 13. Dependence of the heattransfer coefficient on the

height of hill when water film falls along a surface with
helical roughness at s/h = 68, Pr = 45, l = 1.9 m, and
Ref = 10 00012000. Experimental points 13 are
obtained in heating: (1) [33], (2) [37], and (3) [38]. Exper
imental points 4 are obtained in boiling.

CONCLUSIONS
In this study, the effect of helical roughness on heat
transfer is revealed. The use of regular helical rough
ness on a surface along which a condensate film falls
leads to the intensification of condensation by a factor
of two. The maximum enhancement of heat transfer as
compared with a smooth surface in boiling under
other conditions being equal is not more than a factor
of 1.7. Relationships for calculating the value of a
heattransfer coefficient are derived.
NOTATION
thermal diffusivity, m2/s;
cspecific heat, J/(kg K);
Ddiffusion coefficient for steam in air, m2/s;
ddiameter of the tube, m;
air fraction in steam;
Fsurface area of the tube, m2;
Gflow rate, m3/s;
gacceleration due to gravity, m/s2;
hheight of the hill of roughness (diameter of
wire), m;
Kheattransfer coefficient, W/(m2 K);
llength of the channel (tube), m;
Qheat flow rate, W;
qheat flux, W/m2;
rspecific heat of steam formation, kJ/kg;
sdistance between the coils of roughness, m;
ttemperature, ;
tlogarithmic average temperature difference,
;
v average flow velocity, m/s;
Wflow rate of the condensate, m3/s;
xdifference in moisture contents at the liquid
temperature and gas temperature, kg/kg;
heattransfer coefficient, W/(m2 K);
mass transfer coefficient in the gas phase, m/s;
mass flow rate of the liquid per unit length,
kg/(m s);
thickness of the film or wall, m;
dimensionless thickness of the film;
= (2/g)0.33reduced thickness of the film, m;
thermal conductivity, W/(m K);
kinematic viscosity, m2/s;
GaGalileo number;
GrGrashof number;
K = r/ctphase transformation criterion;

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Vol. 46

No. 4

2012

366

VOINOV et al.

Nu = /Nusselt number;
Nu* = /modified Nusselt number;
Pr = /aPrandtl number;
Re = 4W/dReynolds number for the conden
sate film;
Re = 4/Reynolds number for the liquid
film;
Re = ud/Reynolds number for steam.
SUBSCRIPTS AND SUPERSCRIPTS
airair;
asairsteam mixture;
bboiling;
ccondensate;
condcondensation;
expexperimental;
ffilm;
gnoncondensable gas;
ssteam;
satsaturation;
wwall;
watwater.
REFERENCES
1. Sinek, J.R., Heat Transfer in Falling Film LongTube
Vertical Evaporators, Chem. Eng. Prog., 1962, vol. 58,
no. 12, p. 74.
2. Fedotkin, I.M. and Firisyuk, V.R., On the Variation of
the Intensity of Heat Transfer along the Surface Irri
gated with a Thin Liquid Film, in Teplomassoobmen.
Respublikanskii mezhvedomstvennyi sbornik (Collection
of Articles on Heat and Mass Transfer), Kiev: Naukova
Dumka, 1968, p. 182.
3. Kutateladze, S.S. and Styrikovich, M.A., Gidrodi
namika gazozhidkostnykh sistem (Hydrodynamics of
GasLiquid Systems), Moscow: Energiya, 1976.
4. Domanskii, I.V. and Sokolov, V.N., Heat Transfer in a
Falling Liquid Film, Zh. Prikl. Khim., 1967, vol. 40,
no. 1, p. 66.
5. Sokolov, N.V. and Yablokova, M.A., Apparaty mikrobi
ologicheskoi promyshlennosti (Microbiological Industry
Apparatuses), Leningrad: Mashinostroenie, 1988.
6. Gimbutis, G., Teploobmen pri gpavitatsionnom techenii
plenki zhidkosti (Heat Transfer during Gravitational
Flow of Liquid Films), Vilnus: Mokslas, 1988.
7. Struve, H., Der Warmeubergang an einen verdamp
henden Reiselfilm, VDIForschungsheft, vol. 534, Dus
seldorf: VDIVerl., 1969.
8. Labuntsov, D.A., Heat Transfer in Film Condensation
of Pure Vapors on Vertical Surfaces and Horizontal
Tubes, Teploenergetika, 1957, no. 7, p. 72.
9. Kalishevich, Yu.I., Taubman, E.I., and Kozhelupenko,
Yu.D., Experimental Estimation of Heat Transfer at
Water Evaporation in Falling Film, J. Eng. Phys. Ther
mophys., 1971, vol. 21, no. 6, p. 1040.

