Term Paper

Mechanics of Solid
CIV 207
Topic: - Methods for drawing shear-moment diagrams

Submitted To
Mr. Divakar Kommalapati
Submitted By
Atish Kumar
Reg. No.:- 4100070015
Roll No.:- RH5001A53
Class: - B-Tech-Civil (2nd Year)
 AKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this
term paper. I want to thank the Department of CIVIL ENGINEERING of LOVELY
PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY for giving me permission to commence this Term paper, to do
the necessary research work and to use departmental data. I would also like to thank to Mr.
DIVAKAR KOMMALAPATI, Lecturer in Mechanics of Solids, who gave and confirmed this
assignment and encouraged me to go ahead with my term paper.

I am finally thanking of our friends whose help, valuable suggestions and encouragement
helped me in all the time of research for and writing of this term paper.

THANK YOU.
 CONTENTS
S.N. Description Page No.
1. Introduction 1

2. Properties of Shear and Moment Diagrams 2

3. Calculation of external forces 3

4 Shear and Bending Moment Diagram Surface Oil Film 3

 Sign Convention 4

 Typical Diagrams 4

 Procedure 5

 Example 6

5 Relationships between load, shear, and moment diagrams 7

(Area Method)

 Procedure
8
 Example
9

6 Practical considerations 9

7 Rules of Thumb/Review 10

8 Reference 11
 Introduction
Shear and bending moment diagrams are analytical tools used in conjunction with structural
analysis to help perform structural design by determining the value of shear force and bending
moment at a given point of an element. Using these diagrams the type and size of a member of
a given material can be easily determined. Another application of shear and moment diagrams
is that the deflection can be easily determined using either the moment area method or the
conjugate beam method.

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Properties of Shear and Moment Diagrams

The following are some important properties of shear and moment diagrams:
1. The area of the shear diagram to the left or to the right of the section is equal to the
moment at that section.

2. The slope of the moment diagram at a given point is the shear at that point.

3. The slope of the shear diagram at a given point equals the load at that point.

4. The maximum moment occurs at the point of zero shears. This is in reference to
property number 2, that when the shear (also the slope of the moment diagram) is zero,
the tangent drawn to the moment diagram is horizontal.

5. When the shear diagram is increasing, the moment diagram is concave upward.

6. When the shear diagram is decreasing, the moment diagram is concave downward.

Normally a beam is analysed to obtain the maximum stress and this is compared to the
material strength to determine the design safety margin. It is also normally required to
calculate the deflection on the beam under the maximum expected load. The determination of
the maximum stress results from producing the shear and bending moment diagrams. To
facilitate this work the first stage is normally to determine all of the external loads.

Nomenclature
e = strain
σ = stress (N/m2)
E = Young's Modulus = σ /e (N/m2)
y = distance of surface from neutral surface (m).
R = Radius of neutral axis (m).
I = Moment of Inertia (m4 - more normally cm4)
Z = section modulus = I/ymax(m3 - more normally cm3)
M = Moment (Nm)
w = Distributed load on beam (kg/m) or (N/m as force units)
W = total load on beam (kg ) or (N as force units)
F= Concentrated force on beam (N)
S= Shear Force on Section (N)
L = length of beam (m)
x = distance along beam (m)

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Calculation of external forces

To allow determination of all of the external loads a free-body diagram is

construction with all of the loads and supports replaced by their equivalent
forces. A typical free-body diagram is shown below.

The unknown forces (generally the support reactions) are then determined using the equations for
plane static equilibrium.

For example considering the simple beam above the reaction R2 is determined by Summing the
moments about R1 to zero

R2. L - W.a = 0 Therefore R2 = W.a / L

R1 is determined by summing the vertical forces to 0

W - R1 - R2 = 0 Therefore R1 = W - R2

Shear and Bending Moment Diagram

The shear force diagram indicates the shear force withstood by the beam section along the
length of the beam.
The bending moment diagram indicates the bending moment withstood by the beam section
along the length of the beam.
It is normal practice to produce a free body diagram with the shear diagram and the bending
moment diagram position below

For simply supported beams the reactions are generally simple forces. When the beam is built-
in the free body diagram will show the relevant support point as a reaction force and a
reaction moment.

