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Abstract: The use of fuel wood, crop residue or cow dung for cooking is widespread in rural India and, as it is not
purchased, is often the only option for the rural poor. Besides the low calorific value of these residues, it also affects the
health due to indoor air pollution. Briquette technology can reduce this rural problem. Moreover the technology can also
prevent forest fires. They are the annual phenomenon in Himachal Pradesh as the forests are dense and catch fire easily due
to natural and man-made reasons. Himalayan forests are rich in Pine trees (Pinus roxburghii Sarg.) and the pine needle is one
of the reasons to enhance the forest fire. There is a necessity to handle this forest waste efficiently. This paper attempts to
explain the briquetting technology of pine needles and the results showed that a significant improvement in calorific value.
Key words: pine needles, charcoal briquetting technology, proximate analysis, calorific value, water boiling test.
I.
INTRODUCTION:
Drying
Dryi
ng
Briquettitin
g
Carbonization
Binding
Solution
Experimental
International Journal of Power System Operation and Energy Management ISSN (PRINT): 2231 4407, Volume-2, Issue-1,2
50
Pine Needle Charcoal Briquettes: Rural Technology Option in Pine Forest Region
Unloading
30 minutes
7 hours
S1
1kg
500g clay
S2
1kg
333g clay
Loading
30 minutes
S3
1kg
carbonization
60 minutes
S4
1kg
50g starch
Cooling
5 hours
International Journal of Power System Operation and Energy Management ISSN (PRINT): 2231 4407, Volume-2, Issue-1,2
51
Pine Needle Charcoal Briquettes: Rural Technology Option in Pine Forest Region
Moistur
e
content
(%)
Ash
content
(%)
Volatile
matter
(%)
Fixed
carbon
(%)
Calorifi
c value
(kcal/kg
)
Pine
needl
e
S1
S2
S3
S4
11.98
6.2
5.9
5.1
4.6
5.4
32.6
29.3
19.2
15.2
67.07
50.7
55.4
67.4
1
73.2
1
15.55
10.5
9.4
8.29
6.99
500
Ignition time
Sample
400
300
200
S1- pinechar+clay
(1kg+500g)
S2- pinechar + clay
(1kg+333g)
S3-pinechar + clay + starch
(1kg+100g+50g)
S4- pinechar + starch
(1kg+50g)
100
S1
S2
S3
S4
Briquette samples
4811
497
0
568
7
6343
6447
International Journal of Power System Operation and Energy Management ISSN (PRINT): 2231 4407, Volume-2, Issue-1,2
52
Pine Needle Charcoal Briquettes: Rural Technology Option in Pine Forest Region
Temperature (degree C)
80
60
S1-pinechar+clay
(1kg+500g)
S2-pinechar+clay
(1kg+333g)
S3-pinechar+clay+starch
(1kg+100g+50g)
S4-pinechar+starch
(1kg+50g)
20
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Time (minute)
Fig 5: Temperature evaluation during the high power phasecold start of the water boiling test for different briquette
samples
80
Burning time
75
70
65
55
S2
S3
s4
Briquette samples
2.5
170
29
S2
3.0
155
30
35
S4
10.3
100
38
50
S1
110
IV. CONCLUSIONS:
S1-pinechar+clay
(1kg+500g)
S2-pinechar+clay
(1kg+333g)
S3-pinechar+clay+starch
(1kg+100g+50g)
S4-pinechar+starch
(1kg+50g)
60
6.7
100
40
S3
REFERENCES:
[1]
International Journal of Power System Operation and Energy Management ISSN (PRINT): 2231 4407, Volume-2, Issue-1,2
53
Pine Needle Charcoal Briquettes: Rural Technology Option in Pine Forest Region
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
and
International Journal of Power System Operation and Energy Management ISSN (PRINT): 2231 4407, Volume-2, Issue-1,2
54