History and Theory of Architecture 1 Chapter 1 (Download Only)

ADA 123 : HISTORY & THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1
CHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTION
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD
School Of Architecture
Faculty Of Built Environment
© 2010 Cosmopoint
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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION
TOPIC OUTLINES
1: INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION TO THE SUBJECT & SYLLABUS OUTLINE

1.1 Introduction to History & Theory of Architecture
1.2 A word about Drawing & Images
1.3 Ancient Mesopotamia
1.3.1 Sumerians & Akkadians
1.3.2 Neo-Sumerians
1.3.3 Babylonians & Hittities
1.3.4 Assyrians
1.3.5 Neo-Babylonians
1.3.6 Persians

© 2010 Cosmopoint Slide 2 of 36
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of the course, students should be able to:
LO1 Students able to understand the world architecture and able

to identify building typology such as tombs, palaces, and
temples.

1.3 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Introduction
Called MESOPOTAMIA= between rivers

(by Greek)
YEARS ACHIEVEMENTS
Starts: 4000 BCE Developed WRITTEN LANGUAGE for

DOCUMENTING GOVERNMENTAL
Outstanding: 3500 BCE TRANSACTION + LITERARY PURPOSE
Ended: 331 BCE

Developed in independent URBAN
COMMUNITIES=CITY STATES
AREA
TIGRIS & EUPHRATES rivers, Middle

Eastern= NOW IRAQ & IRAN
* MESOPOTAMIA HISTORIC PERIOD HAS BEEN SIGNIFICANTLY EVOLVED BY ITS PEOPLE NAMELY

Called
MESOPOTAMIA=
between 2 rivers

4000-2350 BCE 525-331 BCE
SUMERIANS PERSIANS
THE 612-539 BCE

2350-2150 BCE
CIVILIZATION
EVOLVED BY NEO-
AKKADIANS PEOPLE BABYLONIANS
2150-2000 BCE 900-612 BCE
NEO-
SUMERIANS ASSYRIANS
1800-1600 BCE 1200-900 BCE

BABYLONIANS HITTITIES
1400-1200 BCE
1.3.1 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Sumerians
Al-Ubaid,Indo-Europian a nomadic people from steppes of Central Asia migrated to CASPIAN SEA.
YEARS SUMERIANS AREA
Fertile valley of East

Starts: 4000 BCE
Region of Caspian Sea.
ACHIEVEMENTS ARCHITECTURE
1-Mastered ART OF AGRICULTURE Influenced by the RELIGIOUS POWER:

2-Developed system of IRRIGATION=use MONUMENTAL
flood waters of Euphrates.
TEMPLE,
3-Believed in GOD=NATURAL ELEMENTS SHRINES,
4-Urban Communities developed around COMPLEXES,
SHRINES= SACRED PLACES OF GOD.
CULT STATUES

Temple stood on
PLATFORM
SUMERIANS
ARCHITECTURE
Greatly influenced by the

RELIGIOUS POWER
YEARS /
AREA A RECTANGULAR
BUTTRESSED
•ERIDU= earliest WALLS enclosed
development (3800 BCE) LONG SHRINE ROOM
flanked by smaller
SIDE CHAMBERS. SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD
SUMERIANS ARCHITECTURE= SHRINES & TEMPLES cont’d..

YEARS/
STYLES / ELEMENTS
PERIOD
• 3800 BCE •MASTER PLANNING=Featured ACROPOLIS with TWO TEMPLES, A SHRINE,

at GAWRA and DWELLING HOUSES
•DESIGN PLANNING=Temple had CENTRAL HALL with SIDE CHAMBERS.
•FORM=U-SHAPED form with OPEN COURTYARD.
•FINISHES=FAÇADE was articulated by BUTTRESSES AND PILASTERS,

MOTIFS OF EGYPTIAN Architecture
•MATERIALS= (super-structure) Sun-Baked BRICK by means of MUD IN

MOLDS. (Roof) light weight WOODEN MEMBERS or REEDS

SUMERIANS
YEARS /
AREA
•GAWRA= 3800 BCE
ARCHITECTURE
U-SHAPED form with BUTTRESSES AND

OPEN COURTYARD. PILASTERS

SUMERIANS ARCHITECTURE= SHRINES & TEMPLES cont’d..

YEARS/
STYLES / ELEMENTS
PERIOD
• 3500-3000 BCE at •METHOD OF CONTSTRUCTION=Developed by means of built on 40’H BASE of

URUK=WHITE rubble+coated with whitewash over BRICKS+panels with SLOPING BUTRESS
TEMPLE
•DESIGN PLANNING=Temple had CENTRAL HALL with SIDE CHAMBERS.
•FORM=U-SHAPED form with OPEN COURTYARD.
•FINISHES=FAÇADE was articulated by BUTTRESSES AND PILASTERS,

MOTIFS OF EGYPTIAN Architecture
•MATERIALS= (super-structure) Sun-Baked BRICK by means of MUD IN MOLDS.