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Sign Convention
The sign convention used for shear force diagrams and bending moments is only important in
that it should be used consistently throughout a project. The sign convention used on this
page is as below.

Typical Diagrams
A shear force diagram is simply constructed by moving a section along the beam from (say)the
left origin and summing the forces to the left of the section. The equilibrium condition states
that the forces on either side of a section balance and therefore the resisting shear force of the
section is obtained by this simple operation

The bending moment diagram is obtained in the same way except that the moment is the sum
of the product of each force and its distance(x) from the section. Distributed loads are
calculated buy summing the product of the total force (to the left of the section) and the
distance(x) of the centroid of the distributed load.

The sketches below show simply supported beams with on concentrated force.

The sketches below show Cantilever beams with three different load combinations.

Note: The force shown if based on loads (weights) would need to be converted to force units i.e. 50kg = 50x9,81(g) = 490 N.

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Procedure
There are three major steps to constructing the shear and moment diagrams. The first is to
construct a loading diagram, the second is to calculate the shear force and the bending
moment as a function of the position of the beam, and the third is to draw the shear and
moment diagrams.

Loading diagram
A loading diagram shows all loads applied to the beam which includes the service loads as
well as the reaction loads. The service loads are loads put on the building during its use
these include dead, live, roof live, snow, wind, earthquake, and other types of loads. In
practice these loads are factored in a way such that they place the maximum reasonable
stresses on a structure. From the service loads and the structural configuration the reaction
loads can be determined using one several structural analysis methods including finite
element method and static analysis. Once the reaction loads have been determined the
loading diagram can be drawn.

Calculating the shear and moment

With the loading diagram drawn the next step is to find the value of the shear force and
moment at any given point along the element. For a horizontal beam one way to perform
this is at any point to "chop off" the right end of the beam and calculate the internal shear
force needed to keep the left portion of the beam in static equilibrium. That internal shear
force is the value of the shear force needed to plot on the shear diagram. The moment is
done in similar method by "chopping off" one end and calculating the bending moment at
that point but will generally be more complicated.
Both the shear and moment functions should be written as stepwise functions with respect
to position on the beam

Drawing the shear and moment diagrams

After the value of the shear force and bending moment diagram are defined for all regions
of the member the diagrams can finally be drawn. Important positions where maximum or
minimum values of shear force or bending moment occur should be dimensioned from one
end of the member noted with a dimension. Normally the shear diagram is drawn directly
below the loading diagram with the moment diagram drawn directly beneath the shear
diagram to show which points on the shear and moment diagrams line up with the
different loadings that the member is subjected to. The step functions and any calculations
are usually written out below the shear and moment diagrams.

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Example
Solution:
MA=0
6RD=4[2(30)]
RD=40kN
MD=0
6RA=2[2(30)]
RA=20kN

Segment AB:
VAB=20kN
MAB=20xkN m

Segment BC:
VBC=20−30(x−3)
VBC=110−30xkN
MBC=20x−30(x−3)(x−3) 2
MBC=20x−15(x−3)2kN m

Segment CD:
VCD=20−30(2)
VCD=−40kN
MCD=20x−30(2)(x−4)
MCD=20x−60(x−4)kN m

To draw the Shear Diagram:

1. For segment AB, the shear is uniformly

distributed at 20 kN.
2. VBC = 110 - 30x for segment BC; at x = 3 m,
VBC = 20 kN; at x = 5 m, VBC = -40 kN. For
VBC = 0, x = 3.67 m or 0.67 m from B.
3. The shear for segment CD is uniformly
distributed at -40 kN.

