%'-6

+YMHIJSV4VIGEWX
'SRGVIXI;EPP4ERIPW
6ITSVXIHF]%'-'SQQMXXII

*MVWX4VMRXMRK
1EVGL

+YMHIJSV4VIGEWX'SRGVIXI;EPP4ERIPW
'ST]VMKLXF]XLI%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI*EVQMRKXSR,MPPW1-%PPVMKLXWVIWIVZIH8LMWQEXIVMEPQE]RSXFI
QIHME[MXLSYXXLI[VMXXIRGSRWIRXSJ%'-
8LIXIGLRMGEPGSQQMXXIIWVIWTSRWMFPIJSV%'-GSQQMXXIIVITSVXWERHWXERHEVHWWXVMZIXSEZSMHEQFMKYMXMIWSQMWWMSRW
SVVIUYMVIQIRXWXLEXQE]FIWYFNIGXXSQSVIXLERSRIMRXIVTVIXEXMSRSVQE]FIMRGSQTPIXISVMRGSVVIGX9WIVW[LS
LEZIWYKKIWXMSRWJSVXLIMQTVSZIQIRXSJ%'-HSGYQIRXWEVIVIUYIWXIHXSGSRXEGX%'-ZMEXLIIVVEXE[IFWMXIEX
[[[GSRGVIXISVKGSQQMXXIIWIVVEXEEWT4VSTIVYWISJXLMWHSGYQIRXMRGPYHIWTIVMSHMGEPP]GLIGOMRKJSVIVVEXEJSV
XLIQSWXYTXSHEXIVIZMWMSRW

ERHPMQMXEXMSRWSJMXWGSRXIRXERHVIGSQQIRHEXMSRWERH[LS[MPPEGGITXVIWTSRWMFMPMX]JSVXLIETTPMGEXMSRSJXLIQEXI
VMEPMXGSRXEMRW-RHMZMHYEPW[LSYWIXLMWTYFPMGEXMSRMRER][E]EWWYQIEPPVMWOERHEGGITXXSXEPVIWTSRWMFMPMX]JSVXLI
ETTPMGEXMSRERHYWISJXLMWMRJSVQEXMSR
%PPMRJSVQEXMSRMRXLMWTYFPMGEXMSRMWTVSZMHIHwEWMWx[MXLSYX[EVVERX]SJER]OMRHIMXLIVI\TVIWWSVMQTPMIHMRGPYH

%'-ERHMXWQIQFIVWHMWGPEMQPMEFMPMX]JSVHEQEKIWSJER]OMRHMRGPYHMRKER]WTIGMEPMRHMVIGXMRGMHIRXEPSVGSR
TYFPMGEXMSR

GMVGYQWXERGIWMRZSPZIH[MXLMXWYWI%'-HSIWRSXQEOIER]VITVIWIRXEXMSRW[MXLVIKEVHXSLIEPXLERHWEJIX]MWWYIW
ERHXLIYWISJXLMWHSGYQIRX8LIYWIVQYWXHIXIVQMRIXLIETTPMGEFMPMX]SJEPPVIKYPEXSV]PMQMXEXMSRWFIJSVIETTP]MRK
XLIHSGYQIRXERHQYWXGSQTP][MXLEPPETTPMGEFPIPE[WERHVIKYPEXMSRWMRGPYHMRKFYXRSXPMQMXIHXS9RMXIH7XEXIW
3GGYTEXMSREP7EJIX]ERH,IEPXL%HQMRMWXVEXMSR37,% LIEPXLERHWEJIX]WXERHEVHW
4EVXMGMTEXMSRF]KSZIVRQIRXEPVITVIWIRXEXMZIWMRXLI[SVOSJXLI%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXIERHMRXLIHIZIPST
QIRXSJ-RWXMXYXIWXERHEVHWHSIWRSXGSRWXMXYXIKSZIVRQIRXEPIRHSVWIQIRXSJ%'-SVXLIWXERHEVHWXLEXMXHIZIPSTW
3VHIVMRJSVQEXMSR%'-HSGYQIRXWEVIEZEMPEFPIMRTVMRXF]HS[RPSEHSR'(631XLVSYKLIPIGXVSRMGWYFWGVMTXMSR
SVVITVMRXERHQE]FISFXEMRIHF]GSRXEGXMRK%'-
1SWX%'-WXERHEVHWERHGSQQMXXIIVITSVXWEVIKEXLIVIHXSKIXLIVMRXLIERRYEPP]VIZMWIH%'-1ERYEPSJ'SRGVIXI
4VEGXMGI1'4 
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI
'SYRXV]'PYF(VMZI
*EVQMRKXSR,MPPW1-
97%

4LSRI
*E\ 
[[[GSRGVIXISVK
-7&2

%'-6
+YMHIJSV4VIGEWX'SRGVIXI;EPP4ERIPW
6ITSVXIHF]%'-'SQQMXXII
&VMER(1MPPIV'LEMV

(EZMH;ER7IGVIXEV]

(SREPH*1IMRLIMX
0EVFM17IRRSYV
:IROEXIWL7IWLETTE
%ZE7L]TYPE

+ISVKI*&EX]
,EVV]%'LEQFIVW
%EVSR;*MRO
7MHRI]*VIIHQER
,EVV]%+PIMGL
%PPER6/IRRI]
&IRNEQMR0EZSR

8LSQEW.+VMWMRKIV'SRWYPXMRK1IQFIV
;IMPER7SRK'SRWYPXMRK1IQFIV

'LETXIV{;EPPTERIPHIWMKRT
{-RXVSHYGXMSR
{(IWMKRKYMHIPMRIW
{)JJIGXMZIHMQIRWMSRW
{0MQMXMRKHMQIRWMSRW
{7IVZMGIEFMPMX]
{'SRRIGXMSRW
{%VGLMXIGXYVEPJIEXYVIW

8LMW KYMHI TVIWIRXW VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW JSV TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI [EPP

TERIPW -X WLSYPH FI YWIH [MXL %'-  w&YMPHMRK 'SHI
6IUYMVIQIRXWJSV7XVYGXYVEP6IMRJSVGIH'SRGVIXIx[LMGLMWPIKEPP]
FMRHMRK[LIREHSTXIHF]XLIPSGEPEYXLSVMX]8LMWKYMHIHMWGYWWIW
XLI FEWMG TVMRGMTPIW SJ HIWMKR XSPIVERGIW QEXIVMEPW JEFVMGEXMSR
MRWXEPPEXMSRUYEPMX]VIUYMVIQIRXWERHXIWXMRK
/I][SVHW EHQM\XYVIW EKKVIKEXIW EVGLMXIGXYVEP GSRGVIXI GSEXMRKW
cracking (fracturing); curing; deflection; design; drying shrinkage; fabrica
XMSRJSVQ[SVOMRWTIGXMSRMRWXEPPEXMSRNSMRXWNYRGXMSR TVIGEWXGSRGVIXI
TERIPW VITEMVW WERH[MGL TERIPW WIEPERXW WXVYGXYVEP HIWMKR WYVJEGI
HIJIGXWXSPIVERGIWZSPYQIGLERKI

'LETXIV{8SPIVERGIWT
{+IRIVEP
{6IEWSRWJSVXSPIVERGIW
{6SPISJXLIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX
{4VSHYGXXSPIVERGIWJSV[EPPTERIPW
{-RWXEPPEXMSRXSPIVERGIWJSV[EPPTERIPW
{-RXIVJEGMRKGSRWMHIVEXMSRW
{'PIEVERGIWERHXSPIVERGIWJSVGSRWXVYGXMFMPMX]

'328)287
'LETXIV{+IRIVEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWT
{-RXVSHYGXMSR
{7GSTI
{6IWTSRWMFMPMX]
{%IWXLIXMGGSRWMHIVEXMSRW

'LETXIV{1EXIVMEPWT
{-RXVSHYGXMSR
{4SVXPERHGIQIRX
{%KKVIKEXIWJSVWXVYGXYVEPSVFEGOYTGSRGVIXI
{*EGMRKEKKVIKEXIW
{%HQM\XYVIW
{-RWYPEXMRKQEXIVMEPWERH[]XLIGSRRIGXSVWJSVMRWY
PEXIHWERH[MGL[EPPW
{6IMRJSVGIQIRX
{-RWIVXWERHQMWGIPPERISYWLEVH[EVI
{'YVMRKQEXIVMEPWERHWIEPIVW
5.10Joint sealants and fillers

{2SXEXMSR
2.2Definitions

%'- 'SQQMXXII 6ITSVXW +YMHIW ERH 'SQQIRXEVMIW EVI

MRXIRHIHJSVKYMHERGIMRTPERRMRKHIWMKRMRKI\IGYXMRKERH
MRWTIGXMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR8LMWHSGYQIRXMWMRXIRHIHJSVXLIYWI
of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance
ERHPMQMXEXMSRWSJMXWGSRXIRXERHVIGSQQIRHEXMSRWERH[LS
[MPPEGGITXVIWTSRWMFMPMX]JSVXLIETTPMGEXMSRSJXLIQEXIVMEPMX
GSRXEMRW8LI%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXIHMWGPEMQWER]ERH
EPPVIWTSRWMFMPMX]JSVXLIWXEXIHTVMRGMTPIW8LI-RWXMXYXIWLEPP
RSXFIPMEFPIJSVER]PSWWSVHEQEKIEVMWMRKXLIVIJVSQ
6IJIVIRGIXS XLMWHSGYQIRXWLEPPRSXFI QEHIMR GSRXVEGX
HSGYQIRXW -J MXIQW JSYRH MR XLMW HSGYQIRX EVI HIWMVIH F]
XLI%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIVXSFIETEVXSJXLIGSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXW
XLI]WLEPPFIVIWXEXIHMRQERHEXSV]PERKYEKIJSVMRGSVTSVEXMSR
F]XLI%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV

%'-6WYTIVWIHIW%'-6ERH[EWEHSTXIHERHTYFPMWLIH1EVGL
'ST]VMKLX%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI
%PPVMKLXWVIWIVZIHMRGPYHMRKVMKLXWSJVITVSHYGXMSRERHYWIMRER]JSVQSVF]ER]
QIERW MRGPYHMRK XLI QEOMRK SJ GSTMIW F] ER] TLSXS TVSGIWW SV F] IPIGXVSRMG SV
QIGLERMGEPHIZMGITVMRXIH[VMXXIRSVSVEPSVVIGSVHMRKJSVWSYRHSVZMWYEPVITVSHYG
XMSRSVJSVYWIMRER]ORS[PIHKISVVIXVMIZEPW]WXIQSVHIZMGIYRPIWWTIVQMWWMSRMR
[VMXMRKMWSFXEMRIHJVSQXLIGST]VMKLXTVSTVMIXSVW

+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

{'LIQMGEPVIXEVHIVW
{*SVQVIPIEWIEKIRXW
'LETXIV{4ERIPJEFVMGEXMSRERHHIPMZIV]T
{+IRIVEPVIUYMVIQIRXW
{1SPHWJSVQWERHGEWXMRKFIHW
{'SRGVIXITVSTSVXMSRMRKERHQM\MRK
{6IMRJSVGIQIRXERH[]XLIGSRRIGXSVW
{'SRGVIXITPEGIQIRX
6.6Surface finishes
{'SRGVIXIGYVMRK
{7XSVEKI
{(IPMZIV]
'LETXIV{-RWXEPPEXMSRT
{4PERRMRKERHTVITEVEXMSR
{9RPSEHMRKERHLERHPMRK
{.SFWMXIWXSVEKI
{-RWXEPPEXMSR
{8SPIVERGIW
{'PIERMRK
{4EXGLMRKERHVITEMVMRK
'LETXIV{5YEPMX]VIUYMVIQIRXWERHXIWXWT
{-RXVSHYGXMSR
{9REGGITXEFPIHIJIGXW
{7XVYGXYVEPEHIUYEG]
{4VIWXVIWWMRK
{1EXIVMEPW
{8IWXMRKJVIWLGSRGVIXI
{8IWXMRKLEVHIRIHGSRGVIXI
{(SGYQIRXEXMSR
'LETXIV{6IJIVIRGIWT
',%48)6{+)2)6%0'327-()6%8-327
{-RXVSHYGXMSR
8LI[MHIWTVIEHTSTYPEVMX]SJGSRGVIXIEWEFYMPHMRKQEXI
VMEP GER FI EXXVMFYXIH XS XLI EZEMPEFMPMX] JEZSVEFPI TVSTIV
XMIW ERH KISKVETLMG HMWXVMFYXMSR SJ MXW REXYVEPP]SGGYVVMRK
QMRIVEPGSRWXMXYIRXW'SRGVIXIMWIEWMP]JSVQIHERHQSPHIH
comparatively economical, and durable in its finished state.
%VGLMXIGXYVEPTVIGEWXTERIPYWILEWMRGVIEWIHFIGEYWISJXLI
REXYVISJGSRGVIXIEWEQEXIVMEPERHXLIJEGXXLEXTVIJEFVMGEXIH
components add to construction efficiency. By exposing
HIGSVEXMZIEKKVIKEXIWYWMRKZIRIIVJEGMRKQEXIVMEPWERHF]
ZEV]MRKWM^IWWLETIWERHXI\XYVIWSJTERIPWXLIIRKMRIIV
EVGLMXIGXGERVIWTSRHGVIEXMZIP]XSGPMIRXRIIHW
{7GSTI
8LMW HSGYQIRX TVSZMHIW KYMHIPMRIW JSV WTIGMJ]MRK TPER
RMRK HIWMKRMRK JEFVMGEXMSR ERH IVIGXMRK TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI
[EPP TERIPW %PXLSYKL XLI JSGYW MW SR TVIGEWX [EPP TERIPW
TVSHYGIHMRIWXEFPMWLIHTVIGEWXMRKTPERXWWMXITVIGEWXMRKMW
ERSTXMSRXLEXLEWFIIRYWIHWYGGIWWJYPP]8MPXYTGSRGVIXIEW
HMWGYWWIHMR%'-6MWEZEVMEXMSRSJWMXITVIGEWXMRK
%'-6WLSYPHEMHMRIWXEFPMWLMRKERHQEMRXEMRMRKUYEPMX]

WMXI JEFVMGEXMSR EW [IPP EW TPERX JEFVMGEXMSR SJ TVIGEWX [EPP
TERIPW
8LMW KYMHI GSZIVW RSRPSEHFIEVMRK SV PSEHFIEVMRK
TERIPWJEFVMGEXIHSJRSVQEPSVPMKLX[IMKLXGSRGVIXI4ERIPW
QE]FISRISJXLIJSPPS[MRKX]TIW
7SPMH
-RWYPEXIHWERH[MGL
6MFFIH
,SPPS[GSVI
7GYPTXYVIH
-REHHMXMSRXSVIMRJSVGIHTERIPWPMKLXP]TVIWXVIWWIHIJJIG
XMZITVIWXVIWWEJXIVEPPPSWWIWFIX[IIRERHTWM?
ERH14EA ERHTVIWXVIWWIHTERIPWEVIGSZIVIH7XVYGXYVEP
HIWMKRGSRWMHIVEXMSRWEHHVIWWIHMR'LETXIVMRGPYHIXLIYWI
SJTERIPWEWWLIEV[EPPGSQTSRIRXW
)QTLEWMWMWTPEGIHSR[EPPTERIPW[MXLERMRXIKVEPI\TSWIH
aggregate concrete surface finish. Smooth wall panels and
panels with a textured or shaped architectural surface finish
EVIMRGPYHIH4ERIPWLEZMRKREXYVEPWXSRIZIRIIVSVGIVEQMG
veneer finishes are not covered in detail.
{6IWTSRWMFMPMX]
 +IRIVEP{'SRXVEGXYEP EKVIIQIRXW WLSYPH EWWMKR
responsibilities to avoid disagreements on basic definitions
ERH HIGMWMSRW SVMKMREXMRK JVSQ XLI WTIGMJ]MRK EKIRG] %
WTIGMEPVITSVXSJEREHLSGGSQQMXXIIJSVXLIVIWTSRWMFMPMX]
JSV HIWMKR SJTVIGEWXGSRGVIXIWXVYGXYVIW [EW TYFPMWLIH F]
XLI 4VIGEWX4VIWXVIWWIH 'SRGVIXI -RWXMXYXI 4'-   ERH
VIGSQQIRHWEWWMKRQIRXSJEYXLSVMX]ERHVIWTSRWMFMPMX]JSV
HIWMKRERHGSRWXVYGXMSRSJTVIGEWXGSRGVIXIWXVYGXYVIW
8LMW KYMHI GSZIVW XLI HIWMKR SJ TERIPW F] ER IRKMRIIV
EVGLMXIGX%'-'SQQMXXIITVIWIRXWWYTTPIQIRXEPHIWMKR
KYMHIPMRIW XLEX EVI WTIGMEP XS TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI [EPP TERIPW
ERHWLSYPHFIYWIH[MXL%'-%'-TVSZMHIW
QMRMQYQHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWERHMWPIKEPP]FMRHMRK[LIR
EHSTXIHF]XLIPSGEPEYXLSVMX]
3ZIVPETTMRK VIWTSRWMFMPMXMIW JSV XLI WXVYGXYVEP HIWMKR SJ
wall panels may introduce conflicts between the engineer/
EVGLMXIGXERHKIRIVEPGSRXVEGXSVVIKEVHMRKGSRXVEGXHSGYQIRX
VIZMI[ HIWMKR JSV LERHPMRK MRWXEPPEXMSR WXVIWWIW MRTPEGI
PSEHWERHEHIUYEG]SJGSRRIGXMSRW-XMWIWWIRXMEPXLEX[SVO
assignments and responsibilities be clearly defined in the
GSRXVEGXYEPEVVERKIQIRXW
 7XVYGXYVEP HIWMKR{8LI IRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX GER
benefit from preconstruction contact with panel producers.
,ERHPMRK ERH MRWXEPPEXMSR TVSGIHYVIW ZEV] [MHIP] ERH
KYMHIPMRIWJSVXLIWISTIVEXMSRWWLSYPHGSVVIWTSRH[MXLPSGEP
TVEGXMGIWFYXFIGSRWMWXIRX[MXL'LETXIVSJXLMWKYMHI1SWX
TVIGEWXIVWQEMRXEMRERIRKMRIIVMRKWXEJJXSTVITEVIGSRXVEGX
HSGYQIRXW ERH XLI IRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX WLSYPH MRXIVEGX [MXL
XLMW KVSYT XS SFXEMR GSRWXVYGXMZI EHZMGI ERH WYKKIWXMSRW
GSRGIVRMRK PSGEP TVEGXMGI JEFVMGEXMSR HIXEMPW ERH JEFVMGEXMSR
GETEFMPMXMIW ;LIR TSWWMFPI XLMW HMWGYWWMSR WLSYPH XEOI
TPEGI HYVMRK XLI MRMXMEP HIWMKR TLEWIW SJ E GSRWXVYGXMSR
TVSNIGX3RGIENSFMWVIPIEWIHJSVFMHHMRKERHXLIWXVYGXYVEP
concepts have been established, changes may be difficult to
MQTPIQIRX

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

 6IMRJSVGIQIRX JSV LERHPMRK ERH MRWXEPPEXMSR{

+IRIVEPP]XLIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGXVIPMIWSRXLIQERYJEGXYVIV
JSVHIZIPSTMRKLERHPMRKXIGLRMUYIWERHTVSZMHMRKER]EHHM
XMSREPVIMRJSVGIQIRX VIUYMVIHJSV[MXLWXERHMRKLERHPMRKSV
MRWXEPPEXMSR WXVIWWIW 8LI IRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX QE] [MWL XS
VIZMI[GEPGYPEXMSRWJSVLERHPMRKWXVIWWIW
'SRXVEGX HSGYQIRXW QE] VIUYMVI XLI QERYJEGXYVIV XS
EGGITXVIWTSRWMFMPMX]JSVHIWMKRSJTERIPWXSVIWMWXXLIPSEHW
WLS[R ERH XS VIWMWX SXLIV PSEHW XLEX SGGYV HYVMRK WXVMT
TMRK LERHPMRK WLMTTMRK ERH MRWXEPPEXMSR -R XLMW GEWI MX
MW GSQQSR JSV GSRXVEGX HSGYQIRXW XS VIUYMVI XLEX HIWMKR
GEPGYPEXMSRWERHMRWXEPPEXMSRHVE[MRKWTVSZMHIHF]XLITERIP
QERYJEGXYVIV FI WMKRIH F] E TVSJIWWMSREP IRKMRIIV [LS MW
IMXLIVVIXEMRIHSVIQTPS]IHF]XLIQERYJEGXYVIV;LIRXLI
load information in the contract documents is insufficient,
XLIQERYJEGXYVIVWLSYPHEWOJSVEHHMXMSREPMRJSVQEXMSRJVSQ
XLIIRKMRIIVSJVIGSVH
 %HIUYEG] SJ GSRRIGXMSRW{'SRXVEGX HVE[MRKW
TVITEVIHF]XLIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGXWLSYPHWLS[XLIGSRRIG
tions required and the load support points in sufficient detail
XSTIVQMXGSRWXVYGXMSR(YVMRKXLITVITEVEXMSRSJWLSTHVE[
MRKWQERYJEGXYVIVWWLSYPHFIKMZIRXLISTTSVXYRMX]XSVIHI
WMKR XLI GSRRIGXMSRW MJ VIHIWMKR [MPP EGLMIZI IGSRSQMGEP
HIXEMPWXLEXJEGMPMXEXIQERYJEGXYVISVMRWXEPPEXMSR-JGSRRIG
XMSRW EVI HIWMKRIH F] XLI IRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX XLI QERYJEG
XYVIVWLSYPHVIZMI[XLIGSRRIGXMSRWJSVWXVYGXYVEPEHIUYEG]
ERHIGSRSQ]-JGSRRIGXMSRWEVIVIHIWMKRIHSVSXLIVTVSF
PIQWEVIRSXIHXLIWIWLSYPHFIFVSYKLXXSXLIEXXIRXMSRSJ
XLI IRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX JSV VIZMI[ %R] HIZMEXMSR JVSQ SV
HMWGVITERG]MRXLIETTVSZIHMRWXEPPEXMSRHVE[MRKWWLSYPHFI
GSQQYRMGEXIHXSXLIKIRIVEPGSRXVEGXSVF]XLIMRWXEPPEXMSR
GSRXVEGXSVFIJSVIMRWXEPPEXMSR8LIKIRIVEPGSRXVEGXSVWLSYPH
QEOIEPPRIGIWWEV]EVVERKIQIRXWJSVGSVVIGXMSRWXSFIQEHI
F]XLITEVXMIWMRZSPZIHFIJSVIMRWXEPPEXMSR
 ,ERHPMRKERHMRWXEPPEXMSRVIWTSRWMFMPMXMIW{6IWTSR
WMFMPMX]JSVTERIPMRWXEPPEXMSR ERHGPIERMRKNSMRX XVIEXQIRX
ERH WYTTP] SJ LEVH[EVI JSV LERHPMRK EXXEGLQIRX ERH
bracing should be clearly defined in contract documents. The
specifier should not prescribe specific subcontractors in the
document specifications. General contractors are generally
QSVIORS[PIHKIEFPISJXLIWOMPPWERHI\TIVMIRGISJWYFGSR
XVEGXSVW[LSGERTIVJSVQXLIWIVZMGIWERHGERQSVIIEWMP]
IZEPYEXIXLIEPXIVREXMZIW
 'PIERMRKSpecifications should require clean
TERIPWEJXIVMRWXEPPEXMSRERHGPIERMRKRIIHRSXFIXLISFNIGX
SJ E WITEVEXI STIVEXMSR 8LI TVIGEWX QERYJEGXYVIVGEVVMIV
SVFSXLEVIVIWTSRWMFPIJSVHIPMZIVMRKGPIERTERIPWVIJIVXS
7IGXMSR %JXIVTERIPMRWXEPPEXMSRTVSXIGXMRKTERIPWJVSQ
WSMPMRKERHWXEMRMRKHYVMRKWYFWIUYIRXSTIVEXMSRWWLSYPHFI
XLIVIWTSRWMFMPMX]SJXLIKIRIVEPGSRXVEGXSV
 *YVRMWLMRKEXXEGLQIRXERHLERHPMRKLEVH[EVI{
'PMT ERKPIW MRWIVXW FSPXW ERH QMWGIPPERISYW QIXEP MXIQW
EVI VIUYMVIH JSV GSRWXVYGXMSR [MXL TVIGEWX TERIPW 8LIWI
MXIQWQE]FIEXXEGLIHXSXLIFYMPHMRKJVEQIIQFIHHIHMR
XLITVIGEWXTERIPJSVIVIGXSVSVJSVSXLIVXVEHIWSVTVSZMHIH
PSSWIEXXLINSFWMXIJSVGSRRIGXMSRTYVTSWIW
6IWTSRWMFMPMX] JSV WYTTP]MRK MXIQW XS FI EXXEGLIH XS SV
TPEGIH MR XLI WXVYGXYVI XS VIGIMZI TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI YRMXW

HITIRHW SR WXVYGXYVI X]TI ERH PSGEP TVEGXMGI 'SRXVEGXYEP

EKVIIQIRXWWLSYPHMRHMGEXI[LSMWVIWTSRWMFPIJSVXLIWYTTP]
ERHMRWXEPPEXMSRSJLEVH[EVI;LIRXLIWYTTSVXMRKJVEQIMW
WXVYGXYVEP WXIIP MRWXEPPEXMSR LEVH[EVI MW RSVQEPP] WYTTPMIH
ERHMRWXEPPIHF]XLITVIGEWXIVIGXSVSVWXIIPJEFVMGEXSV;LIR
XLIFYMPHMRKJVEQIGSRWMWXWSJGEWXMRTPEGIGSRGVIXILEVH[EVI
MWRSVQEPP]WYTTPMIHF]XLITVIGEWXQERYJEGXYVIVERHTPEGIH
F] XLI GSRGVIXI GSRXVEGXSV (IXEMPIH LEVH[EVI PE]SYX MW
TVITEVIH F] XLI TVIGEWX QERYJEGXYVIV JSV ETTVSZEP F] XLI
IRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX 3GGEWMSREPP] GIVXEMR WTIGMEP MRWIVXW SV
WPIIZIWEVIVIUYMVIHJSVSXLIVXVEHIW-RXLIWIMRWXERGIWXLI
XVEHIMRZSPZIHMWVIWTSRWMFPIJSVLEZMRKWYGLTEVXWETTVSZIH
ERHHIPMZIVIHXSXLITERIPQERYJEGXYVIVMRXMQIJSVIQFIHQIRX
MR XLI [EPP TERIPW 8LIWI WLSYPH FI EGGSQTERMIH F]
XLI IRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGXvWETTVSZIHTPEGIQIRXHVE[MRKWERH
MRWXVYGXMSRWJSVMRWXEPPEXMSR
 )\IGYXMSRSJGSRRIGXMSRW{8LIKIRIVEPGSRXVEGXSV
MW VIWTSRWMFPI JSV EGGYVEXIP] GSRWXVYGXMRK FIEVMRK WYVJEGIW
ERHERGLSVEKIWJSVTVIGEWXIPIQIRXW;LIRETERIPGERRSX
be erected within tolerances specified in the contract documents,
XLI QEXXIV WLSYPH FI GEPPIH XS XLI IRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGXvW
EXXIRXMSRJSVGSRWMHIVEXMSRERHGSVVIGXMSR
'LERKIW SXLIV XLER EHNYWXQIRXW [MXLMR XLI TVIWGVMFIH
XSPIVERGIW GER SRP] FI QEHI EJXIV ETTVSZEP %R] EHNYWX
QIRXWEJJIGXMRKWXVYGXYVEPTIVJSVQERGIWLSYPHFIETTVSZIH
F] XLI IRKMRIIV SJ VIGSVH 2S TERIP WLSYPH FI PIJX MR ER
YRWEJIWYTTSVXGSRHMXMSR
 7LST HVE[MRK ETTVSZEP{-RWXEPPEXMSR ERH WLETI
HVE[MRKW TVITEVIH F] XLI TVIGEWX QERYJEGXYVIV VIJIV XS
7IGXMSR WLSYPHFIJSV[EVHIHXSXLIKIRIVEPGSRXVEGXSV
JSV ETTVSZEP VIKEVHMRK GSRWXVYGXMFMPMX] ERH XLIR JSV[EVHIH
XSXLIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX[LSGLIGOWJSVGSRJSVQERGI[MXL
XLI HIWMKR VIUYMVIQIRXW ERH GSRXVEGX HSGYQIRXW (VE[
MRKWVIZMI[IHF]XLIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGXWLSYPHFIVIXYVRIH
XSXLIQERYJEGXYVIV [MXL EWXEXIQIRXWMQMPEVXS SRI SJXLI
JSPPS[MRK
6IZMI[IH JSV GSRJSVQERGI [MXL XLI GSRXVEGX HSGY
QIRXW2SVIWYFQMWWMSRWRIGIWWEV]
6IZMI[IHEWRSXIHJSVGSRJSVQERGI[MXLXLIGSRXVEGX
HSGYQIRXW2SVIWYFQMWWMSRWRIGIWWEV]
6IZMWIERHVIWYFQMX
6INIGXIH
{%IWXLIXMGGSRWMHIVEXMSRW
*EFVMGEXMSR XIGLRMUYIW ERH TVSGIHYVIW GSZIVIH MR XLMW
guide allow flexibility during fabrication to achieve uniform
aesthetic results and concrete quality. Performance specifi
GEXMSRWJSVXLIETTIEVERGISJTVIGEWX[EPPTERIPWI\TPEMRMRK
EIWXLIXMGVIUYMVIQIRXWSVIWXEFPMWLMRKYRHIVWXERHEFPIGVMXIVME
for acceptance are difficult to achieve. It is recommended
XLEXVIJIVIRGIWEQTPIWFIYWIHMRHIXIVQMRMRKTVSHYGXGLEV
EGXIVMWXMGWERHUYEPMX]VEXLIVXLER[VMXMRKVIWXVMGXMSRWXLEXEVI
difficult to achieve and may prohibit the manufacturer from
YWMRKETVSGIWWXLEXSJJIVWXLIFIWXTSWWMFMPMX]SJTVSHYGMRK
XLIHIWMVIHTERIP
 (IWMKRVIJIVIRGIWEQTPIW{*YPPWM^IWEQTPITERIPW
are preferred, but construction specifications may require
XLEXXLIGSPSVERHXI\XYVIQEXGLWQEPPWEQTPIW7YGLWEQTPIW

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

WLSYPH FI EX PIEWX  \  MR  \  QQ  EPXLSYKL
PEVKIVWEQTPIWQE]FIHIWMVEFPI-JFSXLTERIPJEGIWEVIXSFI
exposed, samples should show the finished interior surface
EW[IPPEWXLII\XIVMSVJEGISJXLITVIGEWX
8LI QERYJEGXYVIV WLSYPH WYFQMX WEQTPIW XS XLI KIRIVEP
GSRXVEGXSV JSV ETTVSZEP F] XLI IRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX [LMPI
VIXEMRMRKHYTPMGEXIWEQTPIW-JXLIWEQTPIMWRSXETTVSZIH
VIWYFQMWWMSRW WLSYPH FI QEHI YRXMP ETTVSZEP MW SFXEMRIH
7EQTPIETTVSZEPWLSYPHFIMR[VMXMRK[MXLVIJIVIRGIXSXLI
GSVVIGXWEQTPIGSHIRYQFIVSVXLIETTVSZEPQE]FI[VMXXIR
SRXLIWEQTPIMXWIPJ
 6ERKI WEQTPIW{%X PIEWX XLVII JYPPWGEPI FYX RSX
necessarily full-size) sample panels should be specified.
8LIWIWEQTPITERIPWWLSYPHGSRXEMRX]TMGEPGEWXMRMRWIVXW
VIMRJSVGMRK WXIIP ERH TPEXIW EW VIUYMVIH JSV XLI TVSNIGX
8LIWITERIPWWLSYPHIWXEFPMWLXLIVERKISJEGGITXEFMPMX][MXL
VIWTIGXXSGSPSVERHXI\XYVIZEVMEXMSRWWYVJEGIHIJIGXWERH
SZIVEPPETTIEVERGI-XWLSYPHFIGPIEVP]WXEXIHMRXLIGSRXVEGX
HSGYQIRXWLS[PSRKXLIJYPPWGEPIWEQTPIWWLSYPHFIOITX
EXXLITSMRXSJQERYJEGXYVITVIGEWXMRKTPERX SVEXXLINSF
WMXI JSV GSQTEVMWSR %TTVSZIH JYPPWGEPI TERIPW WLSYPH FI
EPPS[IHXSFIYWIHMRXLIGSQTPIXIHWXVYGXYVI-JJYPPWGEPI
WEQTPIWEVIVIUYMVIHFIJSVISVEXXLIFIKMRRMRKSJJEFVMGE
XMSR PIEH XMQI MW RIGIWWEV] ERH XLI GSRWXVYGXMSR WGLIHYPI
WLSYPH FI EHNYWXIH EGGSVHMRKP] ;LIR JYPPWGEPI WEQTPI
panels are not specified, the first fabrication panels should
FI WYFQMXXIH JSV MRWTIGXMSR ERH ETTVSZEP F] XLI IRKMRIIV
EVGLMXIGX
',%48)6{238%8-32%2(()*-2-8-327
{2SXEXMSR
F ! [MHXLSJGVSWWWIGXMSR
JG ! concrete compressive strength specified at age
GSRWMHIVIHHYVMRKHIWMKR
LIJJ ! IJJIGXMZIXLMGORIWWSJQIQFIV
-K ! QSQIRX SJ MRIVXME SJ KVSWW GSRGVIXI WIGXMSR
RIKPIGXMRKVIMRJSVGIQIRX
O ! IJJIGXMZIPIRKXLJEGXSV
! PIRKXLSJWTER
V ! VEHMYWSJK]VEXMSRSJGVSWWWIGXMSR
! YRWYTTSVXIHPIRKXLSJTERIP
Y
ACI provides a comprehensive list of definitions through
ER SRPMRI VIWSYVGI w%'- 'SRGVIXI 8IVQMRSPSK]x LXXT
terminology.concrete.org). Definitions provided herein
GSQTPIQIRXXLEXVIWSYVGI
FS[MRKzzXLIHIZMEXMSRSJXLIIHKISVWYVJEGISJETPERIV
[EPP QIQFIV MR XLI SYXSJTPERI HMVIGXMSR JVSQ E PMRI
TEWWMRKXLVSYKLER]X[SGSVRIVWSJXLIQIQFIV
GEQFIVzza deflection that is intentionally built into a
WXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRX SV JSVQ XS MQTVSZI ETTIEVERGI SV XS
nullify the deflection of the element under the effects of
PSEHWWLVMROEKIERHGVIIT
WYVJEGISYXSJTPERIRIWWVSYKLRIWW zzEPSGEPWQSSXL
RIWWZEVMEXMSRVEXLIVXLEREFS[MRKZEVMEXMSR8LIXSPIVERGI
JSVXLMWZEVMEXMSRMWYWYEPP]I\TVIWWIHMRJVEGXMSRWSJERMRGL
QMPPMQIXIV  SV MR MRGLIW TIV  JX QMPPMQIXIVW TIV  Q 

%PXLSYKLSXLIVGVMXIVME EVI EZEMPEFPIXLI XSPIVERGI MW X]TM

GEPP]GLIGOIH[MXLEJXQ WXVEMKLXIHKISVIUYMZEPIRX
and definition of roughness.
XSPIVERGIzzE TIVQMXXIH ZEVMEXMSR JVSQ XLI FEWMG HMQIR
WMSRSVUYERXMX]EWMRXLIPIRKXL[MHXLSVHITXLSJEQIQFIV
YRIUYEP FS[MRKzzQE] FI SFWIVZEFPI [LIR TERIPW EVI
ZMI[IH XSKIXLIV SR XLI GSQTPIXIH WXVYGXYVI ;LIR X[S
TERIPWFS[MRXLIWEQIHMVIGXMSRXLIQEKRMXYHISJYRIUYEP
FS[MRKMWHIXIVQMRIHF]WYFXVEGXMRKSRIFS[MRKZEPYIJVSQ
ERSXLIV;LIRTERIPWFS[MRSTTSWMXIHMVIGXMSRWXLIGSRZI\
FS[MRKMWXEOIREWTSWMXMZI ERHGSRGEZIFS[MRKMWXEOIR
EWRIKEXMZIz F]EWXERHEVHWMKRGSRZIRXMSRXLIYRIUYEP
FS[MRKMWXLIEPKIFVEMGHMJJIVIRGI
[EVTMRKzzHIZMEXMSRSJETPERIVWYVJEGIHYIXSHMWTPEGI
QIRXSJSRIGSVRIVMRVIPEXMSRXSER]X[SEHNEGIRXGSVRIVW
;EVTMRKXSPIVERGIWEVIWXEXIHMRXIVQWSJXLIQEKRMXYHISJ
XLIGSVRIVZEVMEXMSR8LMWZEPYIMWYWYEPP]KMZIRMRXIVQWSJ
XLIEPPS[EFPIZEVMEXMSRTIVJXQQ SJHMWXERGIJVSQ
XLIRIEVIWXEHNEGIRXGSVRIV[MXLERSXXSI\GIIHQE\MQYQ
ZEPYISJGSQIV[EVTMRK
',%48)6{;%004%2)0()7-+2
{-RXVSHYGXMSR
8LMW KYMHI TVIWIRXW HIWMKR VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW JSV
TVIWXVIWWIH ERH GSRZIRXMSREPP] VIMRJSVGIH GSRGVIXI [EPP
TERIPW 0SEHFIEVMRK ERH RSRPSEHFIEVMRK TERIPW EVI
GSZIVIH 4VIGEWX [EPP TERIPW GER FI HMJJIVIRXMEXIH SR XLI
basis of structural function as well as panel configuration.
8LI GPEWWIW ERH X]TIW SJ TERIPW GSZIVIH MR XLMW KYMHI EVI
defined in the following.
 4ERIPGPEWWIW
 2SRPSEHFIEVMRK TERIP GPEHHMRK {% TVIGEWX
[EPPTERIPXLEXXVERWJIVWRIKPMKMFPIPSEHJVSQSXLIVIPIQIRXW
SJXLIWXVYGXYVI8LMWTERIPMWKIRIVEPP]HIWMKRIHEWEGPSWYVI
TERIP ERH WLSYPH VIWMWX EPP ETTPMGEFPI WIVZMGI ERH JEGXSVIH
PSEHW JVSQ [MRH JSVGIW IEVXLUYEOIMRHYGIH JSVGIW XLIV
QEPP]MRHYGIHJSVGIWJSVGIWJVSQXMQIHITIRHIRXHIJSVQE
XMSRWWIPJ[IMKLXERHXLSWIJSVGIWVIWYPXMRKJVSQLERHPMRK
WXSVEKIXVERWTSVXEXMSRERHMRWXEPPEXMSR
 0SEHFIEVMRK TERIP{% TVIGEWX [EPP TERIP
HIWMKRIHXSGEVV]PSEHWJVSQSRIWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXXSSXLIV
WXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRXW 0SEHFIEVMRK TERIPW WLSYPH MRXIVEGX
[MXL SXLIV TERIPW ERH XLI WYTTSVXMRK WXVYGXYVEP JVEQI XS
VIWMWXEPPETTPMGEFPIHIWMKRPSEHWMREHHMXMSRXSXLSWIPMWXIH
JSV RSRPSEHFIEVMRK TERIPW 0SEHFIEVMRK TERIPW EPWS
MRGPYHITERIPWHIWMKRIHXSJYRGXMSREWWLIEV[EPPW
 4ERIPX]TIW
 7SPMH TERIP{% TERIP SJ GSRWXERX XLMGORIWW ER
EPPS[ERGIJSVWYVJEGIXI\XYVIWLSYPHFIQEHIMRHIXIVQMRMRK
IJJIGXMZIXLMGORIWW
 ,SPPS[GSVI TERIP{4VIGEWXTERIPXLEX LEW ZSMHW
[MXLMR XLIXLMGORIWW MR SRI HMVIGXMSRJSVXLI JYPP PIRKXL SJ
XLITERIP
 7ERH[MGLTERIP{4VIGEWXTERIPGSRWMWXMRKSJX[S
PE]IVW SJ GSRGVIXI WITEVEXIH F] E RSRWXVYGXYVEP MRWYPEXMRK
GSVI
 6MFFIHTERIP{4VIGEWXTERIPGSRWMWXMRKSJEWPEF
VIMRJSVGIHF]EW]WXIQSJVMFWMRSRISVX[SHMVIGXMSRW

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

{(IWMKRKYMHIPMRIW
 +IRIVEP{4VIGEWX [EPP TERIPW WLSYPH FI HIWMKRIH
according to ACI 318-08 except as modified in Sections
 ERHSJXLMWKYMHI
%'-VIUYMVIQIRXWQE]FIPIKEPP]FMRHMRK
 *SVGIW JSV HIWMKR{;LIVI ETTPMGEFPI TVIGEWX [EPP
TERIPWWLSYPHFIHIWMKRIHXSVIWMWXXLIJSPPS[MRKJSVGIWHYIXS
'SRWXVYGXMSRLERHPMRKWXSVEKIERHXVERWTSVXEXMSR
-RWXEPPEXMSRERHMQTEGX
+VEZMX]HIEHERHPMZIPSEHWERHPEXIVEPPSEHWJVSQWSMP
,]HVSWXEXMGTVIWWYVI[MRHERHWIMWQMGEGXMSR
4VIGEWX TERIPW WLSYPHEPWSFI HIWMKRIH XS VIWMWXXLI JSVGIW
HIZIPSTIHF]XLIJSPPS[MRK
(MJJIVIRXMEPWYTTSVXWIXXPIQIRX
(IJSVQEXMSRWJVSQGVIITERHWLVMROEKI
7XVYGXYVEPVIWXVEMRX
)JJIGXWSJIRZMVSRQIRXEPXIQTIVEXYVIW
8LIVQEPQSZIQIRXSVFS[MRK
:SPYQI GLERKI SJ XLI TERIP [MXL VIWTIGX XS XLI
WYTTSVXMRKWXVYGXYVI
0SGEP WXVIWW GSRGIRXVEXMSRW MR XLI ZMGMRMX] SJ GSRRIG
XMSRWERHETTPMIHPSEHW
 %'-  TVSZMWMSRW ETTPMGEFPI JSV QIQFIV
HIWMKR{8LIJSPPS[MRKGLETXIVWSVWIGXMSRWSJ%'-
WLSYPH FI JSPPS[IH JSV XLI HIWMKR EWTIGXW IRYQIVEXIH
except as otherwise modified in this guide.
)JJIGXMZI TVIWXVIWW{7IGXMSR  8LI EZIVEKI GSRGVIXI
WXVIWWHYIXSTVIWXVIWWMRKEJXIVPSWWIWMWPMQMXIHXSEVERKISJ
XSTWMXS14E 
*PI\YVI{'LETXIV  JSV RSRTVIWXVIWWIH TERIPW ERH
'LETXIVJSVTVIWXVIWWIHTERIPW6IUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSR
JSVHIITFIEQWETTP]VIKEVHPIWWSJ[LIXLIVXLIQIQFIV
MWTVIWXVIWWIHSVRSRTVIWXVIWWIH
7LIEV{'LETXIV  JSV FSXL TVIWXVIWWIH ERH RSRTVI
WXVIWWIHTERIPW
&IEVMRK{7IGXMSRWERH
'SQFMRIHFIRHMRKERHE\MEPPSEH{7IGXMSR
 'SQFMRIHFIRHMRKERHE\MEPPSEH
 +IRIVEP{%PPJSVGIWPMWXIHMR7IGXMSRWLSYPH
FI GSRWMHIVIH MR HIWMKRMRK [EPP TERIPW JSV GSQFMRIH
FIRHMRKERHE\MEPPSEH%PWSXLIIJJIGXWSJWIGSRHEV]JSVGIW
caused by deflection, variable moment of inertia, stiffness,
ERH HYVEXMSR SJ PSEH WLSYPH FI GSRWMHIVIH %\MEP JSVGIW
FIRHMRK QSQIRXW ERH WLIEV JSVGIW WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH
JVSQEREREP]WMWSJXLIWXVYGXYVI'SRWMHIVEXMSRWSJQIQFIV
XVERWPEXMSRNSMRXXVERWPEXMSRSVFSXLWLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIH
MR XLI EREP]WMW -R TPEGI SJ XLI EJSVIQIRXMSRIH TVSGIHYVI
GSQTVIWWMSRQIQFIVHIWMKRQE]FIFEWIHSRXLIETTVS\M
QEXITVSGIHYVIWKMZIRMR7IGXMSR
 %TTVS\MQEXI IZEPYEXMSR SJ WPIRHIVRIWW IJJIGX{
4VSGIHYVIWHIWGVMFIHMR7IGXMSRSJ%'-WLSYPH
FIJSPPS[IHJSVHIXIVQMRMRKXLIYRWYTTSVXIHPIRKXLIJJIG
XMZIPIRKXLERHVEHMYWSJK]VEXMSRSJTVIGEWX[EPPTERIPW
E  7PIRHIVRIWW IJJIGXW QE] FI RIKPIGXIH MJ WPIRHIVRIWW
GSRJSVQWXS7IGXMSRSVSJ%'-
*SV GSQTVIWWMSR QIQFIVW [MXL WPIRHIVRIWW O YV KVIEXIV
XLER  ER EREP]WMW EGGSVHMRK XS 7IGXMSR  SJ XLMW
KYMHIWLSYPHFIQEHI

(b) The magnified moment for design of a compres

WMSR QIQFIV WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH EGGSVHMRK XS 7IGXMSR
SJ%'-
G  *SV TVIGEWX [EPP TERIPW GSRWMHIVIH XS FI VIMRJSVGIH
GSRGVIXIGSQTVIWWMSRQIQFIVWF]XLIWIVIGSQQIRHEXMSRW
XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ 7IGXMSR  SJ %'-  GER FI
YWIHMRWXIEHSJEQSVIEGGYVEXIEREP]WMW
H  *SV TVIGEWX [EPP TERIPW GSRWMHIVIH XSFI TVIWXVIWWIH
GSRGVIXIGSQTVIWWMSRQIQFIVWF]XLIWIVIGSQQIRHEXMSRW
XLITVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSRSJXLI4'-(IWMKR,ERHFSSO
120  GER FI YWIH MRWXIEH SJ E QSVI EGGYVEXI
EREP]WMW
(e) An equivalent uniform bending moment factor, defined
MREGGSVHERGI[MXL7IGXMSRSJ%'-WLSYPHFI
GSRWMHIVIHJSVTVIGEWX[EPPTERIPWFVEGIHEKEMRWXWMHIW[E]
ERH[MXLSYXXVERWZIVWIPSEHFIX[IIRWYTTSVXW
J  8LI QMRMQYQ IGGIRXVMGMX] EGGSVHMRK XS 7IGXMSRW
ERHSJ%'-EWETTVSTVMEXIWLSYPHFI
GSRWMHIVIHJSVTVIGEWX[EPPTERIPW[LIRRSFIRHMRKQSQIRX
SGGYVWEXIMXLIVIRHSJXLITERIP
 6IMRJSVGIQIRX{4VIGEWX[EPPTERIPWEVIRSXVIUYMVIH
XSLEZIPEXIVEPLSSTSVWTMVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXYRPIWWEREP]WMW
MRHMGEXIWXLMWVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWVIUYMVIH
0MQMXW SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX JSV TVIGEWX [EPP TERIPW WLSYPH
GSRJSVQXS7IGXMSRWERHSJ%'-
 8[S[E] VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW RSX VIUYMVIH JSV WSQI
IWWIRXMEPP]SRI[E]TERIPWWYGLEWLSPPS[GSVITERIPW
{)JJIGXMZIHMQIRWMSRW
 )JJIGXMZIXLMGORIWW
 +IRIVEP{8LI IJJIGXMZI TERIP XLMGORIWW JSV
HIWMKRQE]FIHMJJIVIRXJVSQXLIXSXEPTERIPXLMGORIWW8LI
JSPPS[MRK WIGXMSRW I\TPEMR LS[ XS HIXIVQMRI XLI IJJIGXMZI
XLMGORIWW JSV HIWMKR TYVTSWIW ERH *MK E  XLVSYKL
G TVSZMHIXLIKIRIVEPGLEVEGXIVMWXMGWSJXLIZEVMSYW
IJJIGXMZIXLMGORIWWIW
 %VGLMXIGXYVEP JEGIH TERIPW{8LI IJJIGXMZI XLMGO
RIWW SJ E [EPP TERIP [MXL ER MRXIKVEP I\TSWIH EKKVIKEXI
WYVJEGI WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH F] WYFXVEGXMRK XLI HITXL SJ
EKKVIKEXIVIZIEPJVSQXLIXSXEPTERIPXLMGORIWWMJXLIHITXL
SJEKKVIKEXIVIZIEPI\GIIHWTIVGIRXSJXLIXSXEPXLMGORIWW
8LIIJJIGXMZIXLMGORIWWSJE[EPPTERIP[MXLERSRGSQTSWMXI
JEGMRKWLSYPHRSXMRGPYHIXLIWITEVEXIJEGMRKXLMGORIWW
 7SPMHLSPPS[GSVIERHVMFFIHTERIPW{)JJIGXMZI
TERIPXLMGORIWWWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHF])U 

heff

12I g
b



[LIVI -KMWXLIYRGVEGOIHQSQIRXSJMRIVXMEEGGSYRXMRKJSV
ZSMHWSVVMFWMJXLI]I\MWX
 7ERH[MGL TERIPW{)JJIGXMZI XLMGORIWW SJ EWERH
[MGL TERIP QE] FI EWWYQIH IUYMZEPIRX XS XLI IJJIGXMZI
XLMGORIWWSJXLIX[S[]XLIWTPYWMRWYPEXMSRSRP]MJQIGLER
MGEPWLIEVGSRRIGXSVWGETEFPISJHIZIPSTMRKJYPPGSQTSWMXI
EGXMSREVIYWIHXSGSRRIGXXLIMRXIVMSVERHI\XIVMSV[]XLIW
-R WYGL GEWIW XLI IJJIGXMZI XLMGORIWW QE] FI HIXIVQMRIH
JVSQ)U 

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

*MKG {)JJIGXMZIXLMGORIWWSJWERH[MGLTERIPW

*MKE zz)JJIGXMZI XLMGORIWW SJ EVGLMXIGXYVEPJEGIH

TERIPW

*MKF {)JJIGXMZIXLMGORIWWSJWSPMHLSPPS[GSVISV
VMFFIHTERIPW
-J XLI MRWYPEXMSR GSVI MW GIPPYPEV PMKLX[IMKLX GSRGVIXI SV
PMKLX[IMKLX GSRGVIXI QEHI [MXL QMRIVEP EKKVIKEXIW XLI
WLIEVXVERWJIVXLVSYKLXLIMRWYPEXMSRGSVIWLSYPHRSXI\GIIH
XLIWLIEVEPPS[IHF]XLIWXVIRKXLSJXLIMRWYPEXMRKGSRGVIXI
GSVI
;LIR SRP] TEVXMEP GSQTSWMXI EGXMSR FIX[IIR []XLIW
I\MWXW ERH PSEHMRKW EVI JVSQ PEXIVEP JSVGIW SV PSRKXIVQ
WYWXEMRIH PSEHW XLI X[S []XLIW WLSYPH FI GSRWMHIVIH EW
WITEVEXI QIQFIVW YRPIWW XIWXMRK MW GSRHYGXIH XS ZIVMJ]
TERIPFILEZMSV6IJIVXS7IGXMSRJSVPMQMXEXMSRWSRXLI
QE\MQYQWPIRHIVRIWWVEXMSSJXLIPSEHFIEVMRK[]XLI

 4ERIPWSJMVVIKYPEVWLETI{4ERIPWRSXGSRJSVQMRK
to the configurations listed in this section may have the
IJJIGXMZIXLMGORIWWHIXIVQMRIHF]EREP]WMWSVXIWXMRKFEWIH
SRGVEGOMRKQSQIRX
 )JJIGXMZI[MHXL{;LIRGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHWSVFIRHMRK
QSQIRXWEVIETTPMIHXSXLIXSTERHFSXXSQSJE[EPPTERIP
XLIIJJIGXSJPSGEPWXVIWWRIEVXLIETTPMIHGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEH
SV FIRHMRK QSQIRX WLSYPH FI MRZIWXMKEXIH 8LI IJJIGXMZI
[MHXLJSVEGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHQE]RSXI\GIIHXLIGIRXIVXS
GIRXIVHMWXERGIFIX[IIRWYTTSVXWSVXLI[MHXLSJXLIPSEHIH
TSVXMSRTPYWWM\XMQIWXLI[EPPTERIPIJJIGXMZIXLMGORIWWSR
IEGLWMHISJXLIGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEH8LIIJJIGXMZI[MHXLJSV
GSRGIRXVEXIH FIRHMRK QSQIRXW QE] RSX I\GIIH XLI IJJIG
XMZIXLMGORIWWSJXLI[EPPTERIPSVGSVFIP[MHXLEXXLITSMRX
SJGSRGIRXVEXIHFIRHMRKQSQIRX[LMGLIZIVMWKVIEXIVTPYW
XLVIIXMQIWXLIIJJIGXMZI[EPPTERIPXLMGORIWWIEGLWMHISJXLI
GSRGIRXVEXIHFIRHMRKQSQIRX)JJIGXMZI[MHXLQE]EPWSFI
HIXIVQMRIHF]EQSVIEGGYVEXIEREP]WMW
{0MQMXMRKHMQIRWMSRW
 +IRIVEP{0MQMXMRK HMQIRWMSRW JSV TVIGEWX [EPP
TERIPWWLSYPHFIFEWIHSRVIUYMVIQIRXWSJGSRGVIXITPEGI
QIRXTVSXIGXMSRSJTVIWXVIWWIHERHRSRTVIWXVIWWIHVIMRJSVGI
ment, fire resistance, member and local stability, deflection,
LERHPMRKXVERWTSVXEXMSRERHGSRGVIXIGVEGOMRK
 (MWXERGI FIX[IIR WYTTSVXW{7TEGMRK SJ PEXIVEP
supports for a precast wall panel loaded in flexure only should
RSXI\GIIHXMQIWXLIIJJIGXMZI[MHXLSJXLIGSQTVIWWMSR
flange or face. The maximum slenderness O YVSJETVIGEWX
[EPPTERIPWLSYPHRSXI\GIIH7TEGMRKFIX[IIRPEXIVEP
WYTTSVXWSJETVIGEWXTERIPGEVV]MRKE\MEPPSEHERHFIRHMRK
QSQIRXWLSYPHRSXI\GIIHXMQIWXLIIJJIGXMZI[MHXLSJ
the compression face or flange for stemmed sections. Lateral
FVEGMRKWLSYPHFIEXXEGLIHXSXLIGSQTVIWWMSRVIKMSRSJXLI
QIQFIVGVSWWWIGXMSRRIIHMRKPEXIVEPWYTTSVXYRPIWWMXGER
be shown that other portions of the cross section have suffi
GMIRXWXMJJRIWWXSFVEGIXLIQIQFIV
{7IVZMGIEFMPMX]
 +IRIVEP{The action of service loads on deflec
XMSRWTIVTIRHMGYPEVERHTEVEPPIPXSXLI[EPPTERIPWLSYPHFI
GSRWMHIVIH *EXMKYI MQTEGX GVEGOMRK ERH MRTPERI PEXIVEP

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

8EFPI
1IQFIVX]TI

0SEHFIEVMRKTVIGEWX[EPPTERIPW

Deflection to be considered

Deflection limitation

Immediate deflection due to combined effects of prestress (if any),

WIPJ[IMKLXERHWYTIVMQTSWIHHIEHPSEH

FYXRSXKVIEXIVXLERMRQQ

Immediate deflection due to live load, in. (mm).

FYXRSXKVIEXIVXLERMRQQ

2SRPSEHFIEVMRK TVIGEWX [EPP TERIP That part of the total deflection after the installation of the non-loadIPIQIRXW PMOIP] XS FI HEQEKIH F] bearing element (sum of long-time deflection due to all sustained loads
large deflection
and the immediate deflection due to live load).

WXEFMPMX]EXWIVZMGIPSEHGSRHMXMSRWWLSYPHFIEGGSYRXIHJSV
MRHIWMKR
 Computed permissible deflections4VIGEWX[EPPTERIP
HMQIRWMSRWWLSYPHFIGLSWIRWSXLEXYRHIVWIVZMGIPSEHGSRHM
tions, deflection of any point on the panel measured from its
SVMKMREPTSWMXMSRWLSYPHRSXI\GIIHXLIPMQMXWKMZIRMR8EFPI
3.5.2. In calculating deflection, nonlinear behavior of the
QEXIVMEPWWXVYGXYVEPQIQFIVSVFSXLWLSYPHFIVIGSKRM^IH
 'VEGOMRK
 %GGITXEFMPMX] SJ GVEGOMRK{4VIGEWX [EPP TERIPW
X]TMGEPP]YRHIVKSPIWWGVEGOMRKXLERGEWXMRTPEGIGSRGVIXI
FYXXLI]EVIRSXKIRIVEPP]GVEGOJVII'SQTYXEXMSRWFEWIHSR
GYVVIRX IRKMRIIVMRK TVEGXMGIEWWYQI XLEX GVEGOW [MPP SGGYV
MREGSRGVIXIQIQFIVIZIRXLSYKLXLI]QE]RSXFIZMWMFPI
XSXLIREOIHI]I-XMWXLIGSRXVSPERHEGGITXEFMPMX]SJXLIWI
GVEGOW XLEX WLSYPH FI IZEPYEXIH ;EPP TERIPW GSRXEMRMRK
GVEGOWYTXSMRQQ [MHIWLSYPHFIEGGITXEFPI
Crack size limitations are specified for structural reasons.
%HHMXMSREPKYMHERGISRGVEGOMRKERHMXWGEYWIWGERFIJSYRH
MRXLI4'-1204'-1204'-120
4'-120%'-6ERH%'-6
%IWXLIXMGGVEGOWM^IPMQMXEXMSRHITIRHWSRWYVJEGIXI\XYVI
ERHVIUYMVIHETTIEVERGI3RGSEVWIXI\XYVIHWYVJEGIWWYGL
EW I\TSWIH EKKVIKEXI GSRGVIXI ERH SR WQSSXL WYVJEGIW
GSQTEVEFPIXSXLIFIWXGEWXMRTPEGIWXVYGXYVEPGSRGVIXIXLI
WXVYGXYVEPPMQMXEXMSR[SYPHFIEIWXLIXMGEPP]EGGITXEFPI2SXI
EPWSXLEXGVEGOW[MPPFIGSQIQSVITVSRSYRGIHSRWYVJEGIW
receiving a sandblasted or acid-etched finish.
Cracks in precast concrete panels may be classified as hair
PMRIGPIEZEKISVJVEGXYVIGVEGOW
,EMVPMRI GVEGOW EVI WYVJEGI GVEGOW SJ QMRYXI [MHXL
visible but not measurable without magnification.
'PIEZEKIGVEGOWEVIGVEGOWRSXSZIVMRQQ 
[MHIXLEXMRXLINYHKQIRXSJXLIMRWTIGXSVTIRIXVEXIEX
PIEWXXSXLITPERISJXLIRIEVIWXVIMRJSVGMRKWXIIP
*VEGXYVIW EVI XSXEP GPIEZEKIW SJ QIEWYVEFPI [MHXL
XLVSYKL[LMGL[EXIVQE]TEWWJVIIP]
'VE^MRK GSRWMWXW SJ LEMVPMRI GVEGOW MR ER ETTVS\MQEXI
LI\EKSREP SV SGXEKSREP TEXXIVR SR XLI GSRGVIXI WYVJEGI
8LIWI GER SGGYV MR QER] TERIPW FYX XLI] EVI RSX VIEHMP]
ZMWMFPIMRI\TSWIHEKKVIKEXIWYVJEGIWSV[LIRXLIGSRGVIXIMW
dark. They are most apparent on white panels, flat surfaces,
and smooth finishes. Crazing is of little structural impor
XERGI ERH WLSYPH RSX FI GEYWI JSV VINIGXMSR -J TERIPW EVI
XSFIMRWXEPPIHMRERIRZMVSRQIRXXLEXQE]FIXLIWSYVGISJ
GSRWMHIVEFPI WSMPMRK MX QE] FI EHZMWEFPI XS EZSMH WQSSXL
concrete finishes to render potential crazing less visible.

FYXRSXKVIEXIVXLERMRQQ

 'VEGOTVIZIRXMSRERHGSRXVSP{Significant reduc

XMSRW MR GVEGO [MHXLW GER FI SFXEMRIH F] TVSTIV WIPIG
XMSR ERH PSGEXMSR SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX 1EMRXEMRMRK EGGYVEXI
WXIIP TSWMXMSRMRK HYVMRK XLI GEWXMRK STIVEXMSR EPWS EMHW MR
VIHYGMRK GVEGO [MHXLW 6IMRJSVGIQIRX MW QSWX IJJIGXMZI
[LIR MX GSRWMWXW SJ QSVI GPSWIP]WTEGIH WQEPPIVHMEQIXIV
FEVWSV[MVITEVXMGYPEVP]MRXLMRWIGXMSRW;IPHIH[MVIJEFVMG
VIMRJSVGIQIRXMWGSQQSRP]YWIHMRWXIEHSJVIMRJSVGMRKFEVW
FIGEYWISJXLIVIPEXMZIP]GPSWI[MVIWTEGMRKXSMR?
XSQQASVPIWW 
*PI\YVEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX HMWXVMFYXMSR VIUYMVIQIRXW MR
7IGXMSR  SJ %'-  WLSYPH FI JSPPS[IH JSV VIMR
JSVGIH TVIGEWX SV EVGLMXIGXYVEP [EPP TERIP WYVJEGIW RSX
I\TSWIHXSZMI[;LIRXLIKISQIXV]SJXLITVIGEWXQIQFIV
is more like that of a two-way slab, flexural reinforcement
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR  SJ %'-  QE] PIEH XS
GVEGO[MHXLW[MHIVXLERI\TIGXIH*SVMRJSVQEXMSRSRGVEGO
VITEMVVIJIVXS%'-6
 Limit on flexural tension*SV GSRZIRXMSREPP]
VIMRJSVGIH ERH TVIWXVIWWIH [EPP TERIPW [LIVI XLI I\TSWIH
WYVJEGIMWXSVIQEMRJVIISJHMWGIVRMFPIGVEGOWXLIQE\MQYQ
flexural tension in the member under loads produced by
WXVMTTMRK LERHPMRK XVERWTSVXEXMSR MQTEGX ERH PMZI PSEH
5

c
IJJIGXWWLSYPHFIPIWWXLER
8LIXIRWMPIWXVIRKXLZEPYI
of concrete should be modified according to Section 11.2 of
%'-MJPMKLX[IMKLXEKKVIKEXIGSRGVIXIMWYWIH

{'SRRIGXMSRW
 +IRIVEP{;EPP TERIP YRMXW WLSYPH FI WEJIP] ERH
EHIUYEXIP] WIEXIH ERH ERGLSVIH F] QIGLERMGEP QIERW
GETEFPI SJ WYWXEMRMRK EPP PSEHW ERH WXVIWWIW XLEX QE] FI
ETTPMIH XS XLI [EPP TERIP MRGPYHMRK TSWMXMZI SV RIKEXMZI
[MRH TVIWWYVIW ERH WIMWQMG JSVGIW [LIVI VIUYMVIH F] %'-
;LIRIZIVTSWWMFPITERIPWWLSYPHFIGSRGIRXVMGEPP]
WYTTSVXIHXSEZSMHFS[MRKERH[EVTMRKHYIXSWXVIWWHMJJIV
IRXMEPFIX[IIRMRWMHIERHSYXWMHIJEGIWSJXLITERIP
;LIRXLI[EPPTERIPMWHIWMKRIHXSWIVZIEWEWXVYGXYVEP
QIQFIVMXQE]FIVIUYMVIHXSGEVV]MQTSWIHZIVXMGEPPSEHW
VIWMWXFIRHMRKERHWLIEVSXLIVXLERXLEXGEYWIHF]MXWS[R
[IMKLX ERH ZSPYQIXVMG GLERKIW  SV MX QE] FIHIWMKRIH XS
JYRGXMSR EW E WLIEV [EPP ;LIR [EPP TERIPW EVI HIWMKRIH
XSXVERWQMXPSEHJVSQSRIXSERSXLIVGSRWMHIVEXMSRWLSYPH
FIKMZIRXS XLI EHHMXMSREP PSEHW VIUYMVIH JSV HIWMKR SJXLI
GSRRIGXMSRW  'SRGITXW JSV HIWMKR SJ GSRRIGXMSRW JSV
TVIGEWX[EPPTERIPWQE]FIJSYRHMR4'-120ERH
4'-120

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

*MK{(IWMKRSJ[EXIVHVMTMRVIPEXMSRXSWPSTI

 4ERIPQSZIQIRX{;EPPTERIPGSRRIGXMSREWWIQFPMIW
WLSYPHFIHIWMKRIHXSEPPS[JSVTERIPQSZIQIRXMRHYGIHF]
XIQTIVEXYVISVGEYWIHF]ZSPYQIXVMGGLERKIMRXLIGSRGVIXI
QSMWXYVIHMJJIVIRXMEPGVIITMRTVIWXVIWWIHTERIPWERHHMJJIV
IRXMEP QSZIQIRXSVHVMJXFIX[IIRFYMPHMRK JVEQI ERH [EPP
TERIPYRMXW(IWMKRKYMHERGIHIWMKRJSVXLIWIGSRHMXMSRWGER
FIJSYRHMR4'-120ERH+E]PSVHIXEP 
 &IEVMRK WIEXW{&IGEYWI SJ XLI MRHIXIVQMREG] MR
XLIEREP]WMWSJPSEHXVERWJIVGSRRIGXMSREWWIQFPMIWFIEVMRK
WIEXW WLSYPH FI TVSZMHIH JSV TERIPW [IMKLMRK QSVI XLER
PFOK 8LIWIGSRRIGXMSRWEVIX]TMGEPP]GSVVSWMSR
TVSXIGXIHERHFILMRHE[IEXLIVTVSSJNSMRXLIRGIQEMRXI
RERGIMWRSXVIUYMVIH
8LI HIWMKRIV WLSYPH EZSMH LERKMRK TERIPW JVSQ MRWIVXW
ERGLSVWSVSXLIVGSRRIGXMSRHIZMGIWMRHMVIGXXIRWMSRRIEV
XLIXSTIHKISJXLITERIP'PMTWGPEQTW[IPHMRKTPEXIWERH
FVEGOIXWEVIGSQQSRP]YWIHXSVIWMWXLSVM^SRXEPERHPEXIVEP
PSEHW;LIRXLI]EVIMRXIRHIHXSXVERWJIVXLITERIP[IMKLX
XSXLIWXVYGXYVIVMKSVSYWEREP]WMWMWVIUYMVIHMRXLIMVHIWMKR
ERHWTIGMEPTVIGEYXMSRWWLSYPHFIIRJSVGIHXSIRWYVITVSTIV
MRWXEPPEXMSR
 ,EYRGLIW{'SRGVIXI LEYRGLIW YWIH XS TSWMXMZIP]
WIEXTERIPWWLSYPHGSRJSVQXSWLIEVVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSR
 SJ %'-  ERH WLSYPH FI HIWMKRIH JSV IGGIRXVMG
PSEHMRKERHGSQFMRIHWLIEVFIRHMRKXIRWMSRERHFIEVMRK
WXVIWWIW 8LI IJJIGX SJ IGGIRXVMGMX] [LMGL GEYWIW TERIP
deflection, should be considered in the design of panel
VIMRJSVGIQIRX
 4ERIPMRWIVXW{8LIHIWMKRSJ[EPPTERIPMRWIVXWXLEX
EVI TEVX SJ E GSRRIGXMSR EWWIQFP] WLSYPH FI FEWIH SR XLI

PSEHJEGXSVWERHWXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSVW JEGXSVW WTIGM

fied in Sections D.4.4 and D.4.5 of ACI 318-08. Connec
XMSRWWLSYPHRSXFIXLI[IEOPMROMRETVIGEWXW]WXIQ-RWIVXW
WLSYPHLEZIEWEJIX]JEGXSVGSRWMWXIRX[MXLXLIMRWIVXQERY
JEGXYVIVvWVIGSQQIRHEXMSR
 *MVIVIWMWXERGI{;EPPTERIPGSRRIGXMSRWWLSYPHFI
fireproofed to have minimum fire resistance equivalent to
XLEXVIUYMVIHF]PSGEPGSHIJSVXLI[EPPTERIPW
 ;IPHHIWMKR{4SXIRXMEPVIPEXMZIQSZIQIRXFIX[IIR
XLITERIPERHWYTTSVXMRKWXVYGXYVEPJVEQISVEHNEGIRXTERIPW
WLSYPHFIMRZIWXMKEXIH[LIRHIWMKRMRK[IPHW8LIIJJIGXWSJ
TSWWMFPIGSRGVIXIGVEGOMRKHYIXS[IPHMRKLIEXSRXLITVIGEWX
TERIPSVMXWWYTTSVXMRKGSRGVIXIJVEQIWLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIH
MRXLIHIWMKRSJXLIGSRRIGXMSREWWIQFP]
{%VGLMXIGXYVEPJIEXYVIW
 (VMT HIXEMPW{(MVIGXIH WPS[[EXIV VYRSJJ SJ VEMR
[EXIV SZIV FYMPHMRK JEGEHIW ERH HMVX EGGYQYPEXMSR GER
GSRXVMFYXI XS WXEMRMRK SV IXGLMRK SJ KPEWW WYVJEGIW 8LMW
TLIRSQIRSRMWJYPP]I\TPEMRIHMR4'-120%TTVS
TVMEXIFYMPHMRKHIXEMPWGERVIHYGIXLI[EXIVHMWGLEVKIHXSXLI
KPEWW 'SRGVIXI JVEQIW EX [MRHS[ LIEHW WLSYPH [LIVIZIV
TSWWMFPI FI HIWMKRIH WS XLEX XLI] HS RSX WTPE] HS[R ERH
FEGO XS[EVH XLI KPEWW YRPIWW HVMT HIXEMPW EVI MRGSVTSVEXIH
MRXS XLI JVEQIW ;MXLSYX HVMT HIXEMPW E HMVIGX WPS[ [EWL
HS[RSJXLIKPEWWWLSYPHFIERXMGMTEXIH
8LI HVMT WIGXMSR WLSYPH FI HIWMKRIH MR VIPEXMSR XS XLI
WPSTISJXLIGSRGVIXIWYVJEGI*MK 8SEZSMHE[IEO
IRIH WIGXMSR XLEX MW PMOIP] XS GLMT XLI HVMT WLSYPH RSX FI
PSGEXIHXSSGPSWIXSXLIIHKISJXLITVIGEWXYRMX9WMRKIHKI

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

HVMTW ERH E WIGSRH HVMT SV KYXXIV WIVZIW EW E HYEP PMRI SJ
HIJIRWIEKEMRWXWPS[[EXIVVYRSJJ8LMWGERFIEGGSQTPMWLIH
F]LEZMRKEGEWXMRHVMTMRXLITERIPSVF]YWMRKSJEPYQMRYQ
SVRISTVIRII\XVYWMSRWEGVSWWXLI[MRHS[LIEH[LMGLLEZI
IMXLIVERMRXIKVEPKYXXIVSVERI\XIRHIHHVMTPMTSJEXPIEWX
MRQQ *MK 
 .SMRX WM^I ERH PSGEXMSR{.SMRXW FIX[IIR TVIGEWX
TERIPWSVTERIPWERHEHNEGIRXFYMPHMRKQEXIVMEPWWLSYPHFI
[MHIIRSYKLXSEGGSQQSHEXIERXMGMTEXIHTERIPERHFYMPHMRK
QSZIQIRXW 2S NSMRX WLSYPH IZIV FI HIWMKRIH XS FI PIWW
XLER\MR\QQ 4EVXMGYPEVGEVIWLSYPHFI
KMZIRXSNSMRXXSPIVERGIWWSXLINSMRXWIEPERXW]WXIQTIVJSVQW
[MXLMRMXWHIWMKRGETEGMXMIW*SVSTXMQYQTIVJSVQERGIERH
QE\MQYQ WIEPERX PMJI VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW SJ XLI WIEPERX
QERYJEGXYVIVWLSYPHFIJSPPS[IH
4ERIPWPIWWXLERJXQ PSRKQE]LEZIMR
QQ NSMRXWFYXEPPSXLIVTERIPWWLSYPHLEZIEXPIEWXMR
QQ  NSMRXW 'SVRIV NSMRXW WLSYPH FI EX PIEWX MR
QQ  XS EGGSQQSHEXI I\XVE QSZIQIRX ERH FS[MRK XLEX
SGGYVWXLIVI.SMRX [MHXLWPIWW XLER SV IUYEP XSMR
QQ EVIRSXVIGSQQIRHIHJSVER]WIEPERXMRWXEPPEXMSR;LIR
NSMRXWEVIXSSREVVS[EHNEGIRXTERIPWSVFYMPHMRKQEXIVMEPW
QE]GSRXEGXIEGLSXLIVERHFIWYFNIGXIHXSMRHYGIHPSEHMRK
HMWXSVXMSRGVEGOMRKERHGVYWLMRKSJIRHW
',%48)6{830)6%2')7
{+IRIVEP
4VIGEWXWXVYGXYVIWWLSYPHFIHIWMKRIHERHHIXEMPIHWSXLEX
XLIGSQTPIXIWXVYGXYVI[MPPFIWEJIJYRGXMSREPEIWXLIXMGEPP]
ETTIEPMRK ERH IGSRSQMGEP 2S WXVYGXYVI MW I\EGXP] PIZIP
TPYQFERHWXVEMKLXWSEPPGSRWXVYGXMSRERHQEXIVMEPWWLSYPH
be specified with tolerances limiting deviation from design
ZEPYIW8LIWIXSPIVERGIWVIUYMVIQSRMXSVMRKXSGSRWXVYGXXLI
WXVYGXYVI EW HIWMKRIH +IRIVEP GSRWXVYGXMSR XSPIVERGIW JSV
GEWXMRTPEGIERHTVIGEWXGSRGVIXILEZIFIIRWYQQEVM^IHMR
%'--8+ERH4'-1208LMWGLETXIV
presents tolerances specifically applicable to precast concrete
[EPPTERIPW8LVIIXSPIVERGIKVSYTWWLSYPHFIIWXEFPMWLIHEW
TEVXSJTVIGEWXGSRGVIXI[EPPTERIPHIWMKR;EPPTERIPWERH
XLIMVGSQTSRIRXHIXEMPWWLSYPHGSRJSVQXS
4VSHYGXXSPIVERGIW7IGXMSR 
-RWXEPPEXMSRXSPIVERGIW7IGXMSR 
-RXIVJEGMRKXSPIVERGIW7IGXMSR 
;LIRXSPIVERGIW EVI YRHIVWXSSHERHTVSZMHIHJSVMR XLI
HIWMKRWXEKIHIXIVQMRMRKERHWTIGMJ]MRKXLIQMWIEWMIV8LI
TVIGEWXIVGSRWXVYGXSVERHIVIGXSVWLSYPHYRHIVWXERHXLIWI
EPPS[ERGIWXSGSRWXVYGXXLIWXVYGXYVIEWHIWMKRIH
{6IEWSRWJSVXSPIVERGIW
8SPIVERGIWEVIRIIHIHJSVTVSHYGXMRWXEPPEXMSRERHMRXIV
JEGMRKJSVXLIJSPPS[MRKVIEWSRW
7XVYGXYVEP GSRWMHIVEXMSRW{XS IRWYVI WXVYGXYVEP HIWMKR
EGGSYRXW JSV JEGXSVW WIRWMXMZI XS ZEVMEXMSRW MR HMQIR
WMSREP GSRXVSP )\EQTPIW MRGPYHI IGGIRXVMG PSEHMRK
FIEVMRKEVIEWLEVH[EVIERHLEVH[EVIERGLSVEKIPSGE
XMSRWERHPSGEXMSRWSJVIMRJSVGMRKSVTVIWXVIWWMRKWXIIP
4IVJSVQERGI{XS IRWYVI EGGITXEFPI TIVJSVQERGI SJ
joints and interfacing materials in the finished structure.

%TTIEVERGI{XS IRWYVI XLEX HIZMEXMSR JVSQ XLIS

VIXMGEP VIUYMVIQIRXW [MPP FI GSRXVSPPEFPI ERH VIWYPX MR
EGGITXEFPI ETTIEVERGI 0EVKI HIZMEXMSRW EVI SFNIG
XMSREFPI [LIXLIV XLI] SGGYV MR ER MWSPEXIH QERRIV SV
GYQYPEXMZIP]
'SWX{XS IRWYVI IEWI ERH WTIIH SJ JEFVMGEXMSR ERH
MRWXEPPEXMSR F] LEZMRK E ORS[R HIKVII SJ EGGYVEG] MR
XLIHMQIRWMSRWSJXLITVIGEWXQIQFIVW
0IKEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRW{XSEZSMHIRGVSEGLMRKSRFYMPHMRK
PMRIW
'SRXVEGXYEP{XSIWXEFPMWLEORS[REGGITXEFMPMX]VERKI
ERHXSIWXEFPMWLVIWTSRWMFMPMX]JSVHIZIPSTMRKEGLMIZMRK
ERHQEMRXEMRMRKQYXYEPP]EKVIIHSRXSPIVERGIZEPYIW
{6SPISJIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX
8LI IRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX WLSYPH GSSVHMREXI XLI XSPIVERGIW
JSV TVIGEWX [SVO [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ SXLIV XVEHIW
[LSWI [SVO VIPMIW SR SV MW EHNEGIRX XS XLI TVIGEWX 8SPIV
ERGIW WLSYPH FI VIEWSREFPI VIEPMWXMG ERH [MXLMRKIRIVEPP]
EGGITXIH PMQMXW FIGEYWI JEFVMGEXMSR ERH MRWXEPPEXMSR GSWXW
EVI HMVIGXP] VIPEXIH XS HIKVII SJ TVIGMWMSR VIUYMVIH 8LYW
MXMWIGSRSQMGEPP]HIWMVEFPIERHTVEGXMGEPP]WEJIVXSHIWMKR
with maximum flexibility and to maintain liberal tolerance
VIUYMVIQIRXW8SPIVERGIWMRXLMWKYMHIEVIFEWMGKYMHIPMRIW
SRP]8LIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGXHIXIVQMRIW[LIXLIVEHIZMEXMSR
JVSQXLIEPPS[EFPIXSPIVERGIWEJJIGXWWEJIX]ETTIEVERGISV
SXLIVXVEHIW
;LIR HIWMKR MRZSPZIW JIEXYVIW WIRWMXMZI XS XLI GYQYPE
XMZIIJJIGXSJXSPIVERGIWSRMRHMZMHYEPTSVXMSRWXLIIRKMRIIV
EVGLMXIGX WLSYPH ERXMGMTEXI ERH TVSZMHI JSV XLMW IJJIGX F]
WIXXMRKEGYQYPEXMZIXSPIVERGIPMQMXSVF]TVSZMHMRKIWGETI
EVIEW [LIVI EGGYQYPEXIH XSPIVERGIW SV JEFVMGEXMSR IVVSVW
GER FI EFWSVFIH %PP XSPIVERGI GSRWIUYIRGIW JSV E TEVXMG
YPEVHIWMKR WLSYPH FI MRZIWXMKEXIH XS HIXIVQMRI [LIXLIV E
GLERKIMWRIGIWWEV] MR XLI HIWMKR SVMRXLI XSPIVERGI PIZIP
JSVXLIHIWMKR8LIVIWLSYPHFIRSTSWWMFMPMX]SJQMRYWXSPIV
ERGIWEGGYQYPEXMRKWSXLEXXLIFIEVMRKPIRKXLSJQIQFIVWMW
VIHYGIHFIPS[ XLI VIUYMVIHHIWMKRQMRMQYQ -R XLMW GEWI
XLI IRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX WLSYPH WTIGMJ] QMRMQYQ FIEVMRK
HMQIRWMSRW
'EVIJYPMRWTIGXMSRSJPMWXIHXSPIVERGIWVIZIEPWXLEXQER]
XMQIWSRIXSPIVERGISZIVVMHIWERSXLIV8LITIVQMXXIHZEVME
XMSR JSV SRI IPIQIRX SJ XLI WXVYGXYVI WLSYPH RSX VIUYMVI
ERSXLIV IPIQIRX SJ XLI WXVYGXYVI XS I\GIIH MXW XSPIVERGIW
8LITVIGEWXIVERHKIRIVEPGSRXVEGXSVWLSYPHVIZMI[VIWXVMG
XMZI XSPIVERGIW XS HIXIVQMRI GSQTEXMFMPMX] [MXL SXLIV
IPIQIRXWERHXLEXXLIXSPIVERGIWGERFIQIX*SVI\EQTPI
E VIUYMVIQIRX WXEXMRK wRS FS[MRK [EVTMRK SV QSZIQIRX
MWTIVQMXXIHxMWMQTVEGXMGEP%PPMRZSPZIHMRXLIHIWMKRERH
GSRWXVYGXMSR TVSGIWW WLSYPH YRHIVWXERH XLEX XSPIVERGIW
LIVIMREVIJSVKYMHERGISRXLIVERKISJEGGITXEFMPMX]ERHRSX
EREYXSQEXMGWXERHEVH JSVVINIGXMSR-J XLIWIXSPIVERGIWEVI
I\GIIHIHXLIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGXQE]EGGITXXLITVSHYGXMJMX
QIIXWER]SJXLIJSPPS[MRKGVMXIVME
E )\GIIHMRKXLIXSPIVERGIHSIWRSXEJJIGXWXVYGXYVEPMRXIK
VMX] EVGLMXIGXYVEP TIVJSVQERGI SV WIVZMGIEFMPMX] VIUYMVI
QIRXWSJXLIQIQFIV

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK



+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

F 1IQFIVGERFIFVSYKLX[MXLMRXSPIVERGIF]WXVYGXYV
EPP]ERHEVGLMXIGXYVEPP]WEXMWJEGXSV]QIERW
(c) Total erected assembly can be modified to meet all
WXVYGXYVEPERHEVGLMXIGXYVEPVIUYMVIQIRXW
{4VSHYGXXSPIVERGIWJSV[EPPTERIPW
 +IRIVEP{4VSHYGX XSPIVERGIWGSZIV XLIHMQIRWMSRW
ERHHMQIRWMSREPVIPEXMSRWLMTWSJMRHMZMHYEPTVIGEWXGSRGVIXI
QIQFIVW %PP XSPIVERGIW WLSYPH FI FEWIH SR E TVEGXMGEP
HIKVII SJ EGGYVEG] [LMGL MW EGLMIZEFPI [LMPI WEXMWJ]MRK
JYRGXMSREP ERH ETTIEVERGI VIUYMVIQIRXW ERH TVIZIRXMRK
GSWXW JVSQ FIGSQMRK TVSLMFMXMZI 8LMW VIUYMVIW GSRWMHIV
EXMSRSJXLIEQSYRXSJVITIXMXMSRXLIWM^IERHSXLIVGLEVEG
XIVMWXMGWSJXLITVIGEWXQIQFIV
*EFVMGEXMSR XSPIVERGIW EVI WXERHEVHM^IH XLVSYKLSYX XLI
TVIGEWXMRHYWXV]ERHJSVIGSRSQMGVIEWSRWWLSYPHFIQEHI
QSVI HIQERHMRK SRP] [LIVI EFWSPYXIP] RIGIWWEV] *SV
example, bowing or warping tolerances for flat concrete
panel members with a honed or polished finish might have
XSFIHIGVIEWIHXS SJX]TMGEPXSPIVERGIWXSEZSMHNSMRX
WLEHS[W;LIRHIWMKRHIXEMPWPIEHXSEREPMKRQIRXTVSFPIQ
SV TVSZMHI MREHIUYEXI NSMRX WM^I TVSHYGX XSPIVERGI QE]
RIIH EHNYWXQIRX XS GSQTIRWEXI JSV NSMRX HIWMKR TVSFPIQW
-RIWXEFPMWLMRKGEWXMRKXSPIVERGIWJSVTERIPWXLIJSPPS[MRK
MXIQWWLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIH
0IRKXL SV [MHXL HMQIRWMSRW ERH WXVEMKLXRIWW SJ XLI
TVIGEWXIPIQIRX[MPPEJJIGXXLINSMRXHMQIRWMSRHMQIR
WMSRW SJ STIRMRKW FIX[IIR TERIPW ERH TIVLETW XLI
SZIVEPPWXVYGXYVIPIRKXL
3YXSJWUYEVI TERIPW GER GEYWI XETIVIH NSMRXW ERH
make adjustment of adjacent panels extremely difficult.
Sealant application difficulties due to tapered joints can
PIEHXS[EXIVPIEOEKITVSFPIQW
8LMGORIWWZEVMEXMSRSJXLITVIGEWXYRMXFIGSQIWGVMXMGEP
[LIRMRXIVMSVWYVJEGIWEVII\TSWIHXSZMI[%RSRYRM
JSVQXLMGORIWWSJEHNEGIRXTERIPW[MPPGEYWISJJWIXWEX
XLIJVSRXSVVIEVJEGIWSJXLITERIPW
 (MQIRWMSREP XSPIVERGIW{%VGLMXIGXYVEP TVIGEWX
GSRGVIXITERIPWWLSYPHFIQERYJEGXYVIHERHMRWXEPPIHWSXLEX
IEGLTERIPJEGII\TSWIHXSZMI[EJXIVMRWXEPPEXMSRGSQTPMIW
[MXL XLI HMQIRWMSREP VIUYMVIQIRXW WLS[R MR -8+
8EFPIWERHMR-8+EPWSPMWXXLITSWMXMSRXSPIV
ERGIJSVGEWXMRMXIQW[MXLMRXLITERIP8LIWIEVIJSVX]TMGEP
KIRIVMGTERIPWERHXLIXSPIVERGIWQE]VIUYMVIEHNYWXQIRXJSV
specific job conditions. Cast-in grooves, reglets, or lugs that
EVI XS VIGIMZI KPE^MRK KEWOIXW WLSYPH FI LIPH GPSWI XS XLIMV
GSVVIGXPSGEXMSR+EWOIXQERYJEGXYVIVWTPEGIVIWXVMGXMZIXSPIV
ERGIWSRKVSSZI[MHXLERHWYVJEGIWQSSXLRIWWRIGIWWEV]XS
SFXEMRETVSTIVQSMWXYVIWIEPSJXLIKEWOIX1MWEPMKRQIRXSJ
VIKPIXWEXGSVRIVWSVGEWXMRKXLIQMRE[EVTIHSVVEGOIHTSWM
XMSRVIWXVMGXWTVSTIVMRWXEPPEXMSRSJXLIKPE^MRKKEWOIX
(MQIRWMSRXSPIVERGIW JSV WXERHEVH TVIGEWX VMFFIHTERIPW
ERH LSPPS[GSVI WPEFW YWIH EW [EPP TERIPW EVI WLS[R MR
8EFPISJ-8+7XERHEVHM^IHVMFFIHERHLSPPS[GSVI
members, typically used for roof and floor units, are also
JVIUYIRXP]YWIHEW[EPPTERIPW8SPIVERGIWJSVXLIWIWXERHEVH
M^IHWXVYGXYVEPYRMXWEVIKIRIVEPP]QSVIPMFIVEPXLERXLSWIJSV
EVGLMXIGXYVEPTERIPW-JXLIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGXGERRSXEGGITX

XLIWXERHEVHWXVYGXYVEPXSPIVERGIWSJVMFFIHERHLSPPS[GSVI
YRMXW[LIRYWMRKXLIQEW[EPPTERIPWXLI]WLSYPHWTIGMJ]
XLIEVGLMXIGXYVEPXSPIVERGIWEWKMZIRMR8EFPISJ-8+
SVSXLIVXSPIVERGIWEWVIUYMVIH
 ;EVTMRK ERH FS[MRK{;EVTMRK ERH FS[MRK EVI
defined in 7IGXMSRERHMPPYWXVEXIHMR*MKERHSJ
-8+2SRW]QQIXVMGEPTPEGIQIRXSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXQE]
EPPS[[EVTMRKHYI XSPEGOSJVIWXVEMRXSJHV]MRK WLVMROEKI
ERHXLIVQEPQSZIQIRXW2SXIXLEXWYVJEGISYXSJTPERIRIWW
(also defined in 7IGXMSR MWHMJJIVIRXMEXIHJVSQFS[MRK
FIGEYWIMXMWRSXEGLEVEGXIVMWXMGSJXLIIRXMVITERIPWLETIFYX
EPSGEPWQSSXLRIWWZEVMEXMSR8SPIVERGIJSVPSGEPWQSSXLRIWW
MWGLIGOIH[MXLEWXVEMKLXIHKISVXLIIUYMZEPIRXEWWLS[RMR
*MKSJ-8+ERHXLIQIEWYVIQIRXSJ[EVTMRKMR*MK
SJ-8+
8EFPIshows a relationship between overall flat panel
HMQIRWMSRWERHGVSWWWIGXMSREPXLMGORIWW-JXLIXLMGORIWWMW
PIWWXLERWYKKIWXIHMR8EFPI[EVTMRKXSPIVERGIWWLSYPH
FIVIZMI[IHJSVXLITSWWMFMPMX]SJMRGVIEWMRKXLIXSPIVERGI
4ERIPWXLMRRIVXLERXLSWIMR8EFPIVMFFIHTERIPWERH
TERIPWQERYJEGXYVIHYWMRKEKKVIKEXIWPEVKIVXLERMR
QQ I\TSWIHEXXLIWYVJEGIRIIHJYVXLIVGSRWMHIVEXMSR[LIR
IWXEFPMWLMRK FS[MRK ERH [EVTMRK XSPIVERGIW 8SPIVERGIW
for flat panels of nonhomogeneous materials, such as two
[MHIP] HMJJIVIRX GSRGVIXI QM\XYVIW SV REXYVEP WXSRI ZIRIIV
[MXLGSRGVIXIFEGOYTWLSYPHFIVIZMI[IHEWXLI]QE]LEZI
XSFIMRGVIEWIHSVVIHYGIHXSQIIXHIWMKRGVMXIVME
{-RWXEPPEXMSRXSPIVERGIWJSV[EPPTERIPW
 (MWGYWWMSR{-RWXEPPEXMSRXSPIVERGIWEVIVIUYMVIHJSV
XLI JYRGXMSREP QEXGLMRK SJ XLI TVIGEWX IPIQIRXW [MXL XLI
FYMPHMRK WXVYGXYVI 8LI IRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX WLSYPH WIX XSPIV
ERGIW XLEX EVI GSQTEXMFPI [MXL XLI HIWMVIH EVGLMXIGXYVEP
I\TVIWWMSR ERH HIXEMPIH XS XLI FYMPHMRK WXVYGXYVI ERH WMXI
GSRHMXMSRW -RWXEPPEXMSRXSPIVERGIWWLSYPHFIWIXXS EGLMIZI
YRMJSVQ NSMRX ERH TPERI [EPP GSRHMXMSRW GSRWMHIVMRK XLI
MRHMZMHYEPIPIQIRXHIWMKRWLETIXLMGORIWWGSQTSWMXMSRSJ
QEXIVMEPWERHSZIVEPPWGEPISJXLIIPIQIRXMRVIPEXMSRXSXLI
FYMPHMRK -RWXEPPEXMSR XSPIVERGIW EJJIGX XLI [SVO SJ WIZIVEP
trades and should be consistent with the tolerances specified
JSVXLSWIXVEHIW-XMWXLIVIWTSRWMFMPMX]SJXLIIRKMRIIVEVGLM
XIGXXSIRWYVIXLEXXSPIVERGIWEVIGSQTEXMFPI
8LI IRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX WLSYPH VIZMI[ TVSTSWIH MRWXEPPE
XMSRXSPIVERGIW[MXLXLITERIPQERYJEGXYVIVERHXLIIVIGXSV
FIJSVI MRWXEPPEXMSR GSQQIRGIW 4VSTSWIH GLERKIW F] XLI
QERYJEGXYVIV SV IVIGXSV JVSQ XLI SVMKMREP TPER WLSYPH FI
WXEXIHMR[VMXMRKERHRSXIHSRMRWXEPPEXMSRHVE[MRKW%KVII
QIRX WLSYPH FI VIEGLIH FIJSVI WGLIHYPMRK IUYMTQIRX JSV
TERIPMRWXEPPEXMSR
8LI KIRIVEP GSRXVEGXSV MR GSRWYPXEXMSR [MXL XLI TVIGEWX
GSRGVIXI MRWXEPPEXMSR GSRXVEGXSV WLSYPH GLIGO HMQIRWMSRW
ERHPSGEXMSRSJXLIMRTPEGIWXVYGXYVIFIJSVITPEGMRKTVIGEWX
TERIPW %R] HMQIRWMSREP HMWGVITERGMIW XLEX QE] EJJIGX
MRWXEPPEXMSRWLSYPHFIVIZMI[IHERHVIWSPZIH[MXLXLIIRKM
RIIVEVGLMXIGX FIJSVI WXEVXMRK MRWXEPPEXMSR 8LI GSRXVEGXSV
QE]LEZIXSQEOIGSVVIGXMSRWXSXLIMRXIVJEGMRKWXVYGXYVI
0SGEXMSRSVMRWXEPPEXMSRXSPIVERGIWJSV[EPPTERIPWWLSYPH
FI RSRGYQYPEXMZI 6IGSQQIRHIH XSPIVERGIW EVI PMWXIH MR

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6



8EFPI {+YMHIPMRIWJSVTERIPXLMGORIWWIWJSVSZIVEPPTERIPWXMJJRIWWGSRWMWXIRX[MXLWYKKIWXIH
RSVQEPTERIPFS[MRKERH[EVTMRKXSPIVERGIW

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4ERIPHMQIRWMSRW

8EFPISJ-8+[LMGLWLS[WMRWXEPPEXMSRXSPIVERGIW
JSVRSRWXVYGXYVEPEVGLMXIGXYVEP[EPPTERIPWEW[IPPEW8EFPI
 SJ -8+ [LMGL WLS[W MRWXEPPEXMSR XSPIVERGIW JSV
WXVYGXYVEP[EPPTERIPW
 'SRXVSPTSMRXWERHFIRGLQEVOW{8SIRWYVIEGGYVEXI
ETTPMGEXMSRSJMRWXEPPEXMSRXSPIVERGIWXLIKIRIVEPGSRXVEGXSV
WLSYPH IWXEFPMWL ERH QEMRXEMR EGGYVEXI GSRXVSP TSMRXW ERH
benchmarks in areas that will remain undisturbed until final
GSQTPIXMSRERHEGGITXERGISJETVSNIGX
8LIKIRIVEPGSRXVEGXSVWLSYPHTVSZMHIXLIIVIGXSV[MXLE
building perimeter offset line at each floor approximately 2
ft (0.6 m) from the edge of the floor slab and benchmarks on
EPPTIVMQIXIVGSPYQRW3JJWIXPMRIWERHFIRGLQEVOWWLSYPH
be maintained until final completion and acceptance of the
work. They may be scored into columns and floor slabs or
WIXEWGLEPOPMRIWERHPEGUYIVIHJSVTVSXIGXMSR
 .SMRX TVSFPIQW{;MHXL ZEVMEXMSRW FIX[IIR EHNE
GIRXNSMRXWGERFIQMRMQM^IHF]WIXXMRKSYXNSMRXGIRXIVPMRIW
IUYEPP] WTEGIH EPSRK ER IPIZEXMSR ERH GIRXIVMRK TERIPW
FIX[IIR XLIQ 8LI PEVKIV XLI TERIPW XLI [MHIV XLI NSMRX
WLSYPH FI XS EGGSQQSHEXI VIEPMWXMG XSPIVERGIW MR WXVEMKLX
RIWWSJTERIPIHKIWPSTISJIHKIERHTERIP[MHXL%PMKR
QIRXJSVI\XIVMSVIPIQIRXWWLSYPHFIGSRXVSPPIHF]EWWYQMRK
XLEX XLI SYXWMHI JEGI SJ XLI IPIQIRX MW GVMXMGEP :EVMEXMSRW
JVSQXVYIPIRKXLSV[MHXLHMQIRWMSRWSJXLISZIVEPPWXVYGXYVI
EVIRSVQEPP]EGGSQQSHEXIHMRXLINSMRXW;LIVIXLMWMWRSX
JIEWMFPISVHIWMVEFPIZEVMEXMSRWWLSYPHFIEGGSQQSHEXIHEX
XLIGSVRIVIPIQIRXWMRI\TERWMSRNSMRXWSVMRNSMRXWEHNEGIRX
XSSXLIV[EPPQEXIVMEPW
.SMRX [MHXLW WLSYPH FI HIWMKRIH EW PMFIVEPP] EW TVEGXM
GEFPIMJZEVMEXMSRWMRSZIVEPPFYMPHMRKHMQIRWMSRWEVIXSFI
EFWSVFIH MR XLI NSMRXW 8LMW QE] FI GSYTPIH [MXL E GPSWIV
XSPIVERGIJSVZEVMEXMSRWJVSQSRINSMRXXSXLIRI\XJSVETTIEV
ERGITYVTSWIW-RHMZMHYEPNSMRX[MHXLXSPIVERGIWLSYPHVIPEXI
XSXLIRYQFIVSJNSMRXWSZIVEKMZIRFYMPHMRKHMQIRWMSR*SV
I\EQTPI XS EGGSQQSHEXI VIEWSREFPI ZEVMEXMSRW MR EGXYEP
site dimensions, a 3/4 in. (19 mm) joint may be specified
[MXLEXSPIVERGISJMRQQ FYX[MXLSRP]EMR
QQ HMJJIVIRXMEPEPPS[IHFIX[IIRNSMRX[MHXLWSRER]
one floor, or between adjacent floors.
;LIVIENSMRXLEWXSQEXGLEREVGLMXIGXYVEPJIEXYVIWYGLEW
JEPWINSMRXWEMRQQ ZEVMEXMSRJVSQXLIXLISVIXMGEP
NSMRX [MHXL QE] RSX FI EGGITXEFPI ERH E XMKLXIV XSPIVERGI
specified. Adjustment in building length will then have to be

EGGSQQSHEXIHEXXLIGSVRIVTERIPWSVMRNSMRXWEHNEGIRXXS
SXLIV[EPPQEXIVMEP
-JVIEWSREFPIXSPIVERGIWERHEHNYWXQIRXWEVIHIWMKRIHMRXS
XLI GSRWXVYGXMSR HIXEMPW ERH EHLIVIH XS XLIIVIGXSV WLSYPH
FIEFPIXS
1MRMQM^I NSMRX MVVIKYPEVMXMIW WYGL EW XETIVIH NSMRXW
TERIPIHKIWRSXTEVEPPIP 
1MRMQM^INSKWEXMRXIVWIGXMSRW
1MRMQM^IRSRYRMJSVQNSMRX[MHXLW
1EMRXEMRTVSTIVSTIRMRKHMQIRWMSRW
4VSTIVP]GSRWXVYGXEPPTVIGEWXGSRRIGXMSRW
%PMKRZIVXMGEPJEGIWSJXLIYRMXWXSEZSMHSJJWIXW
4VIZIRXEGGYQYPEXMSRSJXSPIVERGIW
1SVITVIGMWIMRWXEPPEXMSRERHKIRIVEPETTIEVERGIMQTVSZI
QIRXWEVIXLYWEGLMIZIH
{-RXIVJEGMRKGSRWMHIVEXMSRW
 +IRIVEP{-RXIVJEGI XSPIVERGIW ERH GPIEVERGIW EVI
XLSWI VIUYMVIH JSV NSMRMRK HMJJIVIRX QEXIVMEPW ERH EGGSQ
QSHEXMRK XLI VIPEXMZI QSZIQIRXW FIX[IIR WYGL QEXIVMEPW
HYVMRKXLIPMJISJXLIFYMPHMRK8LI]GSZIVTVSHYGXWMRWXEPPIH
FIJSVITVIGEWXMRWXEPPEXMSRERHEJXIVXLITVIGEWXQIQFIVWEVI
MR TPEGI 8LI IRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX WLSYPH TVSZMHI JSV TVSTIV
GPIEVERGIW FIX[IIR XLI XLISVIXMGEP JEGI SJ XLI WXVYGXYVI
ERH XLI FEGO JEGI SJ XLI TVIGEWX IPIQIRX 8LI JEGI SJ XLI
WXVYGXYVI QE] FI TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI GEWXMRTPEGI GSRGVIXI
QEWSRV] SV E WXVYGXYVEP WXIIP JVEQI %HNEGIRX QEXIVMEPW
MRGPYHITVSHYGXWWYGLEWKPEWWSVWYFJVEQIWXLEXEVIMRWXEPPIH
EJXIVTVIGEWXTERIPWEVIMRTPEGI'PIEVERGIWTEGITVSZMHIWE
FYJJIV[LIVIMRWXEPPEXMSR TVSHYGXERHMRXIVJEGIXSPIVERGIW
GERFIEFWSVFIH
;LIVI QEXGLMRK SJ XLI QERYJEGXYVIH QEXIVMEPW HITIRHW
SR[SVOEXXLIGSRWXVYGXMSRWMXIMRXIVJEGIXSPIVERGIWWLSYPH
IUYEP MRWXEPPEXMSR XSPIVERGIW ;LIVI I\IGYXMSR MW MRHITIR
HIRXSJWMXI[SVOXSPIVERGIWWLSYPHGPSWIP]QEXGLXLIWXER
HEVHXSPIVERGIWSJXLIQEXIVMEPWXSFINSMRIH*EFVMGEXMSRERH
MRWXEPPEXMSRXSPIVERGIWSJSXLIVQEXIVMEPWWLSYPHFIGSRWMH
IVIH MR HIWMKR 4VIGEWX IPIQIRXW WLSYPH FI GSSVHMREXIH
[MXL ERH EGGSQQSHEXI XLI SXLIV WXVYGXYVEP ERH JYRGXMSREP
IPIQIRXW GSQTVMWMRK XLI XSXEP WXVYGXYVI 9RYWYEP VIUYMVI
QIRXWSVEPPS[ERGIWJSVMRXIVJEGMRKWLSYPHFIWXEXIHMRXLI
GSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXW
 &YMPHMRK JVEQI XSPIVERGIW{-RWXEPPEXMSR XSPIVERGIW
JSVTVIGEWXTERIPWEVIPEVKIP]HIXIVQMRIHF]XLIEGXYEPEPMKR
QIRX ERH HMQIRWMSREP EGGYVEG] SJ XLI FYMPHMRK JSYRHE

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+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

8EFPI {7YTTPIQIRXEV]XSPIVERGIWJSVGEWXMRTPEGIGSRGVIXIJVEQIWXS[LMGLTVIGEWXGSRGVIXI
MWXSFIEXXEGLIH
*SSXMRKWGEMWWSRGETWERHTMPIGETW
Variation of bearing of surface from specified elevation

MRQQ

4MIVWGSPYQRWERH[EPPW

a. Variation in plan from straight lines parallel to specified linear building lines:

MRJXQQQ JSVEHNEGIRXQIQFIVWPIWWXLER

JXQ ETEVXSVER][EPPSVFE]PIRKXLPIWWXLERJX
MRQQ JSVEHNEGIRXQIQFIVWJXQ SVQSVI
ETEVXSVER][EPPSVFE]PIRKXLJXQ SVQSVI
MRJXQQQ JSVEHNEGIRXQIQFIVWPIWWXLER
JXQ ETEVXSVER][EPPSVFE]PIRKXLPIWWXLERJX

b. Variation in elevation from lines parallel to specified grade lines:

MRQQ JSVEHNEGIRXQIQFIVWJXQ SVQSVI

ETEVXSVER][EPPSVFE]PIRKXLJXQ SVQSVI

%RGLSVFSPXW
MRQQ ERHMRQ FSPXWMRQQ
a. Variation from specified location in plan:

MRQQ MRQQ ERHMRQQ FSPXW

MRQQ
MRQQ MRQQ ERHMRQQ FSPXW
MRQQ

F:EVMEXMSRGIRXIVXSGIRXIVSJER]X[SFSPXW[MXLERERGLSVFSPXKVSYT

MR QQ

c. Variation from specified elevation:

MRQQ

H%RGLSVFSPXTVSNIGXMSR

zMRMRzQQQQ

I4PYQFRIWWSJERGLSVFSPXTVSNIGXMSR

MRJXQQQ

XMSRERHJVEQI8LIKIRIVEPGSRXVEGXSVMWVIWTSRWMFPIJSVXLI
TPYQFRIWW PIZIPRIWW ERH EPMKRQIRX SJ XLI JSYRHEXMSR ERH
WXVYGXYVEPJVEQIMRGPYHMRKXLIPSGEXMSRSJEPPFIEVMRKWYVJEGIW
ERH ERGLSVEKIW JSV TVIGEWX TVSHYGXW 'SRXVSPPMRK JSYRHE
XMSR ERH FYMPHMRK JVEQI XSPIVERGIW MW SJ GVMXMGEP MQTSVXERGI
ERHXLIWIXSPIVERGIWWLSYPHFIMRGPYHIHMRXLIGSRXVEGXHSGY
QIRXW8SMRWXEPPTVIGEWXIPIQIRXWTPYQFWUYEVIERHXVYIXLI
EGXYEPPSGEXMSRSJWYVJEGIWEJJIGXMRKXLIEPMKRQIRXSJTVIGEWX
IPIQIRXWWLSYPHFIORS[RFIJSVIMRWXEPPEXMSR8LIPIZIPWSJ
floor slabs and beams, vertical alignment of floor slab edges,
ERHXLITPYQFRIWWSJGSPYQRWSV[EPPWWLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIH
'SRGVIXIGEWXMRTPEGIJVEQIWXS[LMGLTVIGEWXIPIQIRXW
EVIEXXEGLIHWLSYPHQIIXXLIXSPIVERGIWMR8EFPIERH
XLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ%'-ERH%'-
Variations in floor heights are greater and more prevalent
MR GEWXMRTPEGI WXVYGXYVIW XLER MR SXLIV WXVYGXYVEP JVEQIW
8LMWEJJIGXWXLIEPMKRQIRXSJTVIGEWXMRWIVX[MXLXLIGEWXMR
TPEGIGSRRIGXMSRHIZMGI
8SPIVERGIW JSV GEWXMRTPEGI WXVYGXYVIW QE] LEZI XS
be increased to reflect local trade practices, structure
GSQTPI\MX] ERH IRZMVSRQIRXEP GSRHMXMSRW -R *MK  SJ
-8+ MRWXEPPEXMSR XSPIVERGIW JSV FIEQW ERH WTERHVIPW
are shown, specifically precast element to precast element,
TVIGEWX XS GEWXMRTPEGIGSRGVIXI ERH QEWSRV] ERH TVIGEWX
XSWXIIPJVEQI
 1M\IH GSRWXVYGXMSR{%'-  ETTPMIW SRP] XS
VIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXIERHQEWSRV]FYMPHMRKWERH%-7'
SRP]XSWXIIPFYMPHMRKJVEQIW8SPIVERGIWMRXLIWIWXERHEVHW
HS RSX ETTP] XS FYMPHMRKW SJ QM\IH GSRWXVYGXMSR WYGL EW
concrete floor slabs carried by steel beams or concreteIRGEWIHWXVYGXYVEPWXIIPQIQFIVW3FZMSYWP]XLIPSGEXMSRSJ
XLIJEGISJXLIGSRGVIXISRERIRGEWIHWXIIPQIQFIVERHXLI

PSGEXMSRSJXLIWXIIPQIQFIVMXWIPJEVIFSXLGVMXMGEP&IGEYWI
XLIEPMKRQIRXSJQM\IHGSRWXVYGXMSRQIQFIVWERHIRGEWIH
QIQFIVW MW RSX GSRXVSPPIH F] VIJIVIRGMRK XLI EJSVIQIR
XMSRIHWXERHEVHWXLIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGXWLSYPHVIUYMVIXLEX
XLIPSGEXMSRSJEPPWYGLQEXIVMEPWGSRXMKYSYWXSXLITVIGEWX
YRMXFIGSRXVSPPIH[MXLMRWXEXIHPMQMXW3RIVIGSQQIRHEXMSR
is that tolerances be no more than those specified in ACI
 JSV VIMRJSVGIH GSRGVIXI FYMPHMRKW ;LIR XLIVI MW
HSYFXEWXSXLIPIZIPSJQM\IHGSRWXVYGXMSRXSPIVERGIWXLI
TVIGEWXGSRGVIXIQERYJEGXYVIVQE]FIGSRWYPXIHJSVEHZMGI
 7XIIP FYMPHMRK JVEQIW{4VIGEWX GSRGVIXI TERIPW
WLSYPHFIIVIGXIHEWYRMJSVQP]EWTSWWMFPIEVSYRHXLIIRXMVI
TIVMQIXIVSJXLIWXVYGXYVIXSEZSMHTYPPMRKXLIWXIIPJVEQMRK
SYXSJEPMKRQIRX7XIIPFYMPHMRKJVEQIWLEZIHMJJIVIRXXSPIV
ERGIWJVSQXLSWIHMWGYWWIHTVIZMSYWP]8SPIVERGIWJSVWXIIP
JVEQI WXVYGXYVIW QEOI MX MQTVEGXMGEP XS QEMRXEMR TVIGEWX
GSRGVIXITERIPWMREXVYIZIVXMGEPTPERI&EWIHSRXLIEPPS[
EFPIWXIIPJVEQIZEVMEXMSRWMX[SYPHFIRIGIWWEV]XSTVSZMHI
JSVEMRQQ EHNYWXQIRXMRGSRRIGXMSRWYTXSXLIX[IR
XMIXLWXSV]ERHEMRQQ EHNYWXQIRXMRGSRRIGXMSRW
EFSZIXLIX[IRXMIXLWXSV]MJXLIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGXMRWMWXWSR
EXVYIZIVXMGEPTPERI'SRRIGXMSREHNYWXQIRXWSJXLMWQEKRM
XYHI EVI RSX IGSRSQMGEPP] JIEWMFPI 8LIVIJSVI XLI TVIGEWX
GSRGVIXI[EPPWLSYPHJSPPS[XLIWXIIPJVEQI
-R HIXIVQMRMRK XSPIVERGIW EXXIRXMSR WLSYPH FI KMZIR XS
possible deflections and rotation of structural members
WYTTSVXMRKTVIGEWXGSRGVIXI8LMWMWTEVXMGYPEVP]MQTSVXERXJSV
FIEVMRKSRWPIRHIVSVGERXMPIZIVIHWXVYGXYVEPQIQFIVW-JJVEQI
deflection is sensitive to location or eccentricity of the connec
XMSRXSPIVERGIWJSVPSGEXMSRSVIGGIRXVMGMX]WLSYPHFIKMZIR
'SRWMHIVEXMSR WLSYPH FI KMZIR XS MRMXMEP ERH PSRKXIVQ
deflections caused by creep of the supporting structural

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

QIQFIVW&IEQERHGSPYQRPSGEXMSRWWLSYPHFIYRMJSVQMR
VIPEXMSR XS XLI TVIGEWX YRMXW [MXL E GSRWXERX GPIEV HMWXERGI
FIX[IIRTVIGEWXGSRGVIXIERHWYTTSVXIPIQIRXW
%WXVYGXYVEPWXIIPJVEQITVIWIRXWMRWXEPPEXMSRERHGSRRIG
XMSR TVSFPIQW HMJJIVIRX JVSQ XLEX SJ E GSRGVIXI FYMPHMRK
JVEQI7XVYGXYVEPWXIIPGVSWWWIGXMSRWEVIVIPEXMZIP][IEOMR
XSVWMSR GSQTEVIH [MXL GSRGVIXI GVSWW WIGXMSRW 7XVYGXYVEP
WXIIP QIQFIVW KIRIVEPP] VIUYMVI XLEX XLI PSEH FI ETTPMIH
HMVIGXP]SZIVXLI[IFSVXLEXXLIGSRRIGXMSRFIGETEFPISJ
WYTTSVXMRKXLIMRHYGIHXSVWMSREPQSQIRX8LMWGERVIUYMVI
EWXVSRKIVGSRRIGXMSRERHGVIEXIMRWXEPPEXMSRTVSFPIQW[LIR
VSPPMRK XSPIVERGIW SJ XLI WXIIP FIEQ ETTVSEGL XLIMV PMQMXW
;LIR HIXEMPMRK TVIGEWX IPIQIRXW JSV EXXEGLQIRX XS WXIIP
WXVYGXYVIWEPPS[ERGIWLSYPHFIQEHIMRXLITVIGEWXGSRRIG
XMSRWWYGLEWWPMHMRKGSRRIGXMSRWERHSZIVWM^IH LSPIWJSV
W[E] MR XEPP WPIRHIV WXIIP WXVYGXYVIW [MXL YRIZIR PSEHMRK
and for deflections due to thermal effects.
(IWMKRWWLSYPHTVSZMHIJSVZIVXMGEPEHNYWXQIRXSJTVIGEWX
GSRGVIXITERIPWWYTTSVXIHF]XLIWXIIPJVEQI%REGGYQYPE
XMSRSJE\MEPWLSVXIRMRKSJE\MEPP]PSEHIHWXIIPGSPYQRW[MPP
result in the unstressed panels supported at each floor level
FIMRKLMKLIVXLERXLIWXIIPJVEQIGSRRIGXMSRWXS[LMGLXLI]
WLSYPH FI EXXEGLIH 7SQIXMQIW RSRPSEHFIEVMRK TVIGEWX
IPIQIRXWFIGSQIPSEHFIEVMRKIZIRXLSYKLXLIHIWMKRHSIW
RSXEPPS[JSVPSEH8LMWGERVIWYPXMRGVEGOMRK
8LIGPIEVERGIRIGIWWEV]JSV[EPPMRWXEPPEXMSRHITIRHWSR
[EPPHIWMKRHMQIRWMSREPEGGYVEG]SJXLIFYMPHMRKJVEQISV
SXLIV GSRWXVYGXMSRXS [LMGL XLI[EPP MW GSRRIGXIH ERH XLI
EHNYWXQIRX PMQMXW TIVQMXXIH F] GSRRIGXMSR HIXEMPW ;LIR
GSRRIGXMSRWXSXLIJEGISJWTERHVIPFIEQWSVXSGSPYQRWEVI
VIUYMVIHQSVIGPIEVERGI[MPPFIRIIHIHXSMRWXEPPJEWXIRIVW
XLER[LIRERGLSVWEVIPSGEXIHSRXLIWMHIWSJGSPYQRWERH
XLIXSTFSXXSQSVFSXLJEGIWSJFIEQW
{'PIEVERGIWERHXSPIVERGIWJSV
GSRWXVYGXMFMPMX]
 7YKKIWXIH QMRMQYQ GPIEVERGIW{'PIEVERGI SV
interface space between members, should be specified to
JEGMPMXEXIGSRWXVYGXMSR7YKKIWXIHQMRMQYQGPIEVERGIWEVI
&IX[IIRTVIGEWXTERIPWERHEHNEGIRXTVIGEWXQIQFIVW{
MRQQ 
&IX[IIR TVIGEWX TERIPW ERH GEWXMRTPEGI GSRGVIXI{
MRQQ FYXMRQQ MWTVIJIVVIH
&IX[IIRTVIGEWXTERIPWERHWXIIPJVEQI{MRQQ 
&IX[IIRTVIGEWXTERIPWERHXLIJVEQISJXEPPMVVIKYPEV
WXVYGXYVIW{MRQQ 
&IX[IIR TVIGEWX GSPYQR GPEHHMRK ERH GSPYQR{
MRQQ FYXMRQQ MWTVIJIVVIH
-J GPIEVERGIW EVI TVEGXMGEPP] EWWIWWIH XLI] [MPP WSPZI
QER]XSPIVERGITVSFPIQW8LIRSQMREPGPIEVERGIHMQIRWMSR
WLS[RSRXLIMRWXEPPEXMSRHVE[MRKWWLSYPHIUYEPXLIEGXYEP
GPIEVERGIVIUYMVIHTPYWXLISYX[EVHXSPIVERGITIVQMXXIHJSV
XLIEHNEGIRXWXVYGXYVEPJVEQI2SQMREPGPIEVERGIWWLSYPHFI
HIXIVQMRIHSRXLIEWWYQTXMSRXLEXXLIWXVYGXYVEPJVEQI[MPP
FIEWJEVSYXSJTSWMXMSRMRXLI[VSRKHMVIGXMSREWEPPS[IH
'SRRIGXMSRWWLSYPHFIHIWMKRIHXSEGGSQQSHEXIGPIEVERGI
TPYWMR[EVHXSPIVERGI



 'SRRIGXMSRTVSFPIQW{'SRRIGXMSRWWLSYPHLEZIXLI
QE\MQYQEHNYWXEFMPMX]XLEXMWWXVYGXYVEPP]SVEVGLMXIGXYVEPP]
JIEWMFPI 'PSWIV XSPIVERGIW EVI VIUYMVIH JSV FSPXIH GSRRIG
XMSRW XLER JSV KVSYXIH GSRRIGXMSRW 'SRRIGXMSRW WLSYPH
TVSZMHI JSV ZIVXMGEP LSVM^SRXEP ERH PEXIVEP EHNYWXQIRXW SJ
MRQQ QMRMQYQXSEGGSQQSHEXIER]QMWEPMKRQIRX
SJXLIWYTTSVXW]WXIQERHXLITVIGEWXIPIQIRXW0SGEXMSRSJ
LEVH[EVIMXIQWGEWXMRXSSVJEWXIRIHXSXLIWXVYGXYVIF]XLI
KIRIVEPGSRXVEGXSVWXIIPJEFVMGEXSVSVSXLIVXVEHIWWLSYPHFI
determined with specified tolerances for all site placement.
Unless another value is specified by the engineer/architect,
XSPIVERGIWJSVWYGLPSGEXMRKHMQIRWMSRWWLSYPHFIMR
QQ  MR EPP ZIVXMGEP ERH LSVM^SRXEP HMVIGXMSRW TPYW E WPSTI
HIZMEXMSRSJRSQSVIXLERMRQQ JSVXLIPIZIPRIWW
SJGVMXMGEPFIEVMRKWYVJEGIW
'SRRIGXMSRHIXEMPWWLSYPHTVSZMHIJSVXLITSWWMFMPMX]XLEX
FIEVMRKWYVJEGIWEVIQMWEPMKRIHSV[EVTIHJVSQXLIHIWMVIH
TPERI %HNYWXQIRXW GER FI TVSZMHIH F] XLI YWI SJ HV]
TEGO GSRGVIXI RSRWLVMRO KVSYX SV IPEWXSQIVMG TEHW MJ XLI
QMWEPMKRQIRXJVSQ XLILSVM^SRXEPTPERIHSIWRSXI\GIIH
MRQQ 
;LIRTSWWMFPIGSRRIGXMSRWWLSYPHFIHMQIRWMSRIHXSXLI
RIEVIWXMRQQ 1MRMQYQGPIEVERGIFIX[IIRTEVXW
[MXLMREGSRRIGXMSRWLSYPHRSXFIPIWWXLERMRQQ 
[MXLMRQQ TVIJIVVIH1MRMQYQGPIEVERGISVWLMQ
WTEGIFIX[IIRZEVMSYWGSRRIGXMSRIPIQIRXWWLSYPHFIMR
QQ 
;LIVIEYRMXMWRSXIVIGXIH[MXLMRXLIXSPIVERGIWEWWYQIH
MR XLI GSRRIGXMSR HIWMKR XLI WXVYGXYVEP EHIUYEG] SJ XLI
MRWXEPPEXMSR WLSYPH FI GLIGOIH ERH XLI GSRRIGXMSR HIWMKR
should be modified if tolerances are exceeded. No element
WLSYPHFIPIJXMRERYRWEJIWYTTSVXGSRHMXMSR%HNYWXQIRXWMR
XLITVIWGVMFIHXSPIVERGIWWLSYPHFIQEHISRP]EJXIVETTVSZEP
F]XLIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX
',%48)6{1%8)6-%07
{-RXVSHYGXMSR
&EWMG QEXIVMEPW YWIH MR JEFVMGEXMSR ERH MRWXEPPEXMSR SJ
TVIGEWXGSRGVIXI[EPPTERIPWEVIXLIWEQIEWXLSWIYWIHMR
GEWXMRTPEGI WXVYGXYVEP GSRGVIXI FYX TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI [EPP
TERIPW EPWS QEOI YWI SJ WTIGMEP QEXIVMEPW GEWXMRK XIGL
RMUYIWERHGYVMRK)\TSWIHEKKVIKEXIWEHQM\XYVIWMRWIVXW
ERHWTIGMEPX]GSEXMRKWEVIYWIHXSIRLERGIEIWXLIXMGETTIEV
ERGI8LMWGLETXIVHIWGVMFIWXLIJSPPS[MRKQEXIVMEPWEWYWIH
MRTVIGEWXGSRGVIXITERIPGSRWXVYGXMSR
4SVXPERHGIQIRX
7XERHEVHERHHIGSVEXMZIEKKVIKEXIWJSVI\TSWIHJEGMRK
%HQM\XYVIW
-RWYPEXMRKQEXIVMEPWERH[]XLIGSRRIGXSVW
6IMRJSVGIQIRXERHMRWIVXW
'YVMRKQEXIVMEPWERHWIEPIVW
Joint sealants and fillers.
7YVJEGIVIXEVHIVW
*SVQVIPIEWIEKIRXW
8LMRFVMGO
1SWXSJXLIWIQEXIVMEPWEVIGSRWMHIVIHMRQSVIHIXEMPF]
SXLIV%'-GSQQMXXIIW

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK



+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

{4SVXPERHGIQIRX
 +IRIVEP{9WYEP MRHYWXV] TVEGXMGI MW XS YWI [LMXI
FYJJSVKVE]TSVXPERHGIQIRXSVEQM\XYVISJ[LMXIERHKVE]
GIQIRXWQIIXMRK%781''1VIUYMVIQIRXWJSV
8]TI -SV 8]TI---;LMXI GIQIRXYWEKIWLSYPH FI GPIEVP]
specified when it is required. Cement Types II, IV, and V
EVIWIPHSQYWIHMRTVIGEWXTERIPW;LIRYWMRKER]WTIGMEP
GIQIRXXEOIIZIV]TVIGEYXMSRXSIRWYVIXLEXIEVP]GSRGVIXI
WXVIRKXLWEVIEHIUYEXI
 7MRKPIWSYVGI{*SVER]KMZIRTVSNIGXIRSYKLGIQIRX
JSVXLIIRXMVITVSNIGXWLSYPHFITVSGYVIHJVSQEWMRKPIWSYVGI
WSEPPGIQIRXMWXLIWEQIFVERHERHX]TI7SQITVIGEWXIVW
TVIJIVXSSFXEMREWMRKPISRIXMQISRIFEXGLWLMTQIRXJSV
E KMZIR TVSNIGX XS QMRMQM^I GSPSV ZEVMEXMSRW )PMQMREXMSR
SJGSPSVZEVMEXMSRMWRSXTSWWMFPIFIGEYWIZEVMEFPIWMRSXLIV
QEXIVMEPWERHMRTERIPJEFVMGEXMSRGERLEZIIJJIGXW
 7XSVEKI{(V] GSZIVIH WXSVEKI EVIEW WLSYPH FI
TVSZMHIHJSVFYPOSVFEKKIHGIQIRX&EKKIHGIQIRXWLSYPH
FIWXSVIHSR[SSHIRTEPPIXWERHSYXSJGSRXEGX [MXLXEROW
SV SYXIV WXSVEKI FYMPHMRK [EPPW [LIVI GSRHIRWEXMSR GSYPH
SGGYV 8S EZSMH TEGO WIX FEKW WLSYPH RSX FI WXSVIH QSVI
XLERX[STEPPIXWLMKLSVJXQ XSXEPLIMKLX
 7EQTPMRK{-RGEWISJJYXYVITVSFPIQW[MXLWXVIRKXL
SV GSPSV YRMJSVQMX] E WEQTPI WLSYPH FI XEOIR JVSQ IEGL
GIQIRXWLMTQIRXERHOITXMREJYPPWIEPIHGSRXEMRIVEXPIEWX
QSRXLWSVYRXMPXLIWLMTQIRXMWI\LEYWXIH
 Mill certificationsMill certifications should
EGGSQTER]IEGLWLMTQIRXXLEXGSRXEMRWXLIQEXIVMEPGSQTS
WMXMSRWEW[IPPEWGSRJSVQERGIXSXLIVIUYMVIH%781WXER
HEVHXIWXW
{%KKVIKEXIWJSVWXVYGXYVEPSVFEGOYTGSRGVIXI
2SVQEP[IMKLX SV PMKLX[IMKLX EKKVIKEXIW GSRJSVQMRK XS
%781 ''1 SV ''1 VIWTIGXMZIP]
WLSYPHFIYWIHMRFEGOYTSVWXVYGXYVEPGSRGVIXIJSVTVIGEWX
TERIPW
%KKVIKEXIWJSVFEGOYTGSRGVIXIWLSYPHFIWXSVIHMRGPIER
well-drained areas in identifiable bins. Bins should be
HIWMKRIHXSEZSMHWIKVIKEXMSRGSRXEQMREXMSRSVMRXIVQM\MRK
SJHMJJIVIRXEKKVIKEXIWSVEKKVIKEXIWM^IW;LIREKKVIKEXI
MWMRXIRHIHJSVYWI[MXLWIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRKGSRGVIXI7'' 
gradation, specific gravity, and moisture content are critical
ERHWLSYPHFIQIEWYVIHERHQSRMXSVIHJVIUYIRXP]
{*EGMRKEKKVIKEXIW
 +VEHMRK
 +IRIVEP{9RMJSVQEKKVIKEXIWJSVVIKYPEVGSRGVIXI
EVI YWYEPP] WIPIGXIH F] WXERHEVH WMIZI WM^IW XS TVSZMHI E
balance of fine and coarse sizes. Grading that combines
EKKVIKEXIWM^IWXSTVSHYGIXLIQE\MQYQ[IMKLXSJEKKVI
KEXITIVYRMXZSPYQISJGSRGVIXIMWTVIJIVVIH1SWXGSRGVIXI
QM\XYVIWEVIGLSWIR[MXLXLMWMRQMRHFYXEVISJXIRPMQMXIH
SRXLIYTTIVIRHSJXLIGSEVWIEKKVIKEXIWM^IF]HMQIRWMSRW
SJXLITERIPXSFIGEWXGPIEVHMWXERGIFIX[IIRVIMRJSVGIQIRX
GPIEVHMWXERGIFIX[IIRXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHJSVQWYVJEGI
desired finish, and flow requirements.
 +ET KVEHMRK SJ JEGMRK EKKVIKEXIW{&IGEYWI
TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI TERIPW JVIUYIRXP] YWI I\TSWIH EKKVIKEXI

8EFPI
JSVI\TSWIHEKKVIKEXI
4IVGIRXSJMRHMGEXIHWM^IEKKVIKEXITEWWMRK
7M^I(
7M^I'
7M^I&
7M^I%
7MIZI
XSMR XSMR XSPMR XSMR
STIRMRK
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MR QQ
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the desired surface finish, appearance, and texture can dictate

fine and coarse aggregate grading. Gap grading can achieve
EGSRWMWXIRXYRMJSVQTERIPJEGI[MXLEQE\MQYQSJEKKVI
gate surface exposed. A gap-graded combination of fine or
GSEVWIEKKVIKEXIW LEW SRI SV QSVI WM^IW QMWWMRK JVSQ XLI
VERKISJWXERHEVHTEVXMGPIWM^IW4VSHYGIVWQE]IPIGXXMKLXIV
SVQSVIVIWXVMGXMZIKVEHMRKWMREREXXIQTXXSMQTVSZIYRMJSV
mity. Common sizes of gap-graded fine aggregates are 30 to
QIWLXSQQ ERHXSQIWLQQXS
600 mm). Using coarse and fine sizes combined can produce
E KETKVEHIH GSQFMREXMSR XLEX VIWYPXW MR PIWW WIKVIKEXMSR
and more uniform surface finish. In SCC, gradation and
EKKVIKEXITVSTSVXMSRWQE]FIHMGXEXIHQSVIF]ERIJJSVXXS
achieve a stable mixture than the finish. Selecting an aggre
gate and its properties should satisfy flow requirements and
surface finish.
 7GLIHYPI SJ WM^IW{8EFPI  WLS[W JSYV
HMJJIVIRXWM^IKVEHMRKWIWXEFPMWLIHF]TVIGEWXMRHYWXV]EKKVI
KEXIWYTTPMIVWJSVYWIMRI\TSWIHEKKVIKEXITVIGEWXGSRGVIXI
8LMWWM^IWGLIHYPIMWRSXYRMZIVWEPP]VIGSKRM^IHERHWSQI
EKKVIKEXI TVSHYGIVW QE] LEZI XLIMV S[R WXERHEVHW 4ERIP
TVSHYGIVWWLSYPHFIE[EVIXLEXWQEPPEKKVIKEXIWMR
QQ  ERH WQEPPIV QE] TYPP SYX HYVMRK I\TSWIH EKKVIKEXI
surface finishing.
 8]TIWERHUYEPMX]SJJEGMRKEKKVIKEXIW
 +IRIVEP{9WYEPP] HIGSVEXMZI JEGMRK EKKVIKEXIW
EVIYWIHSRP]MRI\TSWIHTERIPJEGIWFIGEYWISJGSWX*EGI
PE]IV XLMGORIWW HITIRHW SR EKKVIKEXI WM^I FYX WLSYPH FI
sufficiently thick to prevent backup concrete from showing
XLVSYKL XLI I\TSWIH JEGI ERH IPMQMREXI XLI VIMRJSVGMRK
JSSXTVMRX *EGI GSRGVIXI XLMGORIWW WLSYPH FI  XMQIW XLI
QE\MQYQWM^ISJGSEVWIJEGMRKEKKVIKEXIFYXRSXPIWWXLER
MRQQ *EGMRKEKKVIKEXIQM\XYVIWWLSYPHFIWXSGOIHMR
sufficient quantities from the particular source to complete an
IRXMVITVSNIGX-RETTVSTVMEXITPERRMRKQE]GEYWIYR[ERXIH
GLERKIWMRGSPSVSVXI\XYVI

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

 Specific surface color and texture{7TIGMEPEKKVI

KEXIWJSVJEGMRKMRGPYHIREXYVEPP]SGGYVVMRKEKKVIKEXIWWYGL
EW WIPIGX KVEZIPW KVERMXIW XVETVSGO QEVFPI PMQIWXSRI
UYEVX^UYEVX^MXIJIPHWTEVERHSFWMHMER7IPIGXMSRWLSYPHFI
FEWIHSRTIVJSVQERGISJXLIJEGMRKEKKVIKEXIMRETTVSZIH
TERIP WEQTPIW %TTVSZEP WLSYPH FI FEWIH SR JEFVMGEXMSR
QM\XYVIHIWMKRERHEIWXLIXMGEGGITXEFMPMX]
 (YVEFMPMX] GSRGIVRW{7SQI PMQIWXSRI QEVFPI
ERHWERHWXSRIEVIRSXHYVEFPISRI\TSWIHI\XIVMSVWYVJEGIW
%PPJEGMRKEKKVIKEXIWWLSYPHLEZITVSZIRWIVZMGIVIGSVHWSV
FIIRWLS[RXSFIEGGITXEFPIYRHIVPEFSVEXSV]XIWXGSRHMXMSRW
FIJSVIFIMRKYWIHMRTVIGEWXTERIPW%TTVSTVMEXIXIWXWMRGPYHI
TIXVSKVETLMG I\EQMREXMSR EFVEWMSR VIWMWXERGI ERH I\TER
WMSR XIWXW %781 '  *EGMRK EKKVIKEXIW XLEX TEWW
PEFSVEXSV]HYVEFMPMX]XIWXMRKSVLEZIKSSHWIVZMGILMWXSVMIW
VEVIP]LEZITVSFPIQW[MXLEPOEPMEKKVIKEXIVIEGXMZMX];LIR
WYGLEVIEGXMSRMWWYWTIGXIHJVSQERI[SVYRORS[RGSQFM
REXMSR SJ EKKVIKEXIW ERH GIQIRX XLI EKKVIKEXI WLSYPH FI
I\EQMRIHTIXVSKVETLMGEPP]ERHI\TERWMSRWLSYPHRSXI\GIIH
%781''1PMQMXW-JXLIPMQMXWEVII\GIIHIHPS[
EPOEPMGIQIRX[MXLEQE\MQYQSJ 2E3%781'
C150M-11) or fly ash should be used with the aggregate.
1MRIVEP EHQM\XYVIW WLS[R XS TVIZIRX LEVQJYP I\TERWMSR
such as fly ash, may be used if the matrix color meets archi
XIGXYVEPETTIEVERGIVIUYMVIQIRXW
 7XEMRMRK{'SEVWI JEGMRK EKKVIKEXIW QE] GSRXEMR
TEVXMGPIW[MXLLMKLMVSRGSRXIRXXLEXVIWYPXMRYRWMKLXP]WXEMRW
8LIWIWXEMRWYWYEPP]ETTIEVEXEPEXIVHEXIHYIXSEXQSWTLIVMG
S\MHEXMSRSVGEVFSREXMSR7IPIGXMZMX]F]XLITERIPTVSHYGIV
ERH ORS[PIHKI SJ EKKVIKEXI QEXIVMEPW ERH XLIMV WIVZMGI
VIGSVHWEVIXLISRP]EWWYVERGIEKEMRWXPSRKXIVQMVSRWXEMRW
JVSQEKKVIKEXIW%RYRXVMIHEKKVIKEXIWLSYPHFIXIWXIHJSV
MVSRFIEVMRKTEVXMGPIWEGGSVHMRKXS%781'%KKVI
KEXIWWLSYPHWLS[EWXEMRMRHI\PIWWXLER
 +PEWW SV GIVEQMG EKKVIKEXIW{+PEWW SV GIVEQMG
EKKVIKEXIW YWIH JSV FVMKLX GSPSV SV WTIGMEP IJJIGXW WLSYPH
RSX VIEGX [MXL XLI GIQIRX YWIH 8LI UYMGO GLIQMGEP XIWX
MR %781 ' QE] FI YWIH JSV HIXIGXMSR SJ KPEWW SV
GIVEQMG EKKVIKEXIW XLEX EVI VIEGXMZI 'IVEQMG EKKVIKEXIW
QE]I\LMFMXFVMXXPIRIWWERHFVIEOHS[RHYVMRKGEWXMRK+PEWW
EKKVIKEXIW LEZI PS[ EFWSVTXMSR ERH KSSH HYVEFMPMX] FYX
LEZIPS[GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLERHPS[FSRHWXVIRKXL[MXL
GIQIRXTEWXI*EFVMGEXMSRI\TIVMQIRXMRKERHXIWXMRKSJKPEWW
ERHGIVEQMGJEGIHTERIPWMWVIGSQQIRHIH
{%HQM\XYVIW
 +IRIVEP{'LIQMGEP SV QMRIVEP QEXIVMEPW QE] FI
added to the concrete mixture to bring about specific changes
MR QM\XYVI TVSTIVXMIW %'- 6 GSRXEMRW PMQMXW
ERH VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW JSV XLI YWI SJ GLIQMGEP EHQM\XYVIW
MRGPYHMRK PMQMXW SR GLPSVMHI GSRXIRX SJ LEVHIRIH GSRGVIXI
VIJIVXS7IGXMSR 8STVSXIGXVIMRJSVGIQIRXJVSQGSVVS
WMSR%'-6VIGSQQIRHWPMQMXMRKXLIEGMHWSPYFPIERH
[EXIVWSPYFPIGLPSVMHIMSRGSRXIRXMRLEVHIRIHGSRGVIXI%PP
TVIWXVIWWIHGSRGVIXIERHER]VIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXII\TSWIHXS
QSMWXYVISVGLPSVMHIMRWIVZMGIJEPPWMRXSSRIGEXIKSV]ERHER]
VIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXIXLEXMWHV]SVTVSXIGXIHJVSQQSMWXYVIMR
WIVZMGIJEPPWMRXSXLISXLIVGEXIKSV]



 %MVIRXVEMRMRK EHQM\XYVIW{%MVIRXVEMRMRK EHQM\

XYVIWWLSYPHFIYWIHMREPPGSRGVIXIWXLEXQE]FII\TSWIHXS
JVII^MRKERHXLE[MRKG]GPIW[LIRWEXYVEXIH[MXL[EXIV8LI
EHHIHTVSXIGXMSREKEMRWXJVII^MRKERHXLE[MRKHIXIVMSVEXMSR
JEV SYX[IMKLW ER] PSWW SJ WXVIRKXLTSVSWMX] SV HIRWMX] %
X]TMGEPHSWEKISJEMVIRXVEMRMRKEHQM\XYVITVSZMHMRKETTVS\
MQEXIP]TIVGIRXEMVMRXLIQSVXEVJVEGXMSRSJXLIGSRGVIXIMW
VIGSQQIRHIH&IGEYWISJXLIYRYWYEPREXYVISJQSWXJEGMRK
mixtures, a specification for the amount of air-entraining
admixture rather than a fixed percentage of air is recom
QIRHIH6IJIVXS%781''1ERH'
 1MRIVEPEHQM\XYVIWERHTS^^SPERW{3RVEVISGGE
sions, where a particularly smooth surface is desired, fine
QMRIVEPW SV TS^^SPERW QE] FI EHHIH XS XLI QM\XYVI 8LI
X]TMGEP GYVMRK TIVMSH JSV TVIGEWX TERIPW MW SJXIR XSS WLSVX
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and Type F fly ashes. Using Type C fly ash minimizes loss
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 Viscosity modifiers{:MWGSWMX]QSHMJ]MRK EHQM\
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flow. Closed-cell insulations with a water vapor permeance
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connectors are classified as a structurally composite or struc
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fluctuations of the exterior wythe. Structurally composite
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 Glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite
GSRRIGXSVW{+*64 GSQTSWMXI GSRRIGXSVW EVI QERYJEG
tured from continuous glass fibers pulled through thermoset
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 Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) shear
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below that ordinarily specified or recommended, reinforce
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ment, reinforcement clad with stainless copper, and fiber-rein
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 3XLIV GSEXMRKW{3XLIV GSEXMRKW EZEMPEFPI JSV

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 Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) grids{
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cally thin and flexible and usually supplied on rolls. Like
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the cast-in inserts occurred and a field solution is required.
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not be used. Specifications for bolts include ASTM A307-10,
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MRGPYHI%781%ERH%%1
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conform to applicable bolt specifications and be perfor
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XIWXW ERH PSRKXIVQ SYXHSSV I\TSWYVI TPSXW LEZI ]MIPHIHE
[MHIVERKISJVIWYPXW7SQIWIEPIVWTVSHYGIWIZIVIHMWGSP
SVEXMSR [MXLMR I\TSWYVI TIVMSHW ZEV]MRK JVSQ  [IIO XS
WIZIVEP QSRXLW 4ERIP WYVJEGIW XLEX LEZI FIIR WIEPIH QE]
HMWGSPSV HYI XS XLI WIEPIVW EXXVEGXMRK L]HVSGEVFSRW XS XLI
WIEPIVWYVJEGILEZMRKPMXXPIVIWMWXERGIXSHMWGSPSVEXMSRF]XLI
WYRvWYPXVEZMSPIXVE]WSVFIMRKEJJIGXIHF]XIQTIVEXYVIWSJ
*' SVQSVI
8IWXW WLS[ XLEX WIEPIVW HS RSX MQTVSZI VIWMWXERGI XS
JVII^MRKERHXLE[MRK6IWMWXERGIXSJVII^MRKERHXLE[MRKMW
FIWXEGLMIZIH[MXLEMVIRXVEMRMRKEHQM\XYVIWEWSYXPMRIHMR
7IGXMSR
7IEPIV YWI WLSYPH FI FEWIH SR TVIZMSYW I\TIVMIRGI ERH
GEVIJYPWXYH]SJXIWXHEXEJSVTIVJSVQERGIMRXLITVSTSWIHIRZM
VSRQIRX7IEPIVWWLSYPHFIETTPMIHMRWXVMGXEGGSVHERGI[MXLXLI
QERYJEGXYVIVvWVIGSQQIRHEXMSRW7IEPIVWKIRIVEPP]WLSYPHRSX
FIETTPMIHSRWYVJEGIWXLEX[MPPGSRXEGXNSMRXWIEPERXW
 7MPMGSRIWIEPIVTIVJSVQERGI{8LIYWISJWMPMGSRI
FEWIH WIEPIVW MW RSX VIGSQQIRHIH 7YVJEGIW XVIEXIH [MXL
WMPMGSRI JSVQYPEXMSRW ZEV] [MHIP] MRTIVJSVQERGI )\TIVM
IRGI[MXLWMPMGSRIWIEPIVWMRHMGEXIWXLI]WLSYPHRSXFIYWIH
SRI\TSWIHUYEVX^EKKVIKEXIWERHXLEXHYVEFMPMX]MWQEVKMREP
[LIRYWIHSRSXLIVEKKVIKEXIW-RYVFEREVIEWWSQIWMPMGSRI
WIEPIVWEXXVEGXEMVFSVRIL]HVSGEVFSRWVIWYPXMRKMRTVIQEXYVI
HMWGSPSVEXMSRSJ[LMXISVPMKLXGSPSVIHTERIPW[MXLMREWLSVX
TIVMSH7MPMGSRIWIEPIVWMRXIVJIVI[MXLXLIFSRHMRKSJTEXGLIW
ERHTVIZIRXXLIFSRHMRKSJNSMRXWIEPERXW-JYWIHWMPMGSRI
FEWIH QEXIVMEPW WLSYPH FI ETTPMIH SRP] EJXIV TEXGLMRK ERH
NSMRXWIEPMRKEVIGSQTPIXIH
 3XLIV WIEPIVW{&IXXIV TIVJSVQERGI VIWYPXW LEZI
FIIR SFXEMRIH [MXL QIXL]P QIXLEGV]PEXI JSVQW SJ EGV]PMG
VIWMR SR I\TSWIH EKKVIKEXI WYVJEGIW 7EXMWJEGXSV] VIWYPXW
LEZI EPWS FIIR EGLMIZIH [MXL SXLIV EGV]PMG GSTSP]QIVW
WMPERIWERHWMPS\ERIW
% [MHIV VERKI SJ EGGITXEFPI WIEPIVW MW EZEMPEFPI SR PIWW
HIPMGEXI WYVJEGIW WYGL EW TPEMR SV VMFFIH GSRGVIXI TERIPW
7IEPIVW XLEX HS RSX TIVJSVQ [IPP SR I\TSWIH EKKVIKEXI
WYVJEGIWSVZIV]PMKLXGSPSVIHWYVJEGIWEVISJXIREGGITXEFPI
SRTPEMRSVVMFFIHGSRGVIXI

 1SVXEVW{'IQIRX QSVXEVW EVI RSX HYGXMPI ERH

GERRSX EGGSQQSHEXI TERIP QSZIQIRX %PXLSYKL XLI] EVI
RSX WYMXEFPI EW WIEPERXW QSVXEVW QE] FI YWIH [MXL SXLIV
WIEPIVWJSVTEGOMRKGSRRIGXMSRNSMRXW1SVXEVWEVITVIJIVVIH
JSVXLIFEWISJPSEHFIEVMRKTERIPWWYTTSVXIHF]WLMQW

 )PEWXSQIVMGWIEPERXW{3RP]IPEWXSQIVMGQEXIVMEPW
WLSYPHFIYWIHEWWIEPERXWMRTVIGEWXTERIPMRWXEPPEXMSR)PEW
tomeric sealants (caulks) include polysulfides, silicones, and
YVIXLERIW 8LI] QE] FI SRI SV X[STEVX GSQTSYRHW ERH
FSXLEVITVIJIVVIHSZIVSMPFEWIHX]TIW(IWTMXILMKLIVMRMXMEP
TVMGI IPEWXSQIVMG WIEPERXW EVI TVIJIVVIH FIGEYWI SJ PS[IV
QEMRXIRERGI GSWXW FIXXIV [IEXLIV XMKLX NSMRXW ERH PSRKIV
PMJI'SRWYPX%781'JSVHIXEMPIHMRJSVQEXMSR
2SRWXEMRMRKIPEWXSQIVMGNSMRXWIEPERXWWLSYPHFIWIPIGXIH
XS TVIZIRX FPIIHMRK ERH LIEZ] HMVX EGGYQYPEXMSR ,MKL
performance one- or two-part sealants such as polysulfides,
YVIXLERIW WMPMGSRIW SV SXLIV WIEPERX QEXIVMEP EVI VIGSQ
mended for weatherproofing joints in precast panels. These
WIEPERXW WLSYPH [MXLWXERHNSMRX QSZIQIRXW SJ EX PIEWX 
TIVGIRX -J KVIEXIV WIEPERX QSZIQIRX GETEGMX] MW VIUYMVIH
GSRWYPX [MXL QERYJEGXYVIVW SJ PS[QSHYPYW WIEPERXW 8LI
WIEPERXWIPIGXIHWLSYPHQEXGLXLIGSPSVSJXLITVIGEWXTERIP
EWGPSWIP]EWTSWWMFPIXSVIHYGIXLIZMWYEPIJJIGXSJZEVMEXMSRW
MRNSMRXHMQIRWMSRW
 Joint fillersBackup fillers are needed in joints to
GSRXVSP WIEPERX HITXL JEGMPMXEXI XSSPMRK SJ XLI WIEPERX ERH
WIVZIEWEFSRHFVIEOIVXSTVIZIRXXLIWIEPERXJVSQFSRHMRK
XSXLIFEGOSJXLINSMRX*MPPIVQEXIVMEPWLSYPHFIRSRWXEMRMRK
to the sealant. Asphaltic (bitumastic) fillers should not be
used. The sealant manufacturer can advise on filler materials
XLEX EVI GSQTEXMFPI [MXL XLI WIPIGXIH WIEPERX 8LI VIGSQ
mended shape factor should also be listed. Acceptable fillers
EVIXLSWIXLEXGSQTVIWWMRXSXLINSMRXERHVIWTSRHXSTERIP
movement. A round filler profile provides maximum edge
EVIE[MXLQMRMQYQGVSWWWIGXMSRJSVFIWXWIEPERXEHLIWMSR
The best filler profile is a rod of spongy or foamed material
XLEXMWGPSWIHGIPPXSTVIZIRXQSMWXYVIVIXIRXMSR
{'LIQMGEPVIXEVHIVW
 +IRIVEP{'LIQMGEPVIXEVHIVWXIQTSVEVMP]HIPE]XLI
LEVHIRMRKSJGIQIRXTEWXIEXXLIWYVJEGISJXLITVIGEWXTERIP
%JXIVXLIFEWIGSRGVIXISJXLITERIPLEVHIRWRSVQEPP]SZIV
RMKLX  XLI VIXEVHIH GIQIRX TEWXI MW VIQSZIH F] FVYWLMRK
LMKLTVIWWYVI[EXIV[EWLMRKSVWERHFPEWXMRKXSI\TSWIXLI
EKKVIKEXIW&VYWLMRKSV[EXIV[EWLMRK[MPPRSXGLERKIXLI
REXYVEPPSSOSJXLIEKKVIKEXIWFYXWERHFPEWXMRKQE]HYPPXLI
WYVJEGI
8[SX]TIWSJGLIQMGEPVIXEVHIVWEVIYWIHMRTVIGEWXTERIP
JEFVMGEXMSR*SVQVIXEVHIVWEVIYWYEPP]JEWXHV]MRKWSPZIRX
FEWIHQEXIVMEPWETTPMIHXSXLIJSVQWYVJEGI8LIWIVIXEVHIVW
VIWMWX XLI EFVEWMSR MRLIVIRX MR XLI TPEGIQIRX SJ GSRGVIXI
7YVJEGI VIXEVHIVW EVI [EXIVFEWIH QEXIVMEPW ETTPMIH XS XLI
XST WYVJEGI SJ JVIWLP]TPEGIH GSRGVIXI 8LI] EVI YWYEPP]
ETTPMIH [MXL KEVHIRX]TI WTVE] ETTPMGEXSVW &IJSVI XLI
VIXEVHIVMWWTVE]IHSREHHMXMSREPEKKVIKEXIQE]FITPEGIH
SR XLI WYVJEGI ERH XVS[IPIH MR XS TVSZMHI E QSVIYRMJSVQ
finished surface.
 (ITXLSJVIZIEP{*SVQERHWYVJEGIX]TIVIXEVHIVW
EVIYWIHXSIXGLXLIGSRGVIXIXSHITXLWXLEXEPPS[JSVHIWMKR
flexibility. As a general rule, the retarder should expose
RSX QSVI XLER  TIVGIRX SJ XLI EKKVIKEXI HMEQIXIV EX XLI
surface. When used, retarders can produce finishes of the

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

PMKLXIWXVIZIEPVIQSZMRKSRP]WYVJEGIWOMRXSEHIITVIZIEP
VIQSZMRKEKKVIKEXIWYTXSMRQQ 
{*SVQVIPIEWIEKIRXW
 +IRIVEP{1SHIVR VIPIEWI EKIRXW EVI JSVQYPEXIH
JVSQ E ZEVMIX] SJ MRKVIHMIRXW XS TIVJSVQ WIZIVEP JYRG
XMSRW8LIMVTVMQEV]TYVTSWIMWXSVIPIEWIXLITERIPEMHMR
HIFSRHMRK JVSQXLIJSVQ3XLIVJYRGXMSRWMRGPYHI
1MRMQM^MRKSVIPMQMREXMRKFYKLSPIWERHWXEMRW
1MRMQM^MRKJSVQGPIERYTXMQI
/IITMRKGIQIRXMXMSYWQEXIVMEPWJVSQFYMPHMRKYTSRXLI
JSVQJEGMRK
'SRXVMFYXMRK XS XLI JEFVMGEXMSR SJ LMKL ZMWYEP MQTEGX
GSRGVIXIWYVJEGIW
(IWMVEFPIEXXVMFYXIWMRGPYHI
2SXMRXIVJIVMRK[MXLXLIFSRHMRKSJGSRWXVYGXMSREVGLM
XIGXYVEPP]EIWXLIXMGQEXIVMEPWSVFSXLXSXLI LEVHIRIH
GSRGVIXIWYVJEGI
2SXHIKVEHMRKERHWXEMRMRKJSVQJEGMRKQEXIVMEPW
2SXWXEMRMRKGSRGVIXI[LIRWXIEQGYVMRKMWYWIH
&IMRKIEW]XSETTP]MREPPWIEWSRW
 'LIQMGEPP] EGXMZI VIPIEWI EKIRXW{'LIQMGEPP]
EGXMZIVIPIEWIEKIRXWEVIXLIQSWXGSQQSR8LIMVVIPIEWMRK
EFMPMX]MWXLIVIWYPXSJEGLIQMGEPVIEGXMSRFIX[IIRXLIJVII
PMQIJVSQJVIWLGIQIRXTEWXIERHGLIQMGEPWMRXLIVIPIEWI
EKIRXGSEXMRKXLIJSVQWYVJEGI8LMWVIEGXMSRTVSHYGIWWPMT
TIV] [EXIVMRWSPYFPI WSET SV KVIEWI [LMGL TVSZMHIW JSV
IEW]JSVQVIQSZEP8]TMGEPP]XLIGLIQMGEPP]EGXMZIMRKVIHM
ents are fish oils, vegetable oils, animal fats, or combinations
XLIVISJ
 )QYPWMSR X]TI EKIRXW{7SQI VIPIEWI EKIRXW YWI
[EXIVIQYPWMSRWJSVEGEVVMIVMRWXIEHSJTIXVSPIYQHIVMZIHSMP
7SQIIQYPWMSRWEVIGLIQMGEPP]EGXMZIEKIRXW[LIVIEWSXLIVW
facilitate form release by producing a barrier film, much like
JYIPSMPHSIW+IRIVEPP]IQYPWMSRX]TIVIPIEWIEKIRXW[MPPRSX
LEVQ JSVQ JEGMRK QEXIVMEPW XLEX EVI WIRWMXMZI XS TIXVSPIYQ
HIVMZIHSMPW'SPH[IEXLIVSTIVEXMSRWVIUYMVIWXSVEKIERHYWI
GSRWMHIVEXMSRWHMJJIVIRXJVSQSXLIVVIPIEWIEKIRXW
 4IXVSPIYQHIVMZIH EKIRXW{6IPIEWI EKIRXW QEHI
IRXMVIP] JVSQ TIXVSPIYQHIVMZIH SMPW WYGL EW JYIP SMP ERH
OIVSWIRIJYRGXMSRF]TVSHYGMRKEFEVVMIVFIX[IIRXLIJSVQ
JEGIERHXLIGSRGVIXI8LMWFEVVMIVX]TIVIPIEWIEKIRXKIRIV
EPP]GEYWIWQSVIFYKLSPIWWXEMRMRKERHTSSVIVJSVQVIPIEWI
XLERGLIQMGEPP]EGXMZIX]TIW
 %TTP]MRK VIPIEWI EKIRXW XS JSVQ[SVO{6IPIEWI
EKIRXWWLSYPHFIETTPMIHMREXLMRYRMJSVQGSEXMRKSRGPIER
HV] JSVQ JEGMRKW 9WYEPP] XLMW MW HSRI F] WTVE]MRK 8LI
VIPIEWIEKIRXWLSYPHFIETTPMIHMREQERRIVERHWGLIHYPIH
XSEZSMHGSEXMRKXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRX
',%48)6{4%2)0*%&6-'%8-32
%2(()0-:)6=
{+IRIVEPVIUYMVIQIRXW
 4VITEVEXMSRSJHIWMKRGEPGYPEXMSRWJEFVMGEXMSRERH
MRWXEPPEXMSR HVE[MRKW{8LI TVIGEWX QERYJEGXYVIV TVITEVIW
MRWXEPPEXMSRERHJEFVMGEXMSRHVE[MRKWJSVXLITVIGEWXTERIPW
%PP RIGIWWEV] HIXEMPW JSV XLI JEFVMGEXMSR LERHPMRK ERH
installation of the precast products from the specifications



ERH EVGLMXIGXYVEP WMXI ERH WXVYGXYVEP HVE[MRKW EVI RIIHIH

XSTVITEVIMRWXEPPEXMSRERHJEFVMGEXMSRHVE[MRKW-RWXEPPEXMSR
HVE[MRKWERHLEVH[EVIJVSQSXLIVXVEHIWWLSYPHFITVSZMHIH
[MXLMR GSRXVEGXYEP WGLIHYPIW (IXEMPMRKQIXLSHW ZEV] [MXL
XLIQERYJEGXYVIVFYXIPIZEXMSRWERHLSVM^SRXEPHMQIRWMSRW
WLS[RWLSYPHPSGEXIERHQEVOIEGLTVIGEWXIPIQIRXERHKMZI
MXWVIPEXMSRWLMTXS[MRHS[WSTIRMRKWERHEHNEGIRXFYMPHMRK
GSQTSRIRXW(IXEMPWWLSYPHTVSZMHIWM^IWLETIHMQIRWMSRW
and profiles of each member. Connections, reinforcement,
ERHMRHMZMHYEPQEVORYQFIVWWLSYPHFIWLS[R-RWXEPPEXMSR
HVE[MRKWWLSYPHWLS[XLIJSPPS[MRK
(IWMKRKVEZMX][MRHERHWIMWQMGPSEHW
6ZEPYIJSVMRWYPEXIHTERIPWMRGPYHMRKXLIVQEPEREP]WMW
ERHQIXLSHYWIH
0SGEXMSR ERH HIXEMPW SJ LEVH[EVI IQFIHHIH MR SV
EXXEGLIHXSXLIWXVYGXYVEPJVEQIFIX[IIRTVIGEWXTERIPW
SVFSXL
,ERHPMRK PSEHW ERH EHHMXMSREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX VIUYMVIH
JSVXVERWTSVXEXMSRERHMRWXEPPEXMSRWXVIWWIW
4VSTSWIHMRWXEPPEXMSRWIUYIRGIMJVIUYMVIH
Unless otherwise specified, temporary bracing for
ZIVXMGEPTERIPW
1IXLSHSJIVIGXMRKTERIPTPYQFEHNYWXMRKXLIZIVXMGEP
SVMIRXEXMSR ERHEHNYWXMRKGSRRIGXMSRW
7MKRMRK ERH WIEPMRK SJ HVE[MRKW F] E PMGIRWIH HIWMKR
TVSJIWWMSREP
.SMRX ERH NSMRX WIEPERX HIXEMPW WLSYPH FI WLS[R [LIVI
applicable. Further, special fittings such as stripping, lifting
SV MRWXEPPEXMSR MRWIVXW ERGLSVMRK HIXEMPW VIKPIXW GYXSYXW
TMTI WPIIZIW SXLIV IQFIHHIH MXIQW ERH STIRMRKW WLSYPH
FIGEVIJYPP]PSGEXIHERHHMQIRWMSRIH(VE[MRKWERHGEPGY
PEXMSRW TVITEVIH XS WLS[ XLI EJSVIQIRXMSRIH WLSYPH FI
JSV[EVHIHXSXLIKIRIVEPGSRXVEGXSVERHXLIIRKMRIIVEVGLM
XIGXJSVETTVSZEPEWVIGSQQIRHIHMR7IGXMSR
 *EFVMGEXMSR JEGMPMXMIW{4VIGEWX TERIP JEFVMGE
XMSR JEGMPMXMIW ZEV] [MHIP] -X MW VIGSQQIRHIH XLEX TVIGEWX
concrete plants are certified in accordance with the Precast/
Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI) Plant Certification
4VSKVEQ *EFVMGEXMSR JEGMPMXMIW EVI EJJIGXIH F] XLI WM^I
[IMKLX ERH ZSPYQI SJ XLI TVSHYGXW TVSHYGIH ERH F] XLI
GPMQEXI ERH TVS\MQMX] SJ QEVOIXMRK EVIEW +IRIVEPP]
TPERXWMRVIKMSRW[MXL[MRXIVGPMQEXIWEVIJYPP]IRGPSWIHSV
MRHSSVWERHTPERXWMRVIKMSRW[MXLSYX[MRXIVGPMQEXIWQE]
be outdoors. When specific project requirements warrant
GEWXMRKSRXLINSFWMXIEWMXITVIGEWXIVJEGIWQER]QSVIGLEP
PIRKIWXLERETPERXTVIGEWXIVHSIW7SQITSWWMFPIGLEPPIRKIW
MRGPYHIPEGOSJXMKLXP]GSRXVSPPIHFEXGLMRKGSRHMXMSRWYRJE
vorable curing and protection from the elements, difficulty
SFXEMRMRKWOMPPIHPEFSVJSVGIERHPEGOSJQEREKIQIRXSVE
WYTIVZMWSV]KVSYTI\TIVMIRGIHMRTVIGEWXMRKSTIVEXMSRW
6IGSQQIRHEXMSRW MR XLMW KYMHI LIPT SZIVGSQI XLIWI
possible deficiencies. The fabrication facility, whether in a
TPERXSVEXXLIWMXIWLSYPHTVSZMHIXLIJSPPS[MRK
*EGMPMXMIW XS VIGIMZI ERH WXSVI VE[ QEXIVMEPW WYGL EW
GIQIRXEKKVIKEXIWVIMRJSVGMRKWXIIPERHMRWYPEXMSR
*EGMPMXMIW JSV GSRXVSPPIH TVSTSVXMSRMRK ERH QM\MRK SJ
GSRGVIXI
%GSZIVIHEVIEJSVJEFVMGEXMSRQSPHWERHJSVQW

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK



+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

*MK{4VIGEWXMRKTPERXERHWXSVEKI]EVH

%REVIEJSVEWWIQFP]ERHJEFVMGEXMSRSJVIMRJSVGIQIRX
*EGMPMXMIW JSV TVIWXVIWWMRK TVIGEWX [EPP TERIPW MJ
VIUYMVIH
%TTVSTVMEXI TVSXIGXMSR HITIRHMRK SR GPMQEXI  JSV
GSRGVIXITPEGIQIRXSTIVEXMSRW
Additional space for finishing and curing operations.
%HIUYEXI]EVHWTEGIJSVGSRZIRMIRXERHTVSTIVWXSVEKI
)UYMTQIRXGETEFPISJPMJXMRKERHLERHPMRKTERIPWSJXLI
WM^IERH[IMKLXXSFIQERYJEGXYVIH
 *EFVMGEXMSR ERH WXSVEKI EVIEW{*EGMPMXMIW JSV
FEXGLMRKERHQM\MRKGSRGVIXIWLSYPHFIMREGGSVHERGI[MXL
%'-6[LMGLTVSZMHIWHIXEMPWSRFEXGLMRKSJEKKVI
KEXIWGIQIRXEHQM\XYVIWERH[EXIV)UYMTQIRXWLSYPHFI
EZEMPEFPI XS HIXIVQMRI XLI EQSYRX SJ JVII QSMWXYVI MR XLI
coarse and fine aggregates. Moisture compensation deter
QMRIH F] HIZMGIW YWMRK GSRHYGXMZMX] ZEVMIW [MXL EKKVI
KEXIHIRWMX] ERHMWRSX VIGSQQIRHIH*EGMPMXMIWWLSYPHFI
TVSXIGXIHERHQSRMXSVIHXSTVIZIRXJVS^IREKKVIKEXIWJVSQ
FIMRKMRXVSHYGIHMRXSXLIGSRGVIXI1M\MRKIUYMTQIRXWLSYPH
FIEHIUYEXIJSVXLIWM^ISJXLISTIVEXMSRERHGETEFPISJXLSV
SYKLP] ERH YRMJSVQP] QM\MRK GSRGVIXI GSRWXMXYIRXW 4ERIP
JEFVMGEXMSR EVIEW WLSYPH FI TVSXIGXIH EKEMRWX VEMR [MRH
HYWXHMVIGXWYRPMKLXERHLEZIGSRXVSPPEFPILIEXXSTVIZIRX
GSRGVIXI XIQTIVEXYVIW JVSQ HVSTTMRK FIPS[ * ' 
4ERIPWXSVEKIEVIEWWLSYPHTVSZMHIJSVIEW]EGGIWWERHVIEH]
LERHPMRKSJWXSVIHYRMXW*MK 7XSVEKIWYVJEGIWWLSYPH
FIGPIERLEVHPIZIPERH[IPPHVEMRIHXSTIVQMX[IPPSVKE
RM^IH WXSVEKI ERH QMRMQM^I SV TVIZIRX [EVTMRK FS[MRK
GLMTTMRK GVEGOMRK HMWGSPSVEXMSR WXEMRMRK SV WSMPMRK SJ
XLI TVIGEWX TERIPW -RWYPEXIH WERH[MGL TERIPW WLSYPH FI

GLIGOIHF]TPERXIRKMRIIVWXSHIXIVQMRILS[QER]TERIPW
GERFIWXEGOIHMRSRITMPI[MXLSYXHEQEKMRKXLITERIPWEXXLI
HYRREKIPSGEXMSRW
{1SPHW*SVQWERHGEWXMRKFIHW
 +IRIVEP{;SSH GSRGVIXI WXIIP TPEWXMG TPEWXIV
polyester resin reinforced with glass fibers, and combi
REXMSRW SJ XLIWI LEZIFIIR YWIH WYGGIWWJYPP]EW EQSPH SV
JSVQ QEXIVMEP JSV TVIGEWX TERIPW 0SRK PMRI WXIIP FIHW EVI
GSQQSRJSVTVIWXVIWWIH WXVYGXYVEPTERIPW ERH[SSHQSPHW
EVIGSQQSRJSVWQEPPIVPIWWVITIXMXMSYWEVGLMXIGXYVEPTERIPW
:EVMSYWTEXXIVRWQEHISJVYFFIVTVIWWIHQIXEPSVZEGYYQ
JSVQIH +*64 GER FI GSQFMRIH [MXL FEWMG QEXIVMEPW JSV
WTIGMEP IJJIGXW *SV GSQTPMGEXIH HIXEMPW QSPHW SJ TPEWXIV
KIPEXMR SV WGYPTXYVIH WERH LEZI FIIR GSQFMRIH SV VIMR
JSVGIH[MXL[SSHSVWXIIPHITIRHMRKSRXLIWM^ISJXLITERIP
XSFIGEWX)\EQTPISJQSPHWERHETERIPWXVMTTIHJVSQMXW
QSPHEVIWLS[RMR*MKE ERHF 
8LITERIPTVSHYGIVX]TMGEPP]WIPIGXWXLIETTVSTVMEXIQSPH
FEWIH SR TVMGI QEMRXIRERGI QIXLSH SJ GSRWSPMHEXMSR
reuse, panel details, possible salvage, and desired finish and
XI\XYVISJXLITVSHYGX;LIVIXLIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGXVIUYMVIW
a special mold or finish or a particular mold material, these
VIUYMVIQIRXW WLSYPH FI GPIEVP] WIX JSVXL MR XLI GSRXVEGX
HSGYQIRXW
 (MQIRWMSREP WXEFMPMX] ERH MRXIKVMX]{%PP QSPHW
VIKEVHPIWW SJ QEXIVMEP WLSYPH GSRJSVQ XS XLI WLETI PMRIW
ERH HMQIRWMSRW SJ XLI TVIGEWX TERIPW XS FI TVSHYGIH
They should be sufficiently rigid to meet the casting toler
ERGIWVIGSQQIRHIHMR'LETXIV)\EQTPIWSJMXIQWXSFI

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6



*MKE {1SPHJSVGEWXMRKTVIGEWXTERIP

*MKF {4ERIPWXVMTTIHJVSQQSPH

EHHVIWWIH HYVMRK XLI HIWMKR SJ XLI QSPHW MRGPYHI XVMTTMRK

STIVEXMSRW ERH HMQIRWMSREP GLERKIW GEYWIH [LIR WIPJ
WXVIWWMRK JSVQW EVI YWIH 7IPJWXVIWWMRK JSVQW HS RSX YWI
EFYXQIRXWXSVIWMWXWXVIWWIWHIZIPSTIH[LIRXLIWXVERHWEVI
XIRWMSRIH
*SVQSPHWPSRKIVXLERJXQ EPPS[ERGIJSVWLVMROEKI
ERHXLIVQEPI\TERWMSRSVGSRXVEGXMSRWLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIH
MRXLIHIWMKRSJXLIQEWXIVTEXXIVRXLIQSPHSVFSXL1EWXIV
QSPHW HIXEMPIH MR 120  EVI WSQIXMQIW YWIH XS

GEWXTERIPWSJWIZIVEPHMJJIVIRXHIWMKRWF]TVIIRKMRIIVMRKE
RYQFIVSJQSPHEHNYWXQIRXW*MK 
 7XIIPGEWXMRKFIHWERHWXIIPQSPHW{0SRKPMRIWXIIP
GEWXMRKFIHWEVIGSQQSRP]YWIHMRTVIGEWXTPERXWXSTVSHYGI
PEVKIUYERXMXMIWSJTERIPW6IZIEPWXVMTWSVJSVQPMRIVWGER
EPWS FI TPEGIH SR XLI GEWXMRK FIHW XS EHH EVGLMXIGXYVEP
JIEXYVIW1SWXWXVYGXYVEPERHMRWYPEXIHWERH[MGL[EPPTERIPW
EVITVSHYGIHSRWXIIPGEWXMRKFIHW8LITVIWXVIWWIHERGLSV
EKIWWXVIWWMRKFYPOLIEHW EXFSXLIRHWSJXLIFIHWEVIX]TM

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK



+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

*MK{1EWXIVQSPHJSVPEVKITVIGEWXTERIPW

GEPP] HIWMKRIH XS FI ERGLSVIH MRXS XLI KVSYRH ERH HS RSX
XVERWQMX ER] PSEH MRXS XLI FIH 7XIIP ERKPI WMHI JSVQW EVI
WIGYVIHXSXLIGEWXMRKFIHF]WTSX[IPHMRKSVQEKRIXW8LI
IRHWSJIEGLTERIPSRXLIGEWXMRKFIHEVIWITEVEXIHF]WXIIP
SV[SSHIRFYPOLIEHW&YPOLIEHWWLSYPHLEZILSPIWXSEPPS[
XLITVIWXVIWWWXVERHWXSTEWWXLVSYKLERHEVIYWYEPP]WXVMTTIH
JVSQXLIGEWXMRKFIHEPSRK[MXLXLITERIP
7XIIPQSPHWEVISJXIRWIPIGXIHJSVTVIGEWXQIQFIVW[LIR
RYQIVSYWEWWIQFPMIWERHHMWEWWIQFPMIWSJXLIQSPH[MPPFI
VIUYMVIH 4VSTIVP] HIWMKRIH WXIIP QSPHW LEZI XLI KVIEXIWX
TSXIRXMEP JSV VIYWI XLI] RIIH FI HMWGEVHIH SRP] [LIR
HEQEKIH SV [LIR XLI] WLS[ WYVJEGI MQTIVJIGXMSRW JVSQ
HVMPPMRKJSVGLERKIWSVJVSQEPXIVEXMSR7XIIPQSPHWWLSYPH
FI[IPPFVEGIHERHI\EQMRIHJSVFYPKMRKSVFYGOPMRKHYVMRK
WXSVEKISVXVERWTSVXEXMSR(MQTPMRKX[MWXMRKSVFIRHMRKGER
SGGYVMJXLIJSVQWYVJEGIMWRSXTVSTIVP]WXEGOIHJSVWXSVEKI
;LIRWXIIPTPEXIWEVIYWIHJSVXLIQSPHFEWIYWIEWMRKPI
TMIGIXLEXLEWFIIRWXVIXGLIVPIZIPIHMRXLIWXIIPTPERX.SMRMRK
two or more steel plates by welding to form a flat surface is
difficult due to distortion from the heat of the welding opera
XMSR-JNSMRMRKMWVIUYMVIH[IPHWWLSYPHFIKVSYRHWQSSXL
ERHGSEXIH[MXL ERITS\]SV WMQMPEV QEXIVMEP XSLMHINSMRX
MQTIVJIGXMSRW%XIWXWIGXMSRWLSYPHFIGEWXEXXLI[IPHNSMRX
XSHIXIVQMRIXLEXXLINSMRIHEVIEGERTVSHYGIEREGGITXEFPI
finished product. It is best to minimize casting over a welded
JSVQSVFIHNSMRX-JETVIWXVIWWMRKJSVGIMWXSFIETTPMIHXS

XLIJSVQXLIWIPJWXVIWWMRKJSVQWLSYPHFIWXVSRKIRSYKLXS
VIWMWXXLITVIWXVIWWMRKJSVGI[MXLSYXFYGOPMRKSV[VMROPMRK
 'SRGVIXIQSPHW{'SRGVIXIGERFIJSVQIHMRXSQER]
WLETIWLEWI\GIPPIRXVMKMHMX]ERHHMQIRWMSREPWXEFMPMX]ERH
GERFIVIYWIHWIZIVEPXMQIW'SRGVIXIQSPHWEVIQERYJEG
XYVIH F] GEWXMRK SZIV E QEWXIV QSHIP JEFVMGEXIH XS ZIV]
GPSWIXSPIVERGIW8LMWQEWXIVQSHIPQE]FIYWIHXSTVSHYGI
EWIVMIWSJMHIRXMGEPQSPHW*VIUYIRXP]GSRGVIXIQSPHWEVI
XVIEXIH [MXL TSP]YVIXLERI SV ITS\] XS VIHYGI QSPH VITEMV
ERHMQTVSZIVIPIEWIGETEFMPMX]8LIWIVIWMRWERHSXLIVGSEX
MRKWVIRHIVXLIGSRGVIXIQSPHRSREFWSVFIRXERHTVSHYGIE
more uniform finish on the precast product. Concrete molds
QE]FIEHETXIHXSFIGSQIEWIPJWXVIWWMRKJSVQJSVYWIMR
TVIWXVIWWMRK E GSRGVIXI TERIP ;LIR GSRGVIXI QSPHW EVI
YWIH EHIUYEXIHVEJX WLSYPH FI TVSZMHIH SR EPP WYVJEGIW MR
XLIHMVIGXMSRSJWXVMTTMRKSVVIQSZEPWSXLEXXLITVSHYGXQE]
FIIEWMP]PMJXIH[MXLSYXHEQEKMRKXLITERIPSVXLIQSPH
 ;SSH QSPHW{;SSH QSPHW GER FI WMQTPI [LIR
relatively small, flat panels are being produced, or they can
FIIPEFSVEXIGSQTPMGEXIHQSPHWSJYRYWYEPWLETIWERHPEVKI
HMQIRWMSRW;SSHQSPHWWLSYPHFIXVIEXIHXSTVIZIRXI\GIW
sive absorption, maintain uniformity of panel finish, and
WXEFMPM^IJSVQHMQIRWMSRW
4IVMSHMGVIRSZEXMSRSJ[SSHIRQSPHWMWRIGIWWEV]'EVI
WLSYPHFII\IVGMWIHXSIRWYVIXLEXQYPXMTPIYWIWHSRSXGEYWI
XLI QSPH XS W[IPP SV FYPKI 1SPH HMQIRWMSRW WLSYPH FI
GLIGOIHEJXIVIEGLYWI;SSHQSPHWWLSYPHRSXFIYWIHMJ
WXIEQGYVMRK[MPPSGGYVFIJSVIWXVMTTMRKGSRGVIXIJVSQXLI
QSPH,MKLUYEPMX]GVEJXWQERWLMTERHNSMRIV]EVIRIGIWWEV]
XSEGLMIZINSMRXWXLEXEVISJEGGITXEFPIETTIEVERGI4ERIPM^E
XMSRWLSYPHFITVITPERRIHERHWYFNIGXXSIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX
ETTVSZEP
 +*64 QSPHW{+*64 TVSHYGIH JVSQ TSP]IWXIV SV
ITS\]VIWMRWEVI[MHIP]YWIHFIGEYWIXLI]EVIIEWMP]QSPHIH
MRXSGSQTPI\WLETIWERHGERMQTEVXEZEVMIX]SJTEXXIVRWXS
the finished product. Properly designed GFRP molds have
I\GIPPIRX TIVJSVQERGI ERH VIYWI I\TIGXERG] 8LI QSPH
WYVJEGIQE]FIVITEMVIHEWRIIHIH
+*64 QSPHW LEZI E PS[ QSHYPYW SJ IPEWXMGMX] ERH EVI
somewhat flexible, even though they have excellent tensile
WXVIRKXL -J XLI QSPH MW IRXMVIP] +*64 MX WLSYPH FI [IPP
supported along edges and flat areas. This may be accom
TPMWLIHF]VIMRJSVGMRKMX[MXLPYQFIVWXIIPWLETIWSVSXLIV
QEXIVMEPWEWERMRXIKVEPTEVXSJQSPHGSRWXVYGXMSR8LMWQSPH
X]TI MW JVIUYIRXP] HIWMKREXIH E QSPH PMRIV ERH VIUYMVIW E
QSXLIVQSPHXSTVSZMHIEHIUYEXIWYTTSVX
The high-gloss finish imparted to a precast panel by some
QSPH WYVJEGIW ERH QSPH PMRIVW KIRIVEPP] +*64  QE] FI
HIWMVEFPI JSV MRHSSV HIGSVEXMSR ;LIR YWIH JSV I\XIVMSV
work, weathering may cause the glossy finish to disappear
MRERSRYRMJSVQQERRIV'VE^MRKERHSXLIVQMRSVWYVJEGI
MQTIVJIGXMSRWQE]FIQSVIETTEVIRX[LIRGSRGVIXIMWGEWX
onto a GFRP mold. Avoid high-gloss finishes on exterior
[SVOYRPIWWXLITERIPTVSHYGIVGERWLS[WYGGIWWJYPMRWXEP
lations of this finish in a similar climate.
 *SVQPMRIVW{8I\XYVIWVERKMRKJVSQQYXIHI\TVIW
WMSRXSFSPHVIPMIJEVISFXEMRIH[MXLHMJJIVIRXX]TIWSJJSVQ
PMRIVW*MK (VEJXWLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIHJSVEPPPMRIVW

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

X]TIW XS TVIZIRX GLMTTMRK SV WTEPPMRK HYVMRK WXVMTTMRK

6YFFIV QEXXMRK MW ER IJJIGXMZI PMRIV XLEX EGGYVEXIP] VITVS
HYGIWGSQTPI\TEXXIVRWSRXLIGSRGVIXIWYVJEGI6YFFIVMW
KIRIVEPP] WEXMWJEGXSV] FYX MX WLSYPH FI XIWXIH JSV TSWWMFPI
WXEMRMRKSVHMWGSPSVEXMSRSJXLIGSRGVIXI8VMEPGEWXMRKWGER
HIXIVQMRI XLI FIWXXMQIJSVWXVMTTMRKXSIRWYVIXLIWYVJEGI
VIQEMRWMRXEGXERHXLIPMRIVWGERFIVIYWIH
;SSHPMRIVWWYGLEWFSEVHWTP][SSHTERIPWSVREMPIHSR
MRWIVXW[SVO[IPP;SSHPMRIVWYVJEGIWWLSYPHFIWIEPIHXS
TVIZIRXQSMWXYVIEFWSVTXMSRERHXLIRPMKLXP]GSEXIH[MXLE
JSVQVIPIEWIEKIRXFIJSVIGEWXMRK
:EGYYQJSVQIH+*64WLIIXWGERTVSZMHIZEVMIHTEXXIVRW
SR XI\XYVIH SV KPSWW]WQSSXL GSRGVIXI WYVJEGIW 8LI
extremely fine finish of GFRP-formed concrete enhances
the integral colors and because of high reflectivity, smaller
EQSYRXW SJ TMKQIRX EVI VIUYMVIH XS SFXEMR E KMZIR GSPSV
MRXIRWMX] +PSWW] ERH WQSSXL WYVJEGIW EVI FIWX JSV MRHSSV
VEXLIVXLERSYXWMHII\TSWYVI
Polyethylene film laid over uniformly distributed cobble
WXSRIWTVSZMHIWEHMQTPIHWYVJEGI4SP]WX]VIRIJSEQWLETIH
ERHEXXEGLIHXSXLI JSVQ PIEZIWHIITP] MQTVIWWIHHIWMKRW
EJXIVVIQSZEPJVSQXLIGSRGVIXIJEGI
 Verification and maintenance{1SPHW WLSYPH FI
checked in detail after construction and before the first
product is made. A complete check of the first product from
the mold further verifies mold adequacy. Checking the mold
F]IZEPYEXMRKXLITVSHYGXMWJIEWMFPISRP][LIVIETVSHYGX
can be identified by the specific mold in which it was cast.
1SPHW WLSYPH FI GPIERIH FIX[IIR GEWXMRKW ERH OITX MR
KSSHGSRHMXMSRXSTVSZMHIEYRMJSVQTVSHYGXSJLMKLUYEPMX]
7XIIPJSVQWWLSYPHFIGEVIJYPP]QEMRXEMRIHXSEZSMHGSRGVIXI
HMWGSPSVEXMSR JVSQ MVSR S\MHIW ;SSH PSWIW MXW TVSXIGXMZI
GSEXMRK EFWSVFW QSMWXYVI ERH QE] W[IPP SV [EVT ;IPH
QIRXWPSSWIRNSMRXWQE]STIRVYFFIVWIEPMRKWXVMTWIVSHI
ERHWMHIVEMPWFS[HYIXSHEMP]JEFVMGEXMSR -X MW RIGIWWEV]
XSGLIGOQSPHWVIKYPEVP]EXPIEWXSRGIE[IIOJSVWSYRH
RIWWWYVJEGIERHHMQIRWMSREPWXEFMPMX]ERHXSVITEMVHEQEKI
FIJSVIMXEJJIGXWTVSHYGXUYEPMX]
*SVQW WLSYPH FI VIEWWIQFPIH [MXLMR XLI HMQIRWMSREP
limitations specified for the product on the shop drawings.
*SVQ WUYEVIRIWW WLSYPH FI GLIGOIH F] GSQTEVMRK HMEK
SREP QIEWYVIQIRXW FIX[IIR XLI JSVQ GSVRIVW &YPOLIEHW
templates, and similar equipment influencing the accuracy
SJHMQIRWMSRWERHEPMKRQIRXWLSYPHFIVIKYPEVP]MRWTIGXIH
ERHQEMRXEMRIH-JQSVIXLERSRIJSVQMWYWIHXSTVSHYGIE
KMZIRYRMXEGSQTEVEXMZIHMQIRWMSREPGLIGOWLSYPHFIQEHI
FIJSVIGEWXMRKXLIMRMXMEPTVIGEWXGSRGVIXITERIPW
%PPTSWMXMSRMRKLSPIWSVWPSXWLSPHMRKER]GEWXMRQEXIVMEPW
MRTSWMXMSRWLSYPHFIGLIGOIHXSIRWYVIXLEXGSRXMRYSYWQSPH
YWI[MPPRSXGVIEXI[IEVERHI\GIIHEGGITXEFPIXSPIVERGIW
;LIR YWMRK [SSH QSPHW XLIWI GPEQTSR EVIEW WLSYPH FI
TVSXIGXIH[MXLGSVRIVTPEXIW
{'SRGVIXITVSTSVXMSRMRKERHQM\MRK
 -RXVSHYGXMSR{-RJSVQEXMSR SR QM\XYVI TVSTSVXMSRW
WLSYPHFIVIGSVHIHERHOITXEXXLIGSRGVIXIFEXGLMRKTPERX
%PXLSYKLXLIWEQIXIGLRSPSK]YWIHJSVQEOMRKGEWXMRTPEGI
concrete should be considered in precasting, specific mixture



*MK{*SVQPMRIVVIPMIJTEXXIVRW
TVSTSVXMSRW ERH QM\MRK TVSGIHYVIW HMJJIV JVSQ XLSWI JSV
conventional concrete, particularly in the emphasis on finish
ERHHYVEFMPMX]SJXLIGSRGVIXIWYVJEGI4VIGEWXQERYJEGXYVIVW
YWYEPP]HIWMKRERHGSRXVSPXLIGSRGVIXIYWIHJSVXLITVIGEWX
TVSHYGXFEWIHSRWIZIVEPJEGXSVW
*MRMWLWM^IERHWLETISJYRMXWXSFIGEWX
8LI GSRWSPMHEXMSR QIXLSH WLSYPH FI ORS[R XS HIXIV
QMRIVIUYMVIH[SVOEFMPMX]
1E\MQYQWM^ISJGSEVWIEKKVIKEXI
6IUYMVIHGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL
Required surface finish as it affects the ratio of coarse
to fine aggregate.
)\TSWYVIXSWIZIVI[IEXLIVSVIRZMVSRQIRXEPGSRHMXMSRW
 ;EXIVGIQIRXVEXMSERHGSRWMWXIRG]WPYQT {;MXL
KMZIRUYERXMXMIWSJGIQIRXERHEKKVIKEXIERHTVSTIVGYVMRK
XLIUYERXMX]SJQM\MRK[EXIVHIXIVQMRIWGSRGVIXIWXVIRKXL
9WI QMRMQYQ [EXIV XS TVIZIRX E WYFWXERXMEP HIGVIEWI MR
WXVIRKXLERHHYVEFMPMX])\GIWW[EXIVMRXLIJEGMRKQM\XYVI
FEGOYTQM\XYVISVFSXLGERFIVIQSZIHFIJSVIMRMXMEPWIXF]
EZEGYYQTVSGIWWETTPMGEXMSRSJL]KVSWGSTMGQEXIVMEPWSV
PS[WPYQTQM\XYVIW
7XMJJ QM\XYVIW YWMRK QMRMQYQ GIQIRX ERH SRP] IRSYKL
[EXIV XS L]HVEXIXLI GIQIRX EVI IGSRSQMGEP SRP] MRXIVQW
SJ QEXIVMEP GSWXW 8LIWI QM\XYVIW KIRIVEPP] VIUYMVI QSVI
TPEGMRKPEFSVERHXLIWIEHHIHTPEGMRKGSWXWQE]QSVIXLER
SJJWIXER]QEXIVMEPGSWXWEZMRKW8LIYWISJ7''MWTSTYPEV
FIGEYWI TVIGEWXIVW VIGSKRM^I XLI WEZMRKW MR TPEGMRK PEFSV
GERQSVIXLERSJJWIXLMKLIVQEXIVMEPGSWXW
:EVMEXMSRMRXLI[EXIVGIQIRXVEXMS[G GEREJJIGXGSPSV
YRMJSVQMX]MREVGLMXIGXYVEPTERIPW8LI[GWLSYPHFIGSRWMW
XIRXJVSQFEXGLXSFEXGLJVSQXLIFIKMRRMRKSJXLITVSNIGXXS
XLIIRHFIGEYWIPEGOSJGSPSVYRMJSVQMX]MRGVIEWIWXLITSWWM
FMPMX]SJTVIGEWXGSRGVIXITERIPVINIGXW
'SRGVIXI QM\XYVIW WLSYPH EP[E]W LEZI GSRWMWXIRG] ERH
[SVOEFMPMX] WYMXEFPI JSV XLI TVSNIGX GSRHMXMSRW ,IEZMP]
VIMRJSVGIHXLMRWIGXMSRWVIUYMVIEQSVITPEWXMGQM\XYVIXLER
PEVKIQIQFIVW[MXLPMXXPIVIMRJSVGIQIRX,MKLVERKI[EXIV
VIHYGIVWGERMRGVIEWI[SVOEFMPMX][LMPIQEMRXEMRMRKEVIPE
XMZIP]PS[[G. It is important that the specifier realize that
IZIR[MXLXLIWEQITVSTSVXMSRWWPYQTQE]ZEV][MXLIRZM
VSRQIRXEP GSRHMXMSRW ERH RSVQEP ZEVMEXMSRW MR QEXIVMEPW

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK



+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

'SRGVIXIQM\XYVIWYWMRKREXYVEPWERHERHKVEZIPEKKVIKEXIW
VIUYMVI PIWW [EXIV JSV [SVOEFMPMX] XLER GSRGVIXI QM\XYVIW
YWMRKGVYWLIHWERHERHGVYWLIHGSEVWIEKKVIKEXI8LIWLETI
ERHWM^ISJXLIEKKVIKEXIEJJIGX[EXIVHIQERH[LMGLMRXYVR
EJJIGXXLI[G
 4VSTSVXMSRMRK{'SRGVIXI QM\XYVIW WLSYPH FI
TVSTSVXMSRIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL %'-  ERH %'-
211.2-98 to produce a specified compressive strength of
EX PIEWX  TWM  14E  QIEWYVIH EX  HE]W SR IMXLIV
\MR\QQ HMEQIXIVG]PMRHIVWSV\MR
\QQ HMEQIXIVG]PMRHIVW7SQIHIGSVEXMZIEKKVI
KEXIW LEZI GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW XLEX HS RSX TIVQMX EXXEMRQIRX SJ
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL 'EYXMSRMWEHZMWIHMRWIPIGXMRKWYGL
EKKVIKEXIW
8LISFNIGXMZI SJTVSTSVXMSRMRKMWXS EGLMIZI EGSQFMRE
XMSRSJQEXIVMEPWXLEXTVSZMHIWXLIVIUYMVIHTIVJSVQERGIERH
UYEPMXMIWSJXLILEVHIRIHGSRGVIXI'SRGVIXIQM\XYVIWEXE
QMRMQYQ WLSYPH FI TVSTSVXMSRIH XS EGLMIZI XLI HIWMVIH
TIVJSVQERGI[MXLVIWTIGXXSWXVIRKXLEFWSVTXMSRERHVIWMW
XERGIXSJVII^MRKERHXLE[MRKEWETTVSTVMEXIXSXLIMRXIRHIH
IRZMVSRQIRX
*SVRSVQEP[IMKLXEKKVIKEXIGSRGVIXIQM\XYVIWXLIVEXMS
by volume of fine aggregate to coarse aggregate usually is on
XLISVHIVSJJSVJEGMRKQM\XYVIW7XERHEVHQM\XYVIWEVI
YWYEPP]MRXLIVERKISJXS*SVPMKLX[IMKLXEKKVIKEXI
GSRGVIXI QM\XYVIW ZSPYQI VEXMS ZEVMIW HITIRHMRK SR XLI
X]TISJPMKLX[IMKLXEKKVIKEXIYWIH8LIEKKVIKEXITVSHYGIV
should be consulted about specific material characteristics
and recommended mixture designs. A lower ratio of fine
XS GSEVWI EKKVIKEXI VIWYPXW MR E QSVI YRMJSVQP] XI\XYVIH
finish caused by a maximum concentration of coarse aggre
KEXIMRXLIJEGMRKQM\XYVI%PPQM\XYVIWJSVTERIPWI\TSWIH
XS JVII^MRK ERH XLE[MRK WLSYPH MRGPYHI IRXVEMRIH EMV JSV
MRGVIEWIHHYVEFMPMX]
 *EGMRK ERH FEGOYT QM\XYVIW{(MJJIVMRK EKKVI
KEXI KVEHMRK ERH QM\XYVI TVSTSVXMSR HIWMKRW JSV JEGMRK
QM\XYVIGSRGVIXIWQEOIMXMQTSWWMFPIXSVIGSQQIRHEKMZIR
TIVGIRXEKISJEMVJSVXLIWIQM\XYVIW'SRWYPX120
JSVEHHMXMSREPMRJSVQEXMSR
7XERHEVHQM\XYVIWQE]FIYWIHEWFEGOYTQM\XYVIWMJXLI
TL]WMGEP GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW EVI WMQMPEV XS XLI JEGMRK GSRGVIXI
;LIVIETVIGEWXYRMXGSRWMWXWSJEJEGIERHFEGOYTQM\XYVIXLI
mixtures should have similar shrinkage, thermal coefficients
SJI\TERWMSRERHQSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]XSEZSMHYRHYIFS[MRK
SV[EVTMRK'SRWIUYIRXP]XLIWIQM\XYVIWWLSYPHLEZIWMQMPEV
[EXIVGIQIRX ERH EKKVIKEXIGIQIRX VEXMSW 'SQFMRMRK E
RSVQEP[IMKLXJEGIQM\XYVIERHEFEGOYTGSRGVIXI[MXLPMKLX
[IMKLXEKKVIKEXIWQE]MRGVIEWIFS[MRKSV[EVTMRK
 1M\MRK{1M\MRK TVSGIHYVIW YWIH MR XLI QERYJEG
XYVISJTVIGEWX[EPPTERIPWZEV]HYIXSXLIZEVMIX]SJIUYMT
QIRXERHQIXLSHWSJTERIPJEFVMGEXMSR8SQEMRXEMRFEXGL
XSFEXGLYRMJSVQMX]QEXIVMEPWWLSYPHFITVSTIVP]WIUYIRGIH
ERHFPIRHIHHYVMRKQM\IVGLEVKMRK+SSHQM\MRKTVEGXMGIW
MRGPYHIXLIJSPPS[MRK
1M\IVWLSYPHFISTIVEXMRK[LMPIEPPQEXIVMEPWEVIFIMRK
GLEVKIH
%HQM\XYVIWWLSYPHIRXIVXLIQM\IVMREGGSVHERGI[MXL
XLIEHQM\XYVIQERYJEGXYVIVWvVIGSQQIRHEXMSRWERHFI

GLEVKIH MRXS XLI QM\IV EX GSRWMWXIRX XMQIW HYVMRK XLI

QM\MRKWIUYIRGI
4MKQIRXW WLSYPH FI TVIQIEWYVIH ERH FEXGLIH
MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI TMKQIRX QERYJEGXYVIVWv
VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW
;LIVI QM\XYVIW SJ  ]H  Q  SV PIWW EVI YWIH
aggregates may be placed into the mixer first and then
XLIGIQIRXERH[EXIVMRXVSHYGIHXSKIXLIV
 1M\MRK XMQI{%JXIV EPP QEXIVMEPW LEZI IRXIVIH
XLIQM\IVXLI]WLSYPHFIQM\IHJSVEXPIEWXQMRYXISVEW
VIGSQQIRHIHF]XLIQM\IVQERYJEGXYVIVYRXMPEPPMRKVIHM
IRXWEVIXLSVSYKLP]HMWXVMFYXIHERHXLIQM\XYVIMWLSQSKI
RISYW %PP GSRGVIXI WLSYPH FI HMWGLEVKIH [LMPI XLI QM\IV
HVYQ SV FPEHIW EVI VSXEXMRK 6IUYMVIH QM\MRK XMQI ZEVMIW
[MXL GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW SJ XLI GSRGVIXI QM\XYVI ERH QM\IV %
XMQIV WLSYPH FI YWIH XS IRWYVI XLI WEQI QM\MRK XMQI JSV
MHIRXMGEPWM^I FEXGLIW 4ERX]TI QM\IVW HIWMKRIH JSV LSVM
^SRXEPGSYRXIVGYVVIRXJSVGIHQM\MRKEVIFIXXIVJSVZIV]PS[
WPYQTGSRGVIXIXSMR?XSQQA 
 'SPH [IEXLIV{;LIR LIEXIH [EXIV SV EKKVI
KEXIWEVIYWIHXS[EVQXLIQM\XYVIERHWEXMWJ]GSPH[IEXLIV
VIUYMVIQIRXW XLI EHHMXMSR SJ GIQIRX WLSYPH FI HIPE]IH
YRXMPEJXIVXLIEKKVIKEXIWERH[EXIVLEZIIRXIVIHXLIQM\IV
ERHLEZIFIIRXLSVSYKLP]QM\IHJSVEXPIEWXQMRYXI8LMW
allows the water or aggregates to cool sufficiently to avoid
flash set when the cement is placed in the mixer.
 ,SX [IEXLIV{-J XLI EKKVIKEXIW ERH [EXIV EVI
*' SVLMKLIV[LIRGSQFMRIHQM\XYVIGSRWXMXY
ents should be cooled before mixing to avoid flash set, cold
NSMRXWSVWPYQTPSWW*PEOIMGISVGVYWLIHMGIXLEX[MPPQIPX
GSQTPIXIP]HYVMRKQM\MRKWLSYPHFIWYFWXMXYXIHJSVEPPSVTEVX
SJXLIQM\MRK[EXIV8STVSZMHITVSHYGXWSJYRMJSVQGSPSVMX
MWMQTSVXERXXSGSRXVSPGSRGVIXIXIQTIVEXYVIFIX[IIRERH
*ERH' XLVSYKLSYXEPPWIEWSRW
 0MKLX[IMKLX GSRGVIXI{1SWX PMKLX[IMKLX EKKVI
KEXIWWLSYPHFITVI[IXXIHFIJSVIMRXVSHYGXMSRXSXLIQM\IV
8LMWIPMQMREXIWPSWWMR[SVOEFMPMX]HYIXSVETMHEFWSVTXMSRSJ
QM\MRK[EXIV0MKLX[IMKLXEKKVIKEXIERHWERHMJYWIHERH
QSWXSJXLI[EXIVEVIRSVQEPP]QM\IHXLSVSYKLP]FIJSVIXLI
GIQIRXERHVIQEMRMRK[EXIVEVIEHHIH
 %VGLMXIGXYVEP GSRGVIXI{%VGLMXIGXYVEP GSRGVIXI
VIUYMVIWYRMJSVQQM\MRKTVEGXMGIW1M\IVWWLSYPHFIGPIERIH
EJXIVIEGLTIVMSHSJJEFVMGEXMSR&PEHIWSVPMRIVWWLSYPHFI
EHNYWXIH SV VITPEGIH TIV QERYJEGXYVIVvW VIGSQQIRHE
tions to ensure sufficient mixing. When facing mixtures of
TMKQIRXIHGSRGVIXI [MXLFYJJSV[LMXI GIQIRX EVIYWIH MR
GSRNYRGXMSR [MXL KVE] GIQIRX FEGOYT GSRGVIXI WITEVEXI
QM\IVW ERH LERHPMRK EVVERKIQIRXW EVI VIUYMVIH %PXIVRE
XMZIP] [LIR WITEVEXI QM\IVW EVI RSX EZEMPEFPI IUYMTQIRX
should be flushed several times and completely cleaned to
VIQSZI EPP GSRGVIXI VIWMHYI FIJSVI FIMRK YWIH JSV QM\MRK
[LIVIWTIGMEPX]GIQIRXWSVTMKQIRXWEVIVIUYMVIH
{6IMRJSVGIQIRXERH[]XLIGSRRIGXSVW
 4VIWXVIWWMRK
 +IRIVEP{7XVYGXYVEPERHMRWYPEXIHWERH[MGL[EPP
TERIPW EVI X]TMGEPP] TVIWXVIWWIH JSV LERHPMRK [MRH PSEHW
IGGIRXVMGE\MEPPSEHWJSVPSEHFIEVMRKTERIPW ERHPEVKIHSGO

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

HSSVSTIRMRKWERHXSGSYRXIVEGXXLIVQEPFS[MRK%VGLMXIG
XYVEP TERIPW EVI WSQIXMQIW TVIXIRWMSRIH SV TSWXXIRWMSRIH
XS EZSMH GVEGOW GSRXVSP [EVTMRK ERH FS[MRK SV VIMRJSVGI
TEVXMGYPEVP]PEVKIYRMXW*MVQERGLSVEKISJXLITVIWXVIWWMRK
WXIIPMRETVIWXVIWWMRKFIHSVMRWYMXEFP]HIWMKRIHMRHMZMHYEP
QSPHWMWRIGIWWEV];LIRXLITVIWXVIWWMRKJSVGIMWVIPIEWIH
concrete compressive strength should be sufficient to meet
HIWMKR ERH LERHPMRK VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLI TVIGEWX TERIP -R
XLIGEWISJTVIWXVIWWIHEVGLMXIGXYVEPTERIPWWTIGMEPEXXIRXMSR
WLSYPHFITEMHXSXLIXVERWJIVSJTVIWXVIWWJSVGIXSXLITERIP
TEVXMGYPEVP]MJMXMWELIEZMP]WGYPTXYVIHTVIGEWXTERIPSVXLI
TERIPLEWQER]STIRMRKW
%GGYVEXI WXVERH PSGEXMSR MW MQTSVXERX XS EZSMH MRHYGMRK
TIVQERIRX FS[MRK SV [EVTMRK 7XVERH IRHW WLSYPH FI
recessed and backfilled with epoxy special grout, or other
[MWIGEVIJYPP]TVSXIGXIHXSEZSMHGSVVSWMSR
7XVERHW EVI RSVQEPP] XIRWMSRIH MR X[S MRGVIQIRXW 8LI
first increment applies sufficient load to the strands to
WXVEMKLXIRXLIQIPMQMREXIWPEGOERHTVSZMHIEWXEVXMRKTSMRX
JSVQIEWYVMRKIPSRKEXMSR8LIWIGSRHWXVERHWXVIWWMRKMRGVI
ment is then applied until the strands reach final stress and
IPSRKEXMSR +EYKI VIEHMRKW ERH IPSRKEXMSR QIEWYVIQIRXW
WLSYPHFIXEOIRERHVIGSVHIHJSVIEGLWXVERHFIMRKWXVIWWIH
4VIWXVIWWMRKWXVERHVSHSV[MVIWWLSYPHRIZIVFI[IPHIH
8LILMKLXIQTIVEXYVIQE]TVSHYGIGV]WXEPPM^EXMSRERHGEYWI
XLIWXIIPXSPSWIEGSRWMHIVEFPIEQSYRXSJWXVIRKXLERHJEMP
[LIRYRHIVXIRWMSR
 7XVMRKMRK XLI WXVERHW{7XVERHW EVI RSVQEPP]
WYTTPMIHMR VIIPPIWW TEGOW[LIVI XLI WXVERHW GER FITYPPIH
JVSQXLIWTSSPGIRXIV8LI]WLSYPHFITPEGIHMRXLIJSVQMRE
[E]XLEXEZSMHWIRXERKPIQIRXHYVMRKXLIWXVIWWMRKSTIVEXMSR
7XVERHWJSVTVIXIRWMSRIHTVSHYGXWWLSYPHFIJVIISJHMVXSMP
KVIEWISVER]JSVIMKR WYFWXERGIXLEXGER EJJIGXXLIMVFSRH
XSGSRGVIXI7XVERHGLYGOWWLSYPHFIGPIER[IPPPYFVMGEXIH
GVEGOJVII ERH GETEFPI SJ ERGLSVMRK XLI PSEHW MRHYGIH F]
XLIWXVERH[MXLSYXEPPS[MRKI\GIWWMZIWPMTTEKI
 .EGOMRK{,]HVEYPMG NEGOW [MXL KEYKMRK W]WXIQW
EVI RSVQEPP] YWIH XS XIRWMSR WXVERHW ,]HVEYPMG KEYKIW
WLSYPH FI EGGYVEXI XS [MXLMR  TIVGIRX SJ XLI QE\MQYQ
ETTPMIH TVIWWYVI 7XVERH JSVGI WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH F]
SFWIVZMRKNEGO KEYKI TVIWWYVIERH QIEWYVMRK WXVERH IPSR
KEXMSR 8LI X[S GSRXVSP QIEWYVIQIRXW WLSYPH EKVII [MXL
XLIMVGSQTYXIH XLISVIXMGEP ZEPYIW [MXLMR E XSPIVERGI SJ 
TIVGIRX%HHMXMSREPP]XLIWIX[SZEPYIWWLSYPHEPKIFVEMGEPP]
FI[MXLMRTIVGIRXSJIEGLSXLIV-JWXVERHVIEHMRKWEVIRSX
[MXLMRXLMWVERKIXIRWMSRMRKWLSYPHFIWXSTTIHERHGSVVIG
XMZI QIEWYVIW XEOIR 8]TMGEPP] IPSRKEXMSR WXEVXMRK TSMRXW
EVIQEVOIHEJXIVXLIMRMXMEPPFJSVGIO2 MWETTPMIH
XSXLIWXVERHXSVIQSZIER]WPEGO
 7XVERH HIXIRWMSRMRK{(IXIRWMSRMRK WLSYPH RSX
begin until concrete has attained sufficient strength to resist
GSQTVIWWMZIJSVGIWMRHYGIHF]XLIWXVERHERHXLIWXVERHLEW
FSRHIHXSXLIGSRGVIXIMRTVIXIRWMSRIHGSRWXVYGXMSR7XVERH
XVERWJIVMWRSVQEPP]YRHIVXEOIR[LIRXLIGSRGVIXIMWEXPIEWX
TWM14E FYXZEVMIW[MXLHIWMKR)EGLWXVERHWLSYPH
FIGYXWMQYPXERISYWP]ERHWPS[P]EXIEGLIRHSJXLITERIP
SVTVIWXVIWWMRKFIH(IXIRWMSRMRKWLSYPHFITIVJSVQIHMRE



QERRIVXSOIITJSVGIWW]QQIXVMGEPEFSYXXLITERIPZIVXMGEP
ERHLSVM^SRXEPE\IW
 6IMRJSVGIQIRX GEKI EWWIQFPMIW{*SV MRJSVQEXMSR
SR HIXEMPMRKERH TPEGMRK VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW ERH [IPHIH[MVI
VIMRJSVGMRKVIJIVXS%'-%'-XLI 1ERYEP
SJ7XERHEVH4VEGXMGI'67- ERH4PEGMRK6IMRJSVGMRK
&EVW '67-   4VIGEWX [EPP TERIP VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW
YWYEPP] TVIEWWIQFPIH MRXS VMKMH GEKIW YWMRK E XIQTPEXI SV
NMKFIJSVIXLIWXIIPMWTPEGIHMRXLIJSVQ'EKIEWWIQFPMIW
WLSYPH FI GSRWXVYGXIH XS GPSWI XSPIVERGIW ERH XLI ZEVMSYW
TMIGIW WLSYPH FI VMKMHP] GSRRIGXIH F] X]MRK SV [IPHMRK
;LIRGEKIWEVIXMIHWSJXWXEMRPIWWWXIIPSVKEPZERM^IH[MVI
SJ EX PIEWX  KEYKI  QQ  MW TVIJIVVIH 6IMRJSVGIQIRX
GEKIW WLSYPH FI WIGYVIP] WYWTIRHIH JVSQ XLI FEGO SJ XLI
QSPHWERH LIPHGPIEV SJER] I\TSWIHWYVJEGI8LIWYWTIR
sion system should firmly hold the assembly in its proper
TSWMXMSRHYVMRKGSRGVIXITPEGMRKERHGSRWSPMHEXMSR4IVQE
RIRXWTEGIVWSVGLEMVWWYTTSVXIHSRXLIJSVQSJERI\TSWIH
GSRGVIXI WYVJEGI QE] QEV XLI ETTIEVERGI SJ XLI TVIGEWX
TERIP-JTSWWMFPIEZSMHYWMRKGLEMVW-JYWIHWTEGIVWWLSYPH
FISJEX]TIERHQEXIVMEPXLEX[MPPRSXGEYWIWTEPPMRKSJXLI
GSRGVIXIVYWXQEVOWSVSXLIVHIPIXIVMSYWIJJIGXW
;LIR GSRGVIXI MW TPEGIH EPP VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH FI
JVII SJ KVIEWI SMP [E\ HMVX TEMRX PSSWI VYWX QMPP WGEPI
SVSXLIVGSRXEQMRERXWXLEXQE]VIHYGIFSRHFIX[IIRWXIIP
ERHGSRGVIXISVWXEMRXLIGSRGVIXIWYVJEGI6IMRJSVGMRKWXIIP
WLSYPHRSXFIFIRXEJXIVFIMRKIQFIHHIHMRJVIWLGSRGVIXI
 ;IPHMRKSJVIMRJSVGIQIRX{8EGO[IPHMRKMWSRP]
VIGSQQIRHIH JSV MRGVIEWIH VMKMHMX] ERH WLSYPH RSX FI
MRHMWGVMQMREXIP]YWIH;LIREFWSPYXIP]RIGIWWEV][IPHMRK
should be done by certified welders with written approval of
XLIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGXERHMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLITVSZMWMSRW
SJXLI%QIVMGER;IPHMRK7SGMIX]%;7( 
-JITS\]GSEXIHFEVWEVIXSFI[IPHIHXLIGSEXMRKWLSYPH
FI VIQSZIH F] EGMH IXGLMRK ERH VMRWMRK XLI FEV MR GPIEV
[EXIVSVF]QIGLERMGEPQIERWWYGLEW[MVIFVYWLMRKEFVE
WMZIFPEWXMRKSVKVMRHMRK%PPWYVJEGIWXSFI[IPHIHWLSYPH
FIFVMKLXERHGPIER8LIGPIEREVIEWLSYPHFIEXPIEWXMR
QQ PEVKIVXLERXLEX[LMGLMWXSFI[IPHIHSREPPWMHIWSJ
XLI[IPH%JXIV[IPHMRKXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHFITEMRXIH
[MXLITS\]GSEXMRKXSQEXGLSVMKMREPGSEXMRK
;IPHMRKKEPZERM^IHVIMRJSVGIQIRXVIUYMVIWEWTIGMEPX]TI
SJ [IPHMRK VSH ;IPHMRK VIQSZIW XLI ^MRG GSEXMRK MR XLI
[IPHEVIE&IGEYWI^MRGJYQIWEVIXS\MGEHIUYEXIZIRXMPE
XMSRQYWXFITVSZMHIHXSVIQSZIJYQIW
7QEPP XEGO [IPHW TVSZMHI WYFWXERXMEP WXEFMPMX] XS VIMR
JSVGMRKFEVGEKIWFYXEVIRSXVIGSQQIRHIHJSVEXXEGLQIRXXS
QEMRVIMRJSVGIQIRXFIGEYWIWXIIPGV]WXEPPM^EXMSRIQFVMXXPI
QIRXSVQIXEPPYVKMGEPRSXGL GERSGGYV8EGO[IPHWXLEXHS
RSXFIGSQIETEVXSJTIVQERIRX[IPHWSJVIMRJSVGMRKWXIIP
EVITVSLMFMXIHF]%;7(YRPIWWETTVSZIHF]XLI
IRKMRIIV ,S[IZIV XEGO [IPHMRK VIMRJSVGIQIRX EX PSGE
XMSRW[LIVIFEVWHSRSXLEZIEWXVYGXYVEPJYRGXMSRWLSYPHFI
EPPS[IH*SVI\EQTPI[IPHMRKXLISYXWMHIFEVIRH[MXLMR
FEVHMEQIXIVWJVSQXLIJVIIIRHSJXLIFEVQE]EMHMRJEFVMGE
XMSRSJVIMRJSVGMRKGEKIW
6IMRJSVGMRK FEVW WLSYPH RSX FI [IPHIH [MXLMR X[S FEV
HMEQIXIVWSVEQMRMQYQSJXSMRXSQQ JVSQE

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK



+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

GSPHFIRHEWXLMWGERVIWYPXMRYRTVIHMGXEFPIFILEZMSVSJXLI
VIMRJSVGMRKFEVEXXLIFIRH8EGO[IPHMRKWLSYPHFITIVJSVQIH
without significantly diminishing the effective steel area, or
XLIVIMRJSVGMRKFEVEVIEWLSYPHFISRIXLMVHPEVKIVMREVIEXLER
VIUYMVIH0S[LIEXWLSYPHFIYWIHXSVIHYGIYRHIVGYXXMRKXLI
IJJIGXMZIWXIIPEVIESJXLIVIMRJSVGMRKFEV
%ZSMH[IPHMRKLMKLIVWXVIRKXLWXIIPWYRPIWWTVSTIV[IPHMRK
TVSGIHYVIWEVITVSZMHIHMR[VMXMRK8LIWITVSGIHYVIWWLSYPH
MHIRXMJ] XLI X]TI SJ TVILIEX ERH [IPHMRK VSHW XS FI YWIH
;IPHMRKWLSYPHFITVSLMFMXIHRIEVTVIWXVIWWMRKWXIIP
 ;]XLIGSRRIGXSVWJSVMRWYPEXIHTERIPW
 7XIIP XVYWWIW TPEXIW ERH GSRRIGXSVW{7XIIP
XVYWWIWWLSYPHFIMRWXEPPIHTIVXVYWWQERYJEGXYVIVvWMRWXVYG
XMSRW 8]TMGEPP] WXIIP XVYWWIW EVI XMIH XS XLI JEWGME []XLI
YWMRK [IPHIH[MVI VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH GSRGVIXI MW TPEGIH
MRXLIFSXXSQ []XLI8LIXVYWWMW XLIRVEMWIH SVVSXEXIHXS
ZIVXMGEPTSWMXMSRWSX[SXLMVHWSJXLIXVYWWI\XIRHWSYXSJXLI
GSRGVIXI-RWYPEXMSRMWTPEGIHFIX[IIRZIVXMGEPXVYWWIW%R]
KETWEVIWIEPIH[MXLXETISVGEYPO
 1IXEP XMIW{8]TMGEPP] QIXEP GPMTW EVI ' SV
1WLETIH ERH TYRGLIH XLVSYKL XLI MRWYPEXMSR FIJSVI
TPEGMRKMRWYPEXMSREXSTXLIJEWGME[]XLIGSRGVIXI'SRGVIXI
EVSYRHXLIGSRRIGXSVWWLSYPHFIGSQTEGXIHXSTVSZMHIKSSH
ERGLSVEKI
 ,MKLWXVIRKXL*64GSQTSWMXIGSRRIGXSVW{;LMPI
MRWXEPPMRK XLIWI GSRRIGXSVW JSPPS[ QERYJEGXYVIVvW MRWXVYG
XMSRWXSIRWYVIERGLSVEKISJXLIGSRRIGXSVWMRXLIGSRGVIXI
8]TMGEPP] MRWYPEXMSR [MXL TVIHVMPPIH LSPIW MW TPEGIH EXST
XLI JEWGME[]XLI GSRGVIXI ERH GSRRIGXSVW EVI MRWIVXIH MR
XLI TVIHVMPPIH LSPIW 8LMW WLSYPH SGGYV [MXLMR  QMRYXIW
SJ TPEGMRK XLI JEWGME[]XLI GSRGVIXI 'SRGVIXI EVSYRH
XLI GSRRIGXSVW WLSYPH FI GSRWSPMHEXIH XS EGLMIZI TVSTIV
ERGLSVEKI SJ XLI GSRRIGXSVW +ETW PEVKIV XLER  MR 
mm) between insulation sheets should be filled with spray
JSEQXSTVIZIRXGSRGVIXIJVSQIRXIVMRKXLIKETERHGVIEXMRK
EXLIVQEPFVMHKI
 Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) rein
JSVGIQIRXLike steel trusses, carbon fiber trusses are
MRWXEPPIHFIX[IIRX[SWMHIF]WMHIMRWYPEXMSRWLIIXW'*64
WLIEVXVYWWIWEVITVIGYXXSXLIHIWMVIHPIRKXLERH[MHXLERH
MRWIVXIHFIX[IIRMRWYPEXMSRWLIIXW'EVIWLSYPHFIXEOIRXS
MRWXEPPXVYWWIWEXXLIGSVVIGXHITXLXSEGLMIZITVSTIVIQFIH
ment depth. Carbon fiber shear trusses can be stapled to the
MRWYPEXMSRIHKIEXXLIGSVVIGXHITXLFIJSVITPEGMRKXLIMRWY
PEXMSR+ETWPEVKIVXLERMRQQ FIX[IIRMRWYPEXMSR
sheets should be filled with spray foam to prevent concrete
JVSQIRXIVMRKXLIKETERHGVIEXMRKEXLIVQEPFVMHKI
{'SRGVIXITPEGIQIRX
 8VERWTSVXEXMSR{'SRGVIXI JSV GEWXMRK TVIGEWX [EPP
TERIPW MW XVERWTSVXIH JVSQ XLI QM\IV ERH TPEGIH MR JSVQW
F] ZEVMSYW QIXLSHW HITIRHMRK SR XLI TVIGEWXMRK STIVE
XMSR PE]SYX SV XLI TERIP X]TI FIMRK QERYJEGXYVIH 1ER]
TVIGEWXMRKTPERXWLEZIWXEXMSREV]QM\IVWERHHIPMZIVGSRGVIXI
XS JSVQW F] FYKKMIW FYGOIXW GSRZI]SVW TYQTW SV SXLIV
IUYMTQIRX7SQITVIGEWXMRKTPERXWSTIVEXIJVSQEGSRXVSPPIH
VIEH]QM\IHGSRGVIXITPERXERHXVERWTSVXGSRGVIXIF]QM\IV
XVYGOW 'SRGVIXI XVYGO HIPMZIV] %781 ''1 

MWSJXIR YWIH JSVPEVKIZSPYQIWSJGSRGVIXI -REHHMXMSRXS

WTIIHERHIGSRSQ]EZSMHMRKWIKVIKEXMSRMWETVMQIGSRGIVR
MR XVERWTSVXMRK GSRGVIXI &IJSVI HIPMZIVMRKE RI[ FEXGLSJ
GSRGVIXI LEVHIRIH GSRGVIXI ERH JSVIMKR QEXXIV WLSYPH FI
VIQSZIHJVSQXLIWYVJEGIWSJXLIXVERWTSVXEXMSRIUYMTQIRX
 7IKVIKEXMSR{8LIEQSYRXSJWIKVIKEXMSRZEVMIW[MXL
XLI QM\XYVIGSRWMWXIRG] ERHEKKVIKEXI KVEHMRK7IGSRHEV]
JEGXSVWXLEXQE]EJJIGXWIKVIKEXMSREVI[IEXLIVXLEXEJJIGXW
GSRWMWXIRG] ERH XLI XVERWTSVXEXMSR QIGLERMWQ )UYMTQIRX
WLSYPHFIYWIHXLEXTVSZMHIWXLIPIEWXNEVVMRKERHWIKVIKEXMSR
JVSQXLIXMQIXLIGSRGVIXIIRXIVWXLIXVERWTSVXGEVVMIVYRXMP
MXMWHIPMZIVIHXSXLIJSVQW'SRGVIXIWLSYPHFIHMWGLEVKIH
MRXSJSVQW[LMPIMRMXWSVMKMREPQM\IHSVTPEWXMGWXEXI[MXLSYX
WITEVEXMSRSJGSEVWIEKKVIKEXIERHTEWXI
 'SRWSPMHEXMSR{'SRGVIXIYWIHMR[EPPTERIPQERY
JEGXYVMRKWLSYPHFIGSQTPIXIP]ERHYRMJSVQP]GSRWSPMHEXIH
F] MRXIVREP SV I\XIVREP ZMFVEXMSR ZMFVEXMRK WGVIIH MQTEGX
SVEGSQFMREXMSRXLIVISJ%PXLSYKLEZEMPEFPIGSRWSPMHEXMSR
W]WXIQW ZEV] [MHIP] QSWX EVI WYGGIWWJYP [LIR TVSTIVP]
ETTPMIH%'-6ERH%'-6TVIWIRXHIXEMPIH
VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW JSV KSSH GSRWSPMHEXMSR TVEGXMGIW ERH
GSRXVSPPMRKWYVJEGIHIJIGXW
)ZIR GSRGVIXIW GSRXEMRMRK LMKLVERKI [EXIV VIHYGIVW
WLSYPHFIGSRWSPMHEXIHF]QMRMQEPZMFVEXMSRYRPIWWGSRGVIXI
qualifies as SCC. Regardless of consolidation type, the goal
MWXSEZSMHWIKVIKEXMSRERHI\GIWWMZIFPIIHMRK[LMPIGSRWSPM
HEXMRKGSRGVIXIMRXSEHIRWIYRMJSVQQEWW[MXLEWYVJEGIEW
JVII SJ HIJIGXW EW TVEGXMGEFPI *SYV X]TMGEP ZMFVEXMSR XIGL
RMUYIWEVI HIWGVMFIH LIVIEJXIV -X MW VIGSQQIRHIH XLEX XLI
GSRWSPMHEXMSR QIXLSH FI PIJX XS XLI TERIP QERYJEGXYVIV EW
it depends on formwork, mixtures, and finish, among other
JEGXSVW
 )\XIVREPZMFVEXMSR{)\XIVREPZMFVEXMSRMWYWYEPP]
EGLMIZIHF]QSYRXMRKLMKLJVIUYIRG]ZMFVEXSVWHMVIGXP]XS
JSVQWSVF]YWMRKEZMFVEXMRKXEFPI8LIWIZMFVEXSVWSTIVEXI
EX ZEV]MRK JVIUYIRGMIW ERH EQTPMXYHIW :MFVEXMRK XEFPIW
or forms should be sufficiently rigid to transmit vibration
YRMJSVQP] SZIV XLI IRXMVI TERIP WYVJEGI [MXLSYX ER] JSVQ
damage. A vibrating table works best for flat or low-profile
YRMXW%HIKVIISJI\XIVREPZMFVEXMSRQE]FIYWIHXSGSRWSPM
HEXI7''FYXKIRIVEPP]RSRIMWVIUYMVIH
 (VSTXEFPI ZMFVEXMSR{(VSTXEFPI ZMFVEXMSR MW
YWIHMRWSQITVIGEWXMRKTPERXWXSGSRWSPMHEXIGSRGVIXI[MXL
PS[XSXEP[EXIVGSRXIRX8LIHVSTXEFPI[MPPVMWIERHJEPPER
EZIVEKISJ  MR  QQ  EX PS[JVIUYIRG] *VIUYIRGMIW
ZEV]FYXEVIETTVS\MQEXIP]G]GPIWTIVQMRYXI
 -RXIVREPZMFVEXMSR{-RXIVREPZMFVEXMSRMWTIVJSVQIH
[MXLEXEQTMRKX]TIQSXSVM^IHNMXXIVFYKSVEWTYHZMFVEXSV
7TYH ZMFVEXSVW WLSYPH RSX FI YWIH XS GSRWSPMHEXI JEGMRK
QM\XYVIW &IGEYWI FEGOYT QM\XYVIW EVI KIRIVEPP] WXMJJIV
XLI]GERFITPEGIHERHZMFVEXIHMRXLIWEQI[E]XLEXWXVYG
XYVEPGSRGVIXIMWMRXIVREPP]ZMFVEXIH:MFVEXSVWWLSYPHRSXFI
EPPS[IH XS GSRXEGX MRXIVMSV JSVQ WYVJEGIW FIGEYWI GSRXEGX
QE] HEQEKI XLI JSVQ QEV XLI GSRGVIXI WYVJEGI SV HVMZI
GSEVWIEKKVIKEXIE[E]JVSQXLIJSVQWYVJEGI
%X XMQIW E GSQFMREXMSR SJ I\XIVREP ERH MRXIVREP ZMFVE
XMSR MW VIUYMVIH XS TVSTIVP] GSRWSPMHEXI GSRGVIXI ;LIR
LMKLWPYQTGSRGVIXIMWTPEGIHWIKVIKEXMSRQE]SGGYV;MXL

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

RSVQEP[IMKLXGSRGVIXIQEXIVMEPWGSEVWIEKKVIKEXIXIRHWXS
settle to the bottom and fines rise to the top. With lightweight
EKKVIKEXIWXLISTTSWMXISGGYVW
 *EGMRKGSRGVIXI{*EGMRKGSRGVIXIWLSYPHFIGEVI
JYPP]TPEGIHERH[SVOIHMRXSEPP TEVXWSJXLIJSVQ 8LMWMW
TEVXMGYPEVP] MQTSVXERX MR I\XIVREP ERH MRXIVREP GSVRIVW JSV
XVYIERHWLEVTGEWXMRKPMRIW)EGLFEXGLSJGSRGVIXIWLSYPH
be placed as close as possible to its final position. The entire
QEWWWLSYPHFIGSRWSPMHEXIHF]ZMFVEXMSR[MXLEWPMXXPIPEXIVEP
QSZIQIRXEWTSWWMFPI*EGIQM\XYVIXLMGORIWWEJXIVGSRWSPMHE
XMSRWLSYPHFIEXPIEWXMRQQ SVXMQIWXLIQE\MQYQ
WM^ISJEKKVIKEXI[LMGLIZIVMWXLMGOIV*EGMRKGSRGVIXIWLSYPH
be sufficiently thick to prevent any backup concrete from
FPIIHMRKXLVSYKLERHWLS[MRKSRXLII\TSWIHJEGI
-R HIIT VIXYVRW I\GIWWMZI EMV TSGOIXW EVI SJXIR GVIEXIH
SR XLI JSVQIH WYVJEGI 8LIWI GER KIRIVEPP] FI IPMQMREXIH
F] VSHHMRK XLI GSRGVIXI EX XLI VIXYVR WYVJEGI [MXL E XLMR
flat, spade-like tool after internally vibrating the concrete.
7IUYIRXMEPGEWXMRKHMWGYWWIHMR7IGXMSRMWEXIGLRMUYI
XLEXQMRMQM^IWEMVTSGOIXJSVQEXMSRSRXLIJSVQIHWYVJEGI

 +IRIVEP QIXLSHW{9WYEPP] [LIR E TVIGEWX TERIP

TVSNIGX VIEGLIW XLI JEFVMGEXMSR WXEKI GSPSV ERH XI\XYVI
ETTVSZEP[MPPLEZIFIIR WIX 'SPSVERH XI\XYVIETTVSZEPMW
KIRIVEPP] EGGSQTPMWLIH F] WYFQMXXMRK E WQEPP WEQTPI SV
MRWSQIGEWIWEJYPPWM^IYRMXJSVETTVSZEPF]XLIIRKMRIIV
EVGLMXIGX*SVWXVYGXYVEPTERIPWGSPSVMWSJXIRRSXEVIUYMVI
ment if project specifications call for the panel surface to be
TEMRXIHSVWXEMRIH
Surface finishes can be achieved in many ways, depending
SR XLI HIWMVIH EVGLMXIGXYVEP IJJIGX 7SQI WYVJEGI XVIEX
ments or finishes are executed when the concrete is plastic,
[LIVIEWSXLIVWEVITIVJSVQIH[LIRXLIGSRGVIXILEWLEVH
IRIH *MRMWLIW SR JVIWL GSRGVIXI KIRIVEPP] YWI SRI SJ XLI
JSPPS[MRKQIXLSHW
Brooming, floating, or troweling the back face.
'LIQMGEPWYVJEGIVIXEVHIVW
'PE]TVSHYGXZIRIIVJEGIW
6IZIEPWQEHI[MXLVYFFIVWXVMTWKPYIHHS[RSVQEKRIX
MGEPP]FSRHIHXSXLIWXIIPJSVQGEWXMRKFIH
7ERHGEWXMRK
Smooth metal form finish with field-applied color stains
SVTEMRX
Special form finish.
7XSRIZIRIIVJEGIW
7YVJEGIXI\XYVMRKYWMRKJSVQPMRIVW
Thin brick placed in GFRP frames with concrete filling
XLINSMRXW
;EXIV[EWLMRKFVYWLMRKSVFSXL
7YVJEGIXVIEXQIRXSJLEVHIRIHGSRGVIXIWYVJEGIWVIUYMVIW
QSVIPEFSVERHGERFIQSVIWYWGITXMFPIXSZEVMEXMSRW%ZEMP
EFPIQIXLSHWMRGPYHI
%GMHIXGLMRK
Artificially created broken rib texture (hammered ribs
or fractured fins).
&YWLLEQQIVMRKSVSXLIVQIGLERMGEPXSSPMRK
,ERHFVYWLMRKTS[IVVSXEV]FVYWLIWSVFSXL



,SRMRKERHTSPMWLMRK
7ERHSVSXLIVEFVEWMZIFPEWXMRK
Refer to PCI MNL-122-07 for additional finishes and
further discussion of finish treatments. Regardless of the
type of finishing method, factors such as type and brand of
TSVXPERHGIQIRXEKKVIKEXIWGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLWEXXMQI
of final architectural finishing), and curing techniques used
all affect final appearance. When finishes remove part of the
GSRGVIXI WYVJEGI XLI VIWYPXMRK TERIPWLSYPHLEZI EHIUYEXI
GSZIV SZIV XLI VIMRJSVGIQIRX XS TVIZIRX GSVVSWMSR ERH
WXEMRMRK
All finishing methods for a project should be studied
FIJSVI IRXIVMRK JYPP JEFVMGEXMSR 8LI TVIGEWX QERYJEGXYVIV
WLSYPH HIZIPST UYEPMX] VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV EPP EVGLMXIGXYVEP
finishes before undertaking fabrication of such finishes. The
finishing process should produce an acceptable uniform
ETTIEVERGI [MXLSYX PSWW SJ VIUYMVIH GSRGVIXI UYEPMXMIW
When two or more different mixtures or finishes are on the
WEQITERIPEHIQEVGEXMSRVIZIEP JIEXYVIMWRIGIWWEV]
4ERIPW[MXLPEVKISVWXIITVIXYVRWWYGLEWGLERRIPGSPYQR
GSZIVWERHWSQIWTERHVIPW QE]FIGEWXMRWITEVEXITMIGIWXS
achieve matching high-quality finishes on all exposed faces
ERH QMRMQM^I EMV TSGOIXW ;LIR XLIWI TERIPW EVI NSMRIH
XLI] EVI NSMRIH [MXL HV] NSMRXW EW MPPYWXVEXIH MR *MK 
8LMWGEWXMRKQIXLSHIREFPIWEPPTERIPWXSFIGEWXJEGIHS[R
[MXL XLI WEQI EKKVIKEXI SVMIRXEXMSR ERH GSRGVIXI HIRWMX]
YWMRK GSRZIRXMSREP TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI JSVQMRK QIXLSHW
&EGO JSVQMRK MW XLIR RSX VIUYMVIH ERH E GSQFMREXMSR SJ
JEGI QM\XYVI ERH FEGOYT QM\XYVI GER FI YWIH VEXLIV XLER
TIVGIRXJEGIQM\XYVI;LIRXLMWJEFVMGEXMSRQIXLSHMW
MRHMGEXIHEXXIRXMSRWLSYPHFITEMHXSWYMXEFPIGSVRIVHIXEMPW
ERHVIMRJSVGIQIRXEXXLIHV]NSMRXW%PXLSYKLXLIHV]NSMRX
QE]RSXWLS[[MXLGIVXEMRQM\XYVIWERHXI\XYVIWEKVSSZI
[MPP LIPT QEWO XLI NSMRX ;LIVI HIWMVIH XLMW NSMRX GER FI
recessed sufficiently deep to allow installation of a small
FEGOIVVSHERHTPEGIQIRXSJEMRQQ FIEHSJNSMRX
WIEPERX*MK 7SQIXMQIWTVIGEYXMSRWEVIRIGIWWEV]XS
IRWYVI[EXIVXMKLXRIWWSJXLIHV]NSMRXW
 'LIQMGEP WYVJEGI VIXEVHIVW{'LIQMGEP WYVJEGI
VIXEVHIVWEVIEZEMPEFPIMRZEV]MRKGSRGIRXVEXMSRWXSGSRXVSP
XLIHITXLSJEKKVIKEXII\TSWYVI8LI]QE]FIYWIHXSXVIEX
the finished exposed surface whether it is cast up or cast
HS[RSRXLIFSXXSQSJXLITERIP6IXEVHIVWGSRWMHIVIHJSV
E TVSNIGX WLSYPH FI XLSVSYKLP] IZEPYEXIH YRHIV TVIZEMPMRK
TVSNIGXGSRHMXMSRWFIJSVIJEFVMGEXMSR8LIVIXEVHIVWIPIGXIH
WLSYPH FI GSQTEXMFPI [MXL XLI TEVXMGYPEV X]TI ERH WSYVGI
of cement, aggregates, and specific mixture selected for the
TERIPW7YVJEGIVIXEVHIVIJJIGXMZIRIWWZEVMIW[LIRXLILIEX
SJL]HVEXMSRSJXLIGIQIRXMWEPXIVIH8LILIEXSJL]HVEXMSR
QE] FI EPXIVIH F] PEVKIV GSRGVIXI QEWWIW TVIGEWX TVSHYGX
HITXL GLERKIWMR EQFMIRX XIQTIVEXYVILYQMHMX] SVFSXL
ERHF]YWMRKMRWYPEXIHTERIPWSVGLERKMRKGIQIRXW
 %TTP]MRK VIXEVHIV{'LIQMGEP WYVJEGI VIXEVHIVW
EVIWTIGMEPM^IHGLIQMGEPWXLEXHIPE]FYXHSRSXTVIZIRXXLI
WIXSJXLIWYVJEGIGIQIRXTEWXIWSXLEXXLIGSRGVIXIEKKVI
KEXI GER FI IEWMP] I\TSWIH *SVQ VIXEVHIVW EVI YWYEPP]
JEWXHV]MRK WSPZIRXFEWIH QEXIVMEPW HIWMKRIH XS VIWMWX XLI
EFVEWMSRMRLIVIRX[LIRTPEGMRKGSRGVIXIMRXSJSVQWGSEXIH

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK



+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

*MK{%KKVIKEXII\TSWIHYWMRKWYVJEGIVIXEVHIVW

*MK{7IUYIRXMEPTVIGEWXMRK

[MXL E VIXEVHIV 6IXEVHIVW ETTPMIH XS XLI XST WYVJEGI SJ

JVIWLP] TPEGIH GSRGVIXI EVI YWYEPP] [EXIVFEWIH QEXIVMEPW
&SXL VIXEVHIV X]TIW LEZI VIXEVHEXMSR WXVIRKXL JSVQYPEXIH
XS TVSHYGI HMJJIVIRX VIZIEP HITXLW 9WYEPP] EJXIV WYMXEFPI
XIWXMRK XLI SRI WIPIGXIH I\TSWIW  XS  TIVGIRX SJ XLI
EKKVIKEXI TEVXMGPI MRXIRHIH XS FI I\TSWIH EX XLI WYVJEGI

6IXEVHIVWGERFIETTPMIHF]VSPPIVFVYWLSVWTVE])\XVIQI
GEVI WLSYPH FI XEOIR XS IRWYVI YRMJSVQ ETTPMGEXMSR SJ XLI
VIXEVHIVXSXLIQSPHSVGSRGVIXIWYVJEGI
Because the most suitable period for providing the final
WYVJEGIXVIEXQIRXQE]ZEV]JVSQXSLSYVWEJXIVGEWXMRK
TVIPMQMREV] XIWXW WLSYPH FI TIVJSVQIH YRHIV NSF GSRHM
XMSRWFIJSVITPERRMRKXLIGEWXMRKJSVEPEVKITVSNIGX;LIR
VIQSZMRK XLI GSRGVIXI QEXVM\ F] [EXIV WGVYFFMRK SV SXLIV
QIGLERMGEPTVSGIWWIWXLII\TSWMRKSTIVEXMSRWLSYPHFIKMR
MQQIHMEXIP]EJXIVWXVMTTMRKERHFIJSVIXLIQEXVM\FIGSQIW
I\GIWWMZIP] LEVH 9RJSVQIH WYVJEGIW QE] FI XVIEXIH EX
ER] XMQI EJXIV MRMXMEP WIX LEW XEOIR TPEGI 7YVJEGIVIXEVHIH
GSRGVIXIMWWLS[RMR*MK
 %FVEWMZI FPEWXMRK XS I\TSWI EKKVIKEXI{'SRGVIXI
EKIMWRSXEWGVMXMGEPJSVEFVEWMZIFPEWXMRKEWJSVSXLIVQIXLSHW
SJI\TSWMRKEKKVIKEXIW'SRGVIXIWLSYPHFIPIWWXLERXS
HE]WSPHERHEPPTERIPWWLSYPHLEZIETTVS\MQEXIP]XLIWEQI
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL'SRGVIXIQM\XYVIYWIHGSQTVIWWMZI
WXVIRKXL EX XMQI SJ EFVEWMZI FPEWXMRK ERH XLI EFVEWMZIvW
grading and hardness all affect final exposure. Sand or abra
WMZIFPEWXMRKTVSHYGIWEQYXIHSVJVSWXIHIJJIGXXLEXXIRHWXS
PMKLXIRGSPSVERHWYFHYIEKKVIKEXIPYWXIV2S^^PIHMEQIXIV
EMVTVIWWYVIERHX]TISJEFVEWMZIWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHF]
I\TIVMQIRXEXMSR
;LIRWERHMWYWIHEWXLIEFVEWMZIXLIIJJIGXSJXLIWERHvW
GSPSVSRXLITERIPWLSYPHFIVIZMI[IH'IVXEMRGSQFMREXMSRW
SJFPEWXMRKWERHKVEHMRKTVIWWYVIERHZSPYQIGERIQFIH
WSQIFPEWXMRKWERHMRXLIGSRGVIXIWYVJEGI&IGEYWISJXLMW
FPEWXMRK WERH SJ WMQMPEV GSPSV XS XLI WERH MR XLI GSRGVIXI
QEXVM\ WLSYPH FI YWIH 8LMW WMXYEXMSR GER FI QMRMQM^IH
F] GLERKMRK XLI EQSYRX SJ QEXIVMEP XLEX LMXW XLI WYVJEGI
GLERKMRKXLIKVEHMRKSJXLIFPEWXMRKEFVEWMZIERHGLERKMRK
XLITVIWWYVIEXXLIFPEWXMRKRS^^PI3RGIXLIFPEWXMRKWERH
LEWFIIRWIPIGXIHXLIWEQIWERHERHKVEHMRKWLSYPHFIYWIH
XLVSYKLSYXXLITVSNIGX7YVJEGIVIXEVHIVWYWIHMRGSRNYRGXMSR
[MXLWERHFPEWXMRKGERVIHYGIWERHFPEWXMRKXMQIERHPEFSV
The surface of large flat panels should be separated into
WQEPPIVWIGXMSRW[MXLVYWXMGEXMSRWXVMTWSVF]YWMRKVMFWERHJSVQ
PMRIVWXSQMRMQM^IXLIZMWYEPTIVGITXMSRSJXI\XYVEPHMJJIVIRGIW
1EXIVMEPWYWIHJSVFPEWXMRKSTIVEXMSRWMRGPYHI
;EWLIHWMPMGEWERH

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

'IVXEMRLEVHERKYPEVWERHW
%PYQMRYQGEVFMHI
&PEWXMRKKVMXWYGLEWTS[IVTPERXFSMPIVWPEK
'EVFSRM^IHL]HVSGEVFSR
'VYWLIHGLEX
3VKERMGKVMXWWYGLEWKVSYRHRYXLYPPWERHGSVRGSFW
Deep exposure of coarse aggregate requires a finer
KVEHEXMSR SJ WERH EFVEWMZI XS SFXEMR YRMJSVQ VIWYPXW
8VMEPWSJHMJJIVIRXEFVEWMZIQEXIVMEPW[MXLWEQTPITERIPW
EVI QEHI XS GLIGO XLI XI\XYVI ERH GSPSV XSRIW 7ERH
FPEWXIH GSRGVIXI LEZMRK PMKLX XS QIHMYQ I\TSWYVI MW
WLS[RMR*MK
Exposed aggregate finishes are popular because they are
VIEWSREFP]TVMGIHERHTVSZMHIEZEVMIX]SJETTIEVERGIW8LMW
ZEVMIX]MWEGLMIZIHF]ZEV]MRKXLIX]TIGSPSVERHWM^ISJEKKVI
KEXIQEXVM\GSPSVI\TSWYVIQIXLSHERHI\TSWYVIHITXL
8LIHMJJIVIRXHIKVIIWSJI\TSWYVIEVI
0MKLX I\TSWYVI{3RP] XLI WYVJEGI WOMRSJ GIQIRX ERH
WERH MW VIQSZIH XS I\TSWI XLI IHKIW SJ XLI GPSWIWX
GSEVWIEKKVIKEXI
1IHMYQ I\TSWYVI{'IQIRX ERH WERH EVI VIQSZIH WS
XLI GSEVWI EKKVIKEXI ETTIEVW ETTVS\MQEXIP] IUYEP MR
EVIEXSXLIQEXVM\
(IIT I\TSWYVI{'IQIRX ERH WERH EVI VIQSZIH JVSQ
XLIWYVJEGIWSXLEXGSEVWIEKKVIKEXIFIGSQIWXLIQENSV
WYVJEGIJIEXYVI
8LII\XIRX XS [LMGL EKKVIKEXIW EVI I\TSWIH SV VIZIEPIH
MW PEVKIP] HIXIVQMRIH F] XLIMV WM^I 6IZIEP WLSYPH RSX FI
KVIEXIV XLER SRIXLMVH XLI EZIVEKI HMEQIXIV SJ XLI GSEVWI
EKKVIKEXITEVXMGPIWSVSRILEPJXLIHMEQIXIVSJXLIWQEPPIWX
GSEVWIEKKVIKEXI
%PP WERHFPEWX STIVEXSVW WLSYPH FI TVSXIGXIH [MXL LIEZ]
KPSZIW ETVSRW SV TVSXIGXMZI GPSXLMRK ERH EMVJIH VIWTMVE
XSV] TVSXIGXMSR IUYMTQIRX (YI XS IRZMVSRQIRXEP TSPPY
XMSRGSQTPMERGI YWIGEYXMSR[LIRWIPIGXMRK EFVEWMZIKVMXW
that produce very fine particles after impacting the surface.
(MJJIVIRXIUYMTQIRXQE]FIVIUYMVIHJSV[IXFPEWXMRK
 ,SRMRK ERH TSPMWLMRK{,SRMRK ERH TSPMWLMRK
TVSZMHIW E WQSSXL I\TSWIHEKKVIKEXI WYVJEGI ,SRMRK MW
KIRIVEPP]TIVJSVQIHF]YWMRKKVMRHMRKXSSPWMRWXEKIW[MXL
successive degrees of grit fineness varying from approxi
QEXIP]2SQQ GSEVWIKVMXXSE2S Q
fine grit. Polishing can be done with finer grits. Generally,
honing alone provides a sufficiently smooth surface for
TVIGEWXTERIPW
+VMRHMRKIPIQIRXWEVIQEHI[MXLGEVFSVYRHYQFSRHIHF]
VIWMRSV[MXLHMEQSRHWWIXMRKVMRHMRKWYVJEGIW(MEQSRH
IPIQIRXWGYXJEWXIVERH[IEVPSRKIVFYXEVIMRMXMEPP]QSVI
I\TIRWMZI ,SRMRK ERH TSPMWLMRK IUYMTQIRX ZEVMIW JVSQ
LERH KVMRHIVWXSIPEFSVEXIQYPXMLIEHQEGLMRIW%MV ZSMHW
in the concrete surface should be filled with cementitious
TEWXI [LIR XLI QEXVM\ MW I\TSWIH HYVMRK MRMXMEP KVMRHMRK
Thorough inspection is required to find and fill air voids after
MRMXMEPKVMRHMRK7YFWIUYIRXKVMRHMRKWLSYPHFIHIPE]IHYRXMP
the fill paste material has gained adequate strength. Strength
of the concrete and fill paste material should be 5000 psi
14E FIJSVIFIKMRRMRKER]KVMRHMRKSVTSPMWLMRKSTIV
EXMSRW1IHMYQXSHIITI\TSWYVIWTVSZMHIEQSVIYRMJSVQ



*MK{%KKVIKEXII\TSWIHF]WERHFPEWXMRK
ETTIEVERGIFIGEYWIGSEVWIEKKVIKEXIWX]TMGEPP]TSPMWLFIXXIV
XLERXLIGSRGVIXIQEXVM\
 %GMH IXGLMRK{&IGEYWI QER] EKKVIKEXI X]TIW EVI
YWIH MR EVGLMXIGXYVEP GSRGVIXI GEYXMSR MW EHZMWIH [LIR
YWMRK EGMHW XS I\TSWI EKKVIKEXI &IJSVI EGMH IXGLMRK E
GSRGVIXI WYVJEGI XLI IJJIGXW SJ ZEVMSYW EGMH GSRGIRXVE
XMSRWJSVI\TSWMRKEKKVIKEXIWSVGPIERMRKTERIPWWLSYPHFI
XLSVSYKLP] WXYHMIH 'SRGVIXI EKKVIKEXIW WLSYPH FI UYEVX^
KVERMXISVSXLIVEGMHVIWMWXERXWXSRI0MQIWXSRIWHSPSQMXIW
ERHQEVFPIW[MPPIMXLIVHMWWSPZISVHMWGSPSV[LIRI\TSWIHXS
QYVMEXMGEGMH%GMHWQE]EPWSMRGVIEWIXLIGLIQMGEPVIEGXMSR
FIX[IIRWMPMGEXIWMRXLIEKKVIKEXIERHXLIJVIIPMQIPMFIVEXIH
JVSQXLIGIQIRX8LMWGERPIEHXSGEPGMYQWMPMGEXIHITSWMXW
SRXLITERIPWYVJEGIMJVIWMHYILEVHIRWSRXLIWYVJEGI%GMH
[EWLIW GER HEQEKI XLI KEPZERM^MRK SJ I\TSWIH LEVH[EVI
ERHVIMRJSVGMRKFEVWMJGSZIVMWPIWWXLERVIGSQQIRHIH
;LIRETTP]MRKEGMHMXWLSYPHFIGSRXMRYSYWP]FVYWLIHSV
WGVYFFIHXSIRWYVIYRMJSVQVIEGXMSR[MXLXLIGIQIRXWYVJEGI
%GMH[EWLMRKWLSYPHRSXFITIVJSVQIHYRXMPXLIGSRGVIXIMR
XLITVIGEWXTERIPLEWVIEGLIHEQMRMQYQWXVIRKXLSJ
SV  TWM  SV  14E  %PP TIVWSRRIPI\TSWIH XS
ER]EGMHJVSQXLIWYVJEGIETTPMGEXMSRQIXLSHWLSYPH[IEV
TVSXIGXMZI GPSXLMRK ERH GSZIVMRK XS TVIZIRX MRNYV] JVSQ
EGMHWTEXXIVMRK%GMHWLSYPHFIGSQTPIXIP]RIYXVEPM^IHERH
flushed from the concrete with clear, clean water to prevent
]IPPS[MRK SV SXLIV HMWGSPSVEXMSR 8LI QE\MQYQ XMQI XLEX
EGMHWLSYPHFIEPPS[IHXSVIQEMRSRXLIGSRGVIXIWLSYPHRSX
I\GIIHQMRYXIW(IITIXGLI\TSWYVIWLSYPHFIEGLMIZIH
F]QYPXMTPIXVIEXQIRXWVEXLIVXLERTVSPSRKIHGSRXEGX
{'SRGVIXIGYVMRK
 -RXVSHYGXMSR{Concrete cures provided that suffi
GMIRX QSMWXYVI MW TVIWIRX ERH JEZSVEFPI XIQTIVEXYVIW EVI
QEMRXEMRIH -R TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI JEFVMGEXMSR MRMXMEP GYVMRK
YWYEPP] XEOIW TPEGI MR XLI JSVQ 7IGSRHEV] GYVMRK XEOIW
TPEGIEJXIVXLITVSHYGXMWVIQSZIHJVSQXLIJSVQ7IGSRHEV]
GYVMRK QE] FI PIWW MQTSVXERX MR TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI FIGEYWI
HIWMKRWXVIRKXLW EVI IWXEFPMWLIH WSTERIPW VIWMWX QE\MQYQ
WXVIWWIWYWYEPP]SGGYVVMRKHYVMRKWXVMTTMRKERHLERHPMRK'SRGVIXI
QM\XYVIWJSVTVIGEWXTERIPWKIRIVEPP]GSRXEMR8]TI---LMKL
early-strength cement or very finely ground Type I cement

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK



+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

with sufficiently high cement contents to assure adequate

WXVIRKXL EX WXVMTTMRK YWYEPP]  TWM  14E  8LMW
WXVIRKXL MW SJXIR EGLMIZIH [MXLMR  XS  LSYVW [LMPI XLI
TVIGEWXTERIPMWWXMPP MRXLIJSVQ4ERIPW[MXLTVIXIRWMSRIH
TVIWXVIWWMRK SV TSWXXIRWMSRMRK QE] VIUYMVI LMKLIV VIPIEWI
strength and should be specified by the panel designer. Addi
XMSREPMRJSVQEXMSRSRGYVMRKQE]FIJSYRHMR%'-6
 'YVMRK VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW{-XMWVIGSQQIRHIH XLEX
X[S HMJJIVIRX WXEKIW SJ GYVMRK FI IWXEFPMWLIH JSV TVIGEWX
panels. The first 8 to 16 hours is the initial stage and the most
GVYGMEP7XITWWLSYPHFIXEOIRHYVMRKXLMWTIVMSHXSTVSZMHI
LIEX[LIRRIGIWWEV]XSQEMRXEMRQMRMQYQXIQTIVEXYVIWERH
XSTVIZIRXPSWWSJQSMWXYVIJVSQXLITERIP1ER]PSRKPMRI
WXIIP FIHW LEZI FYMPXMR LSX [EXIV TMTIW XS TVSZMHI VEHMERX
LIEXMRK8LII\TSWIHTSVXMSRSJXLIJVIWLGSRGVIXIMRE[EPP
TERIPWLSYPHFIGSZIVIHHYVMRKXLMWMRMXMEPTLEWI
%JXIVVIQSZEPJVSQXLIJSVQXLIWIGSRHEV]WXEKISJGYVMRK
[MPPGSRXMRYIMRERSYXHSSVWXSVEKI]EVH[LIRXIQTIVEXYVI
permits) or enclosed building until final design strength has
FIIRVIEGLIH(YVMRKXLMWTIVMSHTVIGEWXTERIPWWLSYPHFI
TVSXIGXIH JVSQ I\GIWWMZI QSMWXYVI IZETSVEXMSR ERH JVSQ
temperatures below 50F (10C) to inhibit efflorescence.
-X QE] FI RIGIWWEV] XS MRXIVVYTX XLI WIGSRHEV] GYVMRK
to examine the surface finish and perform any required
TEXGLMRK -X GERRSX FI SZIVIQTLEWM^IH XLEX GYVMRK EX XLI
IEVP]EKIWMWI\XVIQIP]MQTSVXERXXSXLIWXVIRKXLERHHYVE
FMPMX]SJXLIGSRGVIXITERIP
 'YVMRK XIGLRMUYIW{%R] GLERKI MR GYVMRK XIGL
RMUYIWHYVMRKEKMZIRJEFVMGEXMSRVYRQE]VIWYPXMRGLERKIW
MRGSPSVXI\XYVISVYRMJSVQMX]SJXLI[EPPTERIPW8LIVIJSVI
GYVMRK TVSGIHYVIW WLSYPH FI GSRWMWXIRX ERH YRMJSVQ JVSQ
TVIGEWX TERIP XS TVIGEWX TERIP EW [IPP EW JVSQ HE]XSHE]
&YVPETERHWMQMPEVGSZIVMRKWQE]WXEMRSVHMWGSPSVGIVXEMR
finishes and should be avoided. Because of their tendency
XSHMWGSPSVGYVMRKGSQTSYRHWWLSYPHRSXFIYWIHI\GITXSR
XLI FEGOWMHI SJ TERIPW FIJSVI XLI VIQSZEP SJ JSVQW SV SR
surfaces that will later receive a finish. Because some curing
GSQTSYRHW ERH WIEPIVW QE] MRXIVJIVI [MXL EHLIWMSR SJ
WYVJEGIGSZIVMRKWGSEXMRKWERHNSMRXWIEPERXWGSQTEXMFMPMX]
[MXLXLIWIQEXIVMEPWWLSYPHFIMRZIWXMKEXIH
 'YVMRKXIQTIVEXYVI{%PPGYVMRKSJGSRGVIXIWLSYPH
SGGYV EX XIQTIVEXYVIW EFSZI * '  ;LIR XIQTIVE
tures fall below this level during the first 16 hours, either
I\XIVREPETTPMIHLIEXSVLIEXVIXIRXMSRQIEWYVIWEVIVIUYMVIH
-XWLSYPHFIVIQIQFIVIHLS[IZIVXLEXXVMEPQM\XYVITVSTSV
XMSRWEVIYWYEPP]TVITEVIHERHXIWXIHEXVSSQXIQTIVEXYVIWSJ
XS*XS' ;LIRGSRGVIXIMWGYVIHEXPS[IV
XIQTIVEXYVIW WYGL EW * '  GSRGVIXI WXVIRKXL QE]
FIPS[IVXLERPEFSVEXSV]XIWXWMRHMGEXIH;LIRTERIPGYVMRK
XIQTIVEXYVIW EVI I\TIGXIH XS FI PS[IV XLER XVMEP QM\XYVI
XIQTIVEXYVIWEPPS[ERGIWLSYPHFIQEHIJSVWPS[IVWXVIRKXL
KEMR ERH XLI IEVP] JSVQ WXVMTTMRK XMQI WLSYPH FI EHNYWXIH
EGGSVHMRKP]
 7XIEQGYVMRK{'YVMRK[MXLWXIEQWMQYPXERISYWP]
TVSZMHIW LIEX ERH QSMWXYVI ;LIVI WXIEQ GYVMRK MW YWIH
VIGSQQIRHIH TVSGIHYVIW WYGL EW XLSWI SJ %'- 
WLSYPHFISFWIVZIHXSEGLMIZIHIWMVIHVIWYPXW7XIEQWLSYPH
RSXFIETTPMIHYRXMPEJXIVXLIMRMXMEPWIXTIVMSHSJXLITEVXMG

YPEVGSRGVIXIQM\XYVI8LIMRMXMEPWIXHIPE] TIVMSHWLSYPH

FI HIXIVQMRIH F] %781 ''1 8LI VEXI SJ
XIQTIVEXYVIVMWIGERFIYTXS*' TIVLSYVTVSZMHIH
ETVSTIVMRMXMEPWIXHIPE]TIVMSHTVIGIHIWXLILIEXMRKTIVMSH
4JIMJIVERH0ERHKVIR 1E\MQYQXIQTIVEXYVIWLSYPH
RSX I\GIIH * '  'SSPMRK VEXIW WLSYPH EPWS FI
GSRXVSPPIH 'PSWI GSRXVSP SJ WXIEQ GYVMRK TVSGIHYVIW MW
VIUYMVIH MR GSRRIGXMSR [MXL GLIQMGEPP] VIXEVHIH I\TSWIH
EKKVIKEXIWYVJEGIW7XIEQGYVMRKGERTVSHYGIEKVIIRLSYWI
IJJIGX [LIVI QSMWXYVI HVMTW JVSQ XLI GSZIVMRK SR XS XLI
TERIP ERH MRHYGIW WXEMRMRK SR XLI I\TSWIH TERIP WYVJEGIW
+VIIRMRKERH0ERHKVIR 
 'YVMRK MR WXSVEKI{7XVIRKXL KEMR GER GSRXMRYI
EJXIV TERIPW EVI QSZIH XS XLI WXSVEKI EVIE 8EOI GEVI XS
TVIZIRX VETMH QSMWXYVI PSWW [LIR TERIPW EVI TPEGIH MR E
WXSVEKI]EVH;LIREQFMIRXVIPEXMZILYQMHMX]MWLMKLEHHM
XMSREPTVSXIGXMSRJVSQVETMHHV]MRKQE]RSXFIVIUYMVIH-R
EVIEW[LIVILSXHV][IEXLIVTVIZEMPWGEVIWLSYPHFIXEOIR
XSEPPS[XLITERIPWXSHV]WPS[P]
&IGEYWIGSRGVIXIMWWEXYVEXIHEXIEVP]EKIWRI[GSRGVIXI
MWZYPRIVEFPIXSHEQEKIJVSQIZIRSRIJVII^MRKERHXLE[MRK
G]GPI YRXMP MX VIEGLIW E RSQMREP GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ
ETTVS\MQEXIP]  TWM  14E  %X X]TMGEP GSRGVIXI
WXVIRKXLWEFSZITWM14E IEVP]JVII^MRKMWRSX
ETVSFPIQERHTVIGEWXGSRGVIXITERIPWQE]FIMQQIHMEXIP]
WXSVIHSYXWMHI,S[IZIVTERIPWSJER]WXVIRKXL[MPPRSXFI
HYVEFPIXSVITIEXIHJVII^MRKERHXLE[MRKYRPIWWEHIUYEXIEMV
IRXVEMRQIRXMWTVSZMHIH7IGXMSRVIGSQQIRHWXLEXEPP
GSRGVIXIQM\XYVIWFIEMVIRXVEMRIH
{7XSVEKI
 +IRIVEP{&IGEYWISJXLI[MHIZEVMEXMSRMRTVIGEWX
TERIP WM^IW WLETIW ERH JEFVMGEXMSR JEGMPMXMIW XLIVI EVI RS
WXERHEVH QIXLSHW SJ LERHPMRK ERH WXSVEKI 4VIGEWX TERIPW
XIQTSVEVMP] WXSVIH MR E KIRIVEP WXSVEKI EVIE WLSYPH FI
WYTTSVXIH EX XLI FPSGOMRK TSMRXW HIWMKREXIH SR XLI MRWXEP
PEXMSR HVE[MRKW 9RMXW WLSYPH FI WXSVIH MR E ZIVXMGEP SV
near-vertical position. If stored in a horizontal or flat posi
XMSR XLVII HYRREKI TSMRXW QE] FI VIUYMVIH HITIRHMRK SR
TERIP PIRKXL ,ERHPMRK ERH WXSVEKI TVSGIHYVIW WLSYPH RSX
GEYWI WXVYGXYVEP HEQEKI HIXVMQIRXEP GVEGOMRK EVGLMXIG
XYVEPMQTEMVQIRXSVTIVQERIRXHMWXSVXMSR[LIRXLITVIGEWX
QIQFIVMWFIMRK
0MJXIHSVWXVMTTIHJVSQXLIQSPH
1SZIH XS ZEVMSYW PSGEXMSRW JSV JYVXLIV TVSGIWWMRK SV
WXSVEKI
8YVRIH MRXS ZEVMSYW TSWMXMSRW XS TVSZMHI EGGIWW JSV
finishing, surfacing, or both.
7XSVIHFIJSVIHIPMZIV]
0SEHIHSRXSHIPMZIV]ZILMGPIW
 4VSXIGXMSR{(YVMRK WXSVEKI XLI QERYJEGXYVIV
WLSYPH OIIT TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI TERIPW MR E GPIER TVSTIVP]
TVSXIGXIHEVIEXSTVIZIRX WXEMRMRK8LMWHSIWRSXQIERXLI
TERIPWRIIH XSFI MRE GSZIVIH EVIE SV WLSYPHFI GSZIVIH
The need for protection depends on configuration of the
YRMXWPIRKXLSJWXSVEKIXMQIERHXLIPSGEPIRZMVSRQIRX8S
TVSXIGXEKEMRWXJVII^MRKHEQEKIMRWIVXWERHSXLIVIQFIHHIH
MXIQWWLSYPHFITVSXIGXIHEKEMRWX[EXIVSVWRS[TIRIXVEXMSR

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

HYVMRKGSPH[IEXLIV7XSVEKIWLSYPHFITPERRIHGEVIJYPP]XS
IRWYVIHIPMZIV]ERHMRWXEPPEXMSRSJXLITERIPWMREREGGITX
EFPIGSRHMXMSR)ZIRXLSYKLXLITERIPWQE]VIUYMVI[EWLMRK
EJXIV MRWXEPPEXMSR TVSXIGXMSR QE] WXMPP FIRIGIWWEV] EKEMRWX
IRKMRII\LEYWXJYQIWSVWSMPWXEMRMRK
 Storage of thin flat panels*PEXTERIPWPIWWXLERMR
QQ XLMGOSVTERIPW[MXLEPIRKXLXSXLMGORIWWVEXMSKVIEXIV
XLERWLSYPHFIWXSVIHERHWLMTTIHMREZIVXMGEPSVRIEVZIVXMGEP
position. Two-point supports spaced approximately at the fifth
TSMRXWEVIVIGSQQIRHIHJSVWXSVEKISVPMJXMRK4VSXIGXMZIVIWMP
MIRXQEXIVMEPWLSYPHFITVSZMHIHEXTSMRXWSJFIEVMRKERHGSRXEGX
%PPFPSGOMRKTEGOMRKERHTVSXIGXMZIQEXIVMEPWLSYPHFIGPIER
and should not cause damage, staining, or disfigurement of the
TVIGEWXTERIPW&PSGOMRKERHWYTTSVXQIQFIVWWLSYPHFITSWM
XMSRIHERHWIGYVIHMREQERRIVXSTVIZIRXWPMTTEKIGLMTTMRK
EXXLIGLEMRWI\GIWWMZIFMRHMRK SVI\GIWWMZIWXVIWWIW%ZSMH
WXEKKIVIHSVMVVIKYPEVFPSGOMRK4VIGEWXYRMXWWLSYPHFIWXEGOIH
WSXLI]EVIWYTTSVXIHSRFSXLWMHIWXSIUYEPM^IPSEHMRKERHXS
EZSMHSZIVXYVRMRK
{(IPMZIV]
1SWX TVIGEWX TERIPW EVI HIPMZIVIH F] WIQMXVEMPIV XVYGOW
*MK 7SQIEVIWLMTTIHF]VEMPFEVKISVSXLIVQSHIWSJ
XVERWTSVXEXMSR4VIGEWXTPERXJEGMPMXMIWHSRSXKIRIVEPP]VIWXVMGX
XLIWM^IERH[IMKLXSJTVIGEWXTERIPWXLEXGERFITVSHYGIH
,S[IZIV WLMTTMRK TVSFPIQW [MXL SZIVWM^I TERIPW QE]
KVIEXP]MRGVIEWIGSRWXVYGXMSRGSWXSVHIPE]TVSNIGXGSQTPI
XMSR 7TIGMEP XVERWTSVXEXMSR TIVQMXW EVI KIRIVEPP] VIUYMVIH
where height, width, or weight exceed specified limits.
9WMRK PMKLX[IMKLX EKKVIKEXI GSRGVIXI TERIPW GER MR QER]
GEWIWQMRMQM^IXLIMQTEGXSJ[IMKLXMRWLMTTMRKLERHPMRK
ERHMRWXEPPEXMSRSTIVEXMSRW8VEZIPQE]FIVIWXVMGXIHXSKSSH
[IEXLIVHE]PMKLXLSYVWERH[IIOHE]W0S[FS]WSVWTIGMEP
XVEMPIVWQE]FIVIUYMVIHJSVPEVKISVLIEZ]TERIPW+VIEXIV
IGSRSQ] GER FI EGLMIZIH [LIR PEVKI SV LIEZ] TERIPW EVI
WLMTTIH XSKIXLIV SR SRI XVEMPIV 6IJIV XS 7IGXMSR  JSV
MRJSVQEXMSR SR IGSRSQMGEP TERIP WM^IW XLEX GER QE\MQM^I
XVYGOMRKGETEGMX]
%PPTVIGEWXTERIPWWLSYPHFIHIPMZIVIHXSXLIWMXIGPIEVP]
QEVOIH EW MRHMGEXIH SR XLI MRWXEPPEXMSR HVE[MRKW [MXL XLI
fabrication date and an identifier showing final position of
XLIYRMXSRXLIWXVYGXYVI4VIGEWXTERIPWWLSYPHFIWIPIGXIH
JVSQ WXSVEKI PSEHIH ERH HIPMZIVIH MR XLI TVSTIV SVHIV XS
QIIXXLITVIHIXIVQMRIHMRWXEPPEXMSRWIUYIRGI
&IJSVIWGLIHYPMRKIUYMTQIRXHIPMZIV]XLIIVIGXSVWLSYPH
perform a field check of the project to ensure that the foun
HEXMSRW [EPPW ERH WXVYGXYVI EVI WYMXEFP] GSRWXVYGXIH XS
VIGIMZITVIGEWXTERIPYRMXW8LIWMXIWLSYPHFIGLIGOIHJSV
crane and delivery truck access as well as possible field
TERIPWXSVEKI1SWXTERIPWWLSYPHFIPSEHIHZIVXMGEPP]ERH
supported on A-frames mounted to flatbed trailers. They
WLSYPHFIWYTTSVXIHXSQMRMQM^IXLIIJJIGXWSJVSEHWLSGO
ERH FI WIGYVIP] JEWXIRIH [MXL EPP GSRXEGX TSMRXW TVSXIGXIH
JVSQHEQEKI'SVRIVWERHVIXYVRWSJYRYWYEPPIRKXLWWLSYPH
FIFVEGIHJVSQIHKIXSIHKIJSVKVIEXIVTVSXIGXMSRMRXVERWMX
%PPQEXIVMEPXLEXGSRXEGXWXLITERIPWLSYPHFIRSRWXEMRMRK
-JWLMTTMRKTERIPWLSVM^SRXEPP]XLI]WLSYPHFIWYTTSVXIH
at two points with the supports located at the fifth points of



*MK{(IPMZIV]ERHXVERWTSVXEXMSRSJTERIPW
XLIPSRKHMQIRWMSRXSEZSMHI\GIWWMZIWXVIWWIWXLEXQE]FI
MRHYGIHF]X[MWXMRKSJXLIXVEMPIVVEGOMRKSVFSXL;LIRXLI
X[STSMRXWYTTSVXW]WXIQMWMQTVEGXMGEPEPXIVREXMZIWYTTSVX
W]WXIQW WLSYPH FI IRKMRIIVIH ERH GLIGOIH JSV JIEWMFMPMX]
VIPEXMZIXSWXVIWWIWERHSXLIVTSXIRXMEPTVSFPIQW
 4VSXIGXMSRHYVMRKWLMTTMRK{4VSXIGXMZIGSZIVMRKSJ
ETVIGEWXTERIPHYVMRKHIPMZIV]WLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHF]XLI
manufacturer after considering size and shape, finish type,
EKKVIKEXIX]TIXVERWTSVXEXMSRQIXLSHZILMGPIX]TI[IEXLIV
ERH VSEH GSRHMXMSRW ERH HMWXERGI SJ LEYP 1ERYJEGXYVIVW
EVI VIWTSRWMFPI JSV XLI GSRHMXMSR SJ XLI HIPMZIVIH TVSHYGX
WSXLI]QEOIXLIHIGMWMSRSR[VETTMRKYRPIWWXLIIRKMRIIV
architect specifies a particular wrapping protection.
 )GSRSQMGEP TERIP WM^IW{)GSRSQMGEP TERIP WM^IW
HITIRHSRTPERXGETEFMPMX]HMWXERGIJVSQJEFVMGEXMSRTPERX
XS NSF WMXI LMKL[E] GSRHMXMSRW WLMTTMRK ERH MRWXEPPEXMSR
VIWXVMGXMSRW 8S QE\MQM^I XVYGOMRK GETEGMX] TERIP HIWMKR
WLSYPHGSRWMHIVLIMKLX[MHXLPIRKXLERH[IMKLX8LSYKL
MX MW GSQQSR XS WLMT X[S  JX  Q  [MHI TERIPW SR E
PSEHVIWXVMGXMSRWKIRIVEPP]I\MWXJSVPSEHW[MHIVXLERJX
MRQ 1E\MQYQTIVQMX[MHXLWGERZEV]JVSQXS
JXXSQ HITIRHMRKSREVIE7SQIEVIEWEPPS[SZIVEPP
PIRKXLWSZIVJXQ [MXLEWMQTPITIVQMXJVSRXERH
VIEVIWGSVXWERHXVEZIPPMQMXIHXSGIVXEMRXMQIWSJHE]
',%48)6{-278%00%8-32
{4PERRMRKERHTVITEVEXMSR
 'SSVHMREXMSR{)EVP] MR XLI GSRWXVYGXMSR FIJSVI
TERIP QERYJEGXYVI XLI TERIP JEFVMGEXSV IVIGXSV IRKMRIIV
EVGLMXIGX S[RIV ERH XLI KIRIVEP GSRXVEGXSV WLSYPH LSPH E
TVIGSRWXVYGXMSRGSRJIVIRGI
%VIEWSJGSRGIVRXLEXWLSYPHFIEHHVIWWIHHYVMRKTVIGSR
WXVYGXMSRTPERRMRKEVI
 (IXIVQMRMRK WMXI EGGIWW MRWXEPPEXMSR HMVIGXMSR ERH
WIUYIRGMRK
-HIRXMJ]MRKLE^EVHW
(IXIVQMRMRKWM^IERH[IMKLXPMQMXEXMSRW
-RWXEPPEXMSRTPERRMRK
7IPIGXMRKIUYMTQIRX9WMRKEXS[IVGVERI[MXLSRIPMRI
SRP]QE]EJJIGXMRWXEPPEXMSRIQFIHQIRXPSGEXMSR

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK



+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

(IZIPSTMRKERMRWXEPPEXMSRWEJIX]TVSKVEQ
7. Field layout and verification. Offset lines should be set at
2 ft (0.6 m) off the exterior around the perimeter of each floor.
7TIGMEPLERHPMRKVIUYMVIQIRXW4ERIPWWLSYPHFIPSEHIH
WSXLI]GERFIPMJXIH[MXLSYXHEQEKI
7TIGMEPPMJXMRKLEVH[EVI
7MXIWXSVEKIEZEMPEFMPMX]
 4VIWYVZI]MRK FYMPHMRK GSRRIGXMSRW FIJSVI TERIP
HIPMZIV]
8LMW SVHIV MRHMGEXIW XLI YWYEP WIUYIRGI SJ EGXMZMXMIW FYX
many factors occur that influence project planning. Each
WXITMWJYVXLIVGSRWMHIVIHMRXLMWGLETXIV
 6IWTSRWMFMPMXMIW JSV TVIGEWX MRWXEPPEXMSR{8LI
KIRIVEP GSRXVEGXSV SV GSRWXVYGXMSR QEREKIV +''1  MW
RSVQEPP]VIWTSRWMFPIJSVTVSNIGXWGLIHYPIKVMHHMQIRWMSRW
ERH GSSVHMREXMSR [MXL EPP GSRWXVYGXMSR XVEHIW 6IPEXMZI XS
MRWXEPPEXMSRSJTVIGEWXGSRGVIXIXLI+''1MRGSRNYRGXMSR
[MXLXLITVIGEWXIVIVIGXSVWLSYPH
&IVIWTSRWMFPIJSVGSSVHMREXMRKMRJSVQEXMSRRIGIWWEV]
XSTVSHYGITVIGEWXGSRGVIXIMRWXEPPEXMSRHVE[MRKW
1EMRXEMRWXVYGXYVIWXEFMPMX];LIRRIGIWWEV]XLITVIGEWX
IRKMRIIVHIZIPSTW EFVEGMRKWIUYIRGI XS QEMRXEMRWXVYG
XYVIWXEFMPMX]HYVMRKMRWXEPPEXMSR8LMWFVEGMRKWIUYIRGIMW
HIZIPSTIHMRGSRNYRGXMSR[MXLXLIIVIGXSVERHIRKMRIIVSJ
VIGSVH 0MQMXEXMSRW QE] WXEXI JSV I\EQTPI XLEX PSEHMRK
SJ XLI WXVYGXYVI FI FEPERGIH VIUYMVMRK XLEX RS IPIZEXMSR
FIIVIGXIHQSVIXLEREWXEXIHRYQFIVSJPIZIPWELIEHSJ
VIQEMRMRKIPIZEXMSRW3XLIVPMQMXEXMSRWQE]MRZSPZIWXVYG
XYVI VMKMHMX] VIUYMVMRK XLEX [EPPW RSX FI IVIGXIH FIJSVI
completion of floors designed to carry lateral loads.
*SV WXIIP JVEQIW HIXIVQMRI LS[ JEV MR EHZERGI SJ
panel installation that final frame connections are to be
GSQTPIXIH 4EVXMGYPEV GSRWMHIVEXMSR WLSYPH FI KMZIR XS
deflection and rotation of the supporting steel members
HYIXSXLITVIGEWXGSRGVIXIERHSXLIVWYTIVMQTSWIHPSEHW
*SV GSRGVIXI JVEQIW XLI +''1 WLSYPH JYVRMWL XS XLI
IVIGXSV WXVIRKXL SJ GSRGVIXI ERH EYXLSVM^EXMSR XS FIKMR
MRWXEPPEXMSR8LIIRKMRIIVSJVIGSVHWLSYPHVIGSKRM^IXLEX
GSRRIGXMSRW FIX[IIR TERIP ERH JVEQI MQTSWI GSRGIR
XVEXIHPSEHWSRXLIJVEQIERHXLEXXLIWIPSEHWQE]VIUYMVI
WYTTPIQIRXEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX *SV QYPXMWXSV] GSRGVIXI
JVEQIW GSRWMHIVEXMSR WLSYPH FI KMZIR XS XLI IJJIGXW SJ
JVEQIWLSVXIRMRKHYIXSWLVMROEKIERHGVIIT
6IZMI[ERHSFXEMRRIGIWWEV]ETTVSZEPWJSVEPPMRWXEPPE
XMSRHVE[MRKWERHVIPEXIHHIWMKR
&I VIWTSRWMFPI JSV GSSVHMREXMRK HMQIRWMSREP MRXIVJEGI
FIX[IIRTVIGEWXGSRGVIXIERHXLI[SVOSJSXLIVXVEHIW
)RWYVI XLEX TVSTIV XSPIVERGIW EVI QEMRXEMRIHF] SXLIV
trades to guarantee accurate fit and overall conformity
[MXLTVIGEWXMRWXEPPEXMSRHVE[MRKW
&I VIWTSRWMFPI JSV TVSZMHMRK ERH QEMRXEMRMRK GPIEV
PIZIP [IPPHVEMRIH YRPSEHMRK EVIEW ERH VSEH EGGIWW
EVSYRHERHMRXSXLIWXVYGXYVIWSLEYPMRKERHMRWXEPPEXMSR
IUYMTQIRXGERSTIVEXIYRHIVXLIMVS[RTS[IV0SGEXI
YRMXW XS TIVQMX PMJXMRK F] XLI MRWXEPPEXMSR IUYMTQIRX
JVSQXVEMPIVWERHTPEGIQIRXHMVIGXP]MRXSXLIWXVYGXYVI
)WXEFPMWLMRWXEPPEXMSRWIUYIRGIWIEVP]ERHEGGSYRXJSVXLIQ
MRXLIFVEGMRKEREP]WMWERHMRWXEPPEXMSRHVE[MRKW;LIRE

WIUYIRGIMWEKVIIHYTSRMXWLSYPHFIWXVMGXP]JSPPS[IHYRXMP
GSRHMXMSRW VIUYMVI E QYXYEPP] EKVIIEFPI GLERKI (IXIV
QMRILS[QER]XMQIWXLIMRWXEPPEXMSRIUYMTQIRXWLSYPHFI
QSZIHXSGSQTPIXIXLI[SVO3RWXIIPJVEQIWGSRWMHIVXLI
timing of application of fireproofing for prewelding that
WLSYPHSGGYV3RGSRGVIXIJVEQIWPSGEXMSRSJJSVQ[SVO
and any overhanging scaffolding can influence the method
SJMRWXEPPEXMSRERHWIUYIRGMRK
 %GGIWW{%GGIWW GSRHMXMSRW EX XLI WMXI WLSYPH FI
VIZMI[IHGSRWMHIVMRKXIQTSVEV]VSEHWJSVHIPMZIV]XVYGOWERH
LERHPMRK IUYMTQIRX WYGL EW GVERIW 6IWTSRWMFMPMX] JSV WMHI
[EPOWSZIVLIEHPMRIWFEVVMGEHIWXVYGOWTEGIEXWMXIWIUYIRGIW
GSSVHMREXMSR[MXLSXLIVXVEHIWERHTERIPTVSXIGXMSRWLSYPHFI
HMWGYWWIHEXETVSNIGXGSSVHMREXMSRQIIXMRK%XXLMWQIIXMRKXLI
TVIGEWXIVIGXSVWLSYPHTVSZMHIEWGLIQIJSVLERHPMRKPSEHMRK
XVERWTSVXEXMSRERHMRWXEPPEXMSRSJXLITERIPW
8IQTSVEV]FVEGMRKSJXLIWXVYGXYVISRWMXIWXSVEKIGSRRIG
XMSRWWXEVXMRKPSGEXMSRERHMRWXEPPEXMSRWIUYIRGIVIPEXMZIXS
FYMPHMRKWXEFMPMX]WLSYPHFIHMWGYWWIH%XXMQIWXLIHMVIGXMSR
SJMRWXEPPEXMSR[MPPFIHIXIVQMRIHF]KEXIIRXV]TSMRXWXSXLI
NSFWMXISVPSGEXMSRSJGSRWXVYGXMSRXVEMPIVWERHWXSVEKIJEGMPM
XMIW 8LI +''1 WLSYPH MRHMGEXI [LIVI QEXIVMEPW [MPP FI
WXSVIHERHQERLSMWXW[MPPFIPSGEXIH3XLIVNSFWMXIJEGXSVW
MRGPYHMRKGVERIHMWEWWIQFP][MPPEJJIGXEGGIWWERHXLIHMVIG
XMSRSJXLI[SVO*VIIERHIEW]EGGIWWXSETTVSTVMEXITEVXW
SJXLIWXVYGXYVIGERSJXIRTVIWIRXXLIPEVKIWXGLEPPIRKIXSXLI
IVIGXSV7MXIEGGIWWWLSYPHFIEGSRXVEGXTVSZMWMSR
 -HIRXMJ]MRKLE^EVHW{'EVIJYPVIZMI[ERHMRWTIGXMSR
SJXLINSFWMXIWLSYPHFITIVJSVQIHXSMHIRXMJ]SFWXVYGXMSRW
XLEXGSYPHPMQMXIUYMTQIRXQSFMPMX]3ZIVLIEHSFWXVYGXMSRW
WLSYPHFIGEVIJYPP]GSRWMHIVIHMRTPERRMRK4S[IVPMRIWQE]
LEZIXSFIQSZIHSVHIEGXMZEXIH6IQSZEPSJXVIIPMQFWQE]
FIRIGIWWEV]
%PPI\MWXMRKTVSTIVX]XSFITVSXIGXIHWYGLEWYRHIVKVSYRH
YXMPMXMIW XEROW XYRRIPW XVIIW WLVYFW I\MWXMRK EWTLEPX ERH
concrete should be clearly identified. For projects close to
airports, lights, flags, or both, may be required on booms.
 4VSNIGX QIIXMRKW{(YVMRK TVIGEWX MRWXEPPEXMSR XLI
KIRIVEPGSRXVEGXSVWLSYPHGSRHYGXJVIUYIRXTVSNIGXQIIXMRKW
FIX[IIRXLIIVIGXSVERHXLSWIWYFGSRXVEGXSVW[LSWI[SVOMW
EJJIGXIHF]XLITVIGEWX8LIWIQIIXMRKWLIPTXSIRWYVIXLEX
EPP RIGIWWEV] TVSZMWMSRW LEZI FIIR QEHI XS JEGMPMXEXI XLI
MRWXEPPEXMSRTVSGIWW
 'SRXVEGX HSGYQIRXW{'SRXVEGX HSGYQIRXW WLSYPH
GPIEVP]WXEXIER]VIUYMVIQIRXWSVWIUYIRGMRKSJMRWXEPPEXMSRW
RIIHIHXSQEMRXEMRFYMPHMRKWXEFMPMX]0MQMXEXMSRWSRPSEHMRK
SJXLIWXVYGXYVIXIQTSVEV]FVEGMRKVIUYMVIQIRXWSVIPIZE
XMSRWIUYIRGMRKRIIHXSFIGPIEVP]WLS[RFIJSVIFMHHMRK%PP
HIXEMPWSJXIQTSVEV]MRWXEPPEXMSRFVEGMRKXIQTSVEV]GSRRIG
XMSRWERHWLSVMRKWLSYPHFIVIZMI[IHF]XLIIRKMRIIVEVGLM
XIGX 8LI VIQSZEP WIUYIRGI SJ ER] XIQTSVEV] MRWXEPPEXMSR
GSRRIGXMSRWWLSYPHFIWLS[RFIGEYWIPIEZMRKXLIWIGSRRIG
XMSRWMRTPEGIGERVIWYPXMRWXVYGXYVEPFILEZMSVRSXMRXIRHIH
F]XLIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX
 4VIMRWXEPPEXMSR GLIGO{&IJSVI WXEVXMRK MRWXEPPE
XMSR FIEVMRK [EPPW JSYRHEXMSRW WXVYGXYVEP JVEQI FIEVMRK
WYVJEGIW RSXGLIW IQFIHHIH TPEXIW ERKPIW SV FSPXW ERH
[IPHIHGSRRIGXMSRWWLSYPHFIGLIGOIHJSVHMQIRWMSRPSGE

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

XMSR PMRI ERH KVEHI XS IRWYVI XLEX XLI EVIE XS VIGIMZI XLI
TVIGEWXTERIPWMWVIEH]
 8LI +''1 MW VIWTSRWMFPI JSV IWXEFPMWLMRK ERH
QEMRXEMRMRKEXGSRZIRMIRXPSGEXMSRWSRXLIJSYRHEXMSRSVXLI
FYMPHMRKGSRXVSPTSMRXWFIRGLQEVOWERHPMRIWMRERYRHMW
turbed condition for use by the erector until final completion
ERHEGGITXERGI SJ XLI TVSNIGX-J XLI FYMPHMRK JVEQI MW RSX
TVIGEWXGSRGVIXIXLIRFIRGLQEVOWSVFYMPHMRKPMRIWWLSYPH
FITVSZMHIHF]XLI+''1MRIEGLEVIESVEXIZIV]PIZIP
;SVOTSMRXWWLSYPHEPWSFITVSZMHIHJSVERKPIHERHGYVZIH
FYMPHMRKIPIZEXMSRW
8LIIVIGXSVWLSYPHFIEHZMWIHF]XLI+''1SJ
any known discrepancies in field location, line, or grade and
FITVSZMHIH[MXLWYMXEFPI[SVOEVIEWJSVPE]SYX
&IJSVIWXEVXMRKMRWXEPPEXMSRERHWGLIHYPMRKHIPMZIV]
ERHPMJXMRKIUYMTQIRXXLIIVIGXSVWLSYPHWYVZI]XLITVSNIGX
XSGLIGOHMQIRWMSREPXSPIVERGIWERHERGLSVFSPXWXLEXLEZI
been field-placed or are of contractors hardware. The goal
SJXLMWWYVZI]MWXSIRWYVIXLEXXLIEVIEWXSVIGIMZIXLITVIGEWX
GSRGVIXIEVIVIEH]ERHEGGIWWMFPIXSXLIIVIGXSVERHXLEXXLI
precast concrete units will fit. All dimensions and details
XEOIRWLSYPHFIGLIGOIHEKEMRWXMRWXEPPEXMSRHVE[MRKW8LI
TVIGEWX IVIGXSV WLSYPH EPWS WTSX GLIGO XLI EGGIWW FIJSVI
WGLIHYPMRKXLIPSEHMRKERHLERHPMRKIUYMTQIRX
0E]SYXMWVIUYMVIHFIJSVIMRWXEPPEXMSRWSEWXEVXMRK
TSMRX MW GPIEVP] IWXEFPMWLIH ERH ER] TSWWMFPI XSPIVERGI
conflicts with the support structure are determined early.
0E]SYX MW VIUYMVIH HYVMRK MRWXEPPEXMSR XS QEMRXEMR TVSTIV
EPMKRQIRX
0E]SYX FIJSVI MRWXEPPEXMSR IRWYVIW XLEX [LIR ER IVVSV MW
JSYRH MXGER FIGSVVIGXIH FIJSVIWXEVXMRK MRWXEPPEXMSR%R]
modification to bearing surfaces or connection hardware can
FIQEHIF]XLIKIRIVEPGSRXVEGXSVFIJSVIMRWXEPPEXMSRFIKMRW
 The erector should confirm that the minimum
GSRGVIXIWXVIRKXLLEWFIIREGLMIZIH
 Notes of all discrepancies exceeding specified
XSPIVERGIWWLSYPHFIOITX7SQIHMWGVITERGMIWFIX[IIRWMXI
GSRHMXMSRW ERH MRWXEPPEXMSR HVE[MRKW XLEX GER GEYWI TVSF
PIQWHYVMRKMRWXEPPEXMSRMRGPYHIWXVYGXYVEPWXIIPSYXSJEPMKR
QIRXERGLSVFSPXWSVHS[IPWMQTVSTIVP]MRWXEPPIHIVVSVWMR
FIEVMRK IPIZEXMSR SV PSGEXMSR ERH SFWXVYGXMSRW GEYWIH F]
SXLIVXVEHIW
7YGLHMWGVITERGMIWWLSYPHFIRSXIHMR[VMXMRKERHWIRXMJ
ETTVSTVMEXIXSXLITVIGEWXGSRGVIXIQERYJEGXYVIV+''1
SVFSXL-RWXEPPEXMSRWLSYPHRSXTVSGIIHYRXMPHMWGVITERGMIW
EVI GSVVIGXIH F] XLI +''1 SV YRXMP MRWXEPPEXMSR VIUYMVI
ments are modified and reviewed by the engineer/architect.
Verification of remedial work should be the responsibility
of the GC/CM. The erector should return to the site for final
layout verification after all necessary corrections of site
GSRHMXMSRW MR XLI MRWXEPPEXMSR EVIE LEZI FIIR QEHI F] XLI
+''1ERHFIJSVIMRWXEPPEXMSRWXEVXW
;SVOMRKJVSQGSRXVSPTSMRXWFIRGLQEVOWERHPMRIWIWXEF
PMWLIH F] XLI +''1 XLI IVIGXSV WLSYPH IWXEFPMWL SJJWIX
lines and elevation marks, as required, for use at each floor
PIZIP-XMWXLIPE]SYXTIVWSRvWHYX]XSQEVOXLIPSGEXMSRWXS
VIGIMZI XLI TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI YRMXW WS XLI IVIGXSV GER TPEGI
them with minimal measuring and moving to final position.



8LIIVIGXSVWLSYPHQEMRXEMREGLIGOPMWXSJMXIQWXLEXLEZI
FIIRWLS[RXSLIPTI\TIHMXITVSNIGXW7SQISJXLIWIMXIQW
GSRGIVRWMXI GSRHMXMSRW ERH VIPEXMSRWLMTW [MXL XLI+''1
ERHSXLIVXVEHIW3XLIVWHIEP[MXLXLIHIWMKRSJXLITVSHYGX
ERH GSRRIGXMSRW 8LI IVIGXSVvW GLIGOPMWX WLSYPH MRGPYHI EX
PIEWXXLIJSPPS[MRK
:IVMJ]EZEMPEFMPMX]SJTVSHYGXW
'LIGOXLEXMRWXEPPEXMSRHVE[MRKWEVIIEW]XSYRHIVWXERH
TVSTIVP]GVSWWVIJIVIRGIHERHEGGYVEXI
7YKKIWXWEJIGSRRIGXMSRWXLEXEPPS[UYMGOVIPIEWISJXLI
GVERI LSSO 8LMW VIUYMVIW QIGLERMGEP FSPXIH GSRRIG
XMSRW XLEX EPPS[ TSWMXMSRMRK SJ XLI TVIGEWX TMIGI EJXIV
XLIGVERIERHER]EHHMXMSREPXIQTSVEV]GSRRIGXMSRWEVI
VIPIEWIH
-R GSPH GPMQEXIW GLIGO JSV KVSYXIH GSRRIGXMSRW XLEX
VIUYMVIWTIGMEPTPERRMRKERHTVSGIHYVIW
(IXIVQMRIMJPSSWILEVH[EVIMRWXEPPEXMSRQEXIVMEPWERH
FIEVMRKTEHWEVIEZEMPEFPIXSFIHIPMZIVIHXSXLINSFWMXI
4VIZIRXGSRJYWMSRF]QMRMQM^MRKXLIRYQFIVSJHMJJIVIRX
X]TIWSJMRWXEPPEXMSRLEVH[EVI1EOIXLIHIWMKRIVE[EVI
SJXLMWMQTSVXERXMWWYITEVXMGYPEVP]JSVXLSWIQEXIVMEPW
XLEXZEV]SRP]WPMKLXP]
'SQTMPI EVIEF]EVIE LEVH[EVI FVIEOHS[RW ERH
WYQQEVMIW
:IVMJ]EGGYVEXITPEGIQIRXSJEXXEGLQIRXWMRXLIWXVYGXYVI
:IVMJ]XLEXTVIGEWXGSRGVIXIMWHMQIRWMSREPP]GSVVIGXERH
[MXLMRXSPIVERGIW4PEXIWWPIIZIWMRWIVXWERHSTIRMRKW
WLSYPHFIGLIGOIHERHGPIERIH
6IZMI[XLEXGSRRIGXMSRWEVIHIWMKRIHXSMRHYWXV]WXER
HEVHXSPIVERGIWERHTPEGIHEXGSRZIRMIRXPSGEXMSRW
4PERJSVXLIJI[IWXTMGOTSMRXW[MXLSRIPMJXMRKHIZMGISV
EWJI[HMJJIVIRXHIZMGIWEWTVEGXMGEFPIXSEZSMHVMKKMRK
GLERKIW
;LIRIZIVTVEGXMGEFPILEZIYRMXWWLMTTIHMRXLISVMIRXE
XMSRXLEXXLI][MPPFIMRWXEPPIH;EPPWWLSYPHFIZIVXMGEP
floor slabs horizontal, and properly positioned end-forIRH7SQIPSRKQIQFIVWQE]RIIHXSFISVMIRXIHSRE
XVYGOMRETEVXMGYPEVQERRIVFIGEYWISJWMXISVVMKKMRK
VIWXVMGXMSRW-JZIVXMGEPTMIGIWEVIXSSPEVKIERHQYWXFI
shipped flat, ensure that panels are designed so they can
FIVSXEXIH
)RWYVI XLEX JEPP TVSXIGXMSR MW HIWMKRIH MRXS XLI WXVYG
XYVI[MXLXMISJJI]IWSVMRWIVXW[LIVIRIIHIH,SPIWMR
floor and roof members and openings in walls should be
GSZIVIH[LMPIMRXLITVIGEWXGSRGVIXITPERX
{9RPSEHMRKERHLERHPMRK
 +IRIVEP{4ERIPWWLSYPHFIPSEHIHERHHIPMZIVIHMR
XLIMRWXEPPEXMSRWIUYIRGIIWXEFPMWLIHEXTVSNIGXGSSVHMREXMSR
QIIXMRKW4ERIPWWLSYPHFIPSEHIHWSXLEXXLI]GERFITMGOIH
JVSQXLIXVYGO[MXLSYXHEQEKMRKXLITERIP4ERIPWWLSYPHFI
PMJXIHJVSQHIPMZIV]XVYGOWERHTPEGIHHMVIGXP]MRXLIMVTVSTIV
TSWMXMSRSRXLIFYMPHMRK8LMWQMRMQM^IWLERHPMRKHEQEKI
ERHMWYWYEPP]XLIQSWXIGSRSQMGEPQIXLSH1ER]VIUYMVI
QIRXWMR'LETXIVGSRGIVRMRKLERHPMRKTERIPWEXXLIJEFVM
GEXMSRTPERXETTP]XSNSFWMXIEGXMZMX]0SEHMRKEXXLITPERX
WLSYPH EPWS GSRWMHIV WTIGMEP GSRHMXMSRW WYGL EW PMRI EZEMP
EFMPMX]MJEXS[IVGVERIMWYWIHJSVTERIPMRWXEPPEXMSR

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK



+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

8LI TVIGEWX IVIGXSV WLSYPH WIX SYX NSMRX PSGEXMSR ERH

WTEGMRK FIJSVI TERIP MRWXEPPEXMSR 8LMW WLSYPH QMRMQM^I
HMJJIVIRXMEPZEVMEXMSRMRTERIPNSMRX[MHXLERHMHIRXMJ]TVSF
PIQWGEYWIH[LIRXLIFYMPHMRKSVEHNEGIRXQEXIVMEPWEVISYX
SJHMQIRWMSRSVEPMKRQIRX
 (IPMZIV]WIUYIRGI{%HIPMZIV]WIUYIRGIJSVTERIPW
should be flexible to allow for full loads, using reasonable
fill-out units when necessary; control of unit position on the
XVEMPIV[MXLTVSTIVWYTTSVXJSVWEJIX]ERHIGSRSQ]EHIUYEXI
EHZERGIRSXMGISJWLMTQIRXEWWYVERGISJTVSQTXYRPSEHMRK
ERHTVSZMWMSRJSVSRWMXIWXSVEKI
 ;LIR TSWWMFPI TERIPW WLSYPH FI YRPSEHIH MR E
ZIVXMGEPTSWMXMSR8LMWMWYWYEPP]XLIWMXYEXMSRMJWMRKPIWXSV]
TERIPWEVIWLMTTIHSRJVEQIWMREZIVXMGEPSVYTVMKLXTSWM
XMSR (S RSX VIQSZI ER] GLEMRW FMRHIVW SV FERHMRK YRXMP
XLI GVERI MW LSSOIH SRXS XLI TVIGEWX IPIQIRX 8MI SJJ EPP
SXLIVTERIPWXSXLIXVEMPIVFIJSVITMGOMRKETERIP%PPGLEMRW
FMRHIVW FERHMRK TVSXIGXMRK TEGOMRK ERH FVEGMRK WLSYPH
FIGEVIJYPP]VIQSZIHJVSQEVSYRHXLITERIPW'SQIVWERH
TERIPW[MXLVIXYVRWSJYRYWYEPPIRKXLEVIWLMTTIH[MXLWTIGMEP
FVEGMRK[LMGLWLSYPHRSXFIVIQSZIHYRXMPXLITVIGEWXTMIGI
LEWFIIRPMJXIHWPMKLXP]JVSQXLIXVYGOFIJSVIMRWXEPPEXMSR-J
FIPXWEVIYWIHMRYRPSEHMRKSRP]SRITERIPEXEXMQIWLSYPH
FIVIQSZIH4VSXIGXMZIQEXIVMEPWLSYPHFIYWIHFIX[IIRXLI
FIPXWERHTSMRXSJGSRXEGX[MXLXLITERIP+ERKWSJTVIGEWX
TERIPWWLSYPHRSXFIVIQSZIH[MXLFIPXPMJXMRKHIZMGIWYRPIWW
XLITERIPWEVITEPPIXM^IH
The exterior panel should always be unloaded first from a
JVEQISVEWXEGO2IZIVWPMHIETERIPSYXJVSQXLIQMHHPISJ
E WXEGO 1EMRXEMR FEPERGI SR XLI XVEMPIV HYVMRK YRPSEHMRK F]
YRPSEHMRK EPXIVREXI WMHIW SJ XLI ZILMGPI 6IQEMRMRK EHNEGIRX
TERIPWSRXLIXVEMPIVWLSYPHFIXMIHSVFPSGOIHXSTVIZIRXXMTTMRK
%JXIVHIPMZIV]ETERIPQE]VIUYMVIVSXEXMSRMRXSE
RI[TSWMXMSR*SVI\EQTPIEXEPPTERIPHIPMZIVIHSRMXWWMHI
WLSYPHFIVSXEXIHXSEZIVXMGEPTSWMXMSR%TERIPQE]EPWSFI
HIPMZIVIH LSVM^SRXEP PMJXIH JVSQ XLI HIPMZIV] ZILMGPI ERH
YTVMKLXIHMRXLI EMV 8LI TERIP MWRSVQEPP]VSXEXIH[MXLSYX
FIMRK EPPS[IH XS XSYGL XLI KVSYRH -X QE] FI RIGIWWEV] XS
FSPXEWYTTSVXJVEQIXSXLITERIPFIJSVIVSXEXMRK9WYEPP]X[S
PMJXMRKPMRIWJVSQXLIGVERIEVIYWIHEPXLSYKLWTIGMEPVSXEXMRK
JVEQIWLEZIFIIRHIZIPSTIHJSVYWI[MXLSRIGVERIPMRI
 0MJXMRKHIZMGIW{0MJXMRKHIZMGIWWLSYPHFIWIGYVIH
XSTERIPWMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIPMJXMRKHIZMGIQERYJEGXYV
IVvWVIGSQQIRHEXMSRW8LVIEHFSPXWMRXSMRWIVXWEQMRMQYQ
SJFSPXHMEQIXIVWJSVGSMPMRWIVXWERHEQMRMQYQSJ
FSPXHMEQIXIVWJSVJIVVYPIMRWIVXWXSTVIZIRXWXVMTTMRKSJXLI
FSPX SV MRWIVX XLVIEHW %X PIEWX X[S GSRRIGXMSRW WLSYPH FI
YWIH[LIRIZIVXLITERIPMWPMJXIHWSXLITERIPSVPMJXMRKPMRI
GERRSXWTMRERHYRWGVI[GEYWMRKXLIPMJXMRKPMRIXSFIGSQI
disconnected. Use bolts of a sufficient length to provide
JYPP IQFIHQIRX MR XLI PMJXMRK HIZMGI 6IKEVHPIWW SJ PSEH
VIUYMVIQIRXWEMRQQ FSPXWLSYPHFIXLIQMRMQYQ
WM^IYWIHJSVLERHPMRKER]TVIGEWXTERIP4VIHVMPPIHSVWIPJ
HVMPPIHI\TERWMSRFSPXW WLSYPH RSXFIYWIHJSV LERHPMRK SV
MRWXEPPEXMSR TYVTSWIW 3GGEWMSREPP] MRWIVXW FSPXW SV SXLIV
devices are provided only for the convenience of field
handling. When these devices are located in finished edges
or exposed surfaces, bolt and insert holes will require filling

ERHVITEMVMRK;LIRXLMWMWRIGIWWEV]XLIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX
WLSYPHFIEHZMWIHWSXLEXXLIPSGEXMSRWERHVITEMVTVSGIHYVI
GERFIETTVSZIHFIJSVITERIPJEFVMGEXMSR6ITEMVWWLSYPHFI
I\IGYXIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL 7IGXMSR %P[E]W QIEWYVI
HITXLSJXLIPMJXMRKMRWIVXERHLEZIWIZIVEPHMJJIVIRXPIRKXL
FSPXWEZEMPEFPIXSIRWYVIXLIFSPXJYPP]TIRIXVEXIWMRWIVXHITXL
ERHRSXSRP]XLIGSRGVIXI
 3RI PMJXMRK HIZMGI MW E W[MZIPMRK (VMRK TPEXI
FSPXIH XSE XLVIEHIHERGLSV 8LI W[MZIP ERH FSPX HMEQIXIV
WLSYPHFIXLIWEQIWM^I
 'SMPXLVIEHIH ERGLSVW EVI HMWGSYVEKIH [LIR
other anchor types can be used. Insufficient thread engage
QIRXMWXLIQSWXGSQQSRTVSFPIQ[MXLXLMWW]WXIQERHMX
MWHERKIVSYWMJXLIFSPXMWRSXJYPP]XLVIEHIHMRXSXLIERGLSV
;LIR YWMRK GSMPXLVIEHIH ERGLSVW XLI JSPPS[MRK TVIGEY
XMSRWWLSYPHFIJSPPS[IH
-XMWMQTIVEXMZIXLEXXLVIEHIRKEKIQIRXFIEQMRMQYQ
SJXMQIWXLIRSQMREPFSPXHMEQIXIV&IGEYWIERGLSVW
EVI WSQIXMQIW VIGIWWIH XLI IVIGXSV WLSYPH PSGEXI XLI
EGXYEPXSTSJXLIWXIIPERGLSVEWWSQIXLVIEHWQE]FI
GSRGVIXIGSZIVERHRSXWXIIP;LIRMRHSYFXXLIIVIGXSV
WLSYPHWGVEXGLXLIXLVIEHW[MXLEQIXEPSFNIGXXSZIVMJ]
ERGLSVPSGEXMSR
'EYXMSRWLSYPHFIYWIHMRXMKLXIRMRKFSPXWEWXLI]QE]
FVIEOSYXXLISTTSWMXIJEGISJEXLMRTERIPSVQE]WXVMT
XLIMRWIVXXLVIEHW
8LMW ERGLSV X]TI MW TEVXMGYPEVP] EJJIGXIH F] JSVIMKR
QEXIVMEPWWYGLEWERHFPEWXKVMXMGISVFSXL[LMGLGER
EGGYQYPEXIMR XLIMRWIVX 8EOI GEVIXS VIQSZI JSVIMKR
QEXIVMEPWJVSQMRWIVXWXSIRWYVIJYPPXLVIEHIRKEKIQIRX
%QMRMQYQSJX[SGSMPMRWIVXWWLSYPHFIYWIHXSPMJXE
YRMXWSXLEXXLIYRMXSVPMJXMRKPMRIGERRSXWTMRGEYWMRK
XLIFSPXXSYRWGVI[JVSQXLIMRWIVX
&SPXWSJTVSTIVPIRKXLWLSYPHFIYWIHXSTVIZIRXI\XIR
WMZIWLMQQMRK&SPXWXLEXEVIXSSPSRKQE]FIRHERHJEMP
 8LI TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI QERYJEGXYVIV WLSYPH FI
GSRWYPXIH VIKEVHMRK XLI HIWMKR MRXIRX SJ EPP MRWXEPPEXMSR
MRWIVXW'SRRIGXMSRLEVH[EVIWLSYPHRSXFIYWIHJSVPMJXMRK
or handling, unless specifically designed and designated
JSVXLMWTYVTSWISRXLIMRWXEPPEXMSRHVE[MRKW7SQITVIGEWX
QIQFIVW XLEX EVI PSRK LIEZ] SV FSXL QE] LEZI WPIIZIW
XLVSYKL XLI QIQFIV SV ERGLSVW [MXL W[MZIP LEVH[EVI JSV
YWIMREXXEGLMRKMRWXEPPEXMSRLEVH[EVI
8LIVI EVI WMXYEXMSRW XLEX VIUYMVI WTIGMEP PMJXMRK W]WXIQW
8LIWI W]WXIQW WLSYPH FI HIWMKRIH F] E TVSJIWWMSREP IRKM
RIIV ERH XIWXIH XS ZIVMJ] XLI ERGLSV [MPP I\GIIH E WEJIX]
JEGXSV SJ XS ERH XLI LEVH[EVI XS %JXIV WIPIGXMRK
LSMWXMRK IUYMTQIRX VMKKMRK WLSYPH FI WM^IH XS TIVQMX XLI
TVIGEWXGSRGVIXIYRMXWXSFIPMJXIHERHMRWXEPPIHWEJIP]
;MVIVSTIWPMRKWEVIYWYEPP]XLIQENSVGSQTSRIRX
SJ XLI VMKKMRK EWWIQFP] 3GGEWMSREPP] [IF FIPXW SV GLEMR
QIWLFIPXWQE]FIVIUYMVIH,SSOWWLEGOPIWVSPPMRKFPSGOW
GPSWIHPMROWERHPMJXMRKTPEXIWGERFIYWIH[MXLXLIWPMRKWXS
GSQTPIXI XLI W]WXIQ %PP SJ XLIWI MXIQW EVI GSQQIVGMEPP]
EZEMPEFPI[MXLXIWXHEXEXSWYFWXERXMEXIXLIWEJI[SVOMRKPSEH
JSVXLIEZEMPEFPIWM^IWSJIEGLTVSHYGX&IJSVIYWMRKER]SJ
XLIWIMXIQWMREVMKKMRKEWWIQFP]MXMWMQTIVEXMZIXLEXXLI
YWIVGSRWYPXXLIQERYJEGXYVIVvWTYFPMWLIHGLEVXWERHMRJSV

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

QEXMSR XS FI E[EVI SJ XLI GSRHMXMSRW ERH PMQMXEXMSRW JSV
[LMGLXLIWEJI[SVOMRKPSEHHEXEETTPMIW
;LIRVMKKMRKEWWIQFP]GSQTSRIRXWEVIGYWXSQ
QEHI XLI] WLSYPH FI HIWMKRIH F] E TVSJIWWMSREP IRKMRIIV
SVI\TIVMIRGIHTIVWSR[MXLJYPPORS[PIHKISJXLIVERKISJ
MRXIRHIHYWI&IJSVIEGYWXSQQEHIPMJXMRKETTEVEXYWMWYWIH
EWWXERHEVHIUYMTQIRXMXWGETEGMX]WLSYPHFIGPIEVP]PEFIPIH
JSVJYXYVIVIJIVIRGI
 -X MW RIGIWWEV] XLEX XLI IVIGXSV VIGIMZI EGGYVEXI
MRHMZMHYEPYRMX[IMKLXWERHHMQIRWMSRWERHMJETTPMGEFPI
WTIGMEP LERHPMRK VIUYMVIQIRXW JVSQ XLI TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI
QERYJEGXYVIV ;IMKLX LERHPMRK VIUYMVIQIRXW ERH WM^I SJ
XLIYRMXXSFIPMJXIHEVIGVMXMGEPJSVXLIIVIGXSVXSHIXIVQMRI
XLIVMKKMRKVIUYMVIQIRXW
{.SFWMXIWXSVEKI
 +IRIVEP{;LIRWGLIHYPMRKVIUYMVIWNSFWMXIWXSVEKI
SJ TVIGEWX TERIPW WXSVEKI EVIEW WLSYPH FI VIPEXMZIP] PIZIP
firm, and well-drained. Storage areas should be located
[LIVIXLIVIMWPMXXPIGLERGISJHEQEKIHYIXSSXLIVGSRWXVYG
XMSREGXMZMX]7XSVEKIVIGSQQIRHEXMSRWMR7IGXMSRWLSYPH
FIJSPPS[IH;LIVIPSRKXIVQWXSVEKIMWRIGIWWEV]TERIPW
WLSYPH FI GSZIVIH XS TVSXIGX XLIQ JVSQ EGGYQYPEXMSR SJ
HYWX HMVX SV SXLIV WXEMRMRK QEXIVMEPW 'SZIVW SJ GERZEW
VYFFIVM^IHWLIIXWLIEZ][EXIVTVSSJTETIV+*64WLIIXMRK
SVSXLIVTVSXIGXMZIQEXIVMEPWLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIH
8LIWXSVEKIEVIEQE]LEZIXSFIWXEFMPM^IHWSXLEXHMJJIV
IRXMEPWIXXPIQIRXSVX[MWXMRKSJXLIWXSVIHTERIP[MPPRSXSGGYV
4ERIPW WLSYPH RSX FI WXSVIH SR JVS^IR KVSYRH [MXLSYX TVSTIV
WEJIKYEVHWXSTVIZIRXYRIZIRWIXXPIQIRXMJXLIKVSYRHXLE[W
 -X QE] FI HIWMVEFPI XS QEMRXEMR ER MRZIRXSV] SJ
TVIGEWXTVSHYGXWSRXLITVSNIGXXSTVIZIRXMRWXEPPEXMSRHIPE]W
8LMW GER FI EGLMIZIH F] WXSVMRK WIZIVEP PSEHIH XVEMPIVW SR
XLINSFWMXI0IEZMRKTVIGEWXGSRGVIXIQIQFIVWSRXLIXVEMPIV
MW SJXIR XLI FIWX WSPYXMSR JSV SRWMXI WXSVEKI 8LI XVEMPIV
YWYEPP]TVSZMHIWGPIERERHWEJIWXSVEKIERHIPMQMREXIWI\XVE
LERHPMRKERHTSWWMFPIHEQEKI-JEPSEHIHXVEMPIVMWWXSVIH
EX XLI NSF WMXI XLI WLMTTIV WLSYPH WXEFMPM^I XLI XVEMPIV XS
TVIZIRX XMPXMRK SV SZIVXYVRMRK 8LMW MW MQTSVXERX SR JVS^IR
WMXIWWYFNIGXXSXLE[MRK8LIWXSVIHXVEMPIVWLSYPHFITEVOIH
on firm, level ground. Sufficient dunnage should be placed
YRHIVXLIPERHMRKKIEVHSPPMIWXSTVIZIRXXLIQJVSQWMROMRK
8LMWWLSYPHFI XLI VIWTSRWMFMPMX] SJXLIIVIGXSV SRP]MJXLI
IVIGXSVMWVIWTSRWMFPIJSVXVERWTSVXEXMSR
7MXIWXSVEKISXLIVXLERSRXVEMPIVWWLSYPHFIEZSMHIH
EWMXMWI\TIRWMZIERHGERVIWYPXMRTVSHYGXHEQEKI9RPSEHMRK
members directly from the delivery trailer to their final loca
XMSR SR XLI WXVYGXYVI [MXLSYX WMXI WXSVEKI MW XLI TVIJIVVIH
QIXLSH-J ETMIGI QYWX WLMT SYXSJ WIUYIRGI XLI TVIGEWXIV
WLSYPH ERRSYRGIXLEXETMIGIMW GSQMRKSYX SJSVHIVWS XLI
IVIGXSVGERTPERJSVMX8LIIVIGXSVLEWEJI[STXMSRW
8LIQIQFIVGERFIMRWXEPPIHMRMXWGSVVIGXPSGEXMSRMJXLI
GVERIGERVIEGLMXERHMJMXHSIWRSXMRXIVJIVI[MXLMRWXEPPEXMSR
SJSXLIVYRMXW
-XGERFIWXSVIHXIQTSVEVMP]SRXLIKVSYRHFYXXLMWMW
SJXIRRSXTVIJIVVIHSVTVEGXMGEFPIHYIXSWMXIGSRWXVEMRXW
 8LI TMIGI GER FI PIJX SR XLI XVEMPIV SV PSEHIH SRXS
ERSXLIVXVEMPIV



3JXIRSRP]XLIWIGSRHSTXMSRMWEZEMPEFPIXSXLIIVIGXSV
1SWXNSFWMXIWEVIGSRKIWXIH*MRHMRKERMWSPEXIHPSGEXMSRXLEX
is clear of debris and sufficiently level to allow safe storage
is often difficult. When storing products on the ground, care
WLSYPHFII\IVGMWIHMRHIXIVQMRMRKXLEXHYRREKI[MPPWYTTSVX
XLIYRMX[MXLSYXWIXXPMRK[EVTMRKSZIVXYVRMRKSVHEQEKI
7SJXIRIVW EVI EP[E]W VIUYMVIH FSXL SR XLI HYRREKI ERH EX
XLITSMRXW[LIVIETERIPPIERWEKEMRWXEWXVYGXYVI8EPPTERIPW
WLSYPH FIXMIH FEGO XS TVIZIRX SZIVXYVRMRK ;LIR E TERIP
MWWXSVIHEKEMRWXEFYMPHMRKGEVIWLSYPHFIXEOIRXSTVIZIRX
HEQEKIXSXLIFYMPHMRKSVXLIYRMX8LITVSHYGXWLSYPHFI
TVSXIGXIHEKEMRWXWSMPMRKSVHEQEKIF]SXLIVXVEHIWSRXLI
TVSNIGX;LIRSRWMXIWXSVEKIMWJSVWIZIVEPTMIGIWWXSVEKI
areas should be level, firm, well-drained, and located where
XLIVI MW PMXXPI GLERGI SJ HEQEKI HYI XS SXLIV GSRWXVYG
XMSREGXMZMX]%R] XIQTSVEV] WXSVEKI EX XLINSFWMXI WLSYPH
FI TPERRIHXSEZSMH SZIVWXVIWWMRK XLI YRMXW 8LI EVIE QE]
LEZI XS FI WXEFMPM^IH XS TVIZIRX HMJJIVIRXMEP WIXXPIQIRX SV
X[MWXMRKSJQIQFIVW8LMWMWMQTSVXERXJSVQIQFIVWWXSVIH
F] WXEGOMRK 9RMXW WLSYPH RSX FI WXSVIH SR JVS^IR KVSYRH
[MXLSYX WEJIKYEVHW XS TVIZIRX WIXXPIQIRX [LIR XLI KVSYRH
XLE[W7XEGOIHYRMXWXIQTSVEVMP]WXSVIHMRERSRWMXIWXSVEKI
EVIE WLSYPH FI WITEVEXIH ERH WYTTSVXIH EXFPSGOMRK TSMRXW
HIWMKREXIHSRXLIMRWXEPPEXMSRHVE[MRKW(YRREKIWLSYPHFI
arranged in vertical planes and sufficiently deep to provide
GPIEVERGI JSV PMJXMRK HIZMGIW 9RMXW WLSYPH EPWS FI WXSVIH
with identification marks visible.
;LIRWXEGOMRKWXIQQIHQIQFIVWSVTPEROWHYRREKIWLSYPH
RSXFILMKLIVXLERSRIWXEGOSJTVIGEWXYRMXW1IQFIVWWLSYPH
FIWXEGOIHWSPMJXMRKHIZMGIW[MPPFIEGGIWWMFPIERHYRHEQEKIH
8LIYTTIVQIQFIVWSJEWXEGOIHXMIVWLSYPHRSXFIYWIHEWEHHM
XMSREPWXSVEKIEVIEJSVWLSVXIVQIQFIVWSVIUYMTQIRX
8LI IVIGXSV MW VIWTSRWMFPI JSV TVSTIV SRWMXI WXSVEKI
[LIXLIVTPERRIHSVYRTPERRIH3RGIXLIIVIGXSVMRWTIGXWXLI
QEXIVMEPFIJSVIYRPSEHMRKERHEGGITXWXLIQEXIVMEPJVSQXLI
WLMTTIVVIWTSRWMFMPMX]MWEWWYQIHJSVWEJIOIITMRKYRXMPXLI
TVIGEWXYRMXWEVIMRWXEPPIH
 4ERIPWYTTSVX{4ERIPWWLSYPHFIWXSVIH[MXLMHIR
tification marks clearly visible and supports at the blocking
TSMRXWWLS[RSRXLIMRWXEPPEXMSRHVE[MRKW4ERIPWWLSYPHFI
FPSGOIHXSTVIZIRXXMTTMRK;LIRTERIPWEVITPEGIHEKEMRWX
EJVEQISVWYTTSVXXLI]WLSYPHFIWIXSRTVSXIGXMZIQEXIVMEP
PEMHLSVM^SRXEPP]YRHIVERHFIX[IIRXLITERIPW8LMWTVSXIG
XMZIQEXIVMEPWLSYPHFIWIPIGXIHWSXLEXXLIFPSGOMRKQEXI
VMEP [MPP RSX WXEMR XLI TERIPW 4PEWXMG GLEMVW GLEMR KYEVHW
ERH FIEVMRK TEHW EVI VIEHMP] EZEMPEFPI ERH HS RSX WXEMR
;SSH FPSGOMRK WLSYPH FI [VETTIH MR +*64 WLIIXMRK XS
EZSMH [SSH WXEMRW XLEX GER GEYWI TERIP VINIGXMSR 4SP]WX]
VIRIFPSGOMRKQE]HMWWSPZI[LIRWIEPIVWSPZIRXWGSRXEGXMX
This leaves an unsightly patch of polystyrene that is difficult
XSVIQSZI[MXLSYXHIJEGMRKXLITERIP;LIRWSPZIRXFEWIH
WIEPIVWEVIRSXYWIHTSP]WX]VIRITVSZMHIWKSSHTVSXIGXMSRMJ
MXMWEHIUYEXIP]WM^IHXSWYTTSVXXLIMQTSWIHPSEH
{-RWXEPPEXMSR
 ;SVOQERWLMT{;SVOIVWWLSYPHFIXVEMRIHXSLERHPI
ERH IVIGX TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI TERIPW -RWXEPPEXMSR QIXLSHW
WLSYPHFITPERRIHXSEZSMHWSMPMRKGVEGOMRKGLMTTMRKERH

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK



+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

HEQEKI XS FYMPXMR MXIQW 'LMTTMRK ERH WTEPPMRK QE] FI

VITEMVIHEXXLINSFWMXIEJXIVMRWXEPPEXMSR[LIRTIVJSVQIHXS
XLIWEXMWJEGXMSRSJXLIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX
-RWXEPPEXMSRWYTIVZMWSVWEVIRSXKIRIVEPP]I\TIGXIH
XSORS[LS[XSSTIVEXIXLIIUYMTQIRXXLI]WYTIVZMWI8LI]
WLSYPHLS[IZIVFIJEQMPMEV[MXLXLITVSTIVWIXYTPMQMXE
XMSRW ERH WEJI YWI SJ XLI IUYMTQIRX 8LI] WLSYPH SFXEMR
XLISTIVEXSVvWMRWTIGXMSRVITSVXFIJSVIKMZMRKMRWXVYGXMSRWXS
TVSGIIH[MXLXLI[SVO
Safe and efficient use of cranes, hoists, personnel
PMJXW ERH SXLIV WTIGMEPM^IH IUYMTQIRX VIUYMVIW STIVEXSV
training and qualification. The erector should have compe
XIRX ERH GEVIJYP STIVEXSVW XLEX EVI XVEMRIH MR LERHPMRK XLI
loads and the safe operation of the specific equipment they
[MPPFII\TIGXIHXSSTIVEXI7IVMSYWLE^EVHWGERVIWYPXJVSQ
MQTVSTIV LSMWXMRK STIVEXMSRW SV YWMRK IUYMTQIRX JSV E
TYVTSWIJSV[LMGLMXMWRSXMRXIRHIHSVHIWMKRIH
8LI IUYMTQIRX STIVEXSV WLSYPH LEZI ORS[PIHKI ERH
YRHIVWXERHMRKSJIUYMTQIRXSTIVEXMRKGLEVEGXIVMWXMGWGETE
FMPMXMIWERHPMQMXEXMSRWMRGPYHMRKIUYMTQIRXVEXIHGETEGMX]
ERHIJJIGXSJZEVMEFPIWSRGETEGMX]WEJIX]JIEXYVIWVIUYMVIH
STIVEXMRKTVSGIHYVIWERHWOMPPMRQERMTYPEXMSRERHGSRXVSP
SJIUYMTQIRXXLVSYKLEPPTLEWIWSJSTIVEXMSR
 )UYMTQIRX{,ERHPMRK IUYMTQIRX JSV TVIGEWX TERIP
MRWXEPPEXMSRWLSYPHFIWEJIERHVIPMEFPIYRHIVEPPERXMGMTEXIH
GSRHMXMSRW -X WLSYPH EGGSQTPMWL LERHPMRK ERH MRWXEPPEXMSR
UYMGOP]ERHIGSRSQMGEPP]ERHQMRMQM^IER]TSXIRXMEPLE^EVH
XSSRWMXITIVWSRRIPRIEVF]TYFPMGSVTVSTIVX]%NSFEREP]WMW
WLSYPHFIGSRHYGXIH XSWIPIGXXLIQSWXETTVSTVMEXIMRWXEPPE
XMSRIUYMTQIRXERHFIWXWMXIPSGEXMSRWJVSQ[LMGLXLIQSWX
TERIPWGERFIWEJIP]LERHPIH[MXLSYXIUYMTQIRXQSZIQIRX
;LIRWIPIGXMRKIUYMTQIRXMXMWRIGIWWEV]XSIRWYVIXLEXMX[MPP
FIWEJIVIPMEFPIERHMRKSSH[SVOMRKSVHIVMREPPERXMGMTEXIH
GSRHMXMSRWXS[LMGLMX[MPPFII\TSWIHERHSTIVEXIH*EGXSVW
MRZSPZIHMRIUYMTQIRXWIPIGXMSRMRGPYHIXLIJSPPS[MRK
1SFMPMX]ERHGSWX{%ZEMPEFMPMX]ERHGSWXSJXLILERHPMRK
IUYMTQIRXGSWXSJEPXIVMRKFSSQPIRKXLSVSXLIVQSHM
fications, mobility for anticipated site conditions, and
[LIXLIVXLITERIPW[MPPFI[EPOIHSVGEVVMIH
'ETEGMX]VIUYMVIH{;IMKLXWHMQIRWMSRWERHPMJXVEHMYW
SJXLILIEZMIWXERHPEVKIWXTVIGEWXTERIPQE\MQYQPMJX
LIMKLX VEHMYW ERH XLI [IMKLX XS FI LERHPIH EX XLEX
IPIZEXMSRRYQFIVERHJVIUYIRG]SJPMJXW
'PIEVERGI RIIHW{'PIEVERGI FIX[IIR PSEH ERH
EHIUYEXILIEHVSSQMR[LMGLXSSTIVEXIKVSYRHGPIEV
ERGIERHGSRHMXMSRWSJXLIKVSYRHSR[LMGLXSWIXXLI
IUYMTQIRXERHSZIVLIEHGPIEVERGISJ[MVIWERHEHNE
GIRXFYMPHMRKW
 )UYMTQIRX WIPIGXIH WLSYPH QIIX SV I\GIIH EPP
TVSNIGXVIUYMVIQIRXWERHLEZIEQMRMQYQTIVGIRX[SVOMRK
QEVKMR SJVIWIVZI PSEH GETEGMX] SR IZIV] PMJXJSV YRERXMGM
TEXIH TVSFPIQW ;LIR WPMRKW EVI YWIH JSV TERIP MRWXEPPE
XMSRXLIMRGPYHIHERKPIFIX[IIRXLIWPMRKPMRIWWLSYPHRIZIV
I\GIIHHIKVIIWSVHIKVIIWJVSQXLIZIVXMGEP %PP[MVI
VSTIW JSV LSMWXMRK IUYMTQIRX WLSYPH FI WM^IH JSV XLI PSEH
TMGOIH8LI]WLSYPHEPWSFIQEMRXEMRIHERHRSXOMROIH
'LIGOPMJXMRKHIZMGIWXSEWWYVIXLEXXLIMVGETEGMX]
ERH MRXIRHIH YWI GSRJSVQW XS XLI QERYJEGXYVIVvW VIGSQ

QIRHEXMSRW4ERIPWWLSYPHFILERHPIHSRP]EXXLIPSGEXMSRW
ERH[MXLXLILEVH[EVIWLS[RSRXLIMRWXEPPEXMSRWLSTHVE[
MRKW-JWPMRKWEVIYWIHXLITERIPWLSYPHFIQEVOIHWSXLI
WPMRKWEVITPEGIHMRXLITVSTIVPSGEXMSR
8LIJSPPS[MRKGSRWMHIVEXMSRWWLSYPHFIIZEPYEXIH
[LIR XYVRMRK VSXEXMRK SV XVMTTMRK TVIGEWX YRMXW MR XLI EMV
YWMRKFSXLXLIQEMRPMRIERHEY\MPMEV][LMT PMRI
XLEXMXQE]MRMXMEPP]GEVV]QSVIXLERLEPJXLIYRMX[IMKLX
[LMTPMRIEW[IPPEWXLIQEMRPSEHPMRI
'SRWMHIVEXMSRWLSYPHFIKMZIRXSVIWXVEMRMRKXLIPSEHJVSQ
WTMRRMRK[LMPIPMJXMRK[MXLX[SPMRIW-JXLIQEMRERHEY\MP
MEV]PMRIWKSSZIVEHNEGIRXWLIEZIWWSXLEXXLIPMRIWEVIWMHI
F]WMHIXLITMIGI[MPPEPWSXV]XSSVMIRXMXWIPJXSQEXGL-XMW
MQTSVXERXXSFIVIEH]JSVXLMWTSWWMFMPMX]
 &VEGMRKERHKY]MRK{&VEGMRKVIUYMVIQIRXWWLSYPH
FIIWXEFPMWLIHFIJSVIFMHHMRKWSXLEXTVSTIVEPPS[ERGIWGER
FI QEHI 2IGIWWEV] FVEGMRK ERH KY]MRK QEXIVMEP WLSYPH
FI HIPMZIVIH XS XLI NSF WMXI FIJSVI MRWXEPPEXMSR FIKMRW %PP
FVEGMRKERHKY]MRKQIXLSHWWLSYPHFIHIWMKRIHXSWYTTSVX
EPP GSRWXVYGXMSR PSEHW MRGPYHMRK [MRH &YMPHMRK HIWMKR
WLSYPHTVSZMHIJSVWXVYGXYVEPWXEFMPMX]HYVMRKMRWXEPPEXMSRSJ
XLI TVIGEWX TERIPW &IGEYWI WXVYGXYVEP WXEFMPMX]QE] RSX FI
achieved until proper alignment and final connections are
QEHIFVEGMRKQE]FIVIUYMVIH
;LIR FVEGMRK SV KY]MRK MW YWIH XLI QERYJEGXYVIVvW
VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW WLSYPH FI JSPPS[IH VIKEVHMRK PSEH
PIRKXL ERH MRGPMRIH ERKPI 0SGEXMSR WM^I ERH GETEGMX] SJ
the insert in both the panel and floor slab is important. A
FVEGISVKY]WLSYPHRIZIVFIGSRRIGXIHXSETVIGEWXTERIP
EXETSMRXPS[IVXLERX[SXLMVHWSJXLITERIPLIMKLX8IQTS
VEV] FVEGMRK SV KY]MRK WLSYPH FI EVVERKIH WS XLEX MX HSIW
RSXMRXIVJIVI[MXLSXLIVTERIPWFIMRKIVIGXIH6IQSZMRKSRI
FVEGIWLSYPHRSXVIQSZIWYTTSVXJVSQXLIVIQEMRMRKTERIPW
8IQTSVEV]FVEGMRKSVKY]MRKWLSYPHRSXFIVIQSZIHYRXMP
FYMPHMRKWXEFMPMX]LEWFIIREGLMIZIHXLVSYKLSXLIVQIERWSV
YRXMPEYXLSVM^IHF]XLIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX
 7EJIX]{8LI IVIGXSV WLSYPH HIZIPST E [VMXXIR WEJIX]
TVSKVEQXLEXMWGSQQMXXIHXS[SVOTPEGIWEJIX]ERHTVSZMHMRKXLI
WXVYGXYVIJSVEGLMIZMRKE^IVSEGGMHIRXGYPXYVI;SVOIVWWLSYPH
FITVSZMHIH[MXLXLIETTVSTVMEXITIVWSREPTVSXIGXMZIIUYMTQIRX
 %PP WYTIVZMWSVW WLSYPH FI XVEMRIH XS VIGSKRM^I
ERH GSVVIGX LE^EVHW ERH XS MHIRXMJ] ERH VIWTSRH XS YRWEJI
FILEZMSV8VEMRMRKWLSYPHJSGYWSRTVIZIRXMSRXLVSYKLTPER
RMRKERHIQTLEWM^IXLIMQTSVXERGISJXLIWYTIVZMWSVvWVSPI
MR WEJIX] 8LMW [MPP MRGPYHI XLI VIKYPEXSV] SFPMKEXMSR JSV
XLIQXSVIGSKRM^IERHGSRXVSPNSFWMXILE^EVHW-X[MPPEPWS
underscore the significance that direct and indirect costs
can have on their companys financial results. To prevent
EGGMHIRXW[SVOIVWWLSYPHFIXVEMRIHMRTVEGXMGIWERHTVSGI
HYVIWERHVYPIWERHVIKYPEXMSRWERHFIQSXMZEXIHXS[SVO
WEJIP])QTPS]IIWWLSYPHWMKRERHHEXIEREGORS[PIHKQIRX
WLIIX ZIVMJ]MRK XLEX XLI] LEZI VIGIMZIH VIEH ERH YRHIV
WXERHGSQTER]WEJIX]TSPMGMIW)QTPS]IIXVEMRMRKTVSKVEQW
WLSYPHFIHIWMKRIHXSIRWYVIXLEXEPPIQTPS]IIWYRHIVWXERH
ERHEVIE[EVISJXLILE^EVHWXS[LMGLXLI]QE]FII\TSWIH
ERHXLITVSTIVQIXLSHWJSVEZSMHMRKWYGLLE^EVHW

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

 .SFWMXI WEJIX] QIIXMRKW WLSYPH FI LIPH EX XLI

FIKMRRMRK SJETVSNIGXXS IRWYVI[SVOIVWEVIJEQMPMEV[MXL
GSQTER]WEJIX]TSPMGMIWERXMGMTEXIHLE^EVHWWEJINSFTVSGI
HYVIWERHVIUYMVIQIRXWSJXLIYTGSQMRKMRWXEPPEXMSR[SVO
MRGPYHMRKXLI-RWXEPPEXMSR7EJIX]4PER-RHSGXVMREXMSRSJRI[
IQTPS]IIWERHPSRKXIVQIQTPS]IIWRI[XSXLINSFWMXIMW
TEVXMGYPEVP]MQTSVXERX -REHHMXMSR MRWXEPPEXMSRGVI[ WEJIX]
QIIXMRKW WYGL EW XSSPFS\ QIIXMRKW WLSYPH FI GSRHYGXIH
[IIOP]XSHMWGYWWXSTMGWHIWMKRIHXSMRGVIEWI[SVOIVWEJIX]
8LIWIQIIXMRKWWLSYPHFIHSGYQIRXIHEWXSEXXIRHERGIERH
WYFNIGX QEXXIV ERH EPP IQTPS]IIW WLSYPH FI VIUYMVIH XS
EXXIRH
9TSRTVSNIGXGSQQIRGIQIRXIQTPS]IIWWLSYPHFIQEHI
JEQMPMEV[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRK
Identity of first aid representative.
0SGEXMSRSJNSFWMXIXIPITLSRIWJSVIQIVKIRGMIW
0SGEXMSRSJIQIVKIRG]TLSRIRYQFIVWERHEHHVIWWIWSJ
RIEVF]HSGXSVWEQFYPERGIWIVZMGIWLSWTMXEPERHTSPMGI
and fire departments when 911 service is not available.
*MVWXEMHIUYMTQIRX
&PSSHFSVRITEXLSKIRWI\TSWYVIGSRXVSPTPER
Location and proper use of fire extinguishers.
 8LI WEJIX] TVSKVEQ WLSYPH VIUYMVI XLEX EPP EGGM
HIRXWVIWYPXMRKMRMRNYV]XS[SVOIVWHEQEKIXSIUYMTQIRXSV
TVSHYGXSVFSXLVIKEVHPIWWSJXLIMVREXYVIFIMRZIWXMKEXIH
ERHVITSVXIH2IEVQMWWIWWLSYPHEPWSFIVITSVXIHERHMRZIW
XMKEXIH -X MW ER MRXIKVEP TEVX SJ IZIV] WEJIX] TVSKVEQ XLEX
HSGYQIRXEXMSRFIGSQTPIXIHMQQIHMEXIP]WSXLEXXLIGEYWI
and means of prevention is identified to prevent recurrence.
-R EHHMXMSR [LIR ER EGGMHIRX VIWYPXW JVSQ ER IQTPS]IIvW
JEMPYVI XS JSPPS[ NSF TVSGIHYVIW XLMW WLSYPH FI VIZMI[IH
[MXLEPPIQTPS]IIWTIVJSVQMRKXLINSF
 %PMKRQIRX{3JJWIX PMRIW EVI KIRIVEPP] QEVOIH SR
the floors for multistory buildings or on foundations for
WMRKPIWXSV]FYMPHMRKW4VIGEWXTERIPIPIZEXMSRWEVIKIRIVEPP]
IWXEFPMWLIH F]WIXXMRKXLITVSTIVP] WM^IHWLMQ TEGOSRXLI
floor or beam. Shim material should have a bearing capacity
SJETTVS\MQEXIP]TWM 14E )EGLTERIPWLSYPHFI
IVIGXIH XS QIIX XLI XSPIVERGIW MR 'LETXIV  8S QEMRXEMR
SZIVEPPFYMPHMRKHMQIRWMSRWMXMWRIGIWWEV]XS[SVOXSNSMRX
GIRXIVPMRIWTIVQMXXMRKNSMRX[MHXLWXSZEV]-JENSMRXWM^IMW
HIXEMPIHEWMRQQ ERHXLITERIPXSPIVERGIMWMR
QQ XLINSMRXQE]ZEV]JVSQXSMRXSQQ 
TVSZMHIH ETTVSZIH GSRRIGXMSR ERH MRWXEPPEXMSR TVSGIHYVIW
EVIJSPPS[IH
 'SRRIGXMSRW{'SRRIGXMSRW WLSYPH FI GSQTEXMFPI
[MXLFSXLTVIGEWXERHWYTTSVXMRKJVEQIXSPIVERGIWWMQTPIMR
detail, and easily adjusted in the field to meet project condi
XMSRW 'SRRIGXMSRW WLSYPH EPPS[ JSV MRWXEPPEXMSR MRHITIR
HIRX SJ EQFMIRX XIQTIVEXYVI [MXLSYX XIQTSVEV] TVSXIGXMSR
QIEWYVIW8LI]WLSYPHFIEWWXERHEVHM^IHEWTVEGXMGEFPIXS
minimize plant and field installation quality control prob
PIQW3RGIEKVIIHYTSRF]XLIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGXIVIGXSV
ERH TVIGEWX WYTTPMIV XLI GSRRIGXMSRW WIPIGXIH WLSYPH
FI WLS[R SR XLI WLST HVE[MRKW WYFQMXXIH FIJSVI TERIP
JEFVMGEXMSR
 &SPXIH GSRRIGXMSRW{'SRRIGXMSRW WLSYPH FI
HIWMKRIHWSXLEXQIQFIVWGERFIWEJIP]WIGYVIHXSXLIWXVYG



XYVI VETMHP] [MXLSYX GSQTPIXMRK EPMKRQIRX ERH EPP EHNYWX

QIRXW &SPXIH GSRRIGXMSRW EVI TSWMXMZI MQQIHMEXIP] ERH
EPPS[JSVEHNYWXQIRX[MXLSYXVIUYMVMRKPEVKILERHPMRKIUYMT
QIRX 'EVI WLSYPH FI XEOIR HYVMRK EHNYWXQIRX XS TVIZIRX
HEQEKIXSXLITERIPWSVXLIEHNEGIRXFYMPHMRKQEXIVMEPW
7XERHEVHM^IH EXXEGLQIRX LEVH[EVI WYGL EW GPMT ERKPIW
FPSXW ERH WLMQW LIPT QMRMQM^I IVVSVW ERH GSRXVSP MRZIR
XSV] 6IKEVHPIWW SJ XLI PSEH VIUYMVIQIRXW E  MR 
QQ HMEQIXIVFSPXWLSYPHFIXLIQMRMQYQWM^IYWIH'PMT
ERKPIWWLSYPHFIWPSXXIHSVLEZISZIVWM^IHLSPIWXSEPPS[JSV
TVSHYGXXSPIVERGIWERHFYMPHMRKQSZIQIRX
 ;IPHIH GSRRIGXMSRW{;LIVI [IPHIH GSRRIG
XMSRW EVI VIUYMVIH [IPHMRK WLSYPH FI MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL
%;7 ((1 ERH XLI MRWXEPPEXMSR HVE[MRKW
8LIWIHVE[MRKWWLSYPHWLS[XLIX]TIWM^IPIRKXLSJ[IPH
WIUYIRGI QMRMQYQ TVILIEX MRXIVTEWW XIQTIVEXYVI [IPH
PSGEXMSRERH[LIVIGVMXMGEPXLIIPIGXVSHIX]TI4ERIPWQE]
FI WLMQQIH HYVMRK MRMXMEP XEGO [IPHMRK &VEGMRK SV SXLIV
TVSZMWMSRW WLSYPH WEJIP] LSPH XLI TERIP MR TSWMXMSR [LMPI
XLILERHPMRKIUYMTQIRXMWVIPIEWIHERHEHNEGIRXTERIPWEVI
TPEGIH
&IJSVIXIQTSVEV]FVEGMRKMWVIPIEWIHXLIHIWMKREXIHJYPP
[IPHWLSYPHFIMRTPEGIEXIZIV]GSRRIGXMSRMRXLITVIGEWX
TERIP8SQMRMQM^IWXEMRMRKEPPPSSWIWPEKERHHIFVMWWLSYPH
FI VIQSZIH MQQIHMEXIP] EJXIV [IPHMRK MW GSQTPIXI 4ERIP
finish and surrounding materials may require protection from
WTEVOWERHWQSOIWXEMR2SRGSQFYWXMFPIWLMIPHWWLSYPHFI
YWIHXSTVSXIGXI\TSWIHGSRGVIXIWYVJEGIWHYVMRK[IPHMRK
 4SWXXIRWMSRIH GSRRIGXMSRW{:IVXMGEP TSWX
XIRWMSRMRKLSVM^SRXEPTSWXXIRWMSRMRKSVFSXLQE]FIYWIH
for field connection of precast panels using either bonded
SV YRFSRHIH XIRHSRW &SRHIH XIRHSRW EVI MRWXEPPIH MR
TVIJSVQIH ZSMHW SV HYGXW 8LI] EVI QEHI QSRSPMXLMGEPP]
[MXLXLIQIQFIVERHTVSXIGXIHJVSQGSVVSWMSRF]KVSYXMRK
after the stressing operation is completed. Grout should fill
EPPZSMHWMRERHEVSYRHXLIIRXMVIXIRHSRPIRKXL9RFSRHIH
XIRHSRW EVI GSRRIGXIH XS XLI TVIGEWX TERIP SRP] XLVSYKL
XLI ERGLSVEKI LEVH[EVI %RGLSVEKI HIZMGIW JSV EPP TSWX
XIRWMSRMRKW]WXIQWWLSYPHFIEPMKRIH[MXLXLIHMVIGXMSRSJ
XLIE\MWSJXLIXIRHSREXXLITSMRXSJEXXEGLQIRX'SRGVIXI
WYVJEGIWEKEMRWX[LMGLXLIERGLSVEKIHIZMGIWFIEVWLSYPHFI
MRXLITPERISJXLIXIRHSRERHRSVQEPXSXLIXIRHSRHMVIG
tion. Post-tensioning operations require qualified personnel
I\TIVMIRGIH[MXLXLIWXVIWWMRKTVSGIHYVIWERHIUYMTQIRXXS
FIYWIH
 (S[IPWERHKVSYXMRK{7XVIRKXLSJEHS[IPGSRRIG
XMSR MR XIRWMSR SV WLIEV HITIRHW SR XLI IQFIHHIH PIRKXL
ERH XLI HIZIPSTIH FSRH &IGEYWI TPEGIQIRX SJ ETSVXPERH
GIQIRXKVSYXSVITS\]KVSYXMWVIUYMVIHHYVMRKMRWXEPPEXMSR
YWMRKHS[IPGSRRIGXMSRWYWYEPP]WPS[WMRWXEPPEXMSRERHQE]
FIGSWXP]
*SV HS[IPIH SV KVSYXIH GSRRIGXMSRW WIXXMRK WLMQW EVI
located and grout holes are filled just before setting precast
TERIPW 8LI GSRGVIXI MR ERH EHNEGIRX XS XLI KVSYX LSPIW
WLSYPH FI HEQT SV MR E WEXYVEXIH WYVJEGIHV] GSRHMXMSR
+VSYX GSRWMWXIRG] WLSYPH TIVQMX HMWTPEGIQIRX SJ WSQI
KVSYX [LIR TERIPW EVI TSWMXMSRIH ;LIVI KVSYX FIHW EVI
VIUYMVIHTERIPWQE]FIWIXSRWLMQWERHPEXIVHV]TEGOIH

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK



+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

[MXL QSVXEV 4ERIPW QE] EPWS FI WIX SR JVIWL KVSYX [MXL
XLI IPIZEXMSR GSRXVSPPIH F] WLMQW )\GIWW KVSYX WLSYPH FI
VIQSZIH MJ MX MRXIVJIVIW [MXL SXLIV GSRWXVYGXMSR EGXMZMXMIW
%ZSMH YWMRK ITS\] ERH GIQIRXMXMSYW KVSYXIH GSRRIGXMSRW
[LIRXLIEQFMIRXXIQTIVEXYVIMWFIPS[*' 1M\MRK
ERH MRWXEPPMRK ITS\] KVSYXW WLSYPH FI MR WXVMGX EGGSVHERGI
XS XLI QERYJEGXYVIVvW MRWXVYGXMSRW -R WIPIGXMRK HS[IPMRK
ERH KVSYXMRK QIXLSHW GSRWMHIVEXMSR WLSYPH FI KMZIR XS
how the final joint will be made and how the corners will
FINSMRIH%HNYWXMRKXLITVIGEWXTERIPEJXIVXLIMRMXMEPWIXSJ
XLIKVSYXGERHIWXVS]XLIKVSYXFSRHERHVIHYGIGSRRIGXMSR
WXVIRKXL(S[IPIHERHKVSYXIHGSRRIGXMSRWWLSYPHSRP]FI
YWIHEWTEVXSJXLIWXVYGXYVEPHIWMKRGSRGITX(S[IPIHERH
KVSYXIH GSRRIGXMSRW WLSYPH RSX FI YWIH YRPIWW IQFIHHIH
ERH[IPHIHGSRRIGXMSRWEVIMQTVEGXMGEP+IRIVEPP]HS[IPIH
ERHKVSYXIHGSRRIGXMSRWGERRSXFIYWIH(IGIQFIVXLVSYKL
%TVMPMRGSPHGPMQEXIW
{8SPIVERGIW
8LI TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI QERYJEGXYVIV ERH IVIGXSV EVI
responsible for meeting specific tolerances in the fabrication
ERHMRWXEPPEXMSRTVSGIWWIWVIWTIGXMZIP]8LIIRKMRIIVEVGLM
XIGX WLSYPH GSSVHMREXI XLI XSPIVERGIW JSV TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI
[SVO [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ SXLIV XVEHIW [LSWI [SVO
EHNSMRWXLITVIGEWXGSRGVIXIGSRWXVYGXMSR-REPPGEWIWXSPIV
ERGIW WLSYPH FI VIEWSREFPI ERH [MXLMR KIRIVEPP] EGGITXIH
PMQMXW-XMWVIGSQQIRHIHXLEXXLIHIWMKRIVVIZMI[TVSTSWIH
XSPIVERGIW [MXL TVIGEWXIVW ERH IVIGXSVW FIJSVIHIGMHMRK SR
final project tolerances. In turn, the precast manufacturer,
+''1ERHIVIGXSVWLSYPHGEVIJYPP]QSRMXSVXSPIVERGIWXS
GSRWXVYGXXLIWXVYGXYVIEWHIWMKRIH8SPIVERGIWEVIHMZMHIH
MRXSXLVIIGEXIKSVMIW
4VSHYGXXSPIVERGIW7IGXMSR 
-RWXEPPEXMSRXSPIVERGIW7IGXMSRWERH 
-RXIVJEGIXSPIVERGIW7IGXMSRWERH 
8LIIVIGXSVWLSYPHRSXMJ]XLITVIGEWXQERYJEGXYVIV
MQQIHMEXIP][LIRSYXSJXSPIVERGITVSHYGXWTVIZIRXTVSTIV
connection or fitting so that corrective action can be taken for
XLIVIQEMRMRKJEFVMGEXMSR;LIRETVSHYGXGERRSXFIIVIGXIH
[MXLMRXLIXSPIVERGIWEWWYQIHMRXLIGSRRIGXMSRHIWMKRXLI
IVIGXSV WLSYPH RSXMJ] XLI TVIGEWXIV ERH +''1 XS GLIGO
XLI WXVYGXYVEP EHIUYEG] SJ XLI MRWXEPPEXMSR 8LI GSRRIGXMSR
design should be modified, if required.
2S TVSHYGX WLSYPH FI PIJX MR ER YRWEJI GSRHMXMSR %R]
EHNYWXQIRXW EJJIGXMRK WXVYGXYVEP TIVJSVQERGI SXLIV XLER
EHNYWXQIRXW [MXLMR TVIWGVMFIH XSPIVERGIW WLSYPH FI QEHI
SRP]EJXIVETTVSZEPF]XLITVIGEWXHIWMKRIRKMRIIV4VSHYGXW
WLSYPHRSXFIJSVGIHMRXSTPEGISVMRWXEPPIHF]ER]QIXLSH
XLEX[SYPHMRHYGI SVMQTSWIER]YRHYIWXVIWW SVSZIVPSEH
SRXLIWXVYGXYVISRXLITVSHYGXWSVSRXLIGSRRIGXMSRW%R]
HIZMEXMSRWWLSYPHFIVITSVXIHXSXLITVIGEWXQERYJEGXYVIV
 -RXIVJEGI XSPIVERGIW ERH GPIEVERGIW EVI XLSWI
VIUYMVIH JSV NSMRMRK HMJJIVIRX FYMPHMRK IPIQIRXW MR GSRXEGX
[MXLSVMRTVS\MQMX]XSXLITVIGEWXGSRGVIXIERHXSEGGSQ
QSHEXIVIPEXMZIQSZIQIRXWI\TIGXIHFIX[IIRWYGLIPIQIRXW
HYVMRKXLIPMJISJXLIFYMPHMRK8]TMGEPI\EQTPIWEVIXSPIV
ERGIW JSV [MRHS[ ERH HSSV STIRMRKW VIKPIXW QIGLERMGEP
ERHIPIGXVMGEPIUYMTQIRXIPIZEXSVWWXEMVW[EPPWERHTEVXM

XMSRW 8SPIVERGIW WLSYPH GPSWIP] QEXGL X]TMGEP JEFVMGEXMSR

XSPIVERGIWJSVXLIQEXIVMEPWXSFINSMRIHTPYWERETTVSTVMEXI
GPIEVERGIJSVHMJJIVIRXMEPZSPYQIGLERKIWFIX[IIRQEXIVMEPW
*EFVMGEXMSR ERH MRWXEPPEXMSR XSPIVERGIW SJ SXLIV FYMPHMRK
IPIQIRXW WLSYPH FI GSRWMHIVIH MR HIWMKR4VIGEWX GSRGVIXI
YRMXWWLSYPHFIGSSVHMREXIH[MXLERHEGGSQQSHEXIXLISXLIV
WXVYGXYVEP ERH JYRGXMSREP IPIQIRXW GSQTVSQMWMRK XLI XSXEP
WXVYGXYVI9RYWYEPVIUYMVIQIRXWSVEPPS[ERGIWJSVMRXIVJEGI
WLSYPHFIWXEXIHMRXLIGSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXW
'VEGOWERHQENSVHEQEKISGGYVVMRKHYVMRKMRWXEPPE
XMSRWLSYPHFIRSXIHERHVITSVXIHXSXLITVIGEWXIRKMRIIVF]
XLIIVIGXSV
{'PIERMRK
4ERIPW HIPMZIVIH XS XLI NSF WMXI WLSYPH FI GPIER ERH MR
EGGITXEFPI GSRHMXMSR 8LI IVIGXSV WLSYPH VIGSEX EPP [IPHW
ERHEFVEHIHWXIIP[MXL VYWXMRLMFMXSV SVMRGEWIW SJ KEPZE
RM^IH TPEXIW [MXL E GSPH KEPZERM^MRK GSEXMRK XS TVIZIRX
VYWXMRK[LMGLGERWXEMRXLITERIPW+IRIVEPP]XLIIVIGXSVMW
VIWTSRWMFPIJSV ER]GLMTTMRK WTEPPMRK GVEGOMRKERH SXLIV
HEQEKIXSXLITVIGEWXTERIPWEJXIVHIPMZIV]XSXLINSFWMXIERH
HYVMRKMRWXEPPEXMSR
8LI KIRIVEP GSRXVEGXSV EWWYQIW VIWTSRWMFMPMX] JSV TERIP
TVSXIGXMSR EJXIV TERIP MRWXEPPEXMSR 8LI KIRIVEP GSRXVEGXSV
WLSYPH EPWS QEOI EVVERKIQIRXW XS TVSZMHI TVSXIGXMSR JSV
EHNEGIRXQEXIVMEPWWYGLEW KPEWWERHEPYQMRYQXLEXQE]FI
HEQEKIHF][IPHWTPEXXIVSVSXLIVGSRWXVYGXMSRQEXIVMEPWWYGL
as fireproofing. Otherwise, adjacent materials should not be
MRWXEPPIHYRXMPTERIPWEVIMRTPEGIVITEMVIHERHGPIERIH
%R] QSVXEV KVSYX TPEWXIV WXEMRW SV SXLIV QEXXIV SR
XLI TERIPW HYVMRK KIRIVEP GSRWXVYGXMSR WLSYPH FI MQQIHM
EXIP][EWLIH SJJ[MXL GPIER[EXIV SVGPIERIHEWSXLIV[MWI
VIUYMVIH 6EMR[EXIV SV [EXIV JVSQ GSRWXVYGXMSR LSWIW GER
[EWL EGVSWW FYMPHMRK QEXIVMEPW ERH GEYWI HMWGSPSVEXMSR SJ
I\TSWIHTVIGEWXTERIPW
 'PIERMRKTVSGIHYVIW{;LIRGPIERMRKI\TSWIHTERIP
JEGIWXLI]WLSYPHFI[EWLIH[MXLE GPIERWMRKEKIRXQM\IH
[MXLLSX[EXIVERHXLSVSYKLP]VMRWIH[MXLGPIEV[EXIV%KSSH
fiber brush should be used for cleaning. Panels are usually
GPIERIHJVSQXSTSJXLIFYMPHMRKHS[R[EVH-RHMZMHYEPTVIGEWX
TERIPWEVIGPIERIHJVSQXLIFSXXSQYT%JXIV[EWLMRKJVSQ
FSXXSQXSXLIXSTTERIPWWLSYPHFIVMRWIHERH[EWLIHJVSQ
XSTXSFSXXSQJSPPS[IHF]EWIGSRHVMRWI[MXLGPIEV[EXIV
(S RSX EPPS[ GPIERMRK WSPYXMSRW XS HV] SR GSRGVIXI
surfaces that will be exposed to view. Final finish should be
WSYRH[MXLI\TSWIHGSRGVIXIJVIISJEPPPEMXERGIHMVXWXEMRW
WQIEVWSVSXLIVFPIQMWLIW
 7XYFFSVRWXEMRW{;LIRWXEMRWVIQEMREJXIVGPIERMRK
[MXL E WXMJJ FVYWL ERH GPIERWMRK EKIRX XLI TERIP WYVJEGI
WLSYPH FI XLSVSYKLP] [IXXIH [MXL GPIEV [EXIV ERH XLIR
WGVYFFIH [MXL E HMPYXI WSPYXMSR SJ QYVMEXMG L]HVSGLPSVMG 
EGMH 8LMW WSPYXMSR GSRGIRXVEXMSR QE] FI MRGVIEWIH XS E
QE\MQYQSJ TIVGIRXQYVMEXMGEGMHFYXXV][IEOIVWSPY
tions first. A thorough washing with clear water should
MQQIHMEXIP]JSPPS[WGVYFFMRK,SRIHERHTSPMWLIHWYVJEGIW
GERRSXFI EGMHGPIERIH[LIVI XLIVI EVIWSPYFPIEKKVIKEXIW
WYGLEWPMQIWXSRISVQEVFPISRXLITERIPJEGI%GMHGPIERMRK
QE] GLERKI XLI ETTIEVERGI SJ WERHFPEWXIH WYVJEGIW 8EOI

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

GEVIXSTVIZIRXHEQEKIXSEHNEGIRXQEXIVMEPGSVVSHMFPIF]XLI
EGMH+PEWWERHEPYQMRYQXVMQEVIWYWGITXMFPIHYVMRKEGMH
WGVYFFMRKERH[EWLMRK6ITIEXIHETTPMGEXMSRWSJEGPIERMRK
EGMHSRXLII\TSWIHWYVJEGISJXLITVIGEWXTERIPQE]GLERKI
TERIPXI\XYVISVGSPSV8LIIJJIGXSRETTIEVERGIQE]RIGIW
WMXEXII\XIRWMZI[EWLMRKSJEPPTVSNIGXTERIPW'SQQIVGMEP
GPIERIVW QE] FI HIWMVEFPI MRWXIEH SJ EGMH &IGEYWI QYVM
EXMG EGMH QE] PIEZI ]IPPS[ WXEMRW SR [LMXI GSRGVIXI E 
XSTIVGIRXTLSWTLSVMGEGMHWSPYXMSRQE]FITVIJIVVIHSR
[LMXISVZIV]PMKLXGSPSVIHGSRGVIXITERIPW;SVOIVWYWMRK
GPIERMRK GSQTSYRHW SV EGMH WSPYXMSRW WLSYPH FI XVEMRIH
MR XLIMV YWI 8LI YWI SJ TVSTIV TVSXIGXMZI [IEV WLSYPH FI
WXVMGXP]IRJSVGIH6YFFIVKPSZIWKPEWWIWERHSXLIVTVSXIG
XMZIGPSXLMRKWLSYPHFI[SVRF][SVOIVWYWMRKEGMHWSPYXMSRW
SV WXVSRK HIXIVKIRXW 1EXIVMEPW JSV GLIQMGEP GPIERMRK GER
FIGSVVSWMZIERHXS\MG%PPTVIGEYXMSRWSRPEFIPWWLSYPHFI
SFWIVZIHFIGEYWIXLIWIGPIERMRKEKIRXWGEREJJIGXI]IWWOMR
and lungs. Materials that can produce noxious or flammable
fumes should not be used in confined spaces unless adequate
ZIRXMPEXMSRMWTVSZMHIH
 7ERHFPEWXMRK ERH WXIEQ GPIERMRK{(V] SV [IX
EFVEWMZI FPEWXMRK YWMRK WERH SV SXLIV EFVEWMZIW QE] FI
GSRWMHIVIH MJ XLMW QIXLSH [EW SVMKMREPP] YWIH MR I\TSWMRK
XLIYRMXWYVJEGI7XIEQGPIERMRKQE]EPWSFIYWIHXSGPIER
TERIPW 8LI EVGLMXIGXYVEP TVIGEWXIV SV ER I\TIVMIRGIH
WYFGSRXVEGXSVWLSYPHTIVJSVQER]WERHFPEWXMRK%ZIRXYVM
X]TIRS^^PIWLSYPHFIYWIHJSVMXWWSPMHFPEWXTEXXIVRVEXLIV
XLEREWXVEMKLXFSVIRS^^PIXLEXTVSHYGIWPMKLXJVMRKIEVIEW
7ERHFPEWXMRKGERHYPPEKKVIKEXISVGLERKIGSPSVSVXI\XYVI
WSXLEXMXRSPSRKIVQEXGLIWXLIWXVYGXYVI%WQEPPEVIETVIJ
IVEFP]SRXLIQSGOYTTERIPWLSYPHFIXVMIHERHETTVSZIH
FIJSVITVSGIIHMRK[MXL[SVO
7XSRIZIRIIVJEGIHTVIGEWXGSRGVIXIYRMXWWLSYPH
be cleaned with a stiff fiber, stainless steel, or bronze wire
FVYWL E QMPH WSET TS[HIV SV HIXIVKIRX ERH GPIER [EXIV
YWMRKLMKLTVIWWYVIMJRIGIWWEV]%GMHSVSXLIVWXVSRKGLIQ
MGEPW XLEX GER HEQEKI SV WXEMR ZIRIIV WLSYPH RSX FI YWIH
-RJSVQEXMSR WLSYPH FI SFXEMRIH JVSQ WXSRI WYTTPMIVW SR
QIXLSHWSJVIQSZMRKSMPVYWXERHHMVXWXEMRWJVSQXLIWXSRI
 1SVXEV WXEMRW GER FI VIQSZIH JVSQ FVMGO TERIPW
F]XLSVSYKLP][IXXMRKXLITERIPERHWGVYFFMRK[MXLEWXMJJ
fiber brush and a masonry cleaning solution. A prepared
GPIERMRKGSQTSYRHMWVIGSQQIRHIHLS[IZIVSRVIHFVMGO
E[IEOWSPYXMSRSJQYVMEXMGEGMHERH[EXIVRSXXSI\GIIHE
TIVGIRXQYVMEXMGEGMHWSPYXMSR QE]FIYWIH%GMHWLSYPH
be flushed from the panel with large amounts of clean water
[MXLMRXSQMRYXIWSJETTPMGEXMSR&YJJKVE]SVFVS[R
FVMGOWLSYPHFIGPIERIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIFVMGOQERY
JEGXYVIVvW VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW TSWWMFP] YWMRK TVSTVMIXEV]
GPIERIVW VEXLIVXLEREGMH XS TVIZIRX KVIIR SV ]IPPS[ ZERE
HMYQWXEMRWERHFVS[RQERKERIWIWXEMRW
*SPPS[MRKETTPMGEXMSRSJXLIGPIERMRKWSPYXMSRXLITERIP
WLSYPHFIVMRWIHXLSVSYKLP][MXLGPIER[EXIV,MKLTVIWWYVI
[EXIV GPIERMRK XIGLRMUYIW YWMRK  XS  TWM  XS
14E [EWLIWQE]EPWSFIYWIHXSVIQSZIQSVXEVWXEMRW
 9RKPE^IH XMPI SV XIVVEGSXXE WYVJEGIW WLSYPH FI
GPIERIH[MXL E  TIVGIRX WSPYXMSRSJWYPJYVMGEGMH JSV KVE]
SV [LMXI NSMRXW ERH E QSVI HMPYXI  TIVGIRX  WSPYXMSR JSV



GSPSVIHNSMRXW8LIWYVJEGIWLSYPHFIVMRWIH[MXLGPIER[EXIV
FSXL FIJSVI ERH EJXIV GPIERMRK +PE^IH XMPI QERYJEGXYVIVW
KIRIVEPP]HSRSXVIGSQQIRHYWMRKEGMHJSVGPIERMRK
 'PIERMRKWIEPIHTERIPW{-JTERIPWXLEXLEZIFIIR
WIEPIH FIJSVI WLMTTMRK XS XLI WMXI VIUYMVI GPIERMRK MX QE]
FIRIGIWWEV]XSVIQSZIXLIWIEPIVERHVIGSEXXLITERIPEJXIV
GPIERMRK 7YVJEGI WIEPIVW WLSYPH RIZIV FI VIETTPMIH YRXMP
EPP GPIERMRK ERH VITEMVW EVI GSQTPIXI *SV MRJSVQEXMSR SR
removing specific stains from concrete, refer to PCA (1988).
{4EXGLMRKERHVITEMVMRK
 +IRIVEP{1MRSVGLMTTMRKSJTVIGEWXTERIPWHYVMRK
XVERWTSVXEXMSRERHLERHPMRKEXXLINSFWMXIGERFII\TIGXIH
(EQEKIHTERIPWGERFIVITEMVIHEJXIVMRWXEPPEXMSRFYXQENSV
WTEPPWSVGVEGOWVIUYMVIERIRKMRIIVMRKIZEPYEXMSR6ITEMVW
VIUYMVII\TIVXGVEJXWQERWLMTJSVXLITERIPWXSFIFSXLWXVYG
XYVEPP]WSYRHERHTPIEWMRKMRETTIEVERGI'EVIJYPTPERRMRK
MWVIUYMVIHXSHIXIVQMRIXLEXVITEMVWGEREIWXLIXMGEPP]QEXGL
I\MWXMRK WYVJEGI GSRGVIXI FSXL MR GSPSV ERH XI\XYVI ERH FI
WXVYGXYVEPP]WSYRH-RWSQIGEWIWMXMWQSVIJIEWMFPIXSVIGEWX
XLI TERIP %PP TEXGLMRK ERH VITEMVW WLSYPH FI JYPP] GYVIH
GPIERIHERHHV]FIJSVIWIEPMRKNSMRXWFIX[IIRTERIPW6IJIV
XS%'-6JSVKIRIVEPKYMHIPMRIWJSVGSRGVIXIVITEMV
6ITEMVWWLSYPHGSRJSVQXSGSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXWERHFIEVGLM
XIGXYVEPP]WEXMWJEGXSV]+VSWWZEVMEXMSRWMRGSPSVERHXI\XYVI
SJVITEMVWJVSQEHNEGIRXWYVJEGIWQE]GEYWIVINIGXMSRERHE
VIUYIWXJSVTERIPVITPEGIQIRX
 ;VMXXIR VITEMV TVSGIHYVIW{8LI TVIGEWXIV WLSYPH
prepare a written repair procedure that clearly defines when
XSGSRWYPXXLITVIGEWXIRKMRIIVXSHIXIVQMRIERETTVSTVMEXI
VITEMV1ENSVVITEMVWWLSYPHRSXFIEXXIQTXIHYRXMPERIRKM
RIIVMRK IZEPYEXMSR HIXIVQMRIW [LIXLIV SV RSX XLI YRMX MW
WXVYGXYVEPP] WSYRH ;LIR VITEMVEFPI XLI TVIGEWX IRKMRIIV
WLSYPHETTVSZIXLITVSGIHYVI
7IPIGXMRKXIGLRMUYIWSVQEXIVMEPWJSVVITEMVHITIRHSRXLI
I\XIRX SJ HEQEKI TVSHYGX JYRGXMSR EZEMPEFMPMX] SJ IUYMT
QIRX ERH WOMPPIH QERTS[IV IGSRSQMG GSRWMHIVEXMSRW
VIUYMVIQIRXJSVWTIIHSJVITEMVERHMQTSVXERGISJETTIEV
ERGI-XMWMQTSVXERXXLEXEPPVITEMVWEVITIVJSVQIHMREHZERGI
of final cleaning and joint sealing. Any repair work on joints
WLSYPH FI JYPP] GYVIH GPIER ERH HV] FIJSVI GEYPOMRK %PP
VITEMVWERHVIQIHMEP[SVOWLSYPHFIHSGYQIRXIHERHOITX
in job record files.
 (IXIVQMRMRK [LIR XS VITEMV{)ZEPYEXI MQTIV
JIGXMSRW MR XLI GSRGVIXI XS HIXIVQMRI MJ VITEMVW WLSYPH FI
attempted. Repairs can accentuate flaws rather than remove
XLIQ7PMKLXGSPSVZEVMEXMSRWFIX[IIRXLIVITEMVIHEVIEERH
SVMKMREPWYVJEGIGERSGGYVHYIXSXLIHMJJIVIRXEKIERHGYVMRK
GSRHMXMSRWSJXLIVITEMV7IZIVEP[IIOWSVTSWWMFP]QSRXLW
[MPPRSVQEPP]FPIRHXLIVITEMV[MXLXLIWYVVSYRHMRKEVIEWS
XLEXMXFIGSQIWPIWWRSXMGIEFPI6ITEMVWWLSYPHFITIVJSVQIH
SRP] [LIR GSRHMXMSRW IRWYVI XLEX XLI VITEMVIH EVIE [MPP
GSRJSVQ XS XLI WYVVSYRHMRK [SVO [MXL VIWTIGX XS ETTIEV
ERGIWXVYGXYVEPEHIUYEG]ERHHYVEFMPMX],ERHXSSPWYVJEGI
FPIQMWLIWFIJSVIYRHIVXEOMRKTEXGLVITEMVW2IIHPIWGEPMRK
FYWLLEQQIVMRKSVSXLIVQIGLERMGEPXSSPMRKGERIJJIGXMZIP]
FPIRHSJJWIXWSVZEVMEXMSRWMRGSPSVERHXI\XYVI

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK



+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

 (IZIPSTMRKVITEMVQM\XYVI{9WIXLINSFWMXIQSGOYT
SVEHEQEKIHVINIGXTERIPXSHIZIPSTETEXGLQM\XYVIHIWMKR
ERHTVEGXMGIVITEMVERHXI\XYVIXIGLRMUYIW-RQSWXGEWIWMX
is better to complete preparation of all finishes on the precast
TERIP FIJSVI FIKMRRMRK ER] TEXGLMRK SV VITEMVW 6IGIRX
VITEMVEVIEWGERFIHEQEKIH[LIRVITEMVWEVIQEHIELIEH
of the panel finishing. Patch mixture designs and finishing
XIGLRMUYIWWLSYPHFIHSGYQIRXIHWSRI[[SVOIVWGERXEOI
SZIVVITEMVWMJMRMXMEPVIWXSVEXMSRWTIGMEPMWXWPIEZIXLITVSNIGX
 'LMTW ERH WTEPPW{'LMTW WTEPPW ERH EVIEW SJ
YRWSYRH GSRGVIXI QE] FI TVITEVIH [MXL E LERHLIPH SV
TRIYQEXMG GLMWIP 8LI VITEMV EVIE WLSYPH FI GLMTTIH XS E
HITXLXMQIWXLIQE\MQYQWM^ISJEKKVIKEXIXSEWWMWXMR
LSPHMRKXLITEXGLQM\XYVIMRTPEGI
;LIRVITEMVMRKGLMTWSVWTEPPWEPPPSSWIQEXIVMEPWLSYPHFI
VIQSZIHYWMRKELERHLIPHSVTRIYQEXMGGLMTTMRKLEQQIV
%VIEWWLSYPHFIGYXFEGOYWYEPP]XSMRXSQQ 
YRXMP GSEVWI EKKVIKEXI FVIEOW VEXLIV XLER PSSWIRW YRHIV
GLMTTMRK8LIWMHISJXLILSPIWLSYPHFIZIVXMGEPSVWPMKLXP]
YRHIVGYXXSTVSZMHIEOI]EXXLIIHKISJXLIVITEMV(ITXLSJ
EVIEXSFIVITEMVIHWLSYPHFIEXPIEWXXMQIWXLIQE\MQYQ
EKKVIKEXIWM^I:IV] XLMR IHKIW JIEXLIVIHKIW  WLSYPHRSX
FITIVQMXXIHERHGYXSYXWWLSYPHFIEXPIEWXMRQQ 
deep to provide a shoulder of sufficient depth to permit a
smooth finish. For exposed aggregate finishes, cutting back
XLIGSRGVIXIMRERMVVIKYPEVTEXXIVRQMRMQM^IWHIXIGXMSRSJ
the repaired area. In liner-type finishes, it may be desirable
XS GYX FEGO EPSRK XLI XI\XYVI PMRIW XS SFWGYVI VITEMV PSGE
XMSR%PPHYWXWLSYPHFIFVYWLIHSVFPS[RJVSQVITEMVEVIE
8LIIRXMVIVITEMVEVIEEW[IPPEWEHNEGIRXWYVJEGIWWLSYPHFI
TVI[IXXIHFIJSVIETTP]MRKEVIGSQQIRHIHFSRHMRKEKIRX%
WXMJJTVIHIWMKRIHTEXGLQM\XYVIWLSYPHFIETTPMIHSRXSVITEMV
EVIEERHGSQTEGXIHF]HV]XEQTMRKJSVQE\MQYQHIRWMX]
0EVKI VITEMV EVIEW RIIH GSEVWI EKKVIKEXI MR XLI TEXGL
QM\XYVISVXLIEKKVIKEXIWLSYPHFILERHTPEGIHERHVSHHIH
MRXSXLITEXGLMRKKVSYX7XVMOIXLIVITEMVEVIEPIZIPERHEHH
ER]WYVJEGIXI\XYVMRK[LMPIXLIGSRGVIXIMWWXMPPJVIWL&IKMR
GYVMRK MQQIHMEXIP] -J XLI WTEPPIHSYX TMIGI SJ GSRGVIXI MW
EZEMPEFPIERHJVEGXYVIWYVJEGIWWXMPPQEXIXLIIEWMIWXVITEMVMW
XSTYXXLIWTEPPIHGSRGVIXIFEGOMRXSTPEGIYWMRKITS\]EHLI
WMZI&SXLXLIJVEGXYVIHWYVJEGISJXLITERIPERHWTEPPIHTMIGI
should be painted with the epoxy adhesive. Apply sufficient
ITS\]WSXLEXWSQIITS\]WUYII^IWSYX[LIRXLIQEXIHTMIGIW
are clamped together. Use an epoxy with sufficient viscosity
XSTVIZIRXWEKKMRKSVVYRRMRKSRZIVXMGEPWYVJEGIW-XQE]FI
RIGIWWEV]XSHVMPPXLVSYKLXLIWTEPPIHTMIGIERHMRXSXLITVIGEWX
TERIPXSWIXTMRWSVFEVWXSMRGVIEWIERGLSVEKI
 Smooth finishes{(MWKYMWMRK E VITEMV SR WQSSXL
finish is difficult because of variations in color and texture,
TEVXMGYPEVP] MJ HEVO GIQIRXW EVI YWIH'SPSV HMJJIVIRGIW MR
HEVO GSRGVIXI EVI QSVI RSXMGIEFPI XLER MR PMKLXIVGSPSVIH
GSRGVIXI3FXEMREWQSSXLWYVJEGIF][MTMRKXLIVITEMV[MXL
GLIIWIGPSXLSVEWMQMPEVQEXIVMEPVYFFMRK[MXLGEVFSVYRHYQ
stone, or by grinding. A light abrasive blast with very fine
WMPMGEFPEWXMRKWERHQE]VIQSZIXLIHEVOGSPSV8LMWEFVEWMZI
FPEWXMWETTPMIHYWMRKEWYGXMSRJIHWERHFPEWXMRKTSX[MXLE
XVMKKIVX]TIRS^^PIEXTWM14E QE\MQYQTVIWWYVI
7ERHFPEWXETTVS\MQEXIP]HE]WEJXIVETTP]MRKXLIVITEMV

;LIRXLIVIEVIRYQIVSYWWYVJEGIEMVZSMHWMXQE]FIHIWMV
EFPIXSWMQYPEXIXLIQ[MXLXLITSMRXSJEREMPFIJSVIMRMXMEP
WIXSJXLIVITEMVGSRGVIXI
 Formliner finishes{-R GEWIW [LIVI PMRIV XI\XYVI
[EWETTPMIHMXQE]FI RIGIWWEV] XSYWIEPMRIVXSMQTVIWW
SRXSXLIVITEMVXLIHIWMVIHXI\XYVIEWXLIGSRGVIXIWIXW8LI
compacted repair should be struck flush with the original
WYVJEGI%WQEPPWIGXMSRSJJSVQPMRIVXLEXLEWFIIREXXEGLIH
to a board or wooden float should be pressed against the
VITEMV[LMPIXLIVITEMVQM\XYVIMWTPEWXMG;LIRTVEGXMGEFPI
XLIPMRIVWLSYPHVIQEMRMRTPEGIXSLIPT[MXLGYVMRK;LIVI
XLI WYVJEGI MW FSEVHQEVOIH XI\XYVI GER FI GEVVMIH EGVSWW
EVITEMVF]WXVMOMRKSJJXLIWYVJEGI[MXLEWXVEMKLXIHKILIPH
TEVEPPIPXS XLI HMVIGXMSRSJXLI QEVOW;LIR XLIWYVJEGIMW
ribbed, it may be necessary to form the rib and fill the form
[MXLXLIVITEMVQM\XYVI6MFPIRKXLWWLSYPHFIZEVMIHWSXLEX
EWXVEMKLXPMRITEXXIVRHSIWRSXI\XIRHEGVSWWXLIVMFW
 Exposed aggregate finishes{*SVI\TSWIHEKKVIKEXI
finishes, after compacted repairs are struck flush with the
I\MWXMRK WYVJEGI HEQT GSEVWI EKKVIKEXI WLSYPH FI LERH
TPEGIHMRXS XLI QM\XYVI MJ RSX EPVIEH] EHHIH MR XLI VITEMV
QM\XYVI'SEVWIEKKVIKEXIWLSYPHFITEXXIHMRXSXLIWYVJEGI
with a small wooden block. Use a wood or rubber float to
GSZIV XLI EKKVIKEXI [MXL XLI VITEMV QM\XYVI %JXIV MRMXMEP
WIXSJXLIVITEMVQM\XYVIYWIWXMJJR]PSRFVMWXPIFVYWLIWERH
water to expose aggregate and texture the finish to blend with
XLIWYVVSYRHMRKGSRGVIXI%[IXTEMRXFVYWLSVWSJXREXYVEP
WTSRKI GER EPWS FI YWIH XS EGLMIZI XLI HIWMVIH XI\XYVI
7TSRKMRK XLI VITEMV WYVJEGI EJXIV XI\XYVMRK GER IJJIGXMZIP]
VIQSZI GIQIRX PEMXERGI ERH QE] IPMQMREXI XLI RIIH JSV
JYVXLIV GPIERMRK 8EOI GEVI WS EW RSX XS VSPP XLI EKKVIKEXI
ERHHEQEKIXLIJVIWLVITEMVQM\XYVIQEXIVMEP
 Sandblasted finishesTo obtain a sandblasted finish,
GYVIXLIVITEMVJSVXSHE]WXLIRPMKLXP]WERHFPEWXYWMRKE
WYGXMSRJIHWERHFPEWXTSX[MXLEXVMKKIVX]TIRS^^PIEXXS
TWMXS14E TVIWWYVIHITIRHMRKSRI\TSWYVI
depth. A fine-graded silica blasting sand, 120 to 200 mesh
WM^IXSQQ WLSYPHFIYWIH%GSRZIRXMSREPWERH
FPEWXIV[MXLEXSMRXSQQ HMEQIXIVZIRXYVM
RS^^PIQE]EPWSFIYWIHTVSZMHIHXLEXETVIWWYVIZEPZIMR
XLIEMVPMRIQEMRXEMRWTVIWWYVIEXXLIHIWMVIHVERKI%RSXLIV
method to obtain a deep sandblasted finish is to cure the
repair for 7 days then use a deep blast on the repair, filling
MR[MXLXLITVSTIVQEXVM\ERHXLIRPMKLXP]FVYWLMRKXSTVSTIV
HITXLFIJSVIMRMXMEPWIX
-RWSQIGEWIWEKKVIKEXIQE]FIWERHFPEWXIHFIJSVIYWI
MRXLIQM\XYVI8LMWEFVEHIWERHHYPPWXLIEKKVIKEXIWYVJEGIW
ERHEPPS[WXLIWYVJEGIWSJXLII\TSWIHEKKVIKEXIMRXLISVMK
MREPXSQEXGLXLIWYVVSYRHMRKWYVJEGI
 ,SRIHSVTSPMWLIHWYVJEGIW{-JLSRIHSVTSPMWLIH
WYVJEGIW RIIH VITEMV XLI VITEMV WLSYPH FI FYMPX YT  XS
3/16 in. (3 to 5 mm) higher than the surrounding finished
face then ground flush using hand tools of successively
finer stone until the specified finish, level, and planeness
EVIEGLMIZIH7QEPPGLMTWWLSYPHFIVITEMVIHYWMRKEXMRXIH
epoxy containing crushed and graded coarse aggregate fines
XSQMRMQM^ITEWXIZSPYQI8[IRX]JSYVLSYVWEJXIVETTPMGE
XMSRLERHTSPMWLVITEMVWXSQEXGLXLIWYVVSYRHMRKGSRGVIXI

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

 'YVMRK SJ VITEMVW{%HIUYEXI GYVMRK QIXLSHW JSV

VITEMVW WLSYPH FI MQTPIQIRXIH MQQIHMEXIP] XS IRWYVI XLEX
XLI VITEMV HSIW RSX HV] XSS UYMGOP] ERH GEYWI MX XS WLVMRO
E[E]JVSQXLII\MWXMRKGSRGVIXI8LIVITEMVEVIEWLSYPHFI
QSMWXGYVIHJSVEXPIEWXHE]WFYXHE]WMWTVIJIVVIH1SMWX
GYVMRKGERFIEGGSQTPMWLIHF]GSZIVMRK[MXLEFPEROIXSJ
damp flannel, linen, cheese cloth, or other nonstaining fabric
ERH E GSZIV SJ TSP]IXL]PIRI XETIH SV XMIH XS XLI GSRGVIXI
)\IVGMWI GEVI XS EZSMH [EWLMRK SV IVSHMRK XLI VITEMV -J
RIIHIH HYVMRK GYVMRK EHHMXMSREP [EXIV WLSYPH FI EHHIH
XS XLI JEFVMGERH XLI +*64 GSZIVMRKVITPEGIH 8LIGYVMRK
QIXLSHWLSYPHFIXIWXIHSRXVMEPVITEMVWQEHIMRXLIQSGOYT
WEQTPIYRMX2SRWXEMRMRKQIQFVERIGYVMRKGSQTSYRHWQE]
FIWTVE]IHSZIVEVITEMVERHPEXIVVIQSZIHF]WGVYFFMRK[MXL
WSETERH[EXIVSVF]EGMH[EWLMRKMJXLIYRMX[EWSVMKMREPP]
XVIEXIH[MXLEGMH,IEXPEQTWXLEXQEMRXEMREXIQTIVEXYVIMR
XLIVITEMVSJFIX[IIRERH*ERH' EVIVIGSQ
QIRHIHJSVGYVMRKMRGSPH[IEXLIV
 &PIRHMRK GSPSV HMJJIVIRXMEP{'LIQMGEP XVIEXQIRX
GER WSQIXMQIW MQTVSZI GSPSV HMJJIVIRXMEP FIX[IIR YRMXW
&PIEGLIW EGMH EGMHERH[EXIV GSQFMREXMSRW YWMRK E TVIW
WYVIKYRSVEGV]PMGSVWMPERIWIEPIVW[MXLXSRIVWGERFIYWIH
MRGLIQMGEPXVIEXQIRX'SRGVIXIHMWGSPSVEXMSRGERWSQIXMQIW
FIGSVVIGXIHF]FPIEGLMRKHEVOIVEVIEWERHYWMRKTMKQIRXIH
WIEPIVXSFPIRHXLIEVIE[MXLXLIWYVVSYRHMRKGSRGVIXI0MKLX
GSPSVIH EVIEW GER EPWS FI XVIEXIH [MXL E TMKQIRXIH WIEPIV
3\MHM^MRKEKIRXWXLEXQE]FIYWIHMRGPYHI
'SQQIVGMEP WSHMYQ SV TSXEWWMYQ L]TSGLPSVMXI WSPY
XMSRWWYGLEWPMUYMHLSYWILSPHFPIEGL
% WSPYXMSRSJTLSWTLSVMGSVS\EPMGEGMH
%XS [EXIVWSPYXMSRSJHMEQQSRMYQGMXVEXI
3RITEVXWSHMYQGMXVEXIMRWM\TEVXWSJPYOI[EVQ[EXIV
QM\IH XLSVSYKLP] [MXL WIZIR TEVXW PMQIJVII KP]GIVSP
KP]GIVMRI SV
3RI TEVX EQQSRMYQ SV WSHMYQ GMXVEXI MR WM\ TEVXW SJ
PYOI[EVQ[EXIV
8LIWI WSPYXMSRW WLSYPH FI ETTPMIH XS XLI WYVJEGI ERH XS E
blanket of flannel, linen, or cheesecloth that is then placed
SZIVXLIWYVJEGIERHGSZIVIH[MXLTSP]IXL]PIRI%TTPMGEXMSR
WLSYPHFIQEHISREQSGOYTTERIPSVWQEPPWEQTPIWFIJSVI
use on finished architectural panels.
 'VEGO VITEMV{4ERIPW QE] GVEGO HYVMRK XVERW
TSVXEXMSR ERH MRWXEPPEXMSR 7XVYGXYVEP ERH ZMWYEP EGGITX
EFMPMX] SJ GVEGOW WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH F] XLI IRKMRIIV
EVGLMXIGX ERH S[RIV 6IJIV XS 7IGXMSR  JSV MRJSVQE
XMSR SRGVEGO EGGITXEFMPMX] 8LI VITEMV QIXLSH JSV E GVEGO
HITIRHW SR MXW WM^I PSGEXMSR ERH XLI IRKMRIIVMRK TVSF
PIQW GEYWMRK XLI GVEGO 'VEGOW XLEX EVI RSR[SVOMRK SV
have no significant structural problems may be chipped or
VSYXIHSYXERHVITEMVIHMRXLIWEQI[E]EWGLMTWERHWTEPPW
7IGXMSR   ;LIR GVEGOW LEZI SGGYVVIH ERH VITEMVW
EVIVIUYMVIHEIWXLIXMGGVEGOWXLEXVERKIJVSQXS
MRXSQQ [MHIGERFIVITEMVIHF]TVIWWYVIMRNIG
XMSRSJPS[ZMWGSWMX]LMKLQSHYPYWTIVGIRXWSPMHX[S
GSQTSRIRX ITS\] GSRJSVQMRK XS %781 ''1
8]TIKVEHIERHGPEWWWLSYPHFIGLSWIRXSWEXMWJ]NSFGSRHM
XMSRW ERH VIUYMVIQIRXW 8LI W]WXIQ WLSYPH FI GETEFPI SJ
FSRHMRK[IXWYVJEGIWYRPIWWMXGERFIEWWYVIHXLEXXLIGVEGO



MWGSQTPIXIP]HV])\IVGMWIGEVIXSWIPIGXERITS\]GSPSVXLEX
closely matches the concrete surface. Epoxy-filled crack
VITEMVW WLSYPH FI HSRI FIJSVI WERHFPEWXMRK MJ ETTPMGEFPI
&PEWXMRK FIJSVI ITS\] [SVO [MPP GEYWI XLI GVEGO XS LEZI
rounded edges, and it will be more difficult to minimize the
GVEGOETTIEVERGI
7QEPP GVEGOW IUYEP XS SV PIWW XLER  MR  QQ 
[MHIQE]RSXRIIHVITEMVYRPIWWJEMPYVIXSHSWSGERGEYWI
VIMRJSVGIQIRXGSVVSWMSRMRWIZIVIIRZMVSRQIRXW-JVITEMVMW
VIUYMVIHJSVXLIVIWXSVEXMSRSJWXVYGXYVEPMRXIKVMX]GVEGOWQE]
FI TVIWWYVI MRNIGXIH [MXL PS[ZMWGSWMX] ITS\] 8LI ITS\]
WLSYPHFIGETEFPISJFSRHMRKXSEQSMWXWYVJEGIFIGEYWIMX
MWYWYEPP]MQTSWWMFPIXSVIQSZIQSMWXYVIMRXLIGVEGO8LMW
ETTVSEGLGERFIYWIHSREPPGVEGOW[MHIVXLERETTVS\MQEXIP]
MRQQ )TS\]MRNIGXMSRHITIRHWSRGSRGVIXI
XIQTIVEXYVI ERH ZMWGSWMX] SJ XLI ITS\] % X]TMGEP ITS\]
VITEMVTVSGIHYVIMWHIXEMPIHMRXLIJSPPS[MRK
8LSVSYKLP]GPIERXLIGVEGOIHEVIE
(VMPPIRXV]TSVXLSPIWEPSRKXLIGVEGOSRILEPJXLIXLMGO
RIWW SJ XLI TVIGEWX TERIP ERH WTEGI IRXV] TSVXW EPSRK
XLIGVEGOEXMRXIVZEPWETTVS\MQEXIP]IUYEPXSXLITERIP
XLMGORIWW
4VSZMHI E XIQTSVEV] WYVJEGI WIEP [MXL [E\ KVSYX
L]HVEYPMGGIQIRXSVITS\]VIWMRWIEPERX
-RNIGXPS[ZMWGSWMX]TIVGIRXWSPMHITS\]MRXSTSVXW
FIKMRRMRK [MXL XLI PS[IWX TSVX % TVIWWYVI SJ  TWM
14E MWYWYEPP]VIGSQQIRHIH
Continue to inject at lowest port until epoxy flows from
XLIRI\XLMKLIWXTSVXEPSRKXLIGVEGO
Plug each injector port after it has been filled.
Continue the procedure until the entire crack has been filled.
%JXIVXLIITS\]GYVIWVIQSZIXLIXIQTSVEV]WYVJEGIWIEPW
TSVXWERHI\XVEITS\]7YVJEGIXI\XYVM^MRKSVWERHFPEWXMRK
XLIVITEMVIHGSRGVIXIEVIEMWRIGIWWEV]XSVIQSZIEPPXVEGIW
SJITS\]SVXLIWYVJEGIWIEPGSEX6IJIVXS%'-JSV
HIXEMPIHMRJSVQEXMSR
',%48)6{59%0-8=6)59-6)1)287
%2(8)787
{-RXVSHYGXMSR
 +IRIVEP{%R IJJIGXMZI UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI ERH
UYEPMX]GSRXVSPTVSKVEQ5%5' MRTVIGEWXTERIPJEFVMGE
tion benefits the precaster by reducing the cost of repairing
SV VIQEOMRK TVSHYGXW HYI XS JEFVMGEXMSR IVVSVW 5YEPMX]
GSRXVSPEPWSVIHYGIWXLIGLERGISJWXVYGXYVEPJEMPYVIHYIXS
VIMRJSVGMRKFEVWFIMRKSQMXXIHSVQMWPSGEXIH4VIGEWXIVIG
tors benefit when panels meet tolerances because they do
RSXWTIRHI\XVEXMQIPSSOMRKJSVWEXMWJEGXSV][E]WXSIVIGX
out-of-tolerance panels. Owners benefit when a structure
MWVIGIMZIH XLEX QIIXW XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW[MXLMR XLIEKVIIH
YTSRFYHKIX8LIQEMRSFNIGXMZISJE5%5'TVSKVEQMWXS
TVSZMHIGSQTVILIRWMZIJEFVMGEXMSRMRWTIGXMSRERHXIWXMRKWS
that panels conform to project specifications.
 -RGSQMRK QEXIVMEPW{8LI 5%5' TVSKVEQ WLSYPH
review the specifications and identify those specification
sections for incoming materials. Specifications should
GPIEVP]MHIRXMJ]XLIXIWXWSVMRWTIGXMSRWXSFITIVJSVQIHSV
SXLIV QIERW SV QIXLSHW XS FI YWIH XS HIXIVQMRI QEXIVMEP

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK



+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

acceptability. These may include analysis certificates, mill

test reports, and compliance certificates. Inspection records
WLSYPHFIOITXJSVEQMRMQYQSJ]IEVWSVEWGEPPIHJSVMR
XLITVSNIGXHSGYQIRXW
 -RTVSGIWW5%5'{5%5'TVSKVEQWGERWMQTPMJ]
ERHMQTVSZIXLIMRXIVVIPEXMSREQSRKS[RIVIRKMRIIVEVGLM
XIGX GSRXVEGXSV ERH TERIP JEFVMGEXSV -R WYGL TVSKVEQW
JSVQWVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHIQFIHQIRXWWLSYPHFIMRWTIGXIH
before concrete placement. The face finish of the panel
WLSYPHFIMRWTIGXIHEJXIVXLITERIPMWGYVIHERHWXVMTTIHJVSQ
the form. Before shipping, the finish surface of the panels
WLSYPH FI MRWTIGXIH JSV GSQTPMERGI [MXL TVSNIGX VIUYMVI
QIRXW JSV GSPSV YRMJSVQMX] ERH XI\XYVI -RWTIGXMSR TVSGI
HYVIWWLSYPHFIHIWMKRIHWSXLEXTERIPJEFVMGEXMSRTVSGIIHW
EWWGLIHYPIH[MXLQMRMQYQHIPE]%KSSH5'TVSKVEQMW
WMQTPIERHGSRWMWXIRX-XHIWGVMFIWXLITVSHYGXERHMRGPYHIW
specifications, fabrication tolerances, and assembly draw
MRKW-XWLSYPHEPWSHIXEMPTEGOEKMRKWXSVMRKERHWLMTTMRK
MRJSVQEXMSR 'SQTPMGEXIH TPERX TVSGIHYVIW ERH GSRXVSPW
PIEHXSYRGIVXEMRX]ERHGSRJYWMSR
 Product finish8LIVI MW EP[E]W ZEVMEXMSR MR XLI
color, texture, and finish from panel to panel. Acceptable
TERIPWWLSYPHWLS[RSSFZMSYWWYVJEGIHIJIGXWSXLIVXLER
QMRSVGSPSVERHXI\XYVIZEVMEXMSRW[LIRWIIRMRKSSHX]TMGEP
PMKLXMRKEXEHMWXERGISJJXQ *MREPETTIEVERGISJXLI
product is difficult to evaluate because it is subject to the
TIVWSREP MRXIVTVIXEXMSR SJ XLI IRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX SV S[RIV
;LIVIXLIVIMWEKVIEXGSRGIVREFSYXXLIGSPSVXI\XYVISV
YRMJSVQMX] SJXLITERIPXLIS[RIVWLSYPHVIUYMVIQSGOYT
TERIPW SV WEQTPIW EW VIGSQQIRHIH MR 7IGXMSR  3RGI
XLI S[RIV SV IRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX LEW MRWTIGXIH XLI WEQTPIW
and selected an acceptable range of finish and texture, the
MRWTIGXSVLEWEXERKMFPIWXERHEVHJSVVIJIVIRGI
 2SRGSRJSVQMRK QEXIVMEPW{8LI 5%5' TVSKVEQ
WLSYPH WTIGMJ] LS[ RSRGSRJSVQMRK QEXIVMEPW MRGSQMRK
materials, in-process materials, and finished products) are
WIKVIKEXIH JVSQ GSRJSVQMRK QEXIVMEPW YRXMP E HIGMWMSR MW
QEHIEFSYXLS[XSHMWTSWISJSVVI[SVOXLIRSRGSRJSVQMRK
QEXIVMEPW
{9REGGITXEFPIHIJIGXW
'VEGOW GER YWYEPP] FI VITEMVIH 8LI TVIGEWX JEFVMGEXSV
WLSYPH LEZI ER STTSVXYRMX] XS QEOI VITEMVW FIJSVI ER]
panels are rejected. The following list gives definitions of
YREGGITXEFPI TERIP HIJIGXW XLEX WLSYPH RSX VIQEMR SR XLI
finished panels.
'EWXMRK HIJIGXW{)\GIWWMZI WYVJEGI EMV ZSMHW SR XLI
I\TSWIH WYVJEGI GEWXMRK PMRIW IZMHIRX JVSQ HMJJIVIRX
TPEGIQIRXW ERH TSSV GSRWSPMHEXMSR EVIEW SJ FEGOYT
GSRGVIXIFPIIHMRKXLVSYKLXLIJEGMRKGSRGVIXIJSVIMKR
QEXIVMEP IQFIHHIH MR XLI TERIP JEGI VIMRJSVGIQIRX
WLEHS[PMRIW
7XEMRW{6YWX SV SXLIV WXEMRW FPSGOMRK WXEMRW SV EGMH
WXEMRWIZMHIRXSRXLII\TSWIHWYVJEGI
-VVIKYPEVMXMIW{6EKKIHSVMVVIKYPEVIHKIWZMWMFPIJSVQ
NSMRXWSVMVVIKYPEVWYVJEGIW
2SRYRMJSVQ GSPSV ERH XI\XYVI{4ERIPW RSX QEXGLMRK
XLIETTVSZIHWEQTPIWJSVYRMJSVQMX]SJGSPSV[MXLMRE

TERIPSVJVSQTERIPXSTERIPRSRYRMJSVQMX]SJEKKVI
gate color, adjacent flat and return surfaces with greater
HMJJIVIRGIMRI\TSWYVIXLERXLIETTVSZIHWEQTPIW
'VEGOWERHVITEMVW{'VEGOWSVVITEMVWZMWMFPIEXJX
(9 m) after final installation and finish.
{7XVYGXYVEPEHIUYEG]
4VIGEWX TERIPW WLSYPH FI MRWTIGXIH XS EWWYVI XLI] EVI
structurally sound. When the inspector finds cracks, chips, or
WTEPPWMRETERIPERHMWYRWYVISJXLIMVMQTEGXLIWLIWLSYPH
VIJIVXLITVSFPIQXSXLIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGXWSXLEXXLIGSRHM
XMSRGERFIIZEPYEXIH)ZIRXLSYKLVITEMVWQE]FIWXVYGXYVEP
EPPVITEMVWWLSYPHQEXGLXLIWYVVSYRHMRKGSRGVIXIERHQIIX
EVGLMXIGXYVEPVIUYMVIQIRXW
{4VIWXVIWWMRK
4VIWXVIWWMRK TVSGIHYVIW EVI HIWGVMFIH MR 7IGXMSR 
8LIWXVERHWLSYPHFIOITXYRXERKPIHERHJVIISJER]QEXIVMEP
XLEXEJJIGXWFSRHXSGSRGVIXI7XVERHGLYGOWWLSYPHFIGPIER
PYFVMGEXIH ERH GVEGOJVII ,]HVEYPMG NEGOW [MXL KEYKMRK
W]WXIQW EVI RSVQEPP] YWIH JSV WXVERH XIRWMSRMRK +EYKI
VIEHMRKWERHIPSRKEXMSRQIEWYVIQIRXWWLSYPHFIXEOIRERH
VIGSVHIHJSVIEGLWXVERHFIMRKWXVIWWIH8LIKEYKIW[LMGL
WLSYPHFIEGGYVEXIXS[MXLMRTIVGIRXSJXLIETTPMIHTVIW
WYVIWLSYPHFIGEPMFVEXIHEXPIEWXSRGIE]IEVSV[LIRIZIV
XLIEGGYVEG]SJXLINEGOPSEHMWUYIWXMSRIH
{1EXIVMEPW
 +IRIVEP{4ERIP QEXIVMEPW WLSYPH FI GSRXMRYSYWP]
evaluated to assure they meet their respective specifications.
-RWSQIGEWIWXLIQEXIVMEPIZEPYEXMSRTVSKVEQMRZSPZIWSRP]
SFXEMRMRK ERH VIZMI[MRK QMPP SV QEXIVMEP WYTTPMIV VITSVXW
,S[IZIVMRSXLIVWMXYEXMSRWMXQE]MRGPYHII\XIRWMZIXIWXMRK
 6IMRJSVGMRK WXIIP{6IMRJSVGMRK WXIIP WLSYPH FI
GLIGOIHXSWIIMJMXMWXLITVSTIVWM^IERHKVEHI-JXLIVIMR
JSVGMRKWXIIPMWXSFIYWIHEWERERGLSVJSV[IPHIHIQFIH
QIRX EWWIQFPMIW XLI GEVFSR IUYMZEPIRX WLSYPH QIIX %;7
(VIUYMVIQIRXW6IMRJSVGMRKWXIIPWLSYPHQIIXXLI
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ %781 %%1 %%1
SV%%1
 ;IPHIH EWWIQFPMIW{;IPHIH IQFIHQIRX EWWIQ
FPMIWWLSYPHFIMRWTIGXIHXSIRWYVIXLI]EVIJEFVMGEXIH[MXL
XLI GSVVIGX WM^I TPEXIW ERH RYQFIV SJ ERGLSVW ;IPHMRK
TVSGIHYVIWWLSYPHFIQSRMXSVIHXSIRWYVIXLEX [IPHWLEZI
EHIUYEXIWXVIRKXLW
 'SRGVIXI{-R QER] MRWXERGIW GSRGVIXI JSV TVIGEWX
[EPPTERIPWMWFEXGLIHEXXLIWMXISJTERIPJEFVMGEXMSRFIGEYWI
WTIGMEP GIQIRXW ERH EKKVIKEXIW EVI YWIH 8LI GSRXVSP ERH
XIWXMRKSJXLMWGSRGVIXIMWXLIVIWTSRWMFMPMX]SJXLITVIGEWXIV
and should be identified in the QA/QC program.
 'IQIRX{'IQIRX WLSYPH FI IZEPYEXIH JSV MXW
WXVIRKXLTVSHYGMRK GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW 8LI GIQIRX WYTTPMIV
should provide a certified mill test report with each shipment
ERHEPWSHEXEEWSYXPMRIHMR%781''1 1MPP
test reports should be kept for at least 2 years. It is beneficial
XS SFXEMR E  PF  OK  WEQTPI JVSQ IEGL HIPMZIV] ERH
WXSVIMXMREREMVXMKLXGSRXEMRIVJSVJYXYVIIZEPYEXMSRMRGEWI
WXVIRKXLSVGSPSVTVSFPIQWSGGYV

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

 %KKVIKEXIW{2SVQEP[IMKLXGSEVWIEKKVIKEXIWERH
fine aggregates should meet the requirements of ASTM C33/
'1 I\GITX JSV KVEHEXMSR SJ EKKVIKEXIW YWIH MR XLI
JEGIQM\XYVI7XVYGXYVEPPMKLX[IMKLXEKKVIKEXIWWLSYPHQIIX
XLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ%781''1%PPEKKVIKEXIW
WLSYPHFIWEQTPIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL%781((1
XIWXIHJSVKVEHMRKMREGGSVHERGI[MXL%781'
and for specific gravity in accordance with ASTM C128-07.
%KKVIKEXIXIWXWWLSYPHFIQEHIJSVIZIV]]H Q
SJGSRGVIXITVSHYGIHFYXRSXPIWWSJXIRXLERSRGIIZIV]
[IIOW
 %HQM\XYVIW{%HQM\XYVIW WLSYPH QIIX XLI
following specifications as appropriate:
ASTM C1116/C1116M-10 for nonmetallic fibers.
%781'SV'JSVTS^^SPERWERHQMRIVEP
EHQM\XYVIW
%781''1JSVEMVIRXVEMRMRKEHQM\XYVIW
%781''1SV%781''1
JSVGLIQMGEPEHQM\XYVIW
'LIQMGEPEHQM\XYVIQEXIVMEPWWLSYPHFIIZEPYEXIHMRXLI
laboratory or in trial batches in the field to assure compati
FMPMX][MXLXLIGIQIRXYWIHMRXLIGSRGVIXI-JXLIEHQM\XYVIW
EVIXSFIYWIHMREVGLMXIGXYVEPTVIGEWXGSRGVIXIXLI]WLSYPH
FIIZEPYEXIHJSVXLIMVIJJIGXSRXLIGSRGVIXIGSPSVERHGSPSV
GSRWMWXIRG]
 1M\MRK[EXIV{-JXLI[EXIVGSQIWJVSQEQYRMG
MTEP[EXIVW]WXIQMXQE]FIYWIHMRGSRGVIXI[MXLSYXJYVXLIV
testing. If the water comes from an unqualified source, it
WLSYPH FIXIWXIH JSV YWI MR GSRGVIXI F] SFXEMRMRK E GLIQ
MGEP EREP]WMW ERH F] QEOMRK  MR  QQ  QSVXEV GYFIW
EW HIWGVMFIH MR %781 ''1 &EWIPMRI HEXE
WLSYPHFISFXEMRIHYWMRKETVSZIR[EXIVWSYVGI-JXLIHE]
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLWSJGSRGVIXIQEHI[MXLXLIYRTVSZIR
[EXIVWSYVGIIUYEPTIVGIRXSJXLIGSQTERMSRGSRXVSPXLI
[EXIVMWWEXMWJEGXSV]JSVYWIMRGSRGVIXI
 4MKQIRXW{8LI TMKQIRX WYTTPMIV WLSYPH GIVXMJ]
XLEXTMKQIRXWSVSXLIVGSPSVMRKEKIRXWEVIVIWMWXERXXSPMQI
ERHSXLIVEPOEPMWERHGSRJSVQXS%781''1
% WMQTPI XIWX GER FI QEHI F] QM\MRK  TEVXW SJ GIQIRX
with one part of the pigment, using sufficient water to form
EWQSSXLTEWXI7EQTPIWWLSYPHFIOITXQSMWXERHSFWIVZIH
JSVWIZIVEPHE]W-JGSRWMHIVEFPIJEHMRKSGGYVWXLITMKQIRXW
EVIYRWYMXEFPI9RHIVXLIWIXIWXGSRHMXMSRWMXMWTSWWMFPIJSV
the test samples to develop efflorescence. The efflorescence
WLSYPH FI VIQSZIH [MXL HMPYXI QYVMEXMG EGMH SV  TIVGIRX
TLSWTLSVMG EGMH JSPPS[IH F] GSTMSYW [EWLMRK [MXL [EXIV
FIJSVIXLIXVYIGSPSVGERFIIZEPYEXIH8IWXMRKGSPSVHYVE
bility under the influence of light can be a lengthy process
and sometimes a special artificial light is used to accelerate
EKMRK 4VSRSYRGIH JEHMRK SJ E GSPSVIH QSVXEV YTSR I\TS
WYVIXSWYRPMKLX JSV  QSRXL MW IZMHIRGI XLEX E TMKQIRX MW
YRWYMXEFPI
{8IWXMRKJVIWLGSRGVIXI
 'SRWMWXIRG]{'SRGVIXIGSRWMWXIRG]WLSYPHFIXIWXIH
at least once per day for each mixture used. Significant
ZEVMEXMSR MR GSRWMWXIRG] YWYEPP] MRHMGEXIW ZEVMEXMSRW MR EMV
GSRXIRXJVSQFEXGLXSFEXGLSVEGLERKIMREKKVIKEXIQSMW



XYVIGSRXIRXKVEHMRKSVHIRWMX]8[SGSQQSRQIXLSHWJSV
QIEWYVMRK GSRGVIXI GSRWMWXIRG] EVIXLIWPYQTXIWXERHXLI
:IFIGSRWMWXSQIXIV
 7PYQT{8LI WPYQT XIWX UYMGOP] ERH IEWMP]
TVSZMHIW VIPMEFPI MRJSVQEXMSR EFSYX GSRGVIXI GSRWMWXIRG]
%781 ''1 TVSZMHIW HIXEMPIH MRWXVYGXMSRW SR
XLITVSTIVXIWXTVSGIHYVI%XSPIVERGIYTXSMRQQ 
greater than the maximum specified slump may be allowed
JSV MRHMZMHYEP FEXGLIW TVSZMHIH XLI WPYQT ZEVMEXMSR HSIW
RSXEJJIGXXLIETTIEVERGISVSXLIVGSRGVIXIUYEPMXMIWFI]SRH
specification limits. Concrete of lower-than-usual slump
QE] FI YWIH TVSZMHIH XLEX MX GER FI TVSTIVP] TPEGIH ERH
GSRWSPMHEXIH
 'SRWMWXSQIXIV{8LI:IFIGSRWMWXSQIXIVWYFNIGXW
GSRGVIXIXSEWPYQTXIWXSREZMFVEXMRKXEFPI%'-6
  'SRGVIXI GSRWMWXIRG] MW QIEWYVIH MR XLI XMQI MR
WIGSRHWVIUYMVIHXSGSRWSPMHEXIXLIWPYQTGSRIQEWWMRXS
E  MR  QQ  HMEQIXIV QEWW 'SRGVIXIW VIUYMVMRK
a Vebe time greater than 6-1/2 seconds may be difficult to
TVSTIVP]GSRWSPMHEXI[MXLMRXIVREPZMFVEXMSR'SRGVIXIW[MXL
:IFIXMQIWPIWWXLERWIGSRHWLEZII\GIPPIRXGSRWSPM
HEXMSRGLEVEGXIVMWXMGW
 %MV GSRXIRX{8LI EMV GSRXIRX SJ EMVIRXVEMRIH
GSRGVIXI WLSYPH FI XIWXIH EX PIEWX SRGI E HE] JSV IEGL
QM\XYVIHIWMKR[LIRIZIVWXVIRKXLXIWXWTIGMQIRWEVIQEHI
%REMVGSRXIRXGLIGOWLSYPHEPWSFIQEHI[LIRER]SJXLI
JSPPS[MRKGLERKIWSGGYV
7PYQTZEVMIWQSVIXLERMRQQ 
'SRGVIXIXIQTIVEXYVIZEVMIWQSVIXLER*z' 
Finishing difficulties develop.
&PIIHMRKETTIEVWSVMRGVIEWIW
Aggregate grading changes significantly.
8LIVIMWEGLERKIMRGSRGVIXIQM\XYVIHIWMKR]MIPH
 9RMX[IMKLX{9RMX[IMKLXXIWXWSJFEGOYTGSRGVIXI
WLSYPHFITIVJSVQIHEXPIEWXSRGITIV[IIOJSVIEGLQM\XYVI
HIWMKRYWIHVIKYPEVP]I\GITXJSVPMKLX[IMKLXGSRGVIXI[LMGL
WLSYPHFIXIWXIHHEMP];LIREMVGSRXIRXXIWXWEVIQEHIMXMW
YWYEPP]IEW]XSEPWSHIXIVQMRIXLI+*64YRMX[IMKLXSJXLI
GSRGVIXI
 8IQTIVEXYVI{*VIWL GSRGVIXI XIQTIVEXYVI WLSYPH
FIVIGSVHIH[LIRIZIVWXVIRKXLWTIGMQIRWEVIGEWX-REHHM
XMSRGSRGVIXIXIQTIVEXYVIWWLSYPHFIVIGSVHIHEXXLIWXEVXSJ
STIVEXMSRWIEGLHE]ERHEXJVIUYIRXMRXIVZEPWMRLSXSVGSPH
[IEXLIV%REVQSVIHXLIVQSQIXIVEGGYVEXIXS*z' 
WLSYPHVIQEMRMRXLIWEQTPIYRXMPXLIVIEHMRKWXEFMPM^IW
{8IWXMRKLEVHIRIHGSRGVIXI
 +IRIVEP{'SRGVIXIQM\XYVIWWLSYPHQIIXXLIHYVE
bility specifications and achieve the compressive strength
GVMXIVMESYXPMRIHMR%'-'LETXIV+IRIVEPP]TVIGEWX
GSRGVIXIHIZIPSTWWXVIRKXLMRI\GIWWSJXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWJSV
MRTPEGI PSEHW 8LIWI LMKLIV GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXLW EPPS[
earlier stripping for form reuse, better architectural finishes,
ERHGVEGOVIWMWXERGIHYVMRKLERHPMRKERHMRWXEPPEXMSR
 (YVEFMPMX]{(YIXSXLIZIVXMGEPSVMIRXEXMSRSJQSWX
TERIPWGVMXMGEPWEXYVEXMSRMWWIPHSQVIEGLIHERHVIWMWXERGIXS
JVII^MRKERHXLE[MRKLEWVEVIP]FIIREQENSVTVSFPIQ;LIR
TVIGEWXGSRGVIXITERIPWVIUYMVIHYVEFMPMX]XIWXWXLI]WLSYPH

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK



+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

JSPPS[ XLI TVSGIHYVIW SJ %781 ''1  %

QMRMQYQEPPS[EFPI HYVEFMPMX] JEGXSV SJ  MW VIGSQQIRHIH
%MVIRXVEMRQIRXMWVIGSQQIRHIHJSVTERIPWWYFNIGXXSJVII^MRK
and-thawing conditions, but a specified fixed air content level is
RSXVIGSQQIRHIHVIJIVXS7IGXMSR 
 %FWSVTXMSR{%[EXIVEFWSVTXMSRXIWXSJXLITVSTSWIH
JEGMRK QM\XYVI GER TVSZMHI IEVP] MRHMGEXMSR SJ [IEXL
IVMRK SV TSXIRXMEP WXEMRMRK TVSTIVXMIW SJ XLI GSRGVIXI *SV
the concrete strengths typically specified for architectural
TVIGEWXGSRGVIXIVIEWSREFPI[EXIVEFWSVTXMSRWLSYPHRSXFI
E TVSFPIQ YRPIWW GIQIRXVMGL SV LMKL[EXIVGIQIRXMXMSYW
QEXIVMEPVEXMSQM\XYVIWSVFSXLEVIYWIH
 4VSGIHYVIJSVEFWSVTXMSRXIWXW{7TIGMQIRWWLSYPH
FIXIWXIHEJXIVXLIGSRGVIXIMWHE]WSPH7TIGMQIRWWLSYPH
FISZIRHVMIHFIX[IIRERH*ERH' YRXMPXLI
[IMKLXPSWWMRLSYVWMWPIWWXLERTIVGIRX8IWXWEQTPIW
WLSYPH FI GSSPIH XS VSSQ XIQTIVEXYVI [IMKLIH ERH XLIR
WYFQIVKIHMR[EXIVXSSRILEPJXLIWTIGMQIRLIMKLX%JXIV
LSYVWXLI]WLSYPHFIWYFQIVKIHMR[EXIVYRXMPXLI[EXIVMW
flush with the specimen top. In both cases, the water should be
QEMRXEMRIHFIX[IIRERH*ERH' %JXIVERSXLIV
LSYVWXLIWTIGMQIRWWLSYPHFIVIQSZIHXLIWYVJEGI[EXIV
[MTIH SJJ [MXL E HEQT GPSXL ERH WTIGMQIRW [IMKLIH SR
E WGEPI LEZMRK E VIWSPYXMSR SJ  S^  K  4IVGIRXEKI
EFWSVTXMSRMWXLIHMJJIVIRGIFIX[IIR[IX[IMKLXERHSZIRHV]
[IMKLXHMZMHIHF]HV][IMKLXERHQYPXMTPMIHF]8LMW
ZEPYIQE]FIXVERWJSVQIHXSZSPYQITIVGIRXEKIFEWIHSRXLI
YRMX[IMKLXSJXLIGSRGVIXIXIWXIH1E\MQYQ[EXIVEFWSVTXMSR
JSV RSVQEP[IMKLXGSRGVIXI JEGI QM\XYVIW WLSYPH RSX I\GIIH
TIVGIRXF]ZSPYQI7TIGMQIRWWLSYPHFIGPIERERHJVIISJ
TEVXMRKEKIRXJSVQVIPIEWIEKIRXSVWIEPIV8EOIGEVIRSXXS
QM\ER]SJXLIWIEKIRXWMRXSXLIGSRGVIXI
 8IWXWTIGMQIRW{'SRJYWMSRERHHMWGVITERGMIWSJXIR
I\MWXMRWIPIGXMRKXLIWM^IERHWLETISJXIWXWTIGMQIRW1ER]
TVIGEWXTPERXWTVIJIV\MRSV\MR\QQ
SV\QQ G]PMRHIVW3XLIVWTVIJIVMRQQ 
SV  MR  QQ  GYFIW JSV IZEPYEXMRK EFWSVTXMSR ERH
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL +IRIVEPP] XLI  \  MR  \ 
QQ G]PMRHIVERHXLIMRQQ GYFIEVIRSXYWIH[LIR
QE\MQYQEKKVIKEXIWM^IMRXLIGSRGVIXIQM\XYVIMWKVIEXIV
XLERMRQQ 8IWXWTIGMQIRWWLSYPHFIGSRWSPMHEXIH
cured, and finished similarly to the products they represent.
 1SPHW{1SPHW JSV QEOMRK XIWX WTIGMQIRW WLSYPH
GSQTP][MXLETTPMGEFPIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ%781''1
ERH ''1 ,IEZ] KEYKI VIYWEFPI WXIIP QSPHW
VEXLIVXLERWMRKPIYWIQSPHWSJTETIVPMKLX[IMKLXQIXEPSV
+*64EVITVIJIVVIH%R]QSPHWXLEXFIGSQIHMWXSVXIHSVHS
RSXGSQTP][MXLXLIHMQIRWMSREPVIUYMVIQIRXWSJXLIETTVS
priate ASTM specification should be discarded.
 'SQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLXIWXWTIGMQIRW
 8IWXG]PMRHIVW{7EQTPIWJSVWXVIRKXLXIWXWWLSYPH
be taken on a strictly random basis as specified by ASTM
'-JGLSMGISJWEQTPMRKXMQIWSVXLIGSRGVIXIFEXGLIW
XS FI WEQTPIH EVI WIPIGXIH SR XLI FEWMW SJ ETTIEVERGI
GSRZIRMIRGI SV SXLIV FMEWIH GVMXIVME WXEXMWXMGEP GSRGITXW
PSWIZEPMHMX]2SQSVIXLERSRIXIWXWLSYPHFIXEOIRJVSQE
WMRKPIFEXGLERH[EXIVWLSYPHRSXFIEHHIHEJXIVXLIWEQTPI
MWXEOIR

*SYV GSQTVIWWMSR WTIGMQIRW WLSYPH FI QEHI HEMP] JSV

IEGLMRHMZMHYEPGSRGVIXIQM\XYVI[LIXLIVJEGMRKSVFEGOYT
QM\XYVI SVJSVIEGL]H Q SJER]SRIQM\XYVI
[LIR HEMP] GSRWYQTXMSR I\GIIHW XLMW ZSPYQI 8[S WTIGM
QIRWWLSYPHFIYWIHXSHIXIVQMRIWXVMTTMRKWXVIRKXLTEVXMG
YPEVP]MJXLIQM\XYVIMWRI[ERHMXWLMWXSV]RSX[IPPORS[R
However, one specimen may be sufficient as fabrication
TVSKVIWWIW*SVJEGIQM\XYVIWWTIGMQIRWX]TMGEPP]VIUYMVIH
JSVHIXIVQMRMRKWXVMTTMRKWXVIRKXLQE]FISQMXXIH[LIREMV
XIQTIVEXYVIMWLMKLIVXLER*' 
8IWX WTIGMQIRW WLSYPH FI QEHI ERH WXSVIH EW RIEV EW
TVEGXMGEFPI XS XLI PSGEXMSR [LIVI XLI] [MPP FI GYVIH MR
EGGSVHERGI [MXL %781 ''1 'SRWSPMHEXMSR ERH
finishing procedures should follow ASTM C31/C31M-10
ERH'VIUYMVIQIRXW
Capping procedures should be as specified in ASTM
''1 I\GITX [LIR JEWXWIXXMRK LMKLWXVIRKXL
WYPJYV GSQTSYRHW WTIGMEPP] QERYJEGXYVIH JSV GETTMRK
EVIYWIH'SQTVIWWMSR XIWXMRK QE] FI TIVJSVQIHEJXIVXLI
VIGSQQIRHIHGYVIXMQIJSVXLIGETTMRKGSQTSYRH
 'YFI XIWX WTIGMQIRW{1SWX SJ XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW
SJ 7IGXMSR  GER FI ETTPMIH HMVIGXP] XS GYFI TVITE
VEXMSR ERH XIWXMRK 7PMKLX HIZMEXMSRW [MPP FI VIUYMVIH MR
GSRGVIXIGSRWSPMHEXMSREWEVIWYPXSJHMJJIVIRXWTIGMQIRWM^I
ERHWLETI;LIRYWMRKGYFIWMXMWVIEWSREFPIXSTPEGIXLI
GSRGVIXIMREWMRKPIMRQQ PE]IVJSVXLIMR
QQ GYFIERHX[SMRQQ PE]IVWJSVEMRQQ 
GYFI4IVJSVQXEQTMRKSVI\XIVREPZMFVEXMSRMREGGSVHERGI
[MXL%781''17MQMPEVXSVIWXVMGXMSRWJSVMR
QQ G]PMRHIVWMRXIVREPZMFVEXMSRWLSYPHRSXFIYWIHXS
GSRWSPMHEXIIMXLIVGYFIWM^I
1IEWYVIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL JSV GYFIW MW KIRIVEPP]
LMKLIVXLERXLEXSFXEMRIH[MXLGSRGVIXIG]PMRHIVWQEHIJVSQ
XLIWEQIGSRGVIXI'YFIHEXEWLSYPHFIGSVVIPEXIHXSWXER
HEVH\MR\QQ XIWXG]PMRHIVWMJGYFIWEVI
XS FI GSRWMWXIRXP] YWIH EW XLI UYEPMX] GSRXVSPWTIGMQIR -J
RSGSVVIPEXMSRMWEZEMPEFPITIVGIRXSJXLIQIEWYVIHGYFI
WXVIRKXLWLSYPHFIYWIHEWERIWXMQEXISJXLIWXVIRKXLSJXLI
WEQIGSRGVIXI[LIRXIWXIHYWMRKG]PMRHIVW
 'YVMRKGSRWMHIVEXMSRW{;LIRJEFVMGEXMRKTVIGEWX
TERIPWMRMXMEPGYVMRKSJXLIGSRGVIXIYWYEPP]XEOIWTPEGIMR
XLIJSVQW%XIWXWTIGMQIRWLSYPHFIGYVIH[MXLERHF]XLI
WEQI QIXLSH EW XLI YRMX MX VITVIWIRXW YT XS XLI XMQI XLEX
XLI TVSHYGX MW WXVMTTIH JVSQ XLI JSVQ SV QSPH ;LIR XLI
TVIGEWXTERIPMWXSFIWXIEQGYVIHXLIXIWXWTIGMQIRQSPH
should withstand elevated temperature without significant
HMWXSVXMSR
;LIR XLI TVIGEWX TERIPW EVI VIQSZIH JVSQ XLIMV JSVQW
XLIXIWXWTIGMQIRWWLSYPHEPWSFIVIQSZIHJVSQXLIMVQSPHW
ERH TPEGIH MR E GSRXMRYSYW QSMWX GSRHMXMSR EX   *
'  '  8LMW MW XLI WIGSRHEV] GYVMRK WXEKI %R
EPXIVREXMZI QIXLSH JSV WIGSRHEV] GYVMRK QE] TVSZMHI XLI
FIWX QIEWYVI SJ TSXIRXMEP WXVIRKXL SJ E TEVXMGYPEV GSRGVIXI
QM\XYVI8LIEPXIVREXMZIQIXLSHGEPPWJSVEXPIEWXHE]WSJ
GSRXMRYSYW QSMWX GYVMRK EJXIV VIQSZMRK WTIGMQIRW JVSQ
XLIQSPHWJSPPS[IHF]WXSVEKIEXETTVS\MQEXIP]TIVGIRX
VIPEXMZILYQMHMX]YRXMPXLIWEQTPIMWXIWXIH&IGEYWIXLMWMW
RSXER%781HIWMKREXIHTVSGIHYVIMXWLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIH

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

SRP]EJXIVXLIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGXIZEPYEXIWEQFMIRX[IEXLIV
GSRHMXMSRWJSVXLITVSNIGXEVIE
 Tests of finished panels{;LIR UYIWXMSRW EVMWI
EFSYX EHIUYEXI WXVIRKXL SJ E TERIP SV WIVMIW SJ TERIPW XLI
UYEPMX]SJXLIGSRGVIXIGERFIWXFIIWXEFPMWLIHF]GSVIXIWXW
%PXIVREXMZIQIXLSHWWYGLEWVIFSYRHLEQQIVTYPPSYXXIWXW
ERHTIRIXVEXMSRTVSFIXIWXWLEZIFIIRYWIHEPSRK[MXLTYPWI
ZIPSGMX]XIWXMRK(ITIRHMRKSRXLITVSFPIQWSQIIUYMTQIRX
ERHTVSGIHYVIWQE]FIFIXXIVXLERSXLIVWMRHIXIVQMRMRKXLI
WXVIRKXLSJXLIGSRGVIXIMRXLITERIP
 'SVI XIWXW{-R XLI TEWX EGGITXERGI XIWXW JSV
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL LEZI FIIR PMQMXIH XS XEOMRK GSVIW
8IWXGSVIWWLSYPHEP[E]WFITVITEVIHGSRHMXMSRIH XIWXIH
ERHVITSVXIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ%781
''18LIEZIVEKIWXVIRKXLSJXLVIIVITVIWIRXEXMZI
cores should be at least 85 percent of the specified strength.
2SWMRKPIGSVIWLSYPHFIPIWWXLERTIVGIRXSJXLEXWTIGM
fied. Core sample length-to-diameter ratio should be as close
XS  EW TSWWMFPI %R] GSVI WLS[MRK IZMHIRGI SJHEQEKI
FIJSVIXIWXMRKWLSYPHRSXFIXIWXIHERHWLSYPHFIVITPEGIH
[MXLERSXLIVGSVIWEQTPI
8LI IRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX WLSYPH WIPIGX XLI PSGEXMSR JSV
HVMPPMRK GSVIW [LIVI XLI] [MPP PIEWX MQTEMV XLI WXVYGXYVI
strength and the exposed surface finish. Core holes can often
FITEXGLIH[MXLSYXHEQEKIXSXLIETTIEVERGISVMRXIKVMX]SJ
ETVIGEWXTERIP;LIRTVEGXMGEFPIGSVIWWLSYPHFIHVMPPIHWS
XLEXXLIGSVIXIWXPSEHMWETTPMIHMRXLIWEQIHMVIGXMSREWXLI
WIVZMGIPSEH3JXIRXSTHVMPPMRKSJGSVIWEQTPIWQMRMQM^IW
SVIPMQMREXIWHEQEKIXSXLITERIPJEGI&IGEYWIQSWXEVGLM
tectural precast panels are cast flat, top coring of the panel
TVSHYGIW E VITVIWIRXEXMZI WEQTPISJ GSRGVIXI 'SVIW XEOIR
TIVTIRHMGYPEV XS XLI TERIP JEGI QE] FI YT XS  TIVGIRX
[IEOIVXLERGSVIWXEOIRTEVEPPIPXSXLITERIPJEGI
(VMPPGSVIW[MXLEHMEQSRHFMXXSEZSMHERMVVIKYPEVGVSWW
WIGXMSR ERH HEQEKI JVSQ HVMPPMRK ;LIR E GSVI WEQTPI MW
FVSOIR [SSHIR [IHKIW WLSYPH FI YWIH XS QMRMQM^I XLI
PMOIPMLSSHSJHEQEKI%PPS[ERI\XVEMRQQ SJGSVI
PIRKXLEXXLIFVSOIRIRHXSTIVQMXWE[MRKSJJIRHWXSTPERI
WYVJEGIWFIJSVIGETTMRK
 6IFSYRHLEQQIV{6IFSYRHLEQQIVXIWXWWLSYPH
RSXFIYWIHEWEGGITXERGIXIWXWJSVTVIGEWXTERIPWFYXXLI]
EVIZEPYEFPIJSVUYEPMXEXMZIGSQTEVMWSRWEXXLITPERXJSVXLI
WEQI NSF 8LI VIFSYRH LEQQIV XIWX GSRHYGXIH MR EGGSV
HERGI[MXL%781''1GERFIYWIHXSPSGEXI
EVIEWSJPS[IVWXVIRKXLGSRGVIXISVXSXVEGOHE]XSHE]ZEVME
XMSRWMRXLIJEFVMGEXMSRGSRGVIXIWXVIRKXL
 4YPPSYX XIWXW{8LI TYPPSYX XIWX EW HIWGVMFIH MR
%781'TVSZMHIWEHMVIGXMRHMGEXMSRSJXLIXIRWMPI
WXVIRKXLSJMRTPEGIGSRGVIXI8LMWXIWXMRZSPZIWHVMPPMRKMRXS
LEVHIRIH GSRGVIXI ERH MRWXEPPMRK ER I\TERWMSR ERGLSV SV
IQFIHHMRK ER ERGLSV HMWG HYVMRK GEWXMRK SJ XLI GSRGVIXI
8LII\TERWMSRERGLSVSVIQFIHHIHERGLSVHMWGMWTYPPIHSYX
TIVTIRHMGYPEVXSXLIGSRGVIXIWYVJEGIFVMRKMRK[MXLMXEXVYR
GEXIHGSRISJGSRGVIXI%VIPEXMSRWLMTFIX[IIRTYPPSYXJSVGI
ERHGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJXLIGSRGVIXIGERFIHIZIPSTIH
JSVETEVXMGYPEVTVSNIGXF]QIERWSJPEFSVEXSV]XIWXW+SSH
data correlation between field and laboratory compression
XIWXWMWVIUYMVIHJSVXLMWXIWXXSKMZIZEPMHVIWYPXW8LIWIXIWXW



EVI X]TMGEPP] HSRI SR XLI FEGO SJ XLI TVIGEWX TERIP [LIVI
QMRMQYQVITEMVMWRIIHIH
 4IRIXVEXMSR TVSFI{8LI TIRIXVEXMSR TVSFI XIWX
GSRHYGXIH EGGSVHMRK XS %781 ''1 MW VIPE
XMZIP]RSRHIWXVYGXMZIVIEWSREFP]EGGYVEXIERHIGSRSQMGEP
,S[IZIV ER IWXEFPMWLIH VIPEXMSRWLMT FIX[IIR GSQTVIW
WMZIWXVIRKXLERHTVSFIXIWXVIWYPXWWLSYPHFIHIZIPSTIHJSV
IEGLSJXLIHMJJIVIRXGSRGVIXIQM\XYVIWYWIHMRXLITVIGEWX
TERIPW3RGIXLIFEGOKVSYRHGSQTEVMWSRXIWXMRKSRGSRGVIXI
GSVIWERHG]PMRHIVWLEWFIIRTIVJSVQIHXLITVSFIXIWXGER
TVSZMHIVIPMEFPIVIWYPXW&IGEYWIXLIEQSYRXSJTIRIXVEXMSR
MWMRZIVWIP] TVSTSVXMSREPXSGSRGVIXIWXVIRKXLEVIEHMRKSJ
GSRGVIXI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL MW MQQIHMEXIP] SFXEMRIH
Each probe leaves only a small hole that can be easily filled
[MXLERITS\]TEXGLMRKGSQTSYRH
 4YPWI ZIPSGMX]{8LI TVMRGMTPI SJ XLI YPXVEWSRMG
XIWX %781 '  MW XLEX XLI ZIPSGMX] SJ PSRKMXYHMREP
YPXVEWSRMGTYPWIWXVEZIPMRKMRWSPMHGSRGVIXIHITIRHWSRXLI
HIRWMX] ERH XLI IPEWXMG TVSTIVXMIW SJ XLI GSRGVIXI8LIXIWX
MWRSXEWYFWXMXYXIJSVSXLIVQIXLSHWSJIZEPYEXMRKGSQTVIW
WMZIWXVIRKXLFYX MX MW E KSSH QIXLSH JSV HIXIGXMRK GVEGOW
and cavities; for examining panel damage due to frost, fire,
SV GLIQMGEP EXXEGO ERH JSV EWWIWWMRK XLI VIPEXMZI KIRIVEP
UYEPMX] SJ GSRGVIXI 8LI XIWX VIUYMVIW EGGIWW XS FSXL WMHIW
SJ XLI TERIP -XW YWI JSV ETTVS\MQEXMRK MRTPEGI GSRGVIXI
WXVIRKXLF] RSRHIWXVYGXMZI QIERWMW PMQMXIHXS XLSWI GEWIW
where concrete is sufficiently strong to allow pulse trans
QMWWMSR EX ZIPSGMXMIW KVIEXIV XLER  JXW  OQW 
'SVVIPEXMSRW LEZI FIIR IWXEFPMWLIH FIX[IIRTYPWI ZIPSGMX]
ERH GSRGVIXI TVSTIVXMIW WYGL EW HIRWMX] WXEXMG QSHYPYW SJ
IPEWXMGMX]ERHH]REQMGQSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]8LIQIEWYVIH
TYPWIZIPSGMX]MWEREZIVEKIZIPSGMX]MJXLIJEGMRKERHFEGOYT
concrete are significantly different.
{(SGYQIRXEXMSR
6IGSVHOIITMRKMWERIWWIRXMEPTEVXSJER]UYEPMX]GSRXVSP
TVSKVEQ1EREKIQIRXWLSYPHIWXEFPMWLHMWXVMFYXIERHYTHEXI
STIVEXMSREPTVSGIHYVIWJSVVIGSVHOIITMRKWSXLEXIZIV]TIVWSR
IQTPS]IHMRXLITVIGEWXMRKSTIVEXMSRORS[W[LEXHSGYQIRXE
XMSRMWVIUYMVIH(SGYQIRXEXMSRRIIHRSXFIIPEFSVEXIMXQE]
VIUYMVIGSQTPIXMSRSJERSYXPMRISVEWMQTPIHEXEJSVQFYXMX
MWMRXIKVEPXSMQTPIQIRXMRKUYEPMX]GSRXVSPXLVSYKLGSRXVSPSJ
QEXIVMEPWGSRXVSPSJGSRGVIXIQM\XYVIWGSRXVSPSJJEFVMGEXMSR
GSRXVSPSJLERHPMRKERHGSRXVSPSJXIGLRMGEPWIVZMGIW
4VIGEWXIVWWLSYPHHIZIPSTEVEXMSREPW]WXIQSJEREP]^MRK
JEFVMGEXMSR XIWX VIWYPXW ERH OIITMRK VIGSVHW SR QEXIVMEPW
FVIEOEKIHEQEKIERHVINIGXMSRSVVI[SVO(EXEGSRGIVRMRK
MRWTIGXMSRERHXIWXVIWYPXWWLSYPHFIVIGSVHIHERHVIZMI[IH
TEVXMGYPEVP] [LIR IZEPYEXMRK RI[ QEXIVMEPW ERH TVSHYGXW
6IGSVH OIITMRK WLSYPH MHIRXMJ] XLI GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW SJ EPP
precast panels with a specific mark number that can be tied
to a certain mold or form on a specific date.
',%48)6{6)*)6)2')7
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI

Specifications for Tolerances for Concrete Construc
XMSRERH1EXIVMEPWERH'SQQIRXEV]

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK



+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6


7XERHEVH4VEGXMGIJSV7IPIGXMRK4VSTSVXMSRWJSV
2SVQEP,IEZ][IMKLXERH1EWW'SRGVIXI

7XERHEVH4VEGXMGIJSV7IPIGXMRK4VSTSVXMSRWJSV7XVYG
XYVEP0MKLX[IMKLX'SRGVIXI
6
+YMHIJSV7IPIGXMRK4VSTSVXMSRWJSV2S7PYQT
'SRGVIXI
6
'LIQMGEP%HQM\XYVIWJSV'SRGVIXI
6
4VSXIGXMSRSJ1IXEPWMR'SRGVIXI%KEMRWX'SVVSWMSR
6
'SRXVSPSJ'VEGOMRKMR'SRGVIXI7XVYGXYVIW
6
'EYWIW)ZEPYEXMSRERH6ITEMVSJ'VEGOWMR'SRGVIXI
7XVYGXYVIW

Specifications for Structural Concrete
6
+YMHIJSV1IEWYVMRK1M\MRK8VERWTSVXMRKERH
4PEGMRK'SRGVIXI
6
+YMHIXS'YVMRK'SRGVIXI
6
+YMHIJSV'SRWSPMHEXMSRSJ'SRGVIXI
6
Identification and Control of Visible Effects of Consol
MHEXMSRSR*SVQIH'SRGVIXI7YVJEGIW

(IXEMPWERH(IXEMPMRKSJ'SRGVIXI6IMRJSVGIQIRX

&YMPHMRK'SHI6IUYMVIQIRXWJSV7XVYGXYVEP'SRGVIXI
ERH'SQQIRXEV]
6
6ITSVXSR*MFIV6IMRJSVGIH4SP]QIV*64 6IMRJSVGI
QIRXJSV'SRGVIXI7XVYGXYVIW

Specification for Carbon and Glass Fiber-Reinforced
4SP]QIV&EV1EXIVMEPWJSV'SRGVIXI6IMRJSVGIQIRX

Standard Specification for Bonding Hardened
'SRGVIXI7XIIP;SSH&VMGOERH3XLIV1EXIVMEPWXS
,EVHIRIH'SRGVIXI[MXLE1YPXM'SQTSRIRX)TS\]
%HLIWMZI
6
'SRGVIXI6ITEMV+YMHI
6
8MPX9T'SRGVIXI'SRWXVYGXMSR+YMHI
-8+
Specification for Tolerances for Precast Concrete
%781-RXIVREXMSREP
%
Standard Specification for Steel Bar, Carbon and Alloy,
'SPH*MRMWLIH

%%1
Standard Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on
-VSRERH7XIIP,EVH[EVI
%%1
Standard Specification for Steel Welded Wire Rein
JSVGIQIRX4PEMRJSV'SRGVIXI
%
Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and
7LETIW
%
Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and
7XYHW47-8IRWMPI7XVIRKXL
%
Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat
8VIEXIHOWM1MRMQYQ8IRWMPI7XVIRKXL
%%1
Standard Specification for Steel Strand, Uncoated
7IZIR;MVIJSV4VIWXVIWWIH'SRGVIXI
%%1
Standard Specification for Uncoated Stress-Relieved
7XIIP;MVIJSV4VIWXVIWWIH'SRGVIXI
%
Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Alloy Steel,
,IEX8VIEXIHOWM1MRMQYQ8IRWMPI7XVIRKXL
%%1
Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Deformed, for
'SRGVIXI6IMRJSVGIQIRX
%%1
Standard Specification for Steel Welded Wire Rein
JSVGIQIRX(IJSVQIHJSV'SRGVIXI
%%1
Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain
'EVFSR7XIIP&EVWJSV'SRGVIXI6IMRJSVGIQIRX
%%1
Standard Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Deformed
ERH4PEMR&EVWJSV'SRGVIXI6IMRJSVGIQIRX
%%1
Standard Specification for Uncoated High-Strength
7XIIP&EVWJSV4VIWXVIWWMRK'SRGVIXI
%%1
Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized)
7XIIP&EVWJSV'SRGVIXI6IMRJSVGIQIRX
%%1
Standard Specification for Epoxy-Coated Steel Rein
JSVGMRK&EVW
%%1
Standard Specification for Epoxy-Coated Steel Wire
ERH;IPHIH;MVI6IMRJSVGIQIRX
%1
Standard Specification for Rail-Steel and Axle-Steel
(IJSVQIH&EVWJSV'SRGVIXI6IMRJSVGIQIRX
''1
7XERHEVH4VEGXMGIJSV1EOMRKERH'YVMRK'SRGVIXI
8IWX7TIGMQIRWMRXLI*MIPH
''1
Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

''1
7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV3FXEMRMRKERH8IWXMRK
(VMPPIH'SVIWERH7E[IH&IEQWSJ'SRGVIXI
''1
Standard Specification for Ready-Mixed Concrete
''1
7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV'SQTVIWWMZI7XVIRKXLSJ
,]HVEYPMG'IQIRX1SVXEVW9WMRKMRSV?QQA
'YFI7TIGMQIRW 
'
7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV(IRWMX]6IPEXMZI(IRWMX]
(Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Fine Aggregate
'
7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV7MIZI%REP]WMWSJ*MRIERH
'SEVWI%KKVIKEXIW
''1
7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV7PYQTSJ,]HVEYPMG'IQIRX
'SRGVIXI
''1
Standard Specification for Portland Cement
'
7XERHEVH4VEGXMGIJSV7EQTPMRK*VIWLP]1M\IH
'SRGVIXI
'
7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV%MV'SRXIRXSJ,]HVEYPMG
'IQIRX1SVXEV
'
7XERHEVH4VEGXMGIJSV1EOMRKERH'YVMRK'SRGVIXI
8IWX7TIGMQIRWMRXLI0EFSVEXSV]
'
7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV4SXIRXMEP%POEPM6IEGXMZMX]
SJ'IQIRX%KKVIKEXI'SQFMREXMSRW1SVXEV&EV
1IXLSH
''1
Standard Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures
JSV'SRGVIXI
'
7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV4SXIRXMEP%POEPM7MPMGE6IEG
XMZMX]SJ%KKVIKEXIW'LIQMGEP1IXLSH
''1
Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for
7XVYGXYVEP'SRGVIXI
''1
7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV8MQISJ7IXXMRKSJ'SRGVIXI
1M\XYVIWF]4IRIXVEXMSR6IWMWXERGI
''1
Standard Specification for Molds for Forming Concrete
8IWX']PMRHIVW:IVXMGEPP]
''1
Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for
'SRGVIXI
'
7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV4YPWI:IPSGMX]8LVSYKL
'SRGVIXI
''1
7XERHEVH4VEGXMGIJSV'ETTMRK']PMRHVMGEP'SRGVIXI
7TIGMQIRW



'
Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or
'EPGMRIH2EXYVEP4S^^SPERJSV9WIMR'SRGVIXI
'
7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV-VSR7XEMRMRK1EXIVMEPWMR
0MKLX[IMKLX'SRGVIXI%KKVIKEXIW
''1
7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV6IWMWXERGISJ'SRGVIXIXS
6ETMH*VII^MRKERH8LE[MRK
''1
7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV4IRIXVEXMSR6IWMWXERGISJ
,EVHIRIH'SRGVIXI
''1
7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV6IFSYRH2YQFIVSJ,EVH
IRIH'SRGVIXI
''1
Standard Specification for Epoxy-Resin-Base Bonding
7]WXIQWJSV'SRGVIXI
'
7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV4YPPSYX7XVIRKXLSJ,EVHIRIH
'SRGVIXI
''1
Standard Specification for Pigments for Integrally
'SPSVIH'SRGVIXI
''1
Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for
9WIMR4VSHYGMRK*PS[MRK'SRGVIXI
''1
Standard Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
'
7XERHEVH+YMHIJSV9WISJ.SMRX7IEPERXW
'
Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in
'IQIRXMXMSYW1M\XYVIW
((1
7XERHEVH4VEGXMGIJSV7EQTPMRK%KKVIKEXIW
))1
7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHWJSV7XVIRKXLSJ%RGLSVWMR
'SRGVIXIERH1EWSRV])PIQIRXW
%QIVMGER-RWXMXYXISJ7XIIP'SRWXVYGXMSR
%-7'
7XIIP'SRWXVYGXMSR1ERYEPXLIHMXMSR
%QIVMGER;IPHMRK7SGMIX]

%;7((1
7XVYGXYVEP;IPHMRK'SHI{7XIIP

%;7(
7XVYGXYVEP;IPHMRK'SHI{6IMRJSVGMRK7XIIP
4VIGEWX4VIWXVIWWIH'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI
120
1ERYEPJSV5YEPMX]'SRXVSPJSV4PERXWERH4VSHYGXMSR
SJ7XVYGXYVEP4VIGEWX'SRGVIXI4VSHYGXWXLIHMXMSR
120
1ERYEPJSV5YEPMX]'SRXVSPJSV4PERXWERH4VSHYGXMSR
SJ%VGLMXIGXYVEP4VIGEWX'SRGVIXI4VSHYGXWVHIHMXMSR

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK



+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6

120
4'-(IWMKR,ERHFSSO4VIGEWXERH4VIWXVIWWIH
'SRGVIXIWIZIRXLIHMXMSR
120
%VGLMXIGXYVEP4VIGEWX'SRGVIXIXLMVHIHMXMSR
120
(IWMKRERH8]TMGEP(IXEMPWSJ'SRRIGXMSRWJSV4VIGEWX
ERH4VIWXVIWWIH'SRGVIXIWIGSRHIHMXMSR
120
8SPIVERGI1ERYEPJSV4VIGEWXERH4VIWXVIWWIH'SRGVIXI
'SRWXVYGXMSR
'SRGVIXI6IMRJSVGMRK7XIIP-RWXMXYXI1ERYEPSJ7XER
HEVH4VEGXMGIXLIHMXMSR'67-7GLEYQFYVK-0TT
'SRGVIXI6IMRJSVGMRK7XIIP-RWXMXYXI4PEGMRK6IMR
JSVGMRK&EVWIMKLXLIHMXMSR'67-7GLEYQFYVK-0
+E]PSVH ) , .V +E]PSVH ' 2 ERH 7XEPPQI]IV .
)7XVYGXYVEP)RKMRIIVMRK,ERHFSSOJSYVXLIHMXMSR
1G+VE[,MPP4VSJIWWMSREPTT

+VIIRMRK26ERH0ERHKVIR6w7YVJEGI(MWGSP
SVEXMSRSJ'SRGVIXI*PEX[SVOx.SYVREPSJXLI4'%6IWIEVGL
ERH(IZIPSTQIRX0EFSVEXSVMIW:2STT
Pfeifer, D. W., and Landgren, R., 1982, Energy-Effi
GMIRX %GGIPIVEXIH 'YVMRK SJ 'SRGVIXI JSV 4PERX4VSHYGIH
4VIWXVIWWIH'SRGVIXIx4'-.SYVREP:2STT

4SVXPERH 'IQIRX %WWSGMEXMSR  w6IQSZMRK 7XEMRW
ERH'PIERMRK'SRGVIXI7YVJEGIWx-784'%7OSOMI-0
TT
4VIGEWX4VIWXVIWWIH'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXIw6IGSQQIR
HEXMSRW SR 6IWTSRWMFMPMX] JSV (IWMKR ERH 'SRWXVYGXMSR SJ
4VIGEWX'SRGVIXI7XVYGXYVIWx4'-&SEVH%H,SG'SQQMXXII
JSV 6IWTSRWMFMPMX] JSV (IWMKR SJ 4VIGEWX 'SRGVIXI 7XVYG
XYVIWx 4'-.SYVREP:2STT

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

%W %'- FIKMRW MXW WIGSRH GIRXYV] SJ EHZERGMRK GSRGVIXI ORS[PIHKI MXW SVMKMREP GLEVXIVIH TYVTSWI
WTVIEHMRKORS[PIHKIx-ROIITMRK[MXLXLMWTYVTSWI%'-WYTTSVXWXLIJSPPS[MRKEGXMZMXMIW

7TVMRKERHJEPPGSRZIRXMSRWXSJEGMPMXEXIXLI[SVOSJMXWGSQQMXXIIW
)HYGEXMSREPWIQMREVWXLEXHMWWIQMREXIVIPMEFPIMRJSVQEXMSRSRGSRGVIXI

7XYHIRXTVSKVEQWWYGLEWWGLSPEVWLMTWMRXIVRWLMTWERHGSQTIXMXMSRW
7TSRWSVMRKERHGSWTSRWSVMRKMRXIVREXMSREPGSRJIVIRGIWERHW]QTSWME
*SVQEPGSSVHMREXMSR[MXLWIZIVEPMRXIVREXMSREPGSRGVIXIVIPEXIHWSGMIXMIW
4IVMSHMGEPWXLI%'-7XVYGXYVEP.SYVREPERHXLI%'-1EXIVMEPW.SYVREPERH'SRGVIXI-RXIVREXMSREP

QIQFIVWVIGIMZIHMWGSYRXWSJYTXS SREPP%'-TVSHYGXWERHWIVZMGIWMRGPYHMRKHSGYQIRXWWIQMREVW
ERHGSRZIRXMSRVIKMWXVEXMSRJIIW
%W E QIQFIV SJ %'- ]SY NSMR XLSYWERHW SJ TVEGXMXMSRIVW ERH TVSJIWWMSREPW [SVPH[MHI [LS WLEVI E
GSQQMXQIRX XS QEMRXEMR XLI LMKLIWX MRHYWXV] WXERHEVHW JSV GSRGVIXI XIGLRSPSK] GSRWXVYGXMSR ERH
TVEGXMGIW-REHHMXMSR%'-GLETXIVWTVSZMHISTTSVXYRMXMIWJSVMRXIVEGXMSRSJTVSJIWWMSREPWERHTVEGXMXMSRIVW
EXEPSGEPPIZIP

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI
'SYRXV]'PYF(VMZI
*EVQMRKXSR,MPPW1-
97%
4LSRI

*E\


[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+YMHIJSV4VIGEWX'SRGVIXI;EPP4ERIPW

8LI%1)6-'%2'32'6)8)-278-898)

ERH HMWXVMFYXIW MRJSVQEXMSR SR XLI MQTVSZIQIRX SJ HIWMKR GSRWXVYGXMSR ERH
QEMRXIRERGI SJ GSRGVIXI TVSHYGXW ERH WXVYGXYVIW 8LI [SVO SJ %'- MW GSRHYGXIH F]
MRHMZMHYEP%'-QIQFIVWERHXLVSYKLZSPYRXIIVGSQQMXXIIWGSQTSWIHSJFSXLQIQFIVW
ERHRSRQIQFIVW
8LI GSQQMXXIIW EW [IPP EW %'- EW E [LSPI STIVEXI YRHIV E GSRWIRWYW JSVQEX
[LMGL EWWYVIW EPP TEVXMGMTERXW XLI VMKLX XS LEZI XLIMV ZMI[W GSRWMHIVIH 'SQQMXXII
VIWIEVGL ERH HIZIPSTQIRX VIWYPXW TVIWIRXEXMSR SJ GSRWXVYGXMSR ERH VITEMV
XIGLRMUYIWERHIHYGEXMSR
-RHMZMHYEPW MRXIVIWXIH MR XLI EGXMZMXMIW SJ %'- EVI IRGSYVEKIH XS FIGSQI E QIQFIV
8LIVI EVI RS IHYGEXMSREP SV IQTPS]QIRX VIUYMVIQIRXW %'-vW QIQFIVWLMT MW
GSQTSWIH SJ IRKMRIIVW EVGLMXIGXW WGMIRXMWXW GSRXVEGXSVW IHYGEXSVW ERH
VITVIWIRXEXMZIWJVSQEZEVMIX]SJGSQTERMIWERHSVKERM^EXMSRW
1IQFIVW EVI IRGSYVEKIH XS TEVXMGMTEXI MR GSQQMXXII EGXMZMXMIW XLEX VIPEXI XS XLIMV

[[[GSRGVIXISVK