(Roof) light weight WOODEN MEMBERS or REEDS

SUMERIANS
CENTRAL HALL with SIDE

CHAMBERS.
ARCHITECTURE
U-SHAPED form with OPEN
COURTYARD.
YEARS / 40’H BASE of SLOPING

BUTRESS
AREA
•URUK=
3500-3000 BCE

1.3.1 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Akkadians
The settlements of the Sumerians were disrupted about 2350

BCE, by the arrival of a new group of Semitic people from the
steppes of central Asia.

1.3.1 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Akkadians
An IMMIGRANTS=SEMITIC people from steppes of Central Asia
YEARS AKKADIANS AREA
City of AKKAD= West

Starts: 2350-2150 BCE
Bank of Euphrates
ACHIEVEMENTS
1-Establishments of WARRIOR KING

2-Imperial States + Many urban Cities

1.3.2 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Neo-Sumerians
The Akkadian Empire was overthrown in about 2150 BCE by

the Guti, a group of savage tribes from the mountain regions of
Iran.

Guti= A group of savage tribe from mountain of Iran,caused of POLITICAL allegiance

reminiscent of the FIRST SUMERIAN CITY STATES
YEARS NEO-SUMERIANS AREA
Starts: City of AKKAD= West

Bank of Euphrates
1-Development of URBAN TEMPLES FORM TEMPLE OF ZIGGURAT:
2-Elevated temple on 1-Stepped platform to elevate temples to GOD

2- Protection of Scared precinct from flood
ARTIFICIAL MOUNT=ZIGGURAT 3-Visual prominence (HIERARCHY)
4-Create Highland Dwelling Place

NEO-
SUMERIANS
TEMPLE OF ZIGGURAT: Stepped platform to elevate temples

ARCHITECTURE to GOD.
YEARS /
AREA
IRAQ 2100 BCE
1.3.3 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Babylonians
Dominance in the turbulent Mesopotamian region passed to

the Amorite Dynasty in the city-state of Babylon from about
1800-1600 BCE.

AMORITE DYNASTY= King Hammurabi (1728-1686 BCE) who restored Akkadian Tradition
YEARS BABYLONIANS AREA
Starts: 1800-1600 BCE City of state of Babylon
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT leading diverse GREAT TEMPLE OF MARDUK=KING OF GOD

City States

HITTITIES
ARCHITECTURE
YEARS /
AREA
MARDUK
TEMPLE
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT leading diverse City States
1.3.3 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Hittities
About 1530 BCE the Hittities, a vigorous Indo-European

people from Anatolia, overran the First Dynasty of Babylon.

Vigorous Indo-European people from Anatolia overran 1st Dynasty of Babylon
YEARS HITTITIES AREA
Starts: 1400-1200 BCE City of state of Babylon
Ruled Northern Mesopotamia and Syria from Asymmetrically built City of HATTUTAS
homeland capital=HATTUSAS (now Bogazkoy in
Turkey)

HITTITIES
ARCHITECTURE
YEARS /
AREA
HATTUSAS,
TURKEY
1400-1200 BCE Flanked Gates=Sculptures
Asymmetrical cityandofSphinxes/lions
Hattusa
1.3.4 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Assyrians
Fierce people from Northern Mesopotamia
YEARS ASSYRIANS AREA
Starts: 900 BCE

NINEVEH (Kuyunjik)
Ruled Northern Mesopotamia and Syria from THE ROYAL CITY OF KHORSABAD built by
homeland capital=HATTUSAS (now Bogazkoy in Sargon II 720 BCE.
Turkey)

1.3.4 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Assyrians
THE ROYAL CITY OF KHORSABAD built by Sargon II 720 BCE

ASSYRIANS
ARCHITECTURE
YEARS /
AREA
KHORSABAD
720 BCE

1.3.5 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Neo-Babylonians
After first losing the more remote portions of their Empire, the
Assyrians finally fell in 612 BCE to the combined assaults of
Babylonianss, Scythians, Persians, and Medes.

1.3.5 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Neo-Babylonians
Combined assaults of Babylonians, Scythians, Persians, and Medes
YEARS NEO-BABYLONIANS AREA
Starts:
Rebuilding and enlargements of Babylon under 1-City processional way= ISHTAR GATE 2-
Nebuchadnezzar II (604-562 BCE) Planted terraces= HANGING GARDEN
3-Crumbled Ruin of Ziggurat=TOWER OF BABEL

NEO-BABYLONIANS
ARCHITECTURE
YEARS /
AREA
BABYLON
612 BCE City processional way= ISHTAR GATE with animal motifs
NEO-BABYLONIANS
ARCHITECTURE
YEARS /
AREA
This hand-coloured engraving by the 16th-century Dutch artist Martin
BABYLON Heemskerck depicts the fabled Hanging Gardens of Babylon
612 BCE

1.3.6 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Persians
Babylon’s greatness was eclipsed in 539 BCE when it became part of

the Persian Empire of Cyrus II.
 The Persian had previously overthrown the Medes, and they
continued to expand outward from their capital at Susa (Iran) to
conquer all Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, and even Egypt by 525 BCE.

