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MANAGERIAL

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DECISION
 
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MAKING 



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1. IDENTIFICATION OF A SITUATION OR PROBLEM
2. PLANNING THE RESEARCH
3. EXAMINING THE QUESTION IN DETAIL
4. REFORMULATING THE PROJECT
5. CHOOSING THE METHOD OF RESEARCH TO
ADOPT
6. COLLECTING DATA
7. COMPILATION, ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF COLLECTED DATA
8. WRITING OF RESEARCH REPORT
9. PUTTING THE RESULTS INTO ACTION ?

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1. IDENTIFICATION OF A SITUATION OR PROBLEM
INVOLVES FORMULATION OF A RESEARCH QUESTION TO WHICH YOU
WISH TO FIND ANSWERS
NEED TO RESOLVE IF UNDERTAKING OF A RESEARCH PROJECT IS THE
BEST WAY TO RESOLVE THE PROBLEM (OR ALTERNATE OPTIONS
SUCH AS BRAINSTORMING SESSIONS, DISCUSSIONS, OPINIONS OF
SPECIALISTS etc ARE AVAILABLE)
POSSIBLE REASONS FOR CONDUCTING RESEARCH MAY BE:
 ENCOUNTERED PROBLEM IS PERSISTENT AND CURRENT METHODS
ARE NO LONGER SUITED TO ITS RESOLUTION
 A NEW SITUATION HAS ARISEN WHICH HAS NO PRECEDENT
ESTABLISH IF RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ARE SUITABLE
SPECIFICALLY DEFINE THE SITUATION OR PROBLEM WHICH
INVOLVES:
 ASCERTAINING WHAT ASPECT(S) OF THE ISSUE DO YOU WANT TO
KNOW
 WHY DO YOU WANT TO EXPLORE THE SPECIFIC ELEMENTS YOU
HAVE IDENTIFIED ?

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  WHAT SHOULD BE THE SCOPE OF YOUR PROJECT 
  



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2. PLANNING THE RESEARCH
ë REQUIRES SUITABLE DIVISION OF RESPONSIBILITIES, ACTIVITY
PLANNING AND STRICT ADHERENCE TO A TIGHT TIME SCHEDULE
ë GOOD PLANNING AT THIS STAGE WILL RESULT IN A MORE PRECISE
REQUEST FOR FINANCING AND A MORE ACCURATE TIME SCHEDULE
FOR COMPLETION OF EACH STEP OF THE PROJECT
3. EXAMINING THE QUESTION IN DETAIL
BASED ON OBJECTIVES AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS A RESEARCH
TOPIC HAS TO BE DEVELOPED WHICH EXPLAINS THE PROJECT
TO ACCOMPLISH THIS GOAL, THE RESEARCH TOPIC MUST BE BASED
ON CONCRETE EXPERIENCE OR MOST PERTINENT DATA AVAILABLE
RELATED TO THE AREA OF THE STUDY.
ESSENTIAL PHASES IN DEFINING THE RESEARCH TOPIC INVOLVE:
 LITERATURE REVIEW
 COLLECTION OF BASIC DATA IN THE FIELD THROUGH
DISCUSSIONS, INTERVIEWS, etc
 FORMULATION OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
 FORMULATION OF THEORY AND VARIABLES IMPACTING ON THE
ISSUE
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4. REFORMULATING THE PROJECT
ë PLANS ARE RE-EVALUATED IN THE LIGHT OF DEPARTMENTAL
RESPONSES AND SCOPE OF THE PROJECT ESTABLISHED
ë IF NECESSARY MODIFY ORIGINAL PLANS TO ADJUST TO
LIMITATIONS OF TIME AND MONEY AVAILABLE
5. CHOOSING THE METHOD OF RESEARCH TO BE ADOPTED
INVOLVES:
 DEFINING AND REFINING A RESEARCH APPROACH SUITED TO
THE RESOLUTION OF THE DEFINED PROBLEM
 DEFINING AND CONSTITUTING THE SAMPLE
 CHOOSING AND PREPARING DATA COLLECTION TOOLS
 EVALUATING THE SELECTED TOOL(S) THROUGH PRETESTS (IN
QUANTATIVE RESEARCH)
DECISIONS ON THESE ISSUES WILL AFFECT THE RESEARCH PROCESS
VALIDITY LARGELY DEPENDS ON CLARITY AND PRECISION OF DATA
COLLECTION METHOD ADOPTED
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6. COLLECTING DATA
7. COMPILATION, ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF COLLECTED DATA
8. WRITING OF RESEARCH REPORT
9. PUTTING THE RESULTS INTO ACTION

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ë REFERS TO AN ENTIRE SITUATION WHERE ONE SEES A

POSSIBLE NEED FOR RESEARCH AND PROBLEM SOLVING
ë POSSIBLE PROBLEM AREAS IDENTIFIED AT THIS STAGE
MAY BE
ë A PROBLEM CURRENTLY EXISTING
ë SITUATIONS REQUIRING IMPROVEMENT
ë CONCEPTUAL ISSUES THAT NEED TO BE TIGHTENED
ë NEED TO FIND SOME ANSWERS EMPERICALLY
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 NATURE OF DATA TO BE GATHERED