10. Rychkov, A.I. and Pospelov, V.K., Study of Heat Trans

fer in Boiling of Caustic Liquors in a Thin Layer, Khim.
Promst., 1959, no. 5, p. 56.
11. Haase, B., Der Warmeubergang am Siedenden Rieself
ilm, Chem. Tech., 1970, vol. 22, p. 283.
12. Gandzyuk, Yu.M., Hydrodynamics and Heat Transfer
in the Processing of a Gravitational Film of Alcoholic
Solutions, Cand. Sci. (Eng.) Dissertation, Kiev, 1986.
13. Taubman, E.I., Vyparivanie. Protsessy i apparaty
khimicheskoi i neftekhimichesoi tekhnologii (Processes
and Apparatuses in Chemical and Petrochemical Engi
neering: Evaporation), Moscow: Khimiya, 1982.
14. Slesarenko, V.N., Distillyatsionnye opresnitelnye
ustanovki (Desalinating Distillation Plants), Moscow:
Energiya, 1980.
15. Voinov, N.A., Eremenko, N.A., and Nikolaev, N.A.,
Heat Transfer in a Water Film Falling along a Heat
Transfer Surface during Its Contact with Air, Therm.
Eng., 2007, vol. 54, no. 4, p. 324.
16. Kutateladze, S.S., Osnovy teorii teploobmena (Funda
mentals of Heat Transfer Theory), Novosibirsk:
Nauka, 1970.
17. Hartmann, H., Warmeubergang bei der Kondensation
stromender Sattdampfe in senkrechten Rohren, Chem.
Ing. Tech., 1961, vol. 33, no. 5, p. 343.
18. Kutateladze, S.S., Teplootdacha pri kondensatsii i kipe
nii (Heat Transfer in Condensation and Boiling), Mos
cow: Mashgiz, 1952.
19. Kichigin, M.A. and Kostenko, G.N., Teploobmennye
apparaty i vyparnye ustanovki (HeatExchange Appara
tuses and Evaporation Plants), Moscow: Gosenergoiz
dat, 1956.
20. Alabovskii, A.N. and Neduzhnyi, I.A., Tekhnicheskaya
termodinamika i teploperedacha (Engineering Thermo
dynamics and Heat Transfer), Kiev: Vysshaya Shkola,
1990.
21. Ananiev, E.P., Boyko, L.D., and Kruzhilin, G.N.,
Heat Transfer in the Presence of Steam Condensation
in a Horizontal Tube, International Developments in
Heat Transfer (Proc. 196162 Heat Transfer Confer
ence), New York: American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, 1963, part II, p. 290.
22. Chaoyang, W. and Chuanjing, T., The Effect of Non
Condensable Gas on Forced Convection Condensa
tion along a Horizontal Plate in a Porous Medium, Int.
J. Heat Mass Transfer, 1989, vol. 32, no. 10, p. 1847.
23. Denni, Mills, and Dzhusionis, Laminar Film Conden
sation of an AirSteam Mixture in Forced Downward
Flow along a Vertical Surface, in Uspekhi teplopereda
chi (Advances in Heat Transfer), Moscow: Mir, 1971,
p. 41.
24. Shumskii, K.P., Vakuumnye kondensatory khimi
cheskogo mashinostroeniya, (Vacuum Condensers in
Chemical Engineering), Moscow: Mashgiz, 1961.
25. Isachenko, V.P., Teploobmen pri kondensatsii (Heat
Transfer in Condensation), Moscow: Energiya, 1977.
26. Bobe, L.S. and Soloukhin, V.A., Heat and Mass Trans
fer in Steam Condensation from a SteamGas Mixture
in a Turbulent Flow inside a Tube, Teploenergetika,
1972, no. 9, p. 27.

