Gauss – Seidel Method

Gauss -Seidel method is an iterative

method for solving a set of non-linear
equations. To obtain the load flow solution
from GS method assumed that all buses
other then the slack bus are load bus or PQ
buses.
The number of non-linear equation is (n-1)
where n is the total number of buses in the
system.
 GS load flow equation

…………Eq.1

Where
K is the number of iteration
p is the bus number
n is the number of buses
 Solving steps for problem

•Assume all buses other then slack bus are load buses.
•Ybus matrix is assembled by direct inspection method or singular
transformation method.
•Initially all voltages are set equal to (1+j0).
•Set iteration count k =0
•Set bus count p=0
•The power for load buses taken as negative and that for generator buses
as positive.
•Calculate the value of Vp from eq.1
•After calculation of Vp process of convergence can be speeded up if the
voltage correction during consecutive iteration is modified by:

Where α known as acceleration factor.

 If generator buses are present

At the PV buses , P and |V| are specified and Q and δ are

the unknowns to be determine. Therefore ,the value of Q
and δ are to be updated in every GS iteration through bus
equation .
Q calculated from the equation given below
 Condition for reactive power Q

•Q min ≤Qp ≤Qmax.

• If calculated Qp lies within the limit therefore Vp will be taken
as |Vp|spec.
• If Qp ≤ Q min then reactive power generation for bus P is fixed
at the lower limit, and the bus is treated as a load bus for this
iteration.
• If Qp ≥ Q max reactive power generation for bus P is fixed at
the upper limit and bus treated as a load bus.
• Generator bus treated as a load bus means that the
specified quantities are and unknown are |V|and δ but P & Q
are to be taken as positive as in case of a generator bus in
contrast to a laod bus where P and Q taken as negative.