Chapter 4 Stratigraphy

Chapter # 4 Stratigraphy
STRATIGRAPHY
4.1 Introduction
The mapped area is the western part of the Central Salt Range. All the
rocks exposed in the area are of sedimentary in origin. They range in age from
Eocambrian (Salt Range Formation) to Eocene (Sakesar Limestone). There are
two major Unconformities in mapped area that is:
1. Base Permian
2. Base Tertiary
The rock units exposed in the mapped area are as follow:
`
Recent to Sub Recent alluvium

Early Eocene Sakesar Limestone
Early Eocene Nammal Formation
Late Paleocene Patala Formation
Early to late Paleocene Lokhart Formation
Early Paleocene Hangu Formation
Unconformity
Early Triassic Mianwali Formation
Paraconformity
Late Permian Chhidru Formation
Late Permian Wargal Limestone
Late Permian Amb Formation
Early Permian Sardhai Formation
Early Permian Warchha Sandstone
Early Permian Dandot Formation
Early Permian Tobra Formation
Unconformity
Early Cambrian Khewra Sandstone
Eocambrian Salt Range Formation
The formations exposed in the mapped area are given in the stratigraphic
table (Figure 4.2).
1
2
The location of the project area in the Salt Range is shown in figure 4.2.
Figure 4.1 Diagrammatic sketch showing stratigraphic settings and major

unconformities exposed in the Salt Range and the project area (from
(Gee, 1989 and Kazmi and Jan, 1997).
4.2.1 Salt Range Formation

Nomenclature and Type Locality
The term “Salt Range Formation” has been introduced by Asrarullah
(1962) after the Salt Range in the Punjab Province. Previously it was named as
"Saline Series” by Wynne (1878) and “Punjab Saline Series” by Gee (1945).
Khewra Gorge (lat. 32°40’N; long. 73°00’30” E) in the Eastern Salt Range,
Jhelum district, Punjab Province, has been designated as the type section (Shah,
1977).
Lithology
In the project area the Formation is composed of gypseous marl in the
lower part (Plate 4.1). The marl is massive and includes gypsum, dolomite and
clay. Quartz crystals of variable sizes are also present in this marl. It is white to
light grey in color. It is massive and is associated with bluish grey clay. The
dolomite is light in color. It is flaggy and cherty in nature. It is associated with
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dolomitic shales, bituminous shales (Plate 4.2). The oil shales when freshly
broken give off oily smell. Oil shales are of dark brown color and weathering color
is very dark. There are elongated nodules containing bituminous material. They
show cavities filled with calcite. They are very hard and compact.
Distribution and Thickness
Khewra Sandstone is widely distributed in the southern parts of the area,

but it is only restricted in the nalas. Its thickness was not measured because
base of the formation is not exposed.
Topographic Expression
It forms steep slopes in the nalas.
Contacts
Base of the formation is not exposed anywhere including the study area.
The upper contact with the Khewra Sandstone is transitional.
Age
The Salt Range Formation is devoid of fossils. Due to its position below
Lower Cambrian sediments and above the metamorphic Precambrian basement,
it is considered as Late Neoproterozoic. This is in accordance with the results of
sulphur-isotope measurements carried out on gypsum samples from the top of
Salt Range Formation which indicate an age of about 600 m.y. (Kazmi and Jan,
1997).
4.2.2 Khewra Sandstone

The “Khewra Group” of Noetling (1894) is formalized as Khewra
Sandstone after the Khewra town in the Punjab Province. Other terms were
"Purple Sandstone Series” of Wynne (1878), "Khewra Group” of Noetling (1894)
and “Purple Sandstone” of most subsequent authors. Khewra Gorge (lat.
32°40’N; long. 73°00’E) in the Eastern Salt Range, Jhelum district, Punjab
Province, is designated as the type locality.
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Lithology
Khewra Sandstone dominantly consists of sandstone with minor amount
of shale. The basal part consists of thin-bedded, fine to medium-grained
sandstone, partly shaly, passing upward into massive, thick-bedded, purple,
occasionally buff-colored, jointed sandstone with thin bands of clay. Upper part is
dominantly reddish brown and yellowish brown sandstone, becoming pale
towards the top. The sandstone is well sorted, cross bedded and has abundant
ripple marks and mud cracks and also shows convolute bedding in the lower part
(Plate 4.3, 4.4).
The Khewra Sandstone can be divided into 4 units: (Saqib et. al 2009)
1. The lower unit, often called the “Maroon Shale Group”, consists of thin
bedded, dark red to brown, argillaceous siltstone, with intercalations of
dark purple shales. Occasionally argillaceous sandstones are present.
2. The middle unit is a thin bedded to flaggy, purple to brick red sandstone. It
is generally micaceous, fine grained and silty at the base; the grain size
increases towards the top. Sedimentary structures like ball and pillow,
climbing ripples, parting lineation, tabular and trough cross bedding are
present.
3. The upper unit consists of light red to yellowish white sandstone which is
medium hard to friable. It gets coarser towards the top. Wedge planar
cross bedding, large scale trough cross bedding, honey comb weathering
are prominent feature of this.
4. The topmost unit of the Khewra sandstone is yellowish white, friable,
medium grained, sandstone which shows high percentage of quartz. The
sandstone is ferruginous; cross bedded and contains calcareous lenses.

Khewra Sandstone is widely distributed in the southern parts of the area,
but it is only restricted in the nalas. It is 98m thick in the Nanj Nala.
It forms broken cliffs above the Salt Range Formation.
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Contacts
The contact of Khewra Sandstone with the underlying Salt Range
Formation is conformable and gradational (Plate 4.5). Its upper contact with
Tobra Formation is Unconformable and sharp (Plate 4.6).
Age
The Khewra Sandstone does not contain well-preserved fossils but
possesses evidence of organic remains and trace fossils which have been
interpreted as “diggings of trilobites” (Schindewolf and Seilacher, 1955).
Because of its position between the Late Proterozoic Salt Range
Formation and the fossiliferous Early Cambrian Kussak Formation, in the Eastern
Salt Range the Khewra Sandstone is thought to represent the basal part of the
Lower Cambrian.
4.2.3 Tobra Formation

The term Tobra Formation has been introduced by Gee (written
communication, 1964), for the lowest unit of the Nilawahan Group. "Talchir
Series" of Blanford (1856), "Talchir Conglomerate", "Talchir Stage" of Gee (in
Pascoe, 1959), "Talchir Boulder Beds" of Pascoe (1959), "Salt Range Boulder
Bed" of Teichert (1967) were known in previous literature. Tobra village (lat.
32°40’N; long. 72°50’E) Eastern Salt Range, Jhelum district, Punjab Province
Lithology
The formation includes following units from base to top (Plate 4.7).
• Boulders which are mainly pink granites and grayish quartzite.

• Red pebble bedded sandstone.
• Grayish cross bedded siltstone (Plate 4.8).
• White massive sandstone.
• Black shale with grit lenses (Plate 4.9).
.
6

It is only present in the southern part of the project area, along nalas. The
formation has a thickness of 10m.
It tends to form steep slopes.
Contacts
The lower contact of the Tobra Formation is a widespread unconformity
with Khewra Sandstone. The upper contact with the Dandot Formation is
(gradational) conformable. The contact can be recognized with change in
lithology from black and dark brown shale to greenish sandstone of Dandot
Formation
Age
The Tobra Formation contains ostracodes, and fresh water bivalves,
pollen, spores, microplanktons as well as flora remains including Glossopteris
and Gangamopteris (Reed 1936). On the basis of fauna the age is considered as
Early Permian (Shah, 1977).
4.2.4 Dandot Formation

The “Dandot Group” of Noetling (1901 a, b) is formalized as Dandot
Formation after the village Dandot in Eastern Salt Range, Jhelum district, Punjab
Province. "Olive Series", "Conularia Beds", "Erydesma Beds” of Wynne (1878),
"Speckled Sandstone" of Waagen (1879), and "Dandot Group" of Noetling (1901)
were different names assigned for this formation. East of Dandot (lat. 32°39’N;
long. 72°58’E) Jhelum district, Punjab Province. The Khewra-Choa Saiden Shah
road section is designated as the principal reference section.
Lithology
In the project area the lithology consists of light-grey to olive green
sandstone with occasional pebbly beds and subordinate dark grey and greenish
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splintery shales.

The formation is well exposed toward the Kund village, in the project area
it is not well exposed due to the presence of Colluvial matter. The thickness of
this formation in the mapped area is 12m.
It forms the poorly exposed slopes below the cliffs of Warchha Sandstone.
Contacts
The Dandot Formation has a gradational contact with the underlying Tobra
Formation. The upper contact with Warchha Sandstone is conformable and
sharp
Fossils
The Formation contains rich fauna of brachiopods, bivalves, gastropods,
pteropods, bryozoans and ostracodes, as well as spores (Kadri, 1995).
Age
On the basis of the stratigraphic position of the formation above the Tobra
Formation, and the presence of fauna in the formation, Early Permian age has
been assigned.
4.2.5 Warchha Sandstone

The name “Warchha Sandstone“ was coined by Hussain (1967), prior to
this other terms were “Warchha Group“ by Noetling (1901) after the Warchha
Gorge in the Salt Range in Mianwali district, Punjab Province. "Middle Speckled
Sandstone" of Waagen (1889-91) and "Speckled Sandstone" of Gee (1945) were
also prevalent in literature. The type section of Warchha Sandstone is Warchha
Gorge (lat. 32°27’N; long. 71°58’E), in Central Salt Range, Punjab Province.
Lithology
This formation consists predominantly of sandstone. The sandstone is red,
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purple or lighter shades of pink color. It is medium to coarse-grained and is

pebbly, friable and arkosic. The pebbles are of mostly of pink granite, quartzite
and feldspar. The sandstone is thick bedded. It is highly jointed and is locally
speckled (Plate 4.10).

The formation is widely distributed in the southern part of the mapped
area. It is mainly present along the nalas; it is also present in the northern part
near Kathwai. It is 57m thick in the project area.
It tends to form cliffs.
Contacts
The lower contact with Dandot Formation is conformable and sharp. The
upper contact with the Sardhai Formation is transitional which is placed at the top
of the highest massive sandstone.
Fossils
No diagnostic fossils are known from this formation except from worm-
casts and petrified wood (Fatmi, 1973).
Age
On the basis of stratigraphic position, Early Permian age has been
assigned to this formation.
4.2.6 Sardhai Formation

The name Sardhai Formation as approved by the Stratigraphic Committee
of Pakistan was given by Gee. Prior to Gee (in Pascoe 1959) had called it
“Lavender clay stage”. Wynne (1878) had called it “Lavender clays” and Noetling
(1901) called it the “upper part of Warchha Group”. The type section as
suggested by Gee is in the Sardhai Gorge in the eastern part of the Salt Range.
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Lithology
This formation consists of bluish, lavender, purplish and greenish grey
clay with subordinate bands of sandy limestone. This formation shows variation
in color. Intercalated sandstone is white in color. At some places carbonaceous
shale is also present.

This formation outcrops in southern part of areas mostly along the road. It
is approximately 7m thick.
Topographic Expressions
It is poorly exposed along the slopes. It is easily eroded due to its soft
nature and forms irregular streams and gullies.
Contacts
It has transitional contact with Warchha Sandstone. The upper contact
with Amb Formation is lithologically well defined (Plate 4.11). Both lower and
upper contacts are conformable
Fossils
Hussain (1960) has reported the following fossils from the sandy
limestone beds: Anastomopora sp., Fenestella sp., Athyris sp. distinct plant
fossils are also reported in carbonaceous bands of the formation.
Age
The age on the basis of above fossils is Early Permian.
4.2.7 Amb Formation

The name “Amb sandstone beds” was introduced by Waagen (1891) and
Teichert (1965) suggested the name Amb Formation, which was formalized by
the Stratigraphic Committee of Pakistan. The name has been derived from the
village of Amb in the Central Salt Range, which is designated as the type section
for the formation.
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Lithology
The formation consists of sandstone, sandy limestone, calcareous
sandstone and shales. The sandstone is brownish grey and is medium to thick
bedded. It is fine to medium-grained. The limestone is sandy, brownish grey,
medium bedded. The shales are grey to dark grey, sandy in some beds.

This formation is widely distributed in the central and northern part of the
project area. In the central part, it outcrops below the Wargal Limestone cliffs
where the nalas start. It is mostly covered with the Wargal Limestone’s scree. In
the project area it is not more than 16 meters.
It forms poorly exposed slopes.
Contacts
It conformably overlies the Sardhai Formation and underlies the Wargal
Limestone. The contact with the both formations is gradational in nature.
Fossils
Passcoe (1959) listed about 165 species from the Amb Formation of
which only about 28 are mollusks. The lower part is rich in fusilinids and various
species of brachiopods, bryozoans, bivalves and gastropods has been reported.
Numerous crinoidal stems and algae are seen in thin-section.
Age
On the basis of the above fossils the formation is considered to be of Early

Permian age.
4.2.8 Wargal Formation

The “Wirgal Group” of Noetling (1901) is formalized as Wargal Formation
after the village Wargal in the Central Salt Range, Punjab Province.
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Lithology
The formation consists of grey dolomitic limestone (Plate 4.12). The
limestone is thick bedded to massive and highly fractured. Stylolites and
stromatictic structures are observed in the limestone (Plate 4.13, 4.14). In the
upper part nodular limestone interbedded with marl is present.

This formation is widely distributed in the mapped area and it forms bold
cliff. Thickness of this formation in the project area is 59 meters.
It forms rugged, bold cliffs and prominent steep slopes.
Contacts
The contact of Wargal Limestone with the underlying Amb Formation is
conformable and is not well defined. The upper contact with Chhidru Formation is
transitional.
Fossils
Brachiopods, Sponges, Corals, and Crinoids were recognized during the
field excursion. Passcoe (1959) listed about 400 fossils species from this
formation, roughly two-third of them being Brachiopods. Many other fossils are
reported such as bivalves, Gastropods, Trilobites, Otracodes and fishes.
Age
The age of the formation is Late Permian.
4.2.9 Chhidru Formation

The name “Chhidru beds” was given by Waagen (1891) and
“Chhidru Group” by Noetling to the topmost beds of commonly known “Productus
Limestone” and is derived from Chhidru Nala. The name Chhidru Formation was
introduced by Dunbar (1932) which is now formalized.
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Lithology
In the mapped area the formation begins with pale-yellowish grey to
medium dark grey shales. This underlies a sequence of dirty brown color sandy
limestone and calcareous sandstone, also greenish khaki sandstone with clay
beds. A hardground in Chhidru Formation is exposed near Narwari Garden(Plate
4.15).

This formation is widely distributed in the mapped area and it forms flat
area above the Wargal Limestone cliffs. Thickness of this formation in the project
area is 30 meters.
Contacts
The lower contact with Wargal Limestone is conformable. The upper
contact is unconformable, near the village Kathwai its upper contact is marked by
a Paraconformity with the Mianwali Formation while in the rest of the area the
upper contact with the Hangu Formation is unconformably (Plate 4.17). It is sharp
and well defined marked by Laterite.
Fossils
The formation is fossiliferous containing brachiopods, ammonoids, and
corals (Plate 4.16). The genus Ammonoids cyclous is restricted to this formation
(Kummel and Teichert, 1970).
Age
The age of the formation is Late Permian.
4.2.10 Mianwali Formation

Nomenclature and type Locality
The name “Mianwali Series” was used by Gee (in Pascoe 1959) and later
modified by Kummel (1966) into a formation. It represents the lower part of Gee’s
“Mianwali Series” and incorporates all of Waagen’s (1879, 1895) facies. Type
locality of the formation is Nammal Gorge Western Salt Range.
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Lithology
The formation mainly consists of limestone, shale, dolomite, sandstone
and marl. The following three members have been recognized by Kummel (1966)
in the Salt Range:
• Narmia Member
• Mittiwali Member and
• Kathwai Member
But in the project area, only two members exposed that is Kathwai and
Mittiwali member.
Kathwai Member
The Kathwai member was used by Kummel and Teichert (1966) after its
type locality near Kathwai. It consists of dolomite in the lower part and limestone
in the upper part. The limestone is cream colored. The dolomite is fine crystalline,
thinly bedded and contains numerous fossils fragment. Ammonite fossils are
abundant. The thickness of this unit at this locality is 3.5 meters.
Mittiwali Member
The Mittiwali Member contains light grey to greenish brown sandy
limestone that grades into calcareous sandstone with marly horizons (Plate
4.18).

The formation is not well exposed in the project area. It is absent in the
southern part of the area. Kathwai Member was found near Kathwai village and
Mittiwali Member was found on the while going from Dada Golra to Chhapar
Sharif. In both the locations the formation is covered by scree, and hard to
measure the thickness.
It generally forms slopes.
Contacts
The lower contact with Chhidru Formation is marked by a Paraconformity
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while the upper contact with the Hangu Formation is unconformably. It is sharp
and well defined marked by Laterite.
Fossils
The formation contains bivalves, brachiopods, ammonoids, nautiloids,
echinoid spines and crinoidal remains (Kummel and Teichert, 1970). Mainly
ceratite are present in the formation.
Age
On the basis of above fossils the age of the formation is Early Triassic.
4.2.11 Hangu Formation

Davies and Pinfold (1973) used the term “Dhak Pass Beds” for the lower
most rocks of Paleozoic age, exposed in Dhak Pass on Mianwali- Talagang road.
Danilchik and Shah (1967) substituted the term “Formation” for the “Beds” in
compliance with the Stratigraphic code of Pakistan. Exposures of these beds is
the Surghar Range were referred as “Makarwal Coal Stage” by E. R Gee in
1938.The Hangu Shale and Hangu Sandstone of Davies (1930) from Kohat area
have been formalized by the Stratigraphic Committee of Pakistan (1973) as
Hangu Formation. Type section of the formation is Fort Lockhart in the Samana
Range.
Lithology
In the project area, the lithology is marked by Laterite which and is
composed of sandstone in the lower part. The sandstone is white in color,
weathers to rusty brown. It is massive and friable. Above this quartz arenite unit
there is ferruginous sandstone. The ferruginous sandstone shows tidal bedding.
It is rusty brown in color (Plate 4.19).

The formation is well exposed in the mapped area. It is not found along
the nalas but found in the north where nalas start. Its thickness in the project
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area is 8m.
It forms gentle slopes on weathering.
Contacts
In the southern part of the project area the upper and lower contact of the
formation is with Patala Formation and Chhidru Formation (Plate 4.20), while in
the northern part its upper contact is with Lockhart Limestone and lower contact
is with Mianwali Formation.
Fossils
No fossils evidence was seen in the field survey. However, Davies (1937),
Cox (1933) reported the mollusks and corals from the upper part of Hangu
formation.
Age
On the basis of the above fossil evidence, and stratigraphic position, Early
Paleocene age is assigned to this formation.
4.2.12 Lockhart Limestone

Davies (1930) introduced the term “Lockhart Limestone” for the Paleocene
Limestone in the Kohat area after Fort Kohat in Western Kohat. This name is
extended by the Stratigraphic Committee of Pakistan for similar units in
neighboring areas.
Lithology
In the mapped area it consists of brown grey nodular limestone which is
well bedded and highly fossiliferous (Plate 4.20).

This formation is not well exposed in the project area. The only outcrop
present in mapped area was seen along the footpath leading from Dada Golra to
16
Chapphar Sharif where it is exposed in a very small area. It is not more than 3m
in the project area.
Contacts
The Lockhart limestone conformably overlies the Hangu Formation and
underlies the Patala Formation.
Fossils
This limestone is highly fossiliferous. It contains the same type of fossils
as Nammal Formation. Lockartia, Assilina, Nummulites was reported in the
formation.
Age
Paleocene age is assigned to this limestone on the basis of the above
fossils.
4.2.13 Patala Formation

The "Patala Shale" of Davies and Pinfold (1937) is formalized as Patala
Formation after the Patala Nala in the Western Salt Range, Mianwali district,
Punjab Province. "Nummulitic Formation" of Wynne (1878), part of "Hill
Limestone" of Wynne (1873) and Cotter (1933); unit "4" of "Nummulitic Series" of
Middlemiss (1896); “Upper Ranikot Beds and Breccia cap" of Davies (1930);
“Patala Shale" of Davies and Pinfold (1937), "Tarkhobi Shales" of Eames (1952)
and “Kuzagali Shale” of Latif (1970 a) are the various terminology used for Patala
Formation in old literature. Patala Nala (lat. 32°40'N; long. 71°49'E), in Western
Salt Range, Mianwali district, Punjab Province has been designated as type
section.
Lithology
In the mapped area, this formation consists of shales which are dark
greenish grey in color. The carbonaceous shale has selenite crystals. Coal
seams of economic value are present in the carbonaceous shales. Marl is also
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present in this area of dark grey color. Nodular limestone which is grey in color is
also interbedded in shales. Reddish and purplish encrustations are present due
to alteration. Sandstone which is yellow brown is present in the upper part.

The formation is distributed in the northern part of the project area. The
thickness in the project area is 10m.
It forms gentle slopes below the cliff forming Nammal Limestone.
Contacts
The formation overlies unconformably the Hangu Formation except at one
place near Dada Golra Sharif it conformably overlain by Lockhart Limestone. It is
overlain conformably by Nammal Formation. The contact with Nammal Formation
is transitional.
Fossils
The Formation contains abundant foraminifera, mollusks, and ostracodes.
The larger Foraminifera include Assilina dandotica, A. granulosa, Daviesina
khatiyahi, Lockhartia conditi, L. hunti, Operculina canalifera, O. patalensis,
Rotalia dukhani and Sakesaria ornate (Kazmi and Abbasi, 2008). At some
localities ichnofossils are also found (Plate 4.22).
Age
The age of the formation is Late Paleocene.
4.2.14 Nammal Formation

The "Nammal Limestone and Shale" of Gee is formalized as Nammal
Formation after the Nammal Gorge, in the Western Salt Range, Mianwali district
of Punjab Province. Prior to this other terms were "Nammal Limestone and
Shale" of Gee (1935), and "Nammal Marl" of Danilchik and Shah (1967). Nammal
Gorge, Western Salt Range, Punjab province, is type locality of this formation.
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Lithology
In the mapped area, lithology of this formation consists of limestone in the
upper part and marl below. Limestone and marl is almost is equal parts but marl
becomes dominant in the basal part. The limestone is whitish to medium grey,
argillaceous hard, dense, medium to thick bedded. It is nodular in part. Nodules
are mostly stretched. Crystallization of calcite was noted in the joints.
Foraminifera are seen as small whitish specks on the weathered surface. Marl is
whitish to medium grey calcareous claystone which becomes silty at places.

This formation is widely distributed in the northern part of the project area.
It forms continuous escarpments. It is 56m thick in the project area.
The Nammal Formation as a whole forms escarpments and the steep
slopes. Marl horizon forms slopes while limestone forms edges.
Contacts
The lower contact of Nammal Formation is placed at the top of gentle
slope formed by underlying Patala Formation. The contact is conformable with a
thin transitional zone of grey marl and shales. The upper contact with the
Sakesar Limestone is conformable, sharp and distinct (Plate 4.23).
Fossils
The Formation contains mollusks and foraminifera. Some important
foraminifera include Nummulites atacicus, N. subatacicus, N. mamillatus, N.
irregularis, Assilina granulosa, A. laminosa, A. spinosa, A. subspinosa, A.
daviesi, Lockartia tipperi, L. hunti, L. conditi and Discocyclina ranikotensis (Kazmi
and Abbasi, 2008).
Age
On the basis of the above fauna, Late Paleocene to Eocene age has been
assigned to this formation.
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4.2.15 Sakesar Limestone

The term "Sakesar Limestone" has been introduced by Gee after the peak
Sakesar in the Central Salt Range. Sakesar Peak (lat. 32°31'30"N; long.
71°36'E), Central Salt Range. Principal reference section is Bhadrar village (lat.
32°41'N; long. 72°31'E) in Eastern Salt Range, Jhelum district, Punjab Province.
Lithology
The formation consists predominantly of limestone with subordinate marl.
The limestone throughout its extent is cream colored to light grey, nodular,
usually massive with considerable development of chert in the upper part.
In the mapped area, the Sakesar limestone is composed of dense
homogeneous limestone which varies from light grey to dark grey in color. It is
massive to thick bedded and is highly fossiliferous at places.

It is widely distributed in the northern part of the mapped area. It is not
measured in the project area.
It forms high peaks, cliffs and prominent escarpment.
Contacts
The formation conformably overlies the Nammal Formation.
Fossils
The Sakesar Limestone has a sporadic capricious distribution of fossils.
Foraminifers are most abundant followed in numbers by mollusks and echinoids.
Age
On the base of fauna, Early Eocene age has been given to this unit
(Kazmi and Abbasi, 2008).
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Plate 4.1 Facing towards West, marl of Salt Range Formation in Chhibra Nala
(lat. 32° 27 4.43 , long. 72°14 38.89 )
Plate 4.2 Facing towards NW, dolomite and oil shales of Salt Range Formation in
Nanj Nala (lat. 32° 26 20.38 , long. 72°12 24.99 )
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Plate 4.3 Facing towards SE, wedge cross bedding in Khewra Sandstone, Nanj
Nala (lat. 32° 26 40.95 , long. 72°12 58.67 )
Plate 4.4 Facing towards SE, Thin horizon showing load-induced convolute
lamination in silty mudstone sandwiched between fine sandstone beds ( ball and
pillow structure), Khewra Sandstone, Nanj Nala (lat. 32° 26 42.76 , long.
72°12 23.74 )
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Khewra Sandstone
Salt Range Formation
Plate 4.5 Facing towards NNW, contact between Salt Range Formation and
Khewra Sandstone, in Sola Nala (lat. 32° 27 27.33 , long. 72°13 5.51 )
Tobra Formation
Khewra Sandstone
Plate 4.6 Facing towards SE, contact between Khewra Sandstone and Tobra
Formation, in Chhibra Nala (lat. 32° 27 5.01 , long. 72°14 37.74 )
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Massive white
Sandstone
Cross bedded
siltstone
Red Sandstone
Plate 4.7 Facing towards NE, different lithologic units of Tobra Formation (lat. 32°
27 5.01 , long. 72°14 37.74 )
Plate 4.8 Facing towards E, tabular cross bedding in the siltstone unit of Tobra
Formation, Chhibra Nala (lat. 32° 27 5.01 , long. 72°14 37.74 )
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Plate 4.9 Facing towards E, Grit lens in the black Shale of Tobra Formation,
Chhibra Nala (lat. 32° 27 5.01 , long. 72°14 37.74 )
Plate 4.10 Facing towards E, an outcrop of massive bedded Warchha

Sandstone, Chhibra Nala (lat. 32° 26 58.94 , long. 72°13 7.14 )
25
Amb Formation
Sardhai Formation
Plate 4.11 Facing towards NNW, contact between Sardhai Formation and Amb
Formation along Sakesar-Khushab road (lat. 32° 26 42.75 , long. 72°13 41.34 )
Plate 4.12 Facing towards NNE, an outcrop of Wargal Limestone along Sakesar-
Khushab road (lat. 32° 27 59.04 , long. 72°13 38.77 )
26
Plate 4.13 Facing towards EEN, stromatictic structure in Wargal Limestone (lat.
32° 31 59.49 , long. 72°12 58.47 )
Plate 4.14 Facing towards EEN, tooth like stylolites in Wargal Limestone (lat. 32°
31 59.21 , long. 72°12 58.74 )
27
Plate 4.15 Facing towards SSW, a hardground in Chhidru Formation along

Sakesar-Khushab road (lat. 32° 27 59.04 , long. 72°13 38.77 )
Plate 4.16 Facing towards NNW, abundant Productus in Chhidru Formation

along Sakesar-Khushab road (lat. 32° 28 7.44 , long. 72°13 39.58 )
28
Hangu
Formation
Chhidru
Formation
Plate 4.17 Facing towards SE, contact between Chhidru Formation and Hangu
Formation, near Dada Golra Sharif (lat. 32° 27 35.73 , long. 72°11 20.39 )
Plate 4.18 Facing towards NNW, Mittiwali Member of Mianwali Formation, near
Dada Golra Sharif (lat. 32° 27 44.54 , long. 72°11 43.23 )
29
Massive ferruginous Sandstone
Tidal bedded Sandstone
White Quartz
Arenite
Plate 4.19 Facing towards N, different units in Hangu Formation, near Dada
Golra Sharif along Sakesar-Khushab road (lat. 32° 28 4.3 , long. 72°12 8.9 )
Patala Formation
Hangu Formation
Plate 4.20 Facing towards NE, contact between Hangu Formation and Patala
Formation along Sakesar-Khushab road (lat. 32° 28 8.61 , long. 72°13 43.10 )
30
Plate 4.21 Facing towards S, only outcrop of Lockhart Limestone, near Dada
Golra Sharif (lat. 32° 28 51.09 , long. 72°12 24.48 )
Plate 4.22 Facing towards NNE, Ichno fossils in Patala F2ormation, near
Chapphari village (lat. 32° 28 26. , long. 72°13 10.56 )
31
Sakesar Limestone
Nammal Formation
Plate 4.23 Facing towards NE, contact between Nammal Formation and Sakesar
Limestone along Sakesar-Khushab road (lat. 32° 28 47.05 , long. 72°12 36.65 )
32

Chapter 4 Stratigraphy

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Chapter 4 Stratigraphy

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Chapter # 4 Stratigraphy

Recent to Sub Recent alluvium

Figure 4.1 Diagrammatic sketch showing stratigraphic settings and major

4.2.1 Salt Range Formation

Distribution and Thickness

Khewra Sandstone is widely distributed in the southern parts of the area,

4.2.2 Khewra Sandstone

Distribution and Thickness

4.2.3 Tobra Formation

• Boulders which are mainly pink granites and grayish quartzite.

Distribution and Thickness

4.2.4 Dandot Formation

Distribution and Thickness

4.2.5 Warchha Sandstone

purple or lighter shades of pink color. It is medium to coarse-grained and is

Distribution and Thickness

4.2.6 Sardhai Formation

Distribution and Thickness

4.2.7 Amb Formation

Distribution and Thickness

On the basis of the above fossils the formation is considered to be of Early

4.2.8 Wargal Formation

Distribution and Thickness

4.2.9 Chhidru Formation

Distribution and Thickness

4.2.10 Mianwali Formation

Distribution and Thickness

4.2.11 Hangu Formation

Distribution and Thickness

It forms gentle slopes on weathering.

4.2.12 Lockhart Limestone

Distribution and Thickness

4.2.13 Patala Formation

Distribution and Thickness

4.2.14 Nammal Formation

Distribution and Thickness

4.2.15 Sakesar Limestone

Distribution and Thickness

Salt Range Formation

Plate 4.10 Facing towards E, an outcrop of massive bedded Warchha

Plate 4.15 Facing towards SSW, a hardground in Chhidru Formation along

Plate 4.16 Facing towards NNW, abundant Productus in Chhidru Formation

Massive ferruginous Sandstone

Tidal bedded Sandstone

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