To draw the Moment Diagram:

1. For AB, MAB = 20x; at x = 0, MAB = 0; at

x = 3 m, MAB = 60 kN·m.
2. MBC = 20x - 15(x - 3)2 for segment BC is
second degree curve; at x = 3 m, MBC =
60 kN·m; at x = 5 m, MBC = 40
kN·m. Note: that maximum moment occurred at zero shear; at x = 3.67 m, MBC = 66.67 kN·m.
3. MCD = 20x - 60(x - 4) for segment BC is linear; at x = 5 m, MCD = 40 kN·m; at x = 6 m, MCD = 0.

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Relationships between load, shear, and moment diagrams (Area Method)
Since this method can easily become unnecessarily complicated with relatively simple
problems, it can be quite helpful to understand different relations between the loading, shear,
and moment diagram. The first of these is the relationship between a distributed load on the
loading diagram and the shear diagram. Since a distributed load varies the shear load
according to its magnitude it can be derived that the slope of the shear diagram is equal to the
magnitude of the distributed load. The relationship between distributed load and shear force
magnitude is

Some direct results of this is that a shear diagram will have a point change in magnitude if a
point load is applied to a member, and a linearly varying shear magnitude as a result of a
constant distributed load. Similarly it can be shown that the slope of the moment diagram at a
given point is equal to the magnitude of the shear diagram at that distance. The relationship
between distributed shear force and bending moment is:

A direct result of this is that at every point the shear diagram crosses zero the moment
diagram will have a local maximum or minimum. Also if the shear diagram is zero over a
length of the member, the moment diagram will have a constant value over that length. By
calculus it can be shown that a point load will lead to a linearly varying moment diagram, and
a constant distributed load will lead to a quadratic moment diagram.

7
Procedure

Consider a short length of a beam under a distributed load separated by a distance δx.

The bending moment at section AD is M and the shear force is S. The bending moment at BC
= M + δM and the shear force is S + δS.

The equations for equilibrium in 2 dimensions results in the equations.. Forces.

S - w.δx = S + δS
Therefore making δx infinitely small then.. dS /dx = - w

Moments.. Taking moments about C

M + Sδx - M - δM - w(δx)2 /2 = 0
Therefore making δx infinitely small then.. dM /dx = S

Therefore putting the relationships into integral form

The integral (Area) of the shear diagram between any limits results in the change of the
shearing force between these limits and the integral of the Shear Force diagram between limits
results in the change in bending moment.

8
Example
The vertical shear at C in the figure shown in previous section (also shown to the right) is
taken as:

Thus

Practical considerations
In practical applications the entire stepwise function is rarely written out. The only parts of the
stepwise function that would be written out are the moment equations in a nonlinear portion
of the moment diagram; this occurs whenever a distributed load is applied to the member. For
constant portions the value of the shear and/or moment diagram is written right on the
diagram, and for linearly varying portions of a member the beginning value, end value, and
slope or the portion of the member are all that are required.

9
Rules of Thumb/Review

• shear is dependent on the loads and reactions

– when a reaction occurs; the shear “jumps” up by the amount of the reaction

– when a load occurs; the shear “jumps” down by the amount of the load

• point loads create straight lines on shear diagrams

• uniformly distributed loads create sloping lines of shear diagrams

• moment is dependent upon the shear diagram

• the area under the shear diagram = change in the moment (i.e. Ashear diagram = ΔM)

• straight lines on shear diagrams create sloping lines on moment diagrams

• sloping lines on shear diagrams create curves on moment diagrams

• positive shear = increasing slope

• negative shear = decreasing slope

Typical Loadings
• In beam design, only need to know:

– reactions
– max. shear

– max. bending moment

– max. deflection

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Reference
 http://wapedia.mobi/en/Shear_and_moment_diagram
 http://www.slideshare.net/amrelsayed/shear-and-moment-diagrams
 http://www.mathalino.com/reviewer/mechanics-and-strength-of-materials/
 http://www.roymech.co.uk/Useful_Tables/Beams/Shear_Bending.html

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