Persian Empire of Cyrus II
YEARS PERSIANS AREA
Starts: 525 BCE Persepolis (Iran)
ARCHITECTURE
ACHIEVEMENTS
1- EGYPTIAN TEMPLE GATES and hypostyle halls
CEREMONIAL CITY founded by Darius (518 BCE) 2- Hittie Audience Chambers

to supplement Susa (Administrative capital) and 3-Mesopotamian Sculpted animal motifs
Pasargadae (centers of court life)
4-The Great Palace
5- King Xerxes throne room=Hall of A Hundred columns
Plan of the Palace,Persepolis, (Iran, 518 BCE)

PERSIANS
ARCHITECTURE
YEARS /
AREA
BABYLON
612 BCE


EGYPTIAN TEMPLE GATES
PERSIANS
ARCHITECTURE
YEARS /
AREA
BABYLON
612 BCE

HYPOSTYLES HALLS= Resting on

PERSIANS pillars (by Greek term)
ARCHITECTURE
YEARS /
AREA
BABYLON
612 BCE

PERSIANS
ARCHITECTURE
Mesopotamian Column
Sculpted animal motifs
YEARS /
AREA
BABYLON
612 BCE

THANK YOU
YOUR NEXT SESSION WILL BE:
PLEASE READ:
Chapter 3 A World History of Architecture:
ANCIENT EGYPT


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ADA 123 : HISTORY & THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1

INTRODUCTION TO THE SUBJECT & SYLLABUS OUTLINE

SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD

© 2010 Cosmopoint Slide 2 of 36

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME

At the end of the course, students should be able to:

LO1 Students able to understand the world architecture and able

SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD

© 2010 Cosmopoint Slide 3 of 36

1.3 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Introduction

Called MESOPOTAMIA= between rivers

Starts: 4000 BCE Developed WRITTEN LANGUAGE for

Ended: 331 BCE

TIGRIS & EUPHRATES rivers, Middle

SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD

© 2010 Cosmopoint Slide 4 of 36

1.3 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Introduction

SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD

© 2010 Cosmopoint Slide 5 of 36

1.3 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Introduction

4000-2350 BCE 525-331 BCE

THE 612-539 BCE

2150-2000 BCE 900-612 BCE

1800-1600 BCE 1200-900 BCE

© 2010 Cosmopoint Slide 6 of 36

1.3.1 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Sumerians

YEARS SUMERIANS AREA

Fertile valley of East

1-Mastered ART OF AGRICULTURE Influenced by the RELIGIOUS POWER:

© 2010 Cosmopoint Slide 7 of 36

1.3.1 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Sumerians

Greatly influenced by the

© 2010 Cosmopoint Slide 8 of 36

1.3.1 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Sumerians

SUMERIANS ARCHITECTURE= SHRINES & TEMPLES cont’d..

• 3800 BCE •MASTER PLANNING=Featured ACROPOLIS with TWO TEMPLES, A SHRINE,

•DESIGN PLANNING=Temple had CENTRAL HALL with SIDE CHAMBERS.

•FORM=U-SHAPED form with OPEN COURTYARD.

•FINISHES=FAÇADE was articulated by BUTTRESSES AND PILASTERS,

•MATERIALS= (super-structure) Sun-Baked BRICK by means of MUD IN

SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD

© 2010 Cosmopoint Slide 9 of 36

1.3.1 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Sumerians

U-SHAPED form with BUTTRESSES AND

SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD

© 2010 Cosmopoint Slide 10 of 36

1.3.1 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Sumerians

SUMERIANS ARCHITECTURE= SHRINES & TEMPLES cont’d..

• 3500-3000 BCE at •METHOD OF CONTSTRUCTION=Developed by means of built on 40’H BASE of

•FORM=U-SHAPED form with OPEN COURTYARD.

•FINISHES=FAÇADE was articulated by BUTTRESSES AND PILASTERS,

•MATERIALS= (super-structure) Sun-Baked BRICK by means of MUD IN MOLDS.

SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD

© 2010 Cosmopoint Slide 11 of 36

1.3.1 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Sumerians

CENTRAL HALL with SIDE

YEARS / 40’H BASE of SLOPING

SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD

© 2010 Cosmopoint Slide 12 of 36

1.3.1 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Akkadians

The settlements of the Sumerians were disrupted about 2350

SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD

© 2010 Cosmopoint Slide 13 of 36

1.3.1 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Akkadians