JOURNAL OF CTHEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Vol. 46

No. 4

2012

HEAT TRANSFER IN CONDENSATION AND BOILING

27. Volkov, Yu.A., Heat and Mass Transfer in Laminar
Film Steam Condensation on a Vertical Surface from
the Forced Flow of a SteamGas Mixture, Cand. Sci.
(Eng.) Dissertation, Moscow, 1983.
28. Dharma Rao, V., Murali Krishna, V., Sharma, K.V.,
and Mohana Rao, P.V.J., Convective Condensation of
Vapor in the Presence of a NonCondensable Gas of
High Concentration in Laminar Flow in a Vertical
Pipe, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 2008, vol. 51, p. 6090.
29. Liao, Y., Guentay, S., Suckow, D., and Dehbi, A.,
Reflux Condensation of Flowing Vapor and NonCon
densable Gases CounterCurrent to Laminar Liquid
Film in a Vertical Tube, Nucl. Eng. Des., 2009, vol. 239,
p. 2409.
30. Revankar, S.T. and Pollock, D., Laminar Film Con
densation in a Vertical Tube in the Presence of Non
condensable Gas, Appl. Math. Modell., 2005, vol. 29,
p. 341.
31. Groff, M.K., Ormiston, S.J., and Soliman, H.M.,
Numerical Solution of Film Condensation from Tur
bulent Flow of VaporGas Mixtures in Vertical Tubes,
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 2007, vol. 50, p. 3899.
32. Solodov, A.P. and Isachenko, V.P., Study of Heat
Transfer in Steam Condensation on Undulate Tubes,
in Teploobmen i gidravlicheskoe soprotivlenie. Trudy
MEI. Vyp. 63 (Heat Transfer and Hydraulic Resistance,
Transactions of Moscow Energy Inst., vol. 63), Mos
cow: Mosk. Energ. Inst., 1965, p. 85.

367

33. Voinov, N.A. and Nikolaev, N.A., Plenochnye trub

chatye gazozhidkostnye reaktory (Tubular Film Gas
Liquid Reactors), Kazan: Otechestvo, 2008.
34. Zhiu, Y., Effect of a Constant Suction Rate on Film
Condensation in the Laminar Flow of a Condensate
along a Porous Vertical Wall, Teploperedacha, 1970,
vol. 92, no. 2, p. 43.
35. Voinov, N.A., Nikolaev, A.N., Tarovatyi, D.V., and
Kustov, A.V., Drop Entrainment in a Water Film in
Descending and Ascending Cocurrent Flows, Khim.
Promst., 2008, no. 3, p. 49.
36. Kholpanov, L.P. and Shkadov, V.Ya., Gidpodinamika i
teplomassoobmen s poverkhnostyu pazdela (Hydrody
namics and Heat and Mass Transfer at the Interface),
Moscow: Nauka, 1990.
37. Sheinkman, A.G., Ratnikov, E.F., and Shcheklein, S.E.,
Study of Heat Transfer in a Liquid Film in Turbulent
Flow along a Vertical Rough Surface, in Nelineinye vol
novye protsessy v dvukhfaznykh sredakh (Nonlinear Wave
Processes in TwoPhase Media), Novosibirsk: Inst.
Teplofiz. Sibirsk. Otd. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1977, p. 222.
38. Chernobylskii, I.I., Merzlikin, V.G., and Tananai
ko, Yu.M., Heat Transfer in a Film Flow on Tubes with
Coiling, in Teplo i massoperenos v tekhnologicheskikh
protsessakh i apparatakh khimicheskikh proizvodstv
(Heat and Mass Transfer in Technological Processes
and Apparatuses in Chemical Productions), Minsk,
1972, vol. 4, p. 115.

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Vol. 46

No. 4

2012