ë BACKGROUND INFORMATION OF THE
ORGANIZATION
 MAY BE OBTAINED FROM PUBLISHED SOURCES,
ORGANIZATIONAL RECORDS & /OR THE WEB
 MAY INCLUDE:
ë ORIGINS,
ë SIZE,
ë CHARTER,
ë LOCATION(S),
ë RESOURCES,
ë RELATIONSHIPS
ë FINANCIAL POSITION
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 NATURE OF DATA TO BE GATHERED

ë INFO ON STRUCTURAL FACTORS & MANAGEMENT
PHILOSOPHY
 OBTAINED THROUGH DIRECT QUESTIONS FROM
MANAGEMENT
 OFFER IDEA OF PRIORITIES & VALUES OF THE COMPANY:
ë WHETHER COMPANY HAS ANY SHORT/LONG TERM GOALS. IF
SO, WHAT ARE THEY
ë NATURE OF CONTROL EXERCISED
ë ABILITY TO TAKE RISKS
ë WHETHER PEOPLE-ORIENTED OR SOLELY PROFIT-ORIENTED
ë ASPECTS OF COMPANY STRUCTURE

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 NATURE OF DATA TO BE GATHERED

ë PERCEPTIONS, ATTITUDES & BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES
 ATTITUDES: NATURE OF WORK, INTERDEPENDENCIES,
MOTIVATIONAL THEMES ADOPTED SUCH AS REWARDS &
INCENTIVES, OPPORTUNITIES FOR ADVANCEMENT,
COMMUNITY RELATED POLICIES, LEAVE POLICIES, ETC

 BEHAVIORAL FACTORS: INDUSTROUSNESS, ABSENTEEISM,

PERFORMANCE ON THE JOB, ETC

 ACQUIRED THROUGH INTERVIEWS WITH EMPLOYEES,

OBSERVING THEM & SEEKING RESPONSES TO
QUESTIONAIRRES

 GOOD RAPPORT AND INTERACTION WITH EMPLOYEES

FACILITATES ASSESSMENT
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 LITERATURE SURVEY
 DOCUMENTATION OF A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF
PUBLISHED & UNPUBLISHED WORK FROM SECONDARY
SOURCES OF DATA IN THE AREA OF SPECIFIC INTEREST TO
RESEARCHER
 PURPOSE IS TO ENSURE THAT:
ë NO IMPORTANT VARIABLE THAT, IN THE PAST HAS BEEN FOUND
TO BE IMPACTING ON SUCH A PROBLEM, IS IGNORED
ë TO OBVIATE WORKING ON ISSUES ALREADY RESEARCHED
 FACILITATES CREATIVE INTEGRATION OF INFO OBTAINED
FROM INTERVIEWS WITH THAT FOUND IN PREVIOUS STUDIES
 HELPS DEVELOP THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FROM WHICH
HYPOTHESES CAN BE DEVELOPED FOR TESTING

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 CONDUCT OF LITERATURE SURVEY
ë IDENTIFICATION OF RELAVENT SOURCES. THREE FORMS OF
DATABASES COME IN HANDY:
 BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASES. DISPLAY ONLY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS
 ABSTRACT DATABASES. ALSO PROVIDE SUMMARY OF ARTICLE
 FULL TEXT DATABASES. PROVIDE FULL TEXT OF ARTICLE
ë EXTRACTING RELAVENT INFO
ë WRITING OF LITERATURE REVIEW SHOULD COVER:
 CLEAR & LOGICAL PRESENTATION OF WORK DONE THUS FAR
 CITATION OF AUTHORS OF WORKS QUOTED/REFERRED TO
 MUST CONVINCE READER THAT RESEARCH IS KNOWLEDGABLE ABOUT
THE PROBLEM AREA & THEORATICAL FRAMEWORK WILL BE
STRUCTURED ON WORK ALREADY UNDERTAKEN
 IDENTIFICATION OF AREAS NOT YET REVIEWED
ë WORKS MUST BE COHERENTLY PRESENTED, NOT
CHRONOLOGICALLY. IT SHOULD FOCUS ON FINDINGS AND
CONCLUSIONS, NOT STATEMENTS
ë GOOD REVIEW SHOULD LEAD TO A GOOD PROBLEM STATEMENT
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 PROBLEM DEFINITION
ë A ³PROBLEM´ IMPLIES A SITUATION WHERE A GAP EXISTS
BETWEEN ACTUAL & DESIRED STATES. (IT CAN ALSO BE
REFERRED TO AS AN ³ISSUE´)
ë VERY IMPORTANT TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN
SYMPTOMS OF THE PROBLEM & PROBLEM ITSELF
ë CRITICAL THAT THE FOCUS OF FURTHER RESEARCH IS
UNAMBIGUOUSLY IDENTIFIED
ë PROBLEM DEFINITION. V
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