Professional Documents
Culture Documents
English-Polish
Polish-English
ISBN: 83-7387-808-4
Table of contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI
Wstêp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII
References / Bibliografia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII
Abbreviations / Wykaz skrótów . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX
Introduction to legal translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI
Dictionary
Part I. English-Polish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Part II. Polish-English. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
V
Preface
This bilingual DICTIONARY OF LAW TERMS is intended for students of the
law, legal secretaries, paralegals, legal executives, ESP teachers, translators and pro-
fessional people who need English for their present or future day-to-day work in the
legal field.
Though this dictionary lays no claim to comprehensiveness, it aims at serving
three primary functions. Firstly, it contains an exposition of essential legal terms and
phrases. Entries derive largely from the traditional core of legal studies – from Con-
stitution, Contracts, Torts, Civil law, Criminal procedure, Land law, Labour law,
Family law but also from the fields of European Community law, Bankruptcy and
Reorganisation law, Companies law, and Customs and Fiscal law.
Secondly, the Introduction to legal translation gives helpful guidance on some
of the most vexing questions that legal writers, translators and law students face,
from offering advice on usage and grammar to covering issues related to text-nor-
mative equivalence in translation of legislative texts. Since translators-to-be and law
students need to be familiarised with the principles of specific conventions related to
syntax, lexis and stylistics of the legal Polish and English language as applied in the
field of legislative texts, these rules and principles have been described in the Intro-
duction to legal translation, thus providing prospective readers with practical
guidelines on legislative drafting and translation. In accordance with the rules of le-
gal modality, legislative sentences have been subdivided into prohibitions, obliga-
tions, permissions and non-permissions, and illustrated with instructive examples
for translation of statutes.
Thirdly, this book contains Tests which can be used both for self-study and in
class. Students preparing for the Test of Legal English Skills examinations and other
equivalent examinations will find this part particularly relevant to their needs.
A wide range of topics is covered through a variety of exercises which include gap
filling and matching. The book includes a comprehensive key with not only answers
to the exercises but also some translation hints which should help students to distin-
guish between similar but distinct legal terms.
Unlike most dictionaries, which are devoted to questions of terminology, this
book has also dealt with problems that are related to textual and pragmatic conside-
rations, taking account of legal construction rules applicable in civil law and com-
mon law systems accordingly. Endeavours have been made to include a body of
practical information that can orient and complement the learning process of transla-
tor-trainees and self-learners; teachers are also encouraged to make use of it.
VI
Wstêp
S£OWNIK TERMINOLOGII PRAWNICZEJ jest skierowany do studentów
prawa, t³umaczy przysiêg³ych, pracowników kancelarii prawniczych, nauczycieli
specjalistycznego jêzyka angielskiego oraz wszystkich zainteresowanych pog³êbia-
niem swej wiedzy z zakresu tekstów prawnych i prawniczych.
Ksi¹¿ka sk³ada siê z trzech czêœci, z których najwa¿niejsza i najobszerniejsza za-
wiera podstawowe terminy prawnicze z zakresu prawa konstytucyjnego, cywilnego,
handlowego, karnego, skarbowego, europejskiego, prawa pracy, etc. Wszystkie
has³a u³o¿ono w porz¹dku alfabetycznym.
We Wstêpie do t³umaczenia tekstów prawnych podano informacje, których
pró¿no szukaæ w innych s³ownikach – dotycz¹ one norm tekstowo-jêzykowych cha-
rakterystycznych dla angielskich i polskich tekstów prawnych. W ujêciu porów-
nawczym omówiono warstwê sk³adniow¹ tekstów prawnych, ze szczególnym
naciskiem na czas gramatyczny i typy zdañ z³o¿onych. Opisano równie¿ warstwê
leksykaln¹ przepisów nakazuj¹cych, zakazuj¹cych i opisowych. Poruszono tak¿e
kilka zagadnieñ dotycz¹cych warstwy tekstowej, m.in. struktury aktów prawnych
i nazewnictwa ich jednostek redakcyjnych. Wszystkie rozwa¿ania zosta³y poparte
odpowiednimi przyk³adami w jêzyku polskim i angielskim.
Szczególny nacisk po³o¿ono na styl redagowania tekstów ustawowych w oby-
dwu systemach w oparciu o wydawane przez w³adze ustawodawcze podrêczniki
(drafting manuals), które w przypadku jêzyka polskiego przybra³y postaæ urzêdo-
wego zbioru dyrektyw techniki prawodawczej, nosz¹cych nazwê Zasady techniki
prawodawczej. Jednoczeœnie, zwrócono równie¿ uwagê na fakt archaicznoœci jêzy-
ka angielskich tekstów prawnych i zwi¹zanej z tym ma³ej ich komunikatywnoœci.
Obecnie toczy siê dyskusja na temat przeprowadzenia koniecznych reform w celu
uproszczenia i ujednolicenia tego¿ jêzyka (plain English movement).
S£OWNIK TERMINOLOGII PRAWNICZEJ zawiera równie¿ Testy spraw-
dzaj¹ce wiedzê z polskiej i angielskiej terminologii prawniczej. Takie æwiczenia,
tradycyjnie „zarezerwowane” dla podrêczników do nauki jêzyka angielskiego, zo-
sta³y tutaj umieszczone celowo: maj¹ pomóc w przygotowaniu do egzaminów
TOLES (Test of Legal English Skills). Testy kontrolne o zró¿nicowanym stopniu
trudnoœci zawieraj¹ liczne przyk³ady s³ów i konstrukcji najczêœciej mylonych przez
u¿ytkowników i osoby ucz¹ce siê jêzyka angielskiego, zaœ za³¹czony klucz podaje
odpowiedŸ na ka¿de pytanie testowe, czêsto opatrzon¹ dodatkowymi uwagami dla
ucz¹cego siê.
W przeciwieñstwie do wiêkszoœci dostêpnych na polskim rynku specjalistycz-
nych s³owników z zakresu prawa, ten dwujêzyczny „wokabularz” zawiera równie¿
dodatkowe informacje, które powinny okazaæ siê przydatne w szczególnoœci po-
cz¹tkuj¹cym t³umaczom w przek³adzie tekstów prawnych, zaœ studentom prawa
w ich tworzeniu.
VII
References
Bibliografia
E. Alcaraz, B. Hughes, Legal Translation Explained, Manchester 2002, (LTE).
J. Bogudziñski, K. Buczkowski, A. Kaznowski, Wzory umów i pism. Compendium of
Legal Templates, Warszawa 2002, (WUIP).
W.J. Brown, GCSE Law, London 1993, (GL).
J. Evans (ed.), Law of International Trade, London 2001, (LOIT).
B.A. Garner (ed.), Black’s Law Dictionary, USA 2004, (BLD).
B.A. Garner, A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage, Oxford 1995, (MLU).
H. Gubby, English Legal Terminology. Legal concepts in language, Den Haag 2004,
(ELT).
R. Hara, J.T. Murphy, T. Wardyñski, English-Polish Business Glossary. Angielsko-pol-
ski encyklopedyczny s³ownik biznesu, Warszawa 1996, (EPBG).
S.I. Hayakawa (ed.), Cassell’s Modern Guide to Synonyms and Related Words, Lon-
don 1971, (CMG).
M. Jakubaszek, Legal English, Warszawa 2004, (LE).
J. Justyñska, J. Justyñski, The Main Institutions of the English Legal System, Toruñ
1998, (MIOELS).
I. Kienzler, New English Business, Gdynia 2001, (NEB).
D. Kierzkowska (ed.), The Polish Civil Code, Warszawa 1997, (PCC).
J.S. Lynton, Ballentine’s legal dictionary and thesaurus, New York 1995, (BLDAT).
E. Martin, A Dictionary of Law, Oxford/New York 1994, (DL).
J.E. Penner, Mozley&Whiteley’s Law Dictionary, London, Edinburgh, Dublin 2001,
(MWLD).
C.R. Robertson, The Complete Book of Business Forms and Agreements, New York
1994, (BFAA).
F. Russell, Ch. Locke, English Law and Language, London 1992, (ELAL).
301 Legal Forms, Letters & Agreements, London 2002, (LP).
VIII
Abbreviations
Wykaz skrótów
BLD Black’s Law Dictionary
BLDAT Ballentine’s legal dictionary and thesaurus
CMG Cassell’s Modem Guide to Synonyms and Related Words
DL A Dictionary of Law
ELAL English Law and Language
ELT English Legal Terminology. Legal concepts in language
EPBG English-Polish Business Glossary
GL GCSE Law
LE Legal English
LOIT Law of International Trade
LP 301 Legal Forms, Letters & Agreements.
LTE Legal Translation Explained
MIOELS The Main Institutions of the English Legal System
MWLD Mozley & Whiteley’s Law Dictionary
PCC The Polish Civil Code
IX
Introduction
to legal translation
1. Introduction
Law is concerned with human behaviour. Although different societies encourage dif-
ferent forms of behaviour all human beings have the capacity to behave in any way
prescribed, on the condition we do understand what the law requires us to do. The
same applies to legal translation, which in order to be successful in terms of commu-
nication must incorporate target language-oriented text-normative equivalents.
Legal translators are usually ‘left to their own devices’ in making their decisions
as to the right stylistics and tone to be adopted in translation. These decisions are
usually based on comparative analysis of random parallel texts, which may prove to
be a time-consuming and tiresome activity.
This ‘introduction’ aims to offer practical information regarding the conventions
and norms which are characteristic of legislative texts. It is also designed to aid
translators in their work by offering a practical comparative manual of the Polish
and English drafting styles and other useful information on legal translation.
1.1. Legal norm
A legal norm can be defined to contain a normative statement that produces some
legal effects. Any legal norm must convey information in order to fulfil its function
of communicating standards of behaviour. Consequently, a norm serves as a scheme
of interpretation1.
The problem of the legal norm has also been discussed in terms of ‘legislative
sentences’2 which consist of the following elements:
– fact-situation (Tatbestand) which specifies the conditions under which the par-
ticular rule operates – in other words, it gives conditions of application of a given
norm;
– statement of law (Tatfolge) which prescribes the action to be taken and by whom
in the event the conditions constituting the fact-situation are met; in point of fact,
it determines legal modality of the norm3.
1.2. Fact-situation in English legislative sentences
The statement of law, which specifies its modality, is always in the main clause (or
clauses), whereas the elements pertaining to the fact-situation are more flexible, be-
ing formulated as adverbial modifiers in a subordinate ‘if’ or ‘where’ clause.
The clauses which express fact-situation can be introduced in English by con-
junctions such as ‘if’ (je¿eli, jeœli), ‘on condition that’ (pod warunkiem, ¿e...), ‘pro-
vided that’ (pod warunkiem, ¿e..., o ile...), ‘providing that’ (pod warunkiem, ¿e...,
o ile...), ‘so / as long as’ (dopóki..., tak d³ugo jak..., pod warunkiem, ¿e...) and ‘un-
less’ (je¿eli nie..., jeœli nie..., o ile nie..., chyba ¿e...). In the case of English legislative
texts, however, legal rules are being formulated mostly as conditional sentences,
with ‘if’ – clauses and ‘where’– clauses introducing the fact-situation.
1
Van Kralingen, http://websetr.cs.uga.edu/~maduko/SemWeb/coc-frame-ont-for-law.pdf
2
One of the first analyses of legislative texts was written in 1843 by an English barrister
named George Code.
3
See: S. Šarèeviæ, New Approach to Legal Translation. The Hague/London/Boston, 2000,
p. 136.
XIII
Introduction to legal translation
4
Kodeks spó³ek handlowych (KSH).
5
Bem R., E. Kucharska, J. Marynowicz, A. M¹czka, Code of Commercial Companies, Kra-
ków 2002 (CCC1).
6
K. Micha³owska, Polish Commercial Companies Code, Warszawa 2001.
7
Kodeks Cywilny (KC).
8
D. Kierzkowska (ed.), The Polish Civil Code, Warszawa 1997 (PCC).
9
Kodeks Pracy (KP).
10
K. Micha³owska, Polish Labour Code, Warszawa 2003 (PLC).
11
D. Kierzkowska (ed.), The Polish Code of Commercial Partnerships and Companies, War-
szawa 2001 (PCOCPAC).
XIV
2.1. Tense in English legislative drafting
o ile = ‘if’
Zmiany i uzupe³nienia zg³oszone przez wierzycieli mog¹ byæ przedmiotem obrad
i g³osowania, o ile upad³y na nie siê zgodzi. (PU Art. 185)12
The alterations and amendments submitted by the creditors may be discussed at the
debates and may be put to the vote if the bankrupt approves them. (PCC)
1.3.1. Embedded fact-situation in Polish legislative sentences
The fact-situation may also take the form of an embedded modifier which is intro-
duced in Polish legislative sentences by means of w razie, w przypadku, w wypadku.
See the examples below:
(i) w razie = ‘in case’
W razie dokonanego naruszenia mo¿e on tak¿e ¿¹daæ, a¿eby osoba, która dopuœci³a
siê naruszenia, dope³ni³a czynnoœci potrzebnych do usuniêcia jego skutków... . (KC).
Art. 24
In case of an infringement he may demand that the person who committed the in-
fringement perform acts necessary to remove its effects... .(PCC)
(ii) w razie = ‘upon’ / ‘should’
Statut mo¿e stanowiæ, ¿e akcje ulegaj¹ umorzeniu w razie ziszczenia siê okreœlonego
zdarzenia bez powziêcia uchwa³y przez walne zgromadzenie. (KSH Art. 359 § 6)
The statutes may provide for share redemption upon the occurrence of a specific
event without a resolution of the general meeting. (CCC1)
The company articles may provide for redeeming shares without the resolution of
the general meeting should a certain event occur. (PCOCPAC)
(iii) w razie = ‘when’ / ‘in the case where’ / ‘in the case of’
Przepisy § 1, 2, 4 i 5 stosuje siê odpowiednio w razie ustania stosunku zale¿noœci.
(KSH Art. 6 § 6)
The provisions of §§ 1, 2, 4, and 5 above shall apply accordingly to instances when
the dependence relationship has ceased. (CCC1)
The provisions of § 1, 2, 4 and 5 shall apply mutatis mutandis in the case where a re-
lation of dependence ceases to exist. (PCCC)
The provisions of paragraphs 1, 2, 4 and 5 shall apply accordingly in the case of ces-
sation of a relationship of dependency. (PCOCPAC)
(iv) w wypadku = ‘if’
Przepis § 2 stosuje siê odpowiednio w wypadku wydzier¿awienia przedsiêbiorstwa
lub ustanowienia na nim u¿ytkowania.
The provision of paragraph 2 shall apply correspondingly if an enterprise is leased or
a usufruct is established on it.
2. Tenses in legislative drafting
2.1. Tense in English legislative drafting
The present tense used in drafting of French and Polish legislative texts is generally
rendered by the mandatory ‘shall’ in English. According to modern drafting manu-
12
Prawo upad³oœciowe (PU).
XV
Introduction to legal translation
als, however, the drafter may also use present tense since the majority of rules have
a continuing effect. They speak at the time of reading, not merely at the time of their
adoption. The present tense thus includes the future tense. Therefore, the word
‘shall’ is not to be used for stating a rule of law; the drafter should use it only to dif-
ferentiate between mandatory and permissive statements. See the example below:
; (
A violation of any provision of this article A violation of any provision of this article
shall be a misdemeanour. is a misdemeanour.
The practice of using ‘shall’ to state a legal result is called the ‘false imperative’
and some legislative drafters and translators suggest that ‘shall’ should be aban-
doned.
2.2. Tense in Polish legislative drafting
There are no separate grammar rules to be applied in Polish legislative texts. One
must only remember that the present tense is used in Polish drafting to express both
normative content of a legislative sentence (legal / deontic modality) and fact-situa-
tion (epistemic modality).
See the following example:
stosuje siê = ‘shall be governed’ / ‘shall apply’
W sprawach okreœlonych w art. 1 § 1 nieuregulowanych w ustawie stosuje siê
przepisy Kodeksu cywilnego. (KSH Art. 2)
All matters set forth in Article 1 § 1 which are not regulated in this Act shall be gov-
erned by the provisions of the Civil Code. (CCC1)
The provisions of the Civil Code shall apply to any matters specified in Article 1,
paragraph 1 not regulated in this Act. (PCOCPAC)
3. Permission and authorisation in legislative sentences
3.1. Permission in English legislative sentences
As acknowledged by many lawyers, an act which is not prohibited is permitted. Per-
missions and authorisations convey rights, privileges and powers on legal subjects.
Permissions usually express a facultative operation which a person or legal institu-
tion is free to do. In other words, permissions cannot be violated. It must also be re-
membered that the granting of a permission serves as a means of cancelling a com-
mand, requirement, or a prohibition or making an exception to a command, require-
ment, or prohibition13. As for authorisations, they are usually defined as a special
type of legal speech act in which the permissive ‘may’ can be interpreted as express-
ing a duty.
‘May’ as permitted action
The English drafters are advised to use ‘may’ to authorise, but not require a person to
take an action. To put it differently, ‘may’ should be used to denote discretionary au-
thority.
13
See: S. Šarèeviæ, op. cit., p. 142.
XVI
3.2. Authorisation in English legislative sentences
‘It is lawful to’/ ‘it shall be lawful to’ = dopuszcza siê / jest zgodne z prawem
It is lawful for a person to use such force as is reasonable to prevent the suicide of
another person or any act which the person believes on reasonable grounds would, if
committed, result in the suicide of another person. (Crimes Act 1900 – Sect. 1814)
It shall be lawful for collecting officers to receive certified checks drawn on Na-
tional and State banks and trust companies, during such time and under such regula-
tions as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe, in payment for duties on im-
ports, and all public dues, including special customs deposits. (US Law Collection
– Title 19 – Customs and Duties15)
3.2. Authorisation in English legislative sentences
Authorisation confers power on a natural or legal person to perform an act which
otherwise that person would not be permitted to perform16 and can be formulated by
using the quasi modal phrases such as ‘be entitled to’, ‘be authorised’, ‘have the
right to...’ and so forth. All these phrases usually appear in the indicative tense.
‘Be entitled to’ = byæ uprawnionym do
To create a right, drafters should use “is/are entitled to”, not “shall be entitled to”. At
the same time, it must be noted that ‘shall be entitled to’ appears mostly in main
clauses which present statements of law, whereas ‘be entitled’ in the present tense
indicative mood occurs in subordinate clauses expressing fact-situation.
‘Be empowered’ = byæ umocowanym
The Board is empowered, as hereinafter provided, to prevent any person from en-
gaging in any unfair labor practice. (US Law Collection Title 29 – Labor17).
The agent who receives the fugitive into his custody shall be empowered to trans-
port him to the jurisdiction from which he has fled. (US Law Collection Title 18 -
Crimes and Criminal Procedure18)
‘Be authorised / authorised’ = byæ upowa¿nionym
A person is authorised to carry out a forensic procedure on a suspect with the in-
formed consent of the suspect. [Crimes Act 1914 (Act No. 12 of 1914)]
The corporation shall be authorized to charge a fee to the small business borrower,
in an amount determined by the office pursuant to regulation. (California Corpora-
tions Code19)
14
Retrieved from: http://www.austlii.edu.au/cgibin/disp.pl/au/legis/act/consol%5fact/
ca190082/?quwry=title+%28+%22crime+act+1900%22+%29
15
Retrieved from: http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/19/ch1.html
16
See: S. Šarèeviæ, op. cit., p. 145.
17
Retrieved from: http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/29/
18
Retrieved from: http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/
19
Retrieved from: http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/calawquery?codesection=corp&code-
body=&hits=20
XVII
Introduction to legal translation
20
Retrieved from: http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/29/
21
2003 Legislative Drafting Manual, available at: http://www.state.nd.us/lr/information/
bills/docs/pdf/part6.pdf
22
Retrieved from: http://www.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts2002/20020030.htm
23
Retrieved from: http://uscode.house.gov/title_26.htm
XVIII
3.4. Permission and authorisation in Polish legislative sentences
24
Wronkowska and Zieliñski use the term ‘competence’ (kompetencja) in reference to permis-
sion and authorisation. (See: Problemy i zasady redagowania tekstów prawnych, Warszawa,
Urz¹d Rady Ministrów)
25
Kodeks handlowy (KH).
26
D. Kierzkowska & A. Wiœniewski (ed.), The Polish Commercial Code, Warszawa, 1998,
(PCC2).
XIX
Introduction to legal translation
Every partner having the right to conduct affairs of the partnership shall have the
right to revoke the procuration. (PCOCPAC)
In Polish legislative texts, there is also mo¿na to be found. It is another form of móc,
and it occurs in subjectless constructions. Polish legislators use mo¿na when they
address the general public; they do not name the legal subject of the norm. This
should be obvious from the context.
See the example below:
(v) mo¿na = ‘may’
Potr¹cenia z tytu³ów wymienionych w § 1 i 2 mo¿na równie¿ dokonaæ z urzêdu.
(OP Art. 64 § 3)27
Set-offs under the rights listed in §§ 1 and 2 may also be made ex officio. (AORFT)28
(vi) jest dopuszczalny = ‘is possible’
Uk³ad jest dopuszczalny tylko wtedy, gdy zapewnione jest zaspokojenie wierzycieli
uprzywilejowanych i wierzycieli masy upad³oœci, chyba ¿e zgodz¹ siê oni na
zawarcie uk³adu. (PU Art. 174)
The arrangement is possible only where a guarantee exists for the satisfaction of
preferential creditors and creditors of the bankruptcy estate, or where they have
agreed to the making of the arrangement. (PCC)
(vii) jest dopuszczalne = ‘is admissible’
Potr¹cenie jednak jest dopuszczalne, je¿eli nabywca sta³ siê wierzycielem upad³ego
wskutek sp³acenia jego d³ugu,... .(PU Art. 34 § 1)
The set-off is admissible, however, where the transferee has become the bankrupt’s
creditor by paying off his debt... .(PCC)
(viii) jest dopuszczalne = ‘may’
Stosowanie niebezpiecznych substancji i niebezpiecznych preparatów chemicznych
jest dopuszczalne pod warunkiem zastosowania œrodków zapewniaj¹cych
pracownikom ochronê ich zdrowia i ¿ycia. (KP Art. 221§ 3)
Hazardous chemical substances and preparations may be used on condition that
measures are taken to protect the health and life of employees. (PLC)
(ix) dopuszczalne jest = ‘may’ / ‘shall be allowed’
Dopuszczalne jest u¿ywanie w obrocie skrótu „sp. j.” (KSH Art. 24 § 2)
The partnership may use the abbreviated form „sp. j.” in business dealings. (CCC1)
The abbreviation „sp.j.” may be used in business dealings. (PCCC)
The abbreviation „sp.j.” shall be allowed to be used in trading. (PCOCPAC)
(x) jest dozwolone = ‘shall be permitted’ / ‘shall be allowed’ / ‘may’
W przypadkach okreœlonych w § 1 pkt. 1 i 2 nabycie akcji w³asnych przez spó³kê jest
dozwolone tylko wtedy, gdy zosta³y spe³nione ³¹cznie nastêpuj¹ce warunki:
1) nabyte akcje zosta³y w pe³ni pokryte. (KSH Art. 362 § 2)
27
Ordynacja podatkowa (OP).
28
K. Miller and J. Yrkoski, Ordynacja Podatkowa. Act on Rules for Taxation, Warszawa 2002,
(AORFT).
XX
3.6. Negative obligation in Polish legislative sentences
Under the circumstances referred to in § (1) and (2) above, the acquisition by the
company of its own shares shall be permitted only upon joint fulfilment of the fol-
lowing conditions: (1) the acquired shares have been fully paid up. (CCC1)
In the events stipulated in § 1 points 1 and 2, the acquisition of its own shares by the
company shall be allowed only if the following conditions have been all satisfied:
1) the acquired shares have been paid for in full. (PCCC)
In the cases referred to in paragraph 1, subparagraphs 1 and 2, the company may ac-
quire its own shares only if the following conditions have been satisfied jointly:
1) acquired shares are fully paid up. (PCOCPAC)
(xi) zezwala = ‘permit’
Do przestrzegania tajemnicy skarbowej obowi¹zane s¹ równie¿ inne osoby, którym
udostêpniono informacje objête tajemnic¹ skarbow¹, chyba ¿e na ich ujawnienie
zezwala przepis praw. (OP Art. 294 § 4)
Other persons to whom information covered by fiscal confidentiality was made ac-
cessible shall also observe fiscal confidentiality, unless the provisions of law permit
the disclosure of such. (AORFT)
3.5. Explicit limitation in permissions in Polish legislative sentences
Some prohibitions can be transformed into permissions by making the statement of
law positive as well as the excluded condition. In Polish jedynie and/or tylko are
used to introduce the condition:
(i) mo¿e jedynie i tylko = ‘may only and if’ / ‘shall not other than and only’
Udzia³ mo¿e byæ umorzony jedynie po wpisie spó³ki do rejestru i tylko w przypadku,
gdy umowa spó³ki tak stanowi. (KSH Art. 199 § 1)
A share may be redeemed only after the company has been registered and if the arti-
cles of association so provide. (CCC1)
A share may be redeemed only following registration of the company in the register
and only if the articles of association so provide. (PCCC)
Shares shall not be redeemed other than upon the company being entered in the
register and only where the company deed so provides. (PCOCPAC)
(ii) mog¹ tylko w przypadku gdy = may only if / can only where / may only in the
case if
Nowe interesy mog¹ byæ podejmowane tylko w przypadku, gdy jest to niezbêdne do
ukoñczenia spraw w toku. (KSH Art. 77)
New business may be undertaken only if this is indispensable for the closing of the
current business. (CCC1)
New business can be transacted only where this is necessary to close the business in
progress. (PCCC)
New interests may be undertaken only in the case if it is necessary to finish the
pending matters. (PCOCPAC)
3.6. Negative obligation in Polish legislative sentences
As asserted above, permission can also be expressed by negation of obligation. Oc-
casionally, the Polish drafter resorts to the negation of the modal auxiliary musieæ,
XXI
Introduction to legal translation
that of other performative verbs such as wymagaæ, obowi¹zywaæ and the negation of
descriptive forms such as byæ zobowi¹zanym, byæ obowi¹zanym. Negation is mani-
fested in Polish by means of negative markers. They are either free forms such as the
negative particle nie or affixes.
(i) nie musi – ‘does not have to’
Œwiadek nie musi byæ obecny przy czynnoœciach kontrolnych dotycz¹cych prze-
prowadzenia dowodu z ksi¹g, ewidencji, zapisków lub innych dokumentów. (OP Art.
288 § 3)
The witness does not have to be present for audit acts relating to gathering evidence
from books, records, notes, or other documents. (AORFT)
(ii) nie jest obowi¹zany = ‘shall not be obliged’ / ‘shall not be obligated’
Komandytariusz nie jest obowi¹zany do zwrotu tego, co pobra³ tytu³em zysku na
podstawie sprawozdania finansowego,... (KSH Art. 112 § 4)
A limited partner shall not be obliged to return whatever he received as profit on the
basis of the financial statements. (CCC1)
A limited partner shall not be obligated to return what he received in respect of
profit under the financial report. (PCCC)
A limited partner shall not be required to refund what he collected as profit on the
basis of financial statement. (PCOCPAC)
(iii) nie wymaga = ‘shall not be necessary’
Projekt rozporz¹dzenia, o którym mowa w § 1, nie wymaga skierowania do
zaopiniowania przez organizacje zwi¹zkowe i organizacje pracodawców. (KP Art.
24118)
It shall not be necessary to seek an opinion of trade union organizations and orga-
nizations of employers on draft regulation referred to in paragraph. (PLC)
(iv) nie wymaga = ‘shall not require’
Orzeczenie o odpowiedzialnoœci, o której mowa w § 1,..., nie wymaga uprzedniego
wydania decyzji okreœlaj¹cej wysokoœæ zaleg³oœci podatkowych spó³ki. (OP Art. 115
§ 4)
A decision [orzeczenie] on the liability referred to in § 1..., shall not require prior
issuance of an administrative specifying the amount of the partnership’s tax arrears.
(AORFT)
(v) nie byæ zobowi¹zanym – ‘shall not’
Wspólnicy którzy po up³ywie terminu szeœciomiesiêcznego, przewidzianego
w § 1 artyku³u poprzedzaj¹cego, otrzymali w dobrej wierze przypadaj¹c¹ na nich
czêœæ maj¹tku spó³ki, nie s¹ zobowi¹zani do jej zwrotu celem pokrycia nale¿noœci
wierzycieli. (KH Art. 276 § 2)
Shareholders who, after the expiry of the six-month period provided for under para-
graph 1 of the preceding Article, have obtained in good faith the part of the com-
pany’s assets due to them, shall not return it in order to cover the creditors’ claim.
(PCC2)
It must be remembered that ‘shall not’ may also be interpreted as prohibition to per-
form a legal act – in this context to return the company’s assets – which may jeopar-
XXII
3.7. Authorisation in Polish legislative sentences
dise correct rendering of legal modality as such. In the case where construction ap-
proaches of the same perfomative phrase vary among different TT recipients, it is
more advisable to use ‘shall not be required’, the interpretation of which is clear and
unambiguous to target receivers.
3.7. Authorisation in Polish legislative sentences
To convey an authorisation, the Polish drafter uses the following verbs and phrases
in the normative indicative:
(i) jest uprawniony = ‘shall be entitled’
Ka¿dy wspólnik jest uprawniony i zobowi¹zany do prowadzenia spraw spó³ki. (KC)
Each partner shall be entitled and bound to manage the partnership’s affairs. (PCC)
(ii) uprawnia = ‘entitles’
Organ podatkowy, w drodze decyzji, okreœla wysokoœæ straty poniesionej przez
podatnika, je¿eli wysokoœæ straty ró¿ni siê od wysokoœci wynikaj¹cej ze z³o¿onej
deklaracji, a poniesienie straty, zgodnie z przepisami prawa podatkowego,
uprawnia do skorzystania z ulg podatkowych. (OP Art. 24)
A tax authority through an administrative decision shall specify the amount of a loss
suffered by a taxpayer if the amount of a loss differs from the amount proceeding
from a filed declaration and incurring a loss entitles tax reliefs to be used in accor-
dance with provisions on tax law. (AORFT)
(iii) uprawnienie przys³uguje = ‘the right shall vest in’
Uprawnienie, o którym mowa w art. 64 § 1, przys³uguje równie¿ podatnikom
w stosunku do gminy z tytu³u: 1) prawomocnego wyroku s¹dowego wydanego na
podstawie art. 4201 Kodeksu cywilnego. (OP Art. 65 § 1)
The right referred to in Article 64 § 1 shall also vest in a taxpayer in relation to a dis-
trict, county, or province under: (1) final judicial judgement issued on the basis of
Article 4201 of the Civil Code. (AORFT)
(iv) uprawnienie przys³uguje = ... ‘shall be entitled‘
Akcjonariuszowi spó³ki publicznej przys³uguje uprawnienie do imiennego
œwiadectwa depozytowego wystawionego przez podmiot prowadz¹cy rachunek
papierów wartoœciowych zgodnie z przepisami o publicznym obrocie papierami
wartoœciowymi. (KSH Art. 328 § 6)
A shareholder of a public company shall be entitled to receive a registered deposi-
tory certificate issued by a an entity maintaining a securities account pursuant to the
provisions of the Act on Public Trading in Securities. (CCC1)
(v) upowa¿nia = ‘entitle’
Prokura upowa¿nia do wszystkich czynnoœci s¹dowych i pozas¹dowych, jakie
s¹ zwi¹zane z prowadzeniem jakiegokolwiek przedsiêbiorstwa zarobkowego.
(KH Art. 61)
The right of commercial representation shall entitle to all judicial and extrajudicial
acts connected with running any type of a profit making enterprise. (PCC2)
XXIII
Introduction to legal translation
XXIV
4.1. Prohibition in English legislative sentences
Where the management board is composed of more than one member, all of its
members shall have the right and duty to jointly conduct the company’s affairs.
(CCC1)
If the management board comprises several members, all the members shall be obli-
gated and entitled to jointly manage the affairs of the company. (PCCC)
Where the management board consists of more than one person, all members shall
have the duty and right to jointly manage the affairs of the company. (PCOCPAC)
4. Prohibition in legislative sentences
4.1. Prohibition in English legislative sentences
Prohibitions are legal speech acts with the illocutionary force of forbidding29. The
most common type of prohibitions are acts which person/s and / or authorities are ex-
plicitly forbidden to perform and whose performance is punishable by sanction.
Thus, Weinberger regards such prohibitions as negative commands: X is obliged to
refrain from performing act A; if X performs act A, he/she/it is subject to punishment.
Following this logic any criminal provisions are taken to constitute prohibitions.
The Anglophone drafters may use ‘shall not’, ‘may not’ and ‘must not’ in legal
prohibitions. To impose a duty not to act – a prohibition – the drafter may use ‘shall’,
‘must’, or ‘may’ combined with ‘not’ as follows:
The commissioner shall not impose an additional fee for late applications.
A person must not operate a motor vehicle in violation of motor vehicle noise
rules adopted by the pollution control agency.
4.1.1. Use of ‘may not’ in legal prohibitions
According to the “2003 Legislative Drafting Manual” of North Dakota, the drafter
should use ‘may not’ if a right, privilege or power is intended to be denied. In other
words, ‘may not’ negates the permission to act and functions as a complete prohibi-
tion.
Phrase Interpretation
The commissioner may not issue It is beyond the power of the commis-
a license. sioner to issue the license.
A person may not operate a without A person is not permitted to do the speci-
a license. fied act without a license.
The clerk may not release the report. The clerk is prohibited from releasing
the report.
Although this construction is very popular in American legislative drafting, caution
must be taken since ‘may not’ can also be misread especially by people who are not
acquainted with the conventions of legal drafting or with the principles of statutory
interpretation.
29
See: S. Šarèeviæ, op. cit., p. 146.
XXV
Introduction to legal translation
XXVI
4.2. Negating privilege or right in English legislative sentences
Moreover, ‘it shall be unlawful’ is quite a popular pattern in the English legislative
texts. It usually occurs either as:
(1) it shall be unlawful for X to do Y, where X is a legal subject and Y is a legal action
It shall be unlawful for any person knowingly to distribute explosive materials to
any individual who: (1) is under twenty-one years of age; (2) has been convicted in
any court of a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year; (3)
is under indictment for a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding
one year; (4) is a fugitive from justice; (5) is an unlawful user of or addicted to any
controlled substance (as defined in section 102 of the Controlled Substances Act.
(US Law Collection, Title 18 – Crimes and Criminal Procedure33)
(2) or it shall be unlawful to do Y, where Y is a legal action, and a legal subject is not
expressly named.
It shall be unlawful to make entry of any vessel or to unlade the cargo or any part
thereof of any vessel elsewhere than at a port of entry: Provided, That upon good
cause therefor being shown, the Commissioner of Customs may permit entry of any
vessel to be made at a place other than a port of entry designated by him, under such
conditions as he shall prescribe. (US Law Collection, Title 19 – Customs and
Duties)
XXVII
Introduction to legal translation
a trust to which section 664 applies (determined without regard to this section). (US
Law Collection – Title 26 – Internal Revenue Code)
Apart from the negation of ‘be entitled’, Anglophone drafters use ‘shall not autho-
rize’, ‘shall not be authorized’, ‘nothing... shall authorise’, ‘nothing... shall autho-
rise’, ‘shall have no right’, ‘is not empowered’, ‘shall not have power’ and ‘no...
shall have power’. See the following examples:
(iii) ‘Shall not authorize’ = nie upowa¿nia
This section shall not authorize any assessment of tax for the preceding taxable
year which is made after the due date of the taxpayer’s return for such taxable year
(determined with regard to any extensions. (US Law Collection – Title 26 – Internal
Revenue Code)
(iv) ‘Shall not be authorized’ = nie jest upowa¿niony
Those employees shall not be authorized to take any person into custody even
though the person to whom the notice is delivered does not give his or her written
promise to appear in court. (California Corporations Code)
(v) ‘Nothing... shall authorise’ = nie upowa¿nia
Nothing in sub-paragraph (6) shall authorise the Commission to require the disclo-
sure of any information the disclosure of which to the appellant has been or is capa-
ble of being withheld by virtue of regulations made under section 20(5). (Police Re-
form Act 2002)
(vi) ‘Shall have no right’ = nie ma prawa
Subject to subsection (2), a subsidiary which is a member of its holding company
shall have no right to vote at meetings of the holding company or any class of mem-
bers thereof. (Companies Act 196337)
(vii) ‘Is not empowered’ = nie jest umocowany
The Court is not empowered to make a particular order under subsection (1) if the
order would prejudice a right, or an estate in property, acquired by a person (other
than the non licensee) in good faith, for valuable consideration and without notice of
the facts entitling the client to give the notice. (Corporations Act 2001 of Canada38)
(viii) ‘Shall not have power’ = nie ma prawa
Where an order under this section requires the company not to make any, or any
specified, alteration in its memorandum or articles, then, notwithstanding anything
in the Companies Acts, 1963 to 1983, the company shall not have power without
the leave of the court to make any such alteration in breach of that requirement.
[Companies (Amendment) Act 198339]
37
Retrieved from: http://www.bailii.org/ie/legis/nu,_acta/ca1963107.txt
38
Retrieved from: http://scaleplus.law.gov.au/cgi-bin/download.pl?/scale/data/pasteact/
3/3448
39
Retrieved from: http://www.bailii.org/ie/legis/num_act/ca1983187.txt
XXVIII
4.3. Prohibition in Polish legislative texts
XXIX
Introduction to legal translation
The negation of nie mo¿na has also been interpreted in a number of different ways,
which resulted in a variety of English quasi-modal expressions as follows:
(ii) nie mo¿na = ‘cannot’ / ‘may not’ / ‘nor can’ / ‘shall not’ / ‘neither may’
Wynagrodzenia za us³ugi œwiadczone przy powstaniu spó³ki nie mo¿na wyp³acaæ ze
œrodków wp³aconych na pokrycie kapita³u zak³adowego, jak równie¿ zaliczaæ na
poczet wk³adu wspólnika. (KSH Art. 158 § 2)
Payment for services provided upon incorporation of the company cannot be made
from the funds paid to the share capital and may not be credited towards the share-
holder’s contribution. (CCC1)
Remuneration for the services provided upon creation of the company may not be
paid from the funds paid in for the share capital, nor can it be credited towards the
shareholder’s contribution. (PCCC)
Remuneration for services rendered towards the company’s coming into existence
shall not be disbursed out of moneys paid in towards the initial capital, and neither
may it be credited to a shareholder’s contribution. (PCOCPC)
(iii) nie mo¿na = ‘shall not’
Nie mo¿na og³osiæ upad³oœci pañstwowych i komunalnych jednostek organiza-
cyjnych, chyba ¿e ustawa wy³¹cza odpowiedzialnoœæ Skarbu Pañstwa i gminy za ich
zobowi¹zania, Kasy Chorych, instytucji i organizacji utworzonych w drodze ustawy.
(PU Art. 3 § 1)
State and municipal organizational entities shall not be declared bankrupt except in
the case where an Act excludes the liability of the State Treasury and a commune for
their obligations, as well as of the National Health Insurance Funds, and the institu-
tions and organizations established pursuant to the provisions of statutory law. (BL)
A great variety of translation ‘solutions’ derives from the inherent vagueness and
fuzziness of nie mo¿na which can denote either lack of possibility or prohibition.
The above examples show also different interpretation approaches adopted by par-
ticular translators (British vs. American drafting) who do follow TL norms indica-
tive of the drafting styles they are familiar with.
4.3.2. Other ways of expressing prohibition in Polish legislative sentences
(i) zakaz dotyczy = ‘prohibition shall apply’
Zakaz ten dotyczy równie¿ obejmowania lub nabywania udzia³ów... . (KSH Art. 200)
This prohibition shall also apply to subscription for or acquisition ... of such
shares... . (CCC1)
XXX
4.4. Prohibition as lack of entitlement in Polish legislative sentences
This prohibition shall also apply to the subscription for, acquisition ... of the
shares... . (PCCC)
This prohibition shall apply equally to the taking up, acquisition ... of such
shares... . (PCOCPC)
(ii) stosuje siê zakaz = ‘shall be bound by non-’ / ‘non-... shall apply’ / ‘prohibi-
tion shall apply’
Do cz³onków takich stosuje siê zakaz konkurencji... (KSH Art. 390 § 3)
Such members shall be bound by the non-competition obligation referred to in
Article 380. (CCC1)
The non-competition rule referred to in Art. 380 shall apply to such members.
(PCCC)
The competition prohibition referred to in Article 380 shall apply to such mem-
bers. (PCOCPAC)
(iii) zakaz obowi¹zuje = ‘prohibition shall bind’ / ‘prohibition shall apply’
W okresie likwidacji zakaz konkurencji obowi¹zuje tylko osoby bêd¹ce likwi-
datorami. (KSH Art. 69)
During liquidation, the prohibition of competition shall bind only the liquidators.
(CCC1)
During liquidation, the prohibition on competitive activity shall apply only to per-
sons serving as liquidators. (PCCC)
During liquidation, the prohibition of competition shall only apply to persons be-
ing the liquidators. (PCOCPAC)
4.4. Prohibition as lack of entitlement in Polish legislative sentences
As mentioned above, some prohibitions may take the form of negations of permis-
sions and authorisations. These include as follows:
(a) nie przys³uguje prawo = ‘is not entitled’
Wierzycielowi nie s³u¿y prawo do zwrotu kosztów czynnoœci podjêtych przez niego
w postêpowaniu upad³oœciowym. (PU Art. 86 § 1)
The creditor is not entitled to the reimbursement of the costs of the acts he has per-
formed in the bankruptcy proceedings. (PCC)
(b) nie przys³uguje prawo = ‘shall not be vested with the right’ / ‘shall not have
the right’
Akcjonariuszowi nie przys³uguje prawo wypowiedzenia umowy spó³ki. (KSH
Art. 149 § 2)
A shareholder shall not be vested with the right to terminate the statutes. (CCC1)
A shareholder shall not have the right to terminate the articles of association.
(PCCC)
A shareholder shall not have the right to terminate a partnership deed.
(PCOCPAC)
(a) nie jest dopuszczalne = ‘is not admissible’
Potr¹cenie nie jest dopuszczalne, je¿eli wierzyciel sta³ siê d³u¿nikiem masy
upad³oœci. (PU Art. 36)
XXXI
Introduction to legal translation
The set-off is not admissible where the creditor has become the debtor to the bank-
ruptcy estate. (PCC)
(c) nie jest dopuszczalny = ‘may not’ / ‘shall not be permitted’ / ‘shall not be ad-
missible’
Nie jest dopuszczalny podzia³ spó³ki akcyjnej, je¿eli kapita³ zak³adowy nie zosta³
pokryty w ca³oœci. (KSH Art. 528 § 1)
A joint-stock company may not be divided if its share capital has not been fully paid
up. (CCC1)
A division of a joint-stock company shall not be permitted where the share capital
has not been paid in full. (PCCC)
A division of a joint-stock company shall not be admissible unless the initial capital
was fully paid up. (PCOCPAC)
(b) nie ma prawa = ‘shall not have the right’ / ‘may not’
W spó³ce jednoosobowej w organizacji jedyny wspólnik nie ma prawa reprezen-
towania spó³ki. (KSH Art. 162)
In a single-member company in organisation, the sole shareholder shall not have
the right to represent the company. (CCC1)
In a single-shareholder company in organisation, the single shareholder shall not
have the right to represent the company. (PCCC)
In a sole-shareholder company in organization, the sole shareholder may not repre-
sent the company. (PCOCPAC)
4.5. Lack of authorisation and obligation in Polish legislative sentences
Occasionally, the Polish legislator may want to express lack of authorisation and ob-
ligation within the same legislative sentence. Then s/he uses such phrases as nie byæ
uprawnionym ani zobowi¹zanym:
(i) nie jest uprawniony ani zobowi¹zany = ‘shall be neither entitled nor obli-
gated’
Wspólnik nie jest uprawniony ani zobowi¹zany do podwy¿szenia umówionego
wk³adu. (KH Art. 104)
A partner shall be neither entitled nor obligated to increase the agreed contribu-
tion. (PCC2)
It must be noted that the practice of expressing both lack of obligation and
authorisation within one legislative sentence is not a common one.
5. Legal subject
Legislative texts are written in the third person singular. As Bowers correctly ob-
serves, “third person form implies a neutral transmitter and it is the form in which to
present a statement as authoritative”40. The legal subject should be construed here as
a person to whom the norm is addressed which may or may not be the grammatical
subject of a legislative sentence.
40
See: S. Šarèeviæ, op. cit., p. 175.
XXXII
5.1. Legal subject in English legislative sentences
41
Retrieved from: http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/C-52.6/index.html
XXXIII
Introduction to legal translation
In the example above the translators used ‘no one’ for nikt, which in terms of lexis is
not the best choice to make; ‘no person’ seems to be more suitable here.
5.3. Legal subject in penal provisions
(i) kto = ‘whoever’ / ‘a person who’ / ‘any person who’
Kto, bêd¹c cz³onkiem zarz¹du spó³ki handlowej, dopuszcza do tego, ¿e pisma
i zamówienia handlowe, o których mowa w art. 206 § 1 i art. 374 § 1, nie zawieraj¹
danych okreœlonych w tych przepisach - podlega grzywnie do 10 000 z³otych. (KSH
Art. 595 § 1)
Whoever, being a member of the management board of a commercial company or
partnership allows that the letters and commercial orders, referred to in Article 206,
paragraph 1 and Article 374, paragraph 1, do not contain the particulars specified in
these provisions – shall be liable to a fine of up to 10,000 zlotys. (PCOCPAC)
A person who, while serving as a member of the management board of a commer-
cial company, allows that the written communications and orders referred to in Art.
206 § 1 and Art. 374 § 1, do not include the data set out in these provisions, shall be
subject to a fine of up to 10,000 zlotys. (PCCC)
Any person who, while acting in the capacity of a member of the management
board of a commercial company allows that the letters and commercial orders, re-
ferred to in Article 206, § 1 and Article 374, § 1, do not contain data specified in said
Articles – shall be liable to a fine of up to 10,000 zlotys. (CCC1)
(ii) kto = ‘anyone who’
Kto z³o¿y³ oœwiadczenie woli pod wp³ywem bezprawnej groŸby drugiej strony lub
osoby trzeciej, ten te¿ mo¿e uchyliæ siê od skutków prawnych swego oœwiadczenia,
je¿eli z okolicznoœci wynika, ¿e móg³ siê obawiaæ, i¿ jemu samemu lub innej osobie
grozi powa¿ne niebezpieczeñstwo osobiste lub maj¹tkowe. (KC Art. 87)
Anyone who made a declaration of intent under the influence of an illegal threat
posed by the other party or a third person may evade the legal effects of the declara-
tion if it follows from the circumstances that he had a reason to fear that he or an-
other person was in serious danger with respect to their persons or property. (PCC)
(iii) sprawca czynu = ‘perpetrator of an act’
Je¿eli sprawca czynu okreœlonego w § 1 lub 2 dzia³a nieumyœlnie, podlega karze
pozbawienia wolnoœci do lat 2. (Art. 306 § 3 OP)
XXXIV
6.1. Criminal sanctions in English legislative sentences
42
Retrieved from: http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/1.html
43
Retrieved from: http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/34.html
44
Retrieved from: http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/36.html
45
Retrieved from: http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/216.html
46
Retrieved from: http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/1581.html
47
Retrieved from: http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/1956.html
XXXV
Introduction to legal translation
a bank, credit union, or savings and loan association in violation of subsection (b),
knowing the same to be property which has been stolen shall be subject to the pun-
ishment provided in subsection (b) for the taker. (US Code Collection Title 18 Part
1, Chapter 103, Sec. 211348)
6.2. Criminal sanction in Scottish legislation
In order to apply criminal sanction the Scottish drafter makes use of the following
patterns:
A person guilty of X shall be liable to punishment Y.
Any person who does X shall be liable to Y.
If P does X, then P shall be liable to Y.
See the following examples:
(i) ‘shall be liable to imprisonment’ = podlega uwiêzieniu
(1) (5) Subject to subsection (6) below, a person guilty of an offence under section 1,
2 or 3 of this Act shall be liable—
(a) on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for any term of imprisonment up
to and including life imprisonment; and
(i) (on summary conviction, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 3 months.
[Criminal Law (Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 199549]
(2) 5.—(1) Any person who has unlawful sexual intercourse with any girl under the
age of 13 years shall be liable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for
life. [Criminal Law (Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 1995]
(3) Any person who attempts to have unlawful sexual intercourse with any girl under
the age of 13 years shall be liable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for
a term not exceeding two years or on summary conviction to imprisonment for
a term not exceeding three months. [Criminal Law (Consolidation) (Scotland) Act
1995]
(ii) ‘shall be liable to a fine’ = podlega karze grzywny
19.—(1) Where a public service vehicle or railway passenger vehicle is being oper-
ated for the principal purpose of conveying passengers for the whole or part of
a journey to or from a designated sporting event, then—
(a) any person in possession of alcohol on the vehicle shall be guilty of an offence
and liable on summary conviction to imprisonment for a period not exceeding 60
days or a fine not exceeding level 3 on the standard scale or both. [Criminal Law
(Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 1995]
(iii) ‘shall be liable to be punished’ = podlega karze
14. If, in the trial of an indictment for rape or an offence under section 5(1) of this
Act, the jury—
(a) are not satisfied that the accused is guilty of the charge or of an attempt to commit
the charge; but
48
Retrieved from: http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/2113.html
49
Retrieved from: http://www.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts1995/Ukpga_19950039_en_1.htm
XXXVI
6.3. Criminal sanction in Polish legislative sentences
(b) are satisfied that the accused is guilty of an offence under section 5(2) or (3) or
7(2) or (3) of this Act, or of an indecent assault,
the jury may acquit the accused of the charge mentioned in paragraph (a) above, and
find him guilty of such offence as is mentioned in paragraph (b) or of an indecent as-
sault, and the accused shall be liable to be punished in the same manner as if he had
been convicted upon an indictment for such offence or “for indecent assault”. [Crim-
inal Law (Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 1995]
(iv) ‘shall be liable to the penalties’ = podlega karom
11. (4) Every female who is proved to have, for the purposes of gain, exercised con-
trol, direction or influence over the movements of a prostitute in such a manner as to
show that she is aiding, abetting or compelling her prostitution with any other per-
son, or generally, shall be liable to the penalties set out in subsection (1) above.
(Criminal Law (Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 199550]
6.3. Criminal sanction in Polish legislative sentences
In order to express criminal sanction the Polish drafter uses customary phrases such
as podlegaæ karze.
Criminal provisions usually take the form of either a relative clause or a condi-
tional sentence as follows:
Whoever does X is liable to punishment Y. (Kto czyni X podlega karze Y.)
If P does X, then P is liable to punishment Y. (Je¿eli P czyni X, podlega karze Y.)
50
Retrieved from: http://www.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts1995/Ukpga_19950039_en_1.htm
XXXVII
Introduction to legal translation
51
Retrieved from: http://www.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts1988/Ukpga_19880001_en_1.htm to:
http://www.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts1988/Ukpga_19880001_en_102.htm
XXXVIII
6.5. Defining the scope of punishment in English and Polish criminal provisions
(ii) ‘shall be liable to a penalty of not more than’ = podlega karze w wysokoœci do
... if the master of said vessel refuses to comply with the lawful directions of such of-
ficer or does not truly answer such questions as are put to him respecting the vessel,
its cargo, or voyage, he shall be liable to a penalty of not more than $5,000 nor less
than $500. (US Law Collection Title 19 – Customs and Duties)
(iii) ‘shall be liable to a penalty not less than’ = podlega karze w wysokoœci nie
ni¿szej
Every person who shall have in his custody or possession any goods, wares, mer-
chandise, articles, or objects on which taxes are imposed by law, for the purpose of
selling the same in fraud of the internal revenue laws, or with design to avoid pay-
ment of the taxes imposed thereon, shall be liable to a penalty of $500 or not less
than double the amount of taxes fraudulently attempted to be evaded. (US Law Col-
lection - Internal Revenue Code)
(iv) ‘for not less than’ = na czas nie krótszy ni¿
Whoever engages in conduct prohibited by this subsection, and as a result of such
conduct directly or proximately causes the death of any person, including any public
safety officer performing duties, shall be subject to the death penalty, or imprisoned
for not less than 20 years or for life, fined under this title, or both. (Crimes and
Criminal Procedure – US Law Collection Title 18)
(v) ‘for a term not exceeding... years’ = na okres do ... lat
A person guilty of an offence under paragraph (7) shall be liable- (a) on summary
conviction, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months or to a fine not
exceeding the statutory maximum, or to both; or (b) on conviction on indictment, to
imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years or to a fine, or to both (Police
Reform Act 2002).
XXXIX
Introduction to legal translation
XL
7.2. Definitions in English legislative texts
sions on formulating statutory definitions, the drafter may have to use definitions if
the term in question is ambiguous, vague or its meaning is not commonly known to
the wide audience54. It must be noted that definitions are norms the binding force of
which can hold within the particular act. However, it is not clear whether definitions
should apply only to the acts in which they have been inserted, or whether their ap-
plication should be extended to other acts as well55. It is generally assumed that the
definitions which occur in codes ought to be given priority and prevail in interpreta-
tion of other statutes too.
7.2. Definitions in English legislative texts
Anglophone legislative drafters make use of ‘means’ and ‘includes’ when introduc-
ing legal definitions in legislative texts. ‘Means’ should be used in the definition re-
stricting or limiting the meaning of a word. It must be noted that such a definition is
aimed at giving a term a complete meaning in accordance with the Roman law prin-
ciple known as expression unius est exclusion alterius, – ‘expression of one thing is
to the exclusion of another’ (“Labour Legislation Guidelines”56). See the following
examples:
(i) ... employment agent means a person who, whether for payment or not, assists
persons to find employment or other work or assists employers to find employees or
workers. (“Labour Legislation Guidelines”)
(ii) For purposes of this chapter: (1) The term “civil disorder” means any public dis-
turbance involving acts of violence by assembly... . (Crimes and Criminal Procedure
– US Law Collection Title 18)
(iii) Interpretation In this Act (unless the context otherwise requires) – “amendment”
includes repeal or revocation and “amend” is to be construed accordingly, “coroner”
and “deputy coroner” mean a coroner and deputy coroner appointed under section 2 of
the Coroners Act (Northern Ireland) 1959. [Justice (Northern Ireland) Act 200257]
(iv) The terms “correction” and “correct” mean, with respect to any taxable expen-
diture, recovering part or all of the expenditure to the extent recovery is possible, and
where full recovery is not possible, contributions by the person or persons whose lia-
bilities for black lung benefit claims (as defined in section 192(e)) are to be paid out
of the trust to the extent necessary to place the trust in a financial position not worse
54
„§ 90.1. W ustawie nale¿y sformu³owaæ definicjê danego okreœlenia, je¿eli:
1) dane okreœlenie jest wieloznaczne,
2) dane okreœlenie jest nieostre, a po¿¹dane jest ograniczenie jego nieostroœci, znaczenie dane-
go okreœlenie nie jest powszechnie zrozumia³e”. (Wronkowska and Zieliñski, „Zasady techniki
prawodawczej” 1997, p. 157).
55
Wronkowska and Zieliñski (1993: 119) argue as follows: „... definicje s¹ normami szczegól-
nego rodzaju: nakazuj¹ one takie postêpowanie interpretacyjne przy odtwarzaniu norm z prze-
pisów, by pewne zwroty zawarte w przepisach a definiowane w interesuj¹cej nas definicji le-
galnej zast¹piæ zwrotami zawartymi w definiensie tej definicji”.
56
Retrieved from: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/ifpdial/iig/ch11.htm
57
Retrieved from: http://www.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts2002/20026--g.htm
XLI
Introduction to legal translation
than that in which it would be if the taxable expenditure had not been made. (US
Law Collection Title 26 – Internal Revenue Code)
The combination ‘means and includes’ should rather be avoided since it raises
doubts as to whether the definition is restrictive or extensive58. The singular form of
‘means’ and ‘includes’ is used even if the term being defined is plural because the
subject of ‘means’ or ‘includes’ is the ‘word’, e.g. ‘Toys’ includes teddy bears.
‘Includes, but is not limited to’ = zawiera m. in.
In some cases, the drafter may not want to define a word or phrase completely, yet
may wish to make certain that the word or phrase includes all the specific cases in
mind. Then the expression ‘includes, but is not limited to’ can be used. See the fol-
lowing example:
(i) “Conveyance” is used, but is not limited to, an assignment, lease, mortgage or
encumbrance59.
(ii) As used in this subsection, the phrase “direct costs of processing operations” in-
cludes, but is not limited to - (A) all actual labor costs involved in the growth, pro-
duction, manufacture, or assembly of the specific merchandise, including fringe
benefits, on-the-job training and the cost of engineering, supervisory, quality con-
trol, and similar personnel; and (B) dies, molds, tooling, and depreciation on ma-
chinery and equipment which are allocable to the specific merchandise. (US Law
Collection – Title 19 – Customs and Duties)
In conclusion, it must be noted that the following expressions are thought to be
obsolete and as such are to be avoided by modern drafters and legal translators:
L J
includes but is not limited to means
is defined as means
is defined to mean means
is defined and shall be construed to mean means
means and includes means (or includes)
shall be construed to mean means
shall be deemed to include means
shall mean means
7.3. Introduction to a series of definitions
In the introduction to a series of definitions, the drafter may say that the terms ‘have
the meanings given to them / assigned to them’ rather than ‘shall have the meanings
given to them / assigned to them’60. See the following examples:
58
We can differentiate between restrictive definitions which are followed by the word ‘means’
and extensive definitions which are followed by the word ‘includes’.
59
Bill Drafting Manual, Chapter 7, retrieved March 10 2003 from http://www.lc.state.or.us/
pdfs/dmchp7.pdf
60
Bill Drafting Manual, Chapter 10, retrieved from:htttp://www.revisor.leg.
state.mn.us/bill_drafting_manual/Chapter%2010.htm#a1008d)
XLII
7.4. Definitions in Polish legislative texts
(i) The term “control” has the meaning assigned to such term by section 368 PART
IX. (US Law Collection – Title 26 – Internal Revenue Code)
(ii) In this section “pending” has the meaning given by section 104. (Nationality,
Immigration and Asylum Act 200261)
(iii) Definitions Terms used in this section which are defined in section 4221(d)
shall have the meaning given to them by section 4221(d). (US Law Collection Title
26 – Internal Revenue Code)
One of the phrases used to define a particular term in reference with some other Act,
section or provision is ‘within the meaning of’. See the example below:
(iv) In subsection (10) above “conversion” means conversion within the meaning
of section 82 below and “exchange” means an exchange which by virtue of Chapter
II of Part IV of this Act does not involve a disposal. (Income and Corporation Taxes
Act 1988).
7.4. Definitions in Polish legislative texts
The Polish drafter uses a number of phrases to introduce legislative definitions.
These include rozumie siê, uwa¿a siê, oznacza / oznaczaj¹, uznaje siê, ma / maj¹
znaczenie.
See the following examples:
(i) rozumie siê = ‘shall have the following meanings’ / ‘shall mean’
Ilekroæ w ustawie jest mowa o:
1) ustawach podatkowych – rozumie siê przez to ustawy reguluj¹ce prawa i obo-
wi¹zki organów podatkowych oraz podatników, p³atników i inkasentów, a tak¿e ich
nastêpców prawnych oraz osób trzecich. (OP Art. 3)
The terms used in this Act shall have the following respective meanings:
(1) tax statutes – shall mean statutes regulating the rights and obligations of tax au-
thorities, tax payers, tax remittors and tax collectors, their legal successor, and third
persons. (AORFT)
(ii) nale¿y przez to rozumieæ tak¿e – ‘shall also include’ / ‘shall also be under-
stood’
Ilekroæ w ustawie mowa jest o „umowie spó³ki”, nale¿y przez to rozumieæ tak¿e akt
za³o¿ycielski sporz¹dzony przez jedynego wspólnika albo akcjonariusza spó³ki
kapita³owej. (KSH Art. 4 § 2)
Whenever this Act refers to “articles of association”, this shall include the deed of
incorporation executed by the sole shareholder of a company. (CCC1)
Whenever this Act refers to “articles of association”, this shall also include the
founding act made by the sole shareholder of a capital company. (PCCC)
Whenever in this Act there is a mention of “company deed”, it shall also be under-
stood as the founding act drawn up by the sole shareholder of a company.
(PCOCPAC)
61
Retrieved from: http://www.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts2002/20041–e.htm
XLIII
Introduction to legal translation
62
Labour Legislation Guidelines: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/ifpdial/
llg/ch11.htm
XLIV
8.1. The structure of English statutes
In this Act:
1) a “partnership” means a registered partnership, a professional partnership, a lim-
ited partnership, or a limited joint-stock partnership.
7.6. The use of commas and semicolons in definitions
The definitions which form part of a section or subsection should begin in
lower-case letters and be separated by semicolons (cf. Labour Legislation Guide-
lines ibid.). See the following example which includes a number of definitions taken
from Education Act 200263:
212 General interpretation
(1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires -
“contract of employment” has the meaning given by section 230(2) of the Employ-
ment Rights Act 1996 (c. 18);
“the local education authority”, in relation to a school maintained (or proposed to be
maintained) by a local education authority, means that authority;
“prescribed” means prescribed by regulations;
“regulations” means regulations made under this Act by the Secretary of State (in re-
lation to England) or by the National Assembly for Wales (in relation to Wales).
However, it must be pointed out that the English drafter may also use comma in or-
der to separate definitions placed in interpretation section as follows:
Interpretation 112 Definitions
(1) In this Chapter –
“appurtenant property”, in relation to a building or part of a building or a flat, means
any garage, outhouse, garden, yard or appurtenances belonging to, or usually en-
joyed with, the building or part or flat,
“copy”, in relation to a document in which information is recorded, means anything
onto which the information has been copied by whatever means and whether di-
rectly or indirectly. (Commonhold and Leasehold Act 200264)
63
Retrieved from: http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts2002/20020032.htm
64
Retrieved from http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts2002/20020015.htm
XLV
Introduction to legal translation
by receiving the Royal Assent. The structure of a typical Act includes the following
elements65:
1) Title – is aimed at informing the users in general terms of the subject-matter
and scope of legislative text. In other words, the purpose of the title is to give notice
of the general subject dealt with in the bill so that the member of legislature and the
public should be able to determine whether the bill covers a subject of particular in-
terest or concern. In many jurisdictions, a distinction is made between ‘short’ and
‘long’ titles.
1.1.The short title plays the role of a label which gives a brief indication of the
content of the text. It appears at the top of the page, below the royal seal and is the
name by which the Act is cited. See the below examples:
a) “Companies Act 1985”
b) “Short title
Section 1. This Act may be cited as the Industrial Relations Act, 1990.”
c) “8.-(1) This Act may be cited as the Worker Protection (Regular Part-Time Em-
ployees) Act, 1991.”66
1.2. The long title (not to be mistaken with the preamble) gives a formal descrip-
tion of the scope and purpose of the Act. Thus it should help the user to understand
the enactment. It may form part of the enactment and be used for interpretation pur-
poses. The title is usually capitalised. In the case of English legislative texts, the long
title begins with the words “An Act...” followed by a number of performative verbs
as follows:
add authorise create delete
exempt limit permit rename
amend codify declare direct
extend make new provision prohibit repeal and replace
appropriate consolidate define establish
increase modify remove revise
An example of a briefer long title is “An Act to declare and amend the Law of Part-
nership”.
Since the long title constitutes a formal and mostly elaborate description of Act,
the plain English movement supporters suggest eliminating it altogether; they main-
tain that the long title gives legislation “an unhealthy look (and) serves no useful
purpose that cannot be achieved in other ways.”67
2) The preamble which relates the law to the changed socio-political conditions
or simply states the law to be legislated. It has been traditionally used to explain the
intent behind the proposed enactment and it is considered an integral part of the en-
actment. A preamble may list the reasons for introducing the bill and may include
description of the purposes of the bill. It must be noted that not all contemporary
statutes contain a preamble because of the fear that a necessarily brief statement of
65
See: Alcaraz & Hughes, Legal Translation Explained. Manchester, 2002, pp. 105–108
66
See: Labour Legislation Guidelines retrieved from: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dia-
logue/ifpdial/llg/ch11.htm#note_1
67
See: http://www.davidelliott.ca/papers/usingplain.htm#22
XLVI
8.2. Structure of Polish statutes
intent might lead to doubt and ambiguity in the construction of the enactment. In
other words, the use of a preamble in modern drafting is usually discouraged. A pre-
amble is composed of one or more ‘whereas’-clauses, or clauses beginning with the
phrase “In view of” or “Given that”. A preamble ends with the clause beginning with
the “Now therefore” phrase.
3) The enacting provision which normally precedes the main body of the enact-
ment
3.1. The enacting provision may take the form of a formula written in archaic
English which runs as follows:
BE IT ENACTED by the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice
and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Par-
liament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
3.2. or simple sentences as below:
“The Parliament of {Australia} enacts:...”
“BE IT ENACTED by the Parliament of {New Zealand} as follows:...”
“Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of {the Philippines} in
Congress assembled:...”68
4) The parts, articles and sections of statutes which are discussed in detail below
5) Final provisions which include repeals which may apply to an existing enact-
ment as a whole or to particular provisions of the existing legislation. Where neces-
sary, the repeal provision indicates the date of repeal or when repeals are to take
place, indicating different dates for different provisions accordingly. Repeals may
take the form of the following sentences:
(i) “The enactments specified in ... to this Act are repealed to the extent specified”
(ii) “72. Repeal. The following Acts are hereby repealed:...”
(iii) “The Collective Bargaining Act is repealed.”
(iv) “The Collective Bargaining Act is repealed as of January 1, 2000.”
(v) “Sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 of the Collective Bargaining Act are repealed.”69
8.2. Structure of Polish statutes
The typical Polish statute consists of the following elements70:
1) tytu³ (title) – which contains as follows:
1.1. the type of Act - for information purposes only the title should indicate the
type of Act (e.g. ustawa, rozporz¹dzenie z mocy ustawy, zarz¹dzenie)
1.2. the date of Act which is preceded by the phrase z dnia (‘dated’, or ‘of’) and it
includes day, month (written in words) and year written in Arabic numerals and fol-
lowed by the letter “r.” which stands for rok (year), for instance:
... z dnia 24 paŸdziernika 2001 r. (dated 24 October 2001)
1.3. a brief description of the subject matter of Act – it should be concise and rele-
vant. It may begin with the preposition ‘o’ (e.g. Ustawa o Krajowym Rejestrze
68
Labour Legislation Guidelines, retrieved from: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/
ifpdial/llg/ch11.htm
69
These clauses have been cited in “Labour Legislation Guidelines” available at
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/ifpdial/llg/ch11.htm
70
See: § 11.1, § §12-17 M.P. dated 16th December 1991, No 44, item 310 cited in Wronkowska
& Zieliñski ibid.: 39
XLVII
Introduction to legal translation
S¹dowym) or with the words kodeks (code), prawo (law), ordynacja [e.g. kodeks
cywilny (civil code), prawo celne (customs law), ordynacja podatkowa (Act on rules
for taxation71)] .
2) przepisy merytoryczne (“content-centred” provisions), which in turn include
the following provisions:
2.1. przepisy ogólne (general provisions), which define the scope of the relations
stipulated by the statute;
2.2. przepisy szczegó³owe (specific provisions), which cover the following provi-
sions:
2.2.1. przepisy prawa materialnego (provisions of substantive law);
2.2.2. przepisy o organach i trybie postêpowania (provisions on authorities and
course of procedure) which include:
2.2.2.1. provisions on the appointment of authorities or creation of an institution /
agency. They usually take the form of the following formulas: Tworzy siê...,
Powo³uje siê...
2.2.2.2. provisions determining the rights and duties of appointed authorities or
created institution.
It is important to differentiate the tasks and assignments from the competence or
powers thereof. Therefore, drafting of the Polish provisions on granting powers onto
a natural/legal person may take the form of the following formula: Organ podatkowy
mo¿e... (“A tax authority may...”), while provisions on both granting rights and im-
posing duties should be formulated as follows:
a) where such an action occurs more than once then the imperfective verbs are to
be used in the present tense: „Organ podatkowy wzywa...” (“A tax authority shall
summon...”)
b) where such an action occurs only once then the perfective verbs in the present
tense ought to be applied: „Organ podatkowy wezwie...” (“A tax authority shall
summon...”).
2.2.3. przepisy karne (penal / criminal provisions) where applicable
3) provisions on the amendments to provisions in force
4) przepisy przejœciowe (transitional provisions) such as W dziedzinie ... stosuje
siê ustawê (dawn¹)... w szczególnoœci art. ..., je¿eli ustawa nie stanowi
inaczej,”and/or Przepisy ... nie naruszaj¹ mocy obowi¹zuj¹cej przepisów o ...,
a w szczególnoœci art. ...”(§ 22. M.P. dated 16th December 1991, No. 44, item 310
cited in Wronkowska & Zieliñski ibid.:52), or Pozostaj¹ w mocy przepisy (provi-
sions shall remain in force)
5) przepisy koñcowe (final provisions) which include as follows:
5.1. przepisy uchylaj¹ce (repealing provisions) which can be formulated in the
following way: Trac¹ moc przepisy (provisions shall be derogated/provisions shall
lose [their binding] force)
5.2. przepisy o wejœciu ustawy w ¿ycie (provisions on the commencement of the
Act) such as “Uchwa³a wchodzi w ¿ycie dniem 1 stycznia 2001 r.” (This Act shall
enter into force on / as of 1th January 2001).
71
The English translation of ordynacja podatkowa has been proposed by: K. Miller and
J. Yrkoski, op. cit., p. 17.
XLVIII
9.1. Amendment to English legal provisions
IL
Introduction to legal translation
ture) which are conferred on them in their capacity as a local education authority.
(Education Act 200177)
(ii) In section 7 (children detained in solemn proceedings) for the words “section
206” where they occur there shall be substituted the words “section 208”. [Crimi-
nal Procedure (Consequential Provisions) (Scotland) Act 1995]
(iii) (1) Subparagraph (b)(i) of the definition “Attorney General” in section 2 of
the Criminal Code is replaced by the following: (i) Yukon, the Northwest Territories
and Nunavut, or ... . (Criminal Code of Canada78)
(iv) In paragraph (5) of Rule 7.8— (a) the words “(1) or (2)” shall be replaced by
the words “(2) or (3)”; and (b) there shall be inserted at the end of that paragraph the
words “and notice of the adjourned meeting may be given by the chairman”. [Insol-
vency (Amendment) (Scotland) Act]
As for deletion of words and phrases, it is usually expressed by the phrase ‘shall be
deleted’:
‘In section 239 (1) “military convict or”, “convict or” and “convict”, “and in sec-
tion 239 (2) “a military convict or” shall be deleted’. (Criminal Law Act 199779)
L
9.2. Amendment to Polish provisions
LI
Introduction to legal translation
121, Item 591; of 1997 No. 32, Item 183; No. 139, Items 933 and 934, No. 140, Item
939; and No. 141, Item 945; of 1998 No. 60, Item 382; No. 106, Item 669; and No.
155, Item 1014; of 1999 No. 9, Item 75; and No. 83, Item 931; and of 2000 No. 60,
Item 703), the following Section 2a shall be added: (CCC1)
(iii) dodaje siê wyraz(y)... = ‘the words ... shall be added’
1) w art. 133 § 2a po wyrazie „przedsiêbiorców“ dodaje siê wyrazy
„i wspólników spó³ek handlowych” (KSH Art. 597)
(1) in Article 133 § 2a, the words “and the shareholders and partners of commer-
cial companies” shall be added after the word “entrepreneurs” (CCC1)
LII
11.1. Division and arrangement of British legal provisions
81
Retrieved from http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/ifpdial/llg/ch11.htm#note_1
LIII
Introduction to legal translation
Such notice must be served not later than six months after the end of the financial
year before that to which it relates.
11.2. Structure of American statutes
The structure of American statutes varies from state to state. More complex legisla-
tive texts, such as Codes, may even include information on the layout and division of
legal provisions. See the following example:
“Art. 1.01. Short Title, Captions, Parts, Articles, Sections, Subsections, and Para-
graphs
A. This Act shall be known and may be cited as the “Texas Business Corporation
Act.”
B. The Division of this Act into Parts, Articles, Sections, Subsections and Para-
graphs and the use of captions in connection therewith are solely for convenience
and shall have no legal effect in construing the provisions of this Act.
C. This Act has been organized and subdivided in the following manner:
(1) The Act is divided into Parts, containing groups of related Articles. Parts are
numbered consecutively with cardinal numbers.
(2) The Act is also divided into Articles, numbered consecutively with Arabic
numerals.
(3) Articles are divided into Sections. The Sections within each Article are
numbered consecutively with capital letters.
(4) Sections are divided into subsections. The subsections within each Section
are numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals enclosed in parentheses.
(5) Subsections are divided into paragraphs. The paragraphs within each sub-
section are numbered consecutively with lower case letters enclosed in parenthe-
ses.” (Business Corporation Act, Part One82).
The provisions of British, Canadian and American legislation are divided as fol-
lows:
British Canadian American
legislation legislation83 legislation84
82
Retrieved from: http://www.capitol.state.tx.us/statutes/br/br0000100.html
83
See: S. Šarèeviæ, op. cit., 130
84
This arrangement of legal provisions has been applied in the United States Code at
http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/
LIV
12. Equivalence at the level of designation of legislative text divisions
American legislation
“Administrative Rules Drafting “Bill Drafting Manual of the State
Manual”85 of Arkansas”86
Title Title
Article Chapter
Rule Subchapter
Section Section
Subsection Subsection (a) (b)
Subdivision Subdivision (1) (2)
Clause Subdivision (A) (B)
Item Subdivision (i) (ii)
Subitem Subdivision
As indicated in the above tables, the basic unit of division in Anglophone legisla-
tion is the section.
11.3. Macrostructure of Polish statutes
Every legal act consists of two parts as follows87:
– the ‘articulated part’ which comprises heading, the statement of the legal grounds
and preamble where applicable;
– the ‘non-articulated part’ comprises legal provisions which are included in arti-
cles (artyku³y), paragraphs (ustêpy, paragrafy), letters (litery), and items / points
(punkty). A paragraph should be followed by a dot, whereas a letter should be put
in parenthesis.
The division and arrangement of provisions in Polish legal codes is presented as fol-
lows:
1. Artyku³ (Art.) – article
2. Paragraf (§) – paragraph
3. Punkt (e.g. 1) – point
4. Litera (e.g. a) – letter.
Enumeration in article can take the form of the so-called “line-enumeration” or “col-
umn enumeration”.
It must be noted that in the case of legal codes the numbers of articles can be either
Roman or Arabic, for example: “Art. XVII” or “Art. 17.”
12. Equivalence at the level of designation
of legislative text divisions
While the basic units in Polish legislation are the article and the paragraph (§), the
section seems to be the common designation for the basic unit in the Anglophone
85
The ”Administrative Rules Drafting Manual”, retrieved March 3, 2003 from:
http://www.google.pl/search?q=cache:jwZFS_XhIm0C:www.in.gov/legislative/pdf/
IACDrftMan.PDF+%22drafting+manual%22&hl=pl&ie=UTF-8&inlang=pl
86
The ”Bill Drafting Manual of the State of Arkansas”, retrieved from: http://www.goo-
gle.pl/search?q=cache:3CdqIDz3BQEC:www.arkleg.state.ar.us/data/BillDraftingManu-
al.PDF+%22drafting+manual%22+%22must%22&hl=pl&ie=UTF-8&inlang=pl
87
See: L. Morawski, Wstêp do prawoznawstwa. Toruñ, 2002, pp. 47–57.
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Introduction to legal translation
legislation. When translating any legislative text, one must remember that each sec-
tion or article should be construed within the context of the whole legal act88. The ta-
ble below presents the Polish divisions of texts and their corresponding units in the
English legal system:
PCCC KSH
Title Tytu³
Division Dzia³
Chapter Rozdzia³
Art. 1. Art. 1
§ 1. § 1.
1) 1)
a) a)
English Polish
1. Preamble preambu³a
2. Part czêœæ
3. Title tytu³
4. Chapter rozdzia³
5. Section sekcja
6. Article artyku³
7. Paragraph ustêp
8. Subparagraph akapit, punkt
9. – litera, punkt
10. Indent myœlnik
11. Annex za³¹cznik
LVI
12.1. Structure of legal acts of European Union
LVII
Part I
English-Polish
A
a fortiori a fortiori, tym bardziej abode miejsce pobytu / zamieszkania, sie-
ABA (American Bar Association) Ame- dziba, mieszkanie
rykañska Rada Adwokacka place of abode miejsce zamieszkania
abandon porzucaæ / porzuciæ, odst¹piæ od right of abode prawo pobytu
czegoœ, zaniechaæ abolish znosiæ, obalaæ, likwidowaæ, unie-
abandoned property mienie porzucone, wa¿niaæ, uchylaæ
rzecz porzucona abolishment zniesienie, obalenie, likwi-
abandonment porzucenie, odst¹pienie, dacja, uchylenie, uniewa¿nienie
zaniechanie abolition zniesienie, obalenie, likwidacja,
abandonment of a movable porzucenie uchylenie, uniewa¿nienie
rzeczy ruchomej abrogate uniewa¿niaæ, uchylaæ, anulo-
abandonment of action odst¹pienie od waæ, odwo³ywaæ, abrogowaæ
powództwa abrogate a law uchylaæ prawo
abandonment of childporzuceniedziecka abrogate a treaty uniewa¿niaæ traktat
abate 1. anulowaæ, uniewa¿niaæ 2. udzie- abrogation odwo³anie, zniesienie, unie-
laæ ulgi, obni¿aæ wa¿nienie, uchylenie, abrogacja
abatement rabat, bonifikata, ulga podat- abscond zbiec, ukrywaæ siê przed pra-
kowa wem
abduct uprowadzaæ, uprowadziæ absconding debtor ukrywaj¹cy siê
abermurder zabójstwo zwyk³e, morder- d³u¿nik
stwo absence nieobecnoϾ, absencja
abet pod¿egaæ, podjudzaæ, nak³aniaæ do absence at / from work nieobecnoœæ
dokonania przestêpstwa w pracy
abettor pod¿egacz, poplecznik unjustified absence at work nieuspra-
abeyance 1. zawieszenie, brak rozstrzy- wiedliwiona nieobecnoϾ w pracy
gniêcia 2. odroczenie 3. nieskutecznoœæ absence money dodatek za roz³¹kê
in abeyance w zawieszeniu absence of next of kin spadek nieobjêty
lands in abeyance bezpañskie grunty, absentee bumelant, nieobecny
brak w³aœciciela gruntu absenteeism notoryczna absencja
law is in abeyance prawo nie jest egze- rate of absenteeism wskaŸnik absencji
kwowane to calculate the absenteeism obliczyæ
abide (by) dotrzymywaæ, przestrzegaæ, absencjê
podporz¹dkowaæ siê absolute bezwzglêdny, absolutny, bezwa-
abide by the law przestrzegaæ prawa runkowy, ca³kowity
abjuration (USA) wyrzeczenie siê wier- absolute acceptance przyjêcie bezwarun-
noœci krajowi, wyparcie siê kowe
3
absolute discharge accomplice
4
account account
account 1. konto, rachunek 2. relacja, spra- personal account (UK, USA) konto
wozdanie, raport, opis, relacja 3. wyja- osobowe
œnienie, wyt³umaczenie real account konto bilansowe
analytical account konto analityczne reciprocal account konto wzajemnych
auxiliary account rachunek pomoc- rozliczeñ
niczy running balance form of account kon-
balance sheet account kontobilansowe to jednostronne / drabinkowe
bank account rachunek bankowy savings account rachunek oszczêdnoœ-
è named bank account rachunek ban- ciowy
kowy imienny settlement of accounts rozliczenie pie-
banking account konto bankowe niê¿ne
blocked account konto zablokowane skeleton account (USA) konto teowe
capital account konto kapita³owe stock account konto zapasów
chart of accounts plan kont stock purchase account (UK) konto
clearing account konto rozliczeniowe zakupu zapasów
contra account konto koryguj¹ce stock sale account (UK) konto sprze-
control account konto syntetyczne da¿y zapasów
corporate account rachunek przedsiê- subsidiary account konto analityczne,
biorstwa / spó³ki rachunek pomocniczy
credit-balance account konto aktyw- suspense account konto przejœciowe
ne T-account konto teowe
currency account rachunek walutowy temporary account konto wynikowe /
current account rachunek bie¿¹cy niebilansowe
debit-balance account konto pasywne time deposit account, term deposit ac-
deposit account konto depozytowe count rachunek lokat terminowych
detailed account konto analityczne total account konto zbiorcze, konto
discrepancy of accounts niezgodnoϾ syntetyczne
kont to balance an account zamkn¹æ ra-
exchange equalisation account konto chunek
dewizowe wyrównawcze to charge an account obci¹¿yæ konto
foreign currency account rachunek to close an account zamkn¹æ rachunek
dewizowy to combine accounts po³¹czyæ konta
frozen account konto zablokowane to credit an account uznaæ konto
impersonal account (UK, USA) konto to debit an account obci¹¿yæ konto, za-
nieosobowe / martwe pisaæ w ciê¿ar konta
joint account rachunek wspólny to divide an account podzieliæ konto
liability and equity account konto pa- to examine / to verify an account
sywne sprawdziæ rachunek
manufacturing account konto kosz- to have / to maintain an account mieæ
tów produkcji konto
name of the account nazwa konta to keep / to carry / to operate an acco-
nominal account konto wynikowe / unt prowadziæ rachunek
niebilansowe to open an account at the bank otwo-
over-and-short account konto ró¿nic rzyæ konto bankowe
kasowych to overdraft the account przekroczyæ
permanent account konto bilansowe konto
5
accountability accusation
6
accusatorial action
7
action for recovery of an inheritance administrative-review authorities
8
administrative-review board age of majority
9
agency allocate
10
allocution annex
11
annexation appropriation
12
approval arrears
13
arrest assets
14
assets and liabilities attorney-in-fact for delivery
realisable assets aktywa nadaj¹ce siê do associate zrzeszaæ siê w zwi¹zek zawodo-
sprzeda¿y wy, zak³adaæ zwi¹zek zawodowy
risk assets aktywa trudne doup³ynnienia associated company spó³ka powi¹zana
slow assets aktywa trudne do up³yn- assume 1. zak³adaæ / za³o¿yæ 2. przyj¹æ
nienia / przyjmowaæ
tangible assets aktywa materialne assume a succession przyj¹æ spadek
to administer assets and liabilities asylum azyl, schronienie
zarz¹dzaæ maj¹tkiem to seek asylum ubiegaæ siê o azyl
to dispose of assets and liabilities roz- atonement pokuta, zadoϾuczynienie
porz¹dzaæ maj¹tkiem attach 1. zaj¹æ, zajmowaæ, zatrzymywaæ
to liquidate the assets of the company 2. za³¹czaæ
partnership up³ynniæ maj¹tek spó³ki attach rights zaj¹æ prawa
to sell assets sprzedaæ mienie attachment 1. zajêcie maj¹tku 2. za-
to release assets and liabilities wydaæ ³¹cznik
mienie attachment of earnings zajêcie zarobków
unmarketable assets aktywa nie do (USA)
up³ynnienia attachment of rights zajêcie praw
wastingassets(USA) aktywazu¿ywalne warrant of attachment nakaz zatrzy-
assets and liabilities maj¹tek, aktywa mania
i pasywa attest poœwiadczaæ, uwierzytelniaæ, zaœ-
assets being subject of inheritance spa- wiadczaæ, legalizowaæ
dek, spuœcizna attestant osoba poœwiadczaj¹ca
assets in kind wk³ad w naturze / niepie- attestation 1. poœwiadczenie, uwierzytel-
niê¿ny nienie,zalegalizowanie2.zaprzysiê¿enie
assets of inheritance aktywa spadku attorn przenosiæ (prawa w³asnoœci)
assets of the estate of the deceased per- attorney 1. pe³nomocnik, rzecznik, przed-
son ca³oœæ spadku stawiciel 2. adwokat, prawnik
assets of third parties mienie osób trze- private attorney pe³nomocnik poza-
cich s¹dowy,przedstawiciel prywatny (USA)
asseveration uroczyste zapewnienie (za- prosecuting attorney prokurator
miast przysiêgi), stanowcze stwier- public attorney (USA) przedstawiciel z
dzenie urzêdu
assign przydzielaæ, przydzieliæ attorney at large (USA) przedstawiciel
assign a customs-approved treatment or we wszystkich sprawach
usenadaæ / nadawaæ przeznaczenie celne attorney-at-law prawnik, adwokat
assignable przenoœny, nadaj¹cy siê do attorney for government (USA) przed-
przeniesienia stawiciel rz¹du
assigned wyznaczony, przydzielony, usta- attorney in casus (USA) przedstawiciel
lony, przeznaczony w sprawie
assigned counsel adwokat z urzêdu, obroñ- attorney of creditors pe³nomocnik wie-
ca z urzêdu rzycieli
assignee 1. zarz¹dca, pe³nomocnik, na- attorney of record (USA) przedstawiciel
stêpca 2. beneficjent 3. cesjonariusz umocowany pisemnie
assignment 1. wyznaczenie, przydziele- attorney-in-fact pe³nomocnik prawny
nie 2. przeniesienie w³asnoœci, cesja attorney-in-fact for delivery pe³nomoc-
3. zadanie nik do dorêczeñ
15
audit award of benefits
16
B
Bachelor of Laws stopieñ naukowy po initial balance bilans otwarcia
ukoñczeniu studiów prawniczych trial balance bilans próbny
back office personnel personel pomocni- è adjusted trial balance bilans prób-
czy ny po korektach
back order zamówienie zaleg³e è post-closing trial balance bilans
back to back loan po¿yczka obopólna próbny po zamkniêciu kont
backdate antydatowaæ, antedatowaæ, da- è unadjusted trial balance bilans pró-
towaæ wstecz, opatrywaæ dat¹ wczeœ- bny przed zapisami koryguj¹cymi
niejsz¹ ni¿ faktyczna balance deficit saldo ujemne
backroom personnel kadra „drugiego balance in hand saldo kasowe
planu” balance of bank account stan rachunku
bad 1. z³y 2. nieœci¹galny bankowego
bad debt wierzytelnoœæ nieœci¹galna balance sheet bilans
bad debtor d³u¿nik niepewny balance sheet date dzieñ bilansowy
bad loan po¿yczka nieœci¹galna balance sheet equation równanie bilan-
bail (noun) 1. zwolnienie za kaucj¹ 2. kau- sowe
cja, porêczenie balance sheet total suma bilansowa
bail bond porêczenie maj¹tkowe classified balance sheet bilans pokla-
bail (verb) zwolniæ za kaucj¹, porêczaæ, syfikowany
wp³aciæ kaucjê, wykupiæ z aresztu balances confirmation uzgodnienie sald
bailable dopuszczaj¹cy zwolnienie za ballasting work roboty podsypkowe
kaucj¹ ballot (noun) 1. tajne g³osowanie, balota¿
bailable offence przestêpstwo dopuszcza- 2. lista wyborcza 3. liczba oddanych
j¹ce zwolnienie z aresztu za kaucj¹ g³osów 4. prawo wyborcze, prawo do
bailee 1. bior¹cy w u¿yczenie, depozyta- g³osowania
riusz 2. posiadacz zale¿ny ballot (verb) g³osowaæ
bailment 1. zastaw handlowy, powierzenie ban (noun) 1. zakaz 2. delegalizacja
towaruwdepozyt2.zwolnieniezakaucj¹ overtime ban zakaz pracy w nadgodzi-
bailor deponent, u¿yczaj¹cy, depozytor nach
balance 1. saldo, stan konta 2. bilans ban (verb) 1. zakazywaæ, zabraniaæ 2. de-
3. równowaga 4. szala legalizacja
active / credit balance saldo dodatnie bank 1. bank 2. skarbonka
closing balance bilans zamkniêcia agricultural bank bank rolny
debit balance saldo ujemne annuity bank bank rentowy
inaccuracy of the balance niezgod- branch of bank oddzia³ banku
noϾ salda
17
bank account bankruptcy estate funds
18
bankruptcy law benefit payable on a provisional basis
19
benefit someone block of flats
20
blocked bondholder’s claim
21
bonus break
22
bribe building inspection
23
building inspector bylaws / bye-laws
24
C
c/o conscientious objector osoba odma- capable zdolny, zdatny, posiadaj¹cy zdol-
wiaj¹ca odbycia s³u¿by wojskowej ze noœæ prawn¹
wzglêdu na przekonania capable of making a will zdolny do spo-
cadaver (USA) zw³oki rz¹dzenia testamentu
caisson work roboty kesonowe capable of transacting legal business
calculate obliczaæ / obliczyæ, kalkulowaæ zdolny do czynnoœci prawnych
calculate a legitim obliczaæ zachowek to be capable of transacting legal bu-
calculate a tax obliczaæ podatek siness byæ zdolnym do czynnoœci praw-
calculate the absenteeism obliczaæ ab- nych
sencjê capacity 1. zdolnoœæ 2. pojemnoœæ 3. wy-
calculation kalkulacja, obliczenie dajnoϾ 4. funkcja, rola, charakter
calendar kalendarz, terminarz attainment of capacity to perform acts
voting calendar kalendarz wyborczy in law nabycie zdolnoœci do czynnoœci
call (noun) ¿¹danie, wezwanie do op³ace- prawnych
nia akcji full capacity to perform / to effect acts
call for delivery ¿¹danie dostawy in law pe³na zdolnoœæ do czynnoœci
call (verb) wezwaæ / wzywaæ prawnych
call for tenders wezwaæ do sk³adania lack of capacity to perform acts in law
ofert przetargowych brak zdolnoœci do czynnoœci prawnych
called-up share akcja kredytowana limited capacity to perform acts in law
calumny kalumnia, oszczerstwo, potwarz, ograniczona zdolnoœæ do czynnoœci
pomówienie prawnych
campaign kampania, akcja, demonstracja capacity for acts in law zdolnoϾ do czyn-
to lead a campaign prowadziæ kam- noœci prawnych
paniê capacity to act in court proceedings
to organise a campaign for organizo- zdolnoϾ procesowa
waæ kampaniê na rzecz capacity to effect acts in law zdolnoœæ do
cancel 1. odwo³aæ, anulowaæ, uniewa¿niæ czynnoœci prawnych
2. skreœlaæ, wykreœlaæ, kasowaæ capacity to go bankrupt zdolnoœæ upa-
cancel an offer anulowaæ ofertê d³oœciowa
cancellation 1. anulowanie, odwo³anie, capacity to transact legal business zdol-
uniewa¿nienie 2. skreœlenie, skasowanie noœæ do czynnoœci prawnych
cancerous rakotwórczy capital (noun) 1. kapita³, œrodki pieniê¿-
cancerous substances and agents sub- ne, fundusz 2. stolica
stancje i czynniki rakotwórcze allotted share capital przydzielony ka-
canon kanon, norma, regu³a, zasada pita³ zak³adowy
25
capital of company / partnership cash available to meet...
26
cash budget Certified General...
27
certified statement cheque (UK), check (USA)
28
cheque bearer circumstance
29
circumstantial claim excluded...
30
claim for employee’s earnings codicil
claim for employee’s earnings wierzy- something nadaæ czemuœ klauzulê wy-
telnoœæ ze stosunku pracy konalnoœci
claim for the commission roszczenie clear 1. oczyœciæ (z zarzutów) 2. ocliæ,
o prowizjê uiszczaæ c³o 3. wyprzedawaæ (towar)
claim included in arrangement / reor- clear the stock wyprzedaæ zapas
ganisation wierzytelnoœæ objêta clearance 1. oclenie, uiszczenie c³a
uk³adem 2. rozliczenie, rozrachunek
claim recorded ex officio wierzytelnoœæ clearance card œwiadectwo pracy
umieszczana z urzêdu clearing rozliczenie, rozrachunek
claim resulting from a legitim roszcze- clearing agent agent celny
nie z tytu³u zachowku clearing house izba rozrachunkowa
claim resulting from the contract of clemency 1. akt ³aski, u³askawienie
work roszczenie wynikaj¹ce z umowy 2. mi³osierdzie 3. ³agodnoœæ
o dzie³o clerical 1. biurowy, urzêdniczy, kancela-
claim secured by a mortgage wierzytel- ryjny 2. duchowny, klerykalny
noœæ zabezpieczona hipotek¹ clerical assistant pracownik biurowy
claim secured by a right in rem wierzy- clerical work praca urzêdnicza, praca
telnoϾ zabezpieczona rzeczowo biurowa
claim secured on property wierzytelnoœæ clerk urzêdnik
zabezpieczona rzeczowo clerk of works inspektor / urzêdnik nad-
claim (verb) 1. dochodziæ, domagaæ siê, zoru budowlanego
¿¹daæ 2. roœciæ sobie prawo 3. zg³aszaæ clerkship 1. sta¿ praktyki adwokackiej
pretensje / roszczenia 4. sk³adaæ rekla- 2. urz¹d, zatrudnienie
macjê, reklamowaæ 6. twierdziæ, utrzy- close 1. zakoñczyæ, zamkn¹æ 2. zawieraæ
mywaæ 5. pretendowaæ do close the current business of the com-
claim a debt against a bankrupt zg³osiæ pany / partnership zakoñczyæ bie¿¹ce
roszczenie do masy upad³oœci interesy spó³ki
claim possession roœciæ sobie prawo do close the partnership’s / company’s
posiadania business zakoñczyæ dzia³alnoœæ spó³ki
claimant 1. wnioskodawca 2. zg³aszaj¹cy closed offering / subscription subskryp-
roszczenie / reklamacjê 3. powód, stro- cja zamkniêta
na powodowa coaching pouczanie œwiadka przed jego
clandestine 1. tajny, ukryty, pok¹tny zeznawaniem w s¹dzie
2. nielegalny coastal shipping kabota¿, ¿egluga kabo-
clandestine worker pracownik niele- ta¿owa
galny coastwise shipping ¿egluga przybrze¿na,
class klasa, rodzaj, typ, kategoria, gatunek kabota¿
class of shares kategoria, rodzaj akcji co-conspirator wspó³spiskowiec
classification klasyfikacja code 1. kodeks, regulamin, zbiór przepi-
classification of goods klasyfikacja to- sów 2. kod, szyfr
warów building code kodeks budowlany
clause klauzula, warunek, przepis, para- labour code kodeks pracy
graf, punkt (umowy) co-debtor d³u¿nik solidarny, wspó³d³u¿-
enforceability clause klauzula wyko- nik
nalnoœci co-determination wspó³decydowanie
to assign an enforceability clause to codicil kodycyl do testamentu
31
codification commercial power of attorney
32
commercial register communal
33
communal establishment company seal
34
company with participation... conclude contracts...
35
conclusion consider
36
consign continuous obligation
37
contract contribution
38
capital contribution co-owner
39
co-ownership cost
40
cost estimate country of origin
41
county covering loss
county 1. hrabstwo (UK) 2. okrêg admini- court of first instance s¹d pierwszej in-
stracyjny (USA) stancji
county council, poviat council rada po- court of inheritance s¹d spadkowy
wiatu court of last resort s¹d ostatniej instancji
county office urz¹d starostwa Court of Queen’s (King’s) Bench (UK)
court 1. s¹d, trybuna³ 2. podwórze, dzie- S¹d £awy Królewskiej
dziniec 3. hala 4. gmach s¹du, sala roz- court recorder (USA) protokolants¹dowy
praw court records akta s¹dowe
arbitration court s¹d arbitra¿owy, s¹d court reporter (UK) protokolant s¹dowy
polubowny, s¹d rozjemczy court room sala s¹dowa
bankruptcy court s¹d upad³oœciowy court supervision nadzór s¹dowy
civil court s¹d cywilny interim court supervision tymczaso-
criminal court s¹d karny wy nadzór s¹dowy
International Court of Justice Miê- court supervisor zarz¹dca
dzynarodowy Trybuna³ Sprawiedli- court’s actions to secure assets czynno-
woœci œci zabezpieczaj¹ce s¹du
International Criminal Court Miê- court-appointed receiver syndyk wyzna-
dzynarodowy Trybuna³ Karny czony przez s¹d
labour court s¹d pracy court-martial s¹d wojenny, s¹d polowy,
lower court s¹d ni¿szej instancji s¹d wojskowy
magistrates’ court s¹d pokoju, s¹d courthouse (UK) gmach s¹du
rozjemczy coup d’état zamach stanu
military court s¹d wojskowy abortive coup d’état nieudany zamach
supreme court s¹d najwy¿szy stanu
to appear in court stawiæ siê w s¹dzie bloodless coup d’état bezkrwawy za-
to open the court otworzyæ rozprawê mach stanu
Court and Economic Monitor Monitor to foil la coup d’état udaremniæ zamach
S¹dowy i Gospodarczy stanu
court deposit depozyt s¹dowy to launch / to stage coup d’état doko-
court enforcement officer komornik s¹- naæ zamachu stanu
dowy covenant 1. ugoda, umowa, konwencja,
court execution officer, court executive porozumienie 2. traktat, pakt 3. punkt
officer komornik s¹dowy umowy, klauzula umowy 4. zobowi¹-
court executive supervisor nadzorca s¹- zanie
dowy Covenant of the League of Nations Pakt
Court of Appeal (UK) S¹d Apelacyjny Ligi Narodów
Court of Appeals (USA) S¹d Apelacyjny covenantee osoba uprawniona z mocy
Court of Assizes s¹d przysiêg³ych na umowy, beneficjant, kontrahent, wie-
sesji wyjazdowej rzyciel
court of cassation s¹d kasacyjny covenantor strona zobowi¹zana na mocy
court of conciliation s¹d rozjemczy umowy, kontrahent, d³u¿nik
Court of Criminal Appeal (UK) S¹d cover pokrywaæ, pokryæ
Karny Apelacyjny cover losses pokryæ straty
court of discipline s¹d dyscyplinarny covering loss pokrycie strat
Court of Exchequer (UK) S¹d Kancler- manner of covering loss sposób po-
ski krycia strat
42
coverture crime wave
43
criminal customs formalities
44
customs frontier cy pres
45
D
DA (District Attorney) 1. prokurator date of the postal mark data stempla
okrêgowy (USA) 2. oskar¿yciel pu- pocztowego
bliczny day dzieñ
dactylography daktylografia business day dzieñ roboczy
damage szkoda, straty, zniszczenia, usz- eight-hours working day oœmiogo-
kodzenie dzinny dzieñ pracy
malicious damage rozmyœlne zniszcze- pay day dzieñ wyp³aty
nie mienia day off dzieñ wolny od pracy
redress of the damage naprawienie / days of grace dni ulgowe / respektowe /
usuniêcie szkody karencji
to bear the damage ponieœæ szkodê daybook dziennik, ksiêga zapisu pier-
to estimate the damage oszacowaæ wotnego
szkodê DBA (doing business as) prowadz¹cdzia-
to repair damage wyrównaæ szkodê ³alnoœæ jako (dos³.), nazwa handlowa
to suffer damage ponieœæ szkodê DC (district court) 1. okrêgowy s¹d sta-
damages odszkodowanie nowy (USA) 2. s¹d miejski (USA)
in damages tytu³em odszkodowania 3. s¹d rejonowy (POL)
damnum szkoda, strata deadline termin, termin wykonania
danger 1. niebezpieczeñstwo 2. groŸba, to establish a deadline ustaliæ termin
ryzyko, zagro¿enie wykonania
date 1. data, termin 2. okres 3. spotkanie, to fail to meet a deadline nie dotrzy-
randka maæ terminu wykonania
mailing date data stempla pocztowego to fix a deadline ustaliæ termin wyko-
move-in date data objêcia w posiadanie nania
/ zasiedlenia nieruchomoœci to make a deadline dotrzymaæ terminu
occupancy / possession date data objê- wykonania
cia w posiadanie / zasiedlenia nierucho- to meet a deadline ustaliæ termin wy-
moœci konania
postmark date data stempla poczto- deadly œmiertelny, œmiercionoœny, za-
wego bójczy
date of incorporation data zarejestrowa- deadly force zabójcza si³a
nia spó³ki deadly weapon œmiercionoœna broñ
date of the commencement of work deal in shares spieniê¿yæ akcje
data rozpoczêcia pracy death zgon
date of the payment of rent termin p³at- death benefit odprawa poœmiertna
noœci czynszu death grant zasi³ek pogrzebowy
46
death of the partner declaration
47
declassify defaulter
48
defaulting deliver
49
deliverer dependent possessor
50
depletion destroy
51
destroy a will discharge an obligation
52
discharge without notice disorderly conduct
53
disparage dividend
54
dividend distribution dormant partner
55
double dwelling unit
56
E
earnest 1. powa¿ny 2. gorliwy, sumienny effective efektywny, skuteczny, wydajny
earnest money zadatek pieniê¿ny effectiveness of reservation of owner-
earnings zarobek, zysk ship skutecznoœæ zastrze¿enia prawa
earth work roboty ziemne w³asnoœci
easement 1. s³u¿ebnoœæ 2. ulga 3. udo- effectuate dokonaæ, wprowadziæ w ¿ycie,
godnienie, u³atwienie wdro¿yæ
contractual easement s³u¿ebnoœæ egress prawo wyjœcia
umowna elder starszy
legal easement s³u¿ebnoœæ ustawowa Council of Elders Konwent Seniorów
predial / real easement s³u¿ebnoœæ election wybór przez g³osowanie, wybory,
gruntowa elekcja
to acquire easement nabyæ s³u¿ebnoœæ election district okrêg wyborczy
to establish easement ustanowiæ s³u- eleemosynary dobroczynny, charyta-
¿ebnoœæ tywny
to exercise easement wykonywaæ s³u- eleemosynary corporation (USA) insty-
¿ebnoœæ tucja charytatywna, stowarzyszenie do-
to grant easement ustanowiæ s³u¿eb- broczynne
noϾ eleemosynary purpose cel dobroczynny /
easement appurtenant s³u¿ebnoœæ grun- charytatywny
towa eligibility uprawnienie, kwalifikacje, wa-
easement by necessity s³u¿ebnoœæ drogi runki
koniecznej eligibility for employment uprawnienie
easement of a building s³u¿ebnoœæ bu- do zatrudnienia
dynkowa elisor osoba wyznaczona zamiast szeryfa
easement of necessary access s³u¿ebnoœæ lub koronera do spe³nienia s¹dowego po-
drogi koniecznej lecenia
eavesdropping pods³uchiwanie (prze- emancipate 1. wyzwalaæ, emancypowaæ
stêpstwo wg prawa angielskiego) 2. (nieletniego) usamodzielniæ
economic gospodarczy, ekonomiczny embezzlement sprzeniewierzenie, defrau-
economic activity dzia³alnoœæ gospodar- dacja, przyw³aszczenie, malwersacja
cza emblements 1. roczne zbiory, p³ody rolne
edict edykt, dekret 2. roczny dochód z ziemi, po¿ytki
effect skutek, wynik, efekt embracery próba przekupienia sêdziego
effects of the arrangement skutki uk³adu przysiêg³ego
effects of the declaration of bankruptcy emergency will testament szczególny
skutki og³oszenia upad³oœci emolument (np. pos³ów, s³u¿bowa) dieta
57
employee endorse
58
endorsee entry of appearance
59
equal European Convention on...
60
European Convention on... exchange list
61
exchange office expiration of tenancy
62
expiry eyewitness
63
F
fabricate 1. fabrykowaæ (dowody) 2. pro- faulty possession posiadanie wadliwe
dukowaæ, wytwarzaæ, wyrabiaæ Federation of European Stock Ex-
fabricated evidence sfabrykowane do- changes (FESE) Federacja Europej-
wody skich Gie³d Papierów Wartoœciowych
factor 1. czynnik, sk³adnik, element fee 1. op³ata 2. honorarium, wynagrodze-
2. okolicznoœæ 3. agent komisowy, po- nie 3. sk³adka 4. czesne, wpisowe 5. na-
œrednik, faktor piwek 6. maj¹tek dziedziczony
factory fabryka administration fee op³ata manipula-
factory worker robotnik fabryczny cyjna
factual rzeczowy, oparty na faktach, fak- extension fee op³ata prolongacyjna
tyczny rate of fees stawka op³at
facultative fakultatywny to charge a fee pobieraæ op³atê
facultative obligation zobowi¹zanie fa- to fix a fee ustalaæ op³atê
kultatywne to pay a fee wp³acaæ op³atê
Faculty of Advocates (SCOT.) Rada Ad- fee amount wysokoœæ op³aty
wokacka felon zbrodniarz, przestêpca, z³oczyñca
falling due of interest termin p³atnoœci felony zbrodnia, przestêpstwo, powa¿ny
odsetek wystêpek
false 1. fa³szywy, b³êdny 2. podrobiony to commit a felony pope³niæ zbrodniê
3. zdradliwy, k³amliwy female unemployment bezrobocie kobiet
false cheque fa³szywy czek female worker pracownik-kobieta
false claim roszczenie oszukañcze / nie- