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F3 Science Chapter 6

Land and Its Resources

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Minerals
• Rocks – made up of minerals
• Minerals – solid elements/compounds found
naturally
• Example?

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Gold

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Quartz 石英 (silicon dioxide)

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Limestone 石灰石 (calcium carbonate)

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Minerals
• Most minerals, are found as natural compounds
in the form of oxides, sulphides,
carbonates, and silicates.
• Although there are about 3000 types of minerals
in the Earth’s crust, only 25 types are present in
large quantities

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Identifying the elements in natural
compounds
• Minerals found as natural compound --- metallic
elements combined with non-metallic elements
• Example: Haematite 赤铁矿

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Elements present in minerals that are found
as natural compounds
Natural compound Mineral Elements
Oxide Haematite Iron, oxygen
Cassiterite Tin, oxygen
Carbonate Calcite Calcium, carbon, oxygen
Malachite Copper, carbon, oxygen
Sulphide Iron pyrite Iron, sulphur
Galena Lead, sulphur
Silicate China clay Aluminium, silicon, oxygen
Calcium silicate Calcium, silicon, oxygen

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Properties of minerals
• Hard
• Insoluble
• Heating?
▫ Most metal oxides are stable, cannot be broken
down by heating.
▫ But there are exceptions

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When some minerals are heated…
1. Metal Suphide
▫ Breaks down into a metal oxide and releases
sulphur dioxide gas
▫ Equation?
▫ This gas changes the potassium manganate (VII)
solution from purple to colourless

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When some minerals are heated…
2. Metal Carbonate
▫ Change to their oxides and carbon dioxide
when burnt in air.
▫ Equation?
▫ The carbon dioxide gas causes limewater to turn
cloudly

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6.2 Reactions Between Metal and
Non-metal
• Reaction of metals with oxygen
▫ A metal oxide is formed
▫ Equation?
 Metal + oxygen –(heated)--> Metal oxide
• Reaction of metals with sulphur
▫ A metal sulphide is formed
▫ Equation?
 Metal + Sulphur –(heated)--> Metal sulphide

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Reactions of Metals with O2
Metal Reaction Product of
rate reaction
Magnesium Very fast Magnesium oxide
Aluminium Very fast Aluminium oxide
Zinc Fast Zinc oxide
Iron Fast Iron oxide
Copper Slow Copper oxide

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Reactions of Metals with Sulphur, S
Metal Reaction Product of reaction
rate
Magnesium Very fast Magnesium sulphide
Aluminium Very fast Aluminium sulphide
Zinc Fast Zinc sulphide
Iron Fast Iron sulphide
Copper Slow Copper sulphide

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6.3 Silicon Compounds 硅 , 矽

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6.3 Silicon Compounds 硅 , 矽
• Silicon is the second most abundant element in
the Earth’s crust.
• Silicon does not exist as a free element in its
natural state, but in compounds
• Silicon compounds in the Earth’s crust – silica,
silicates

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Silica 矽石 – silicon dioxide

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Silicates 硅酸盐– silicon, metal, oxygen

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Silicon compounds and their examples
Silicon Example
compound
Silica Sand, quartz
Silicate Asbestos, jade, clay, mica

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Asbestos
Jade

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Clay

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Mica 云母

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Silica and Silicates
• Insoluble in water
• Do not react with acid
• Do not break down when heated
• That’s why they are very stable in the Earth crust
• Hence, not easily eroded, found in large
quantities in the Earth’s crust

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Silica and Silicates
• In industry:
▫ Manufacture of glass, fiber optic cables, ceramics

ceramics

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6.4 Calcium compounds
• Calcium carbonate is an important calcium
compound
• Consists of calcium, carbon, and oxygen

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Marble

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Animal shell

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Coral

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Calcium Carbonate
• Insoluble in water
• Reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce
salt, water and carbon dioxide
• Equation?

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Calcium carbonate
• When heated strongly, calcium carbonate
changes to calcium oxide (quicklime) and carbon
dioxide is released
• Few drops of water are added to calcium oxide,
effervescence occur and heat is given off,
forming calcium hydroxide
• When more water is added, it dissolves to form
calcium hydroxide solution, also known as
limewater
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Petroleum

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Petroleum
• Mixture of several hydrocarbons, which consist
of hydrogen and carbon only
• Hydrocarbons in petroleum are separated by a
process called fractional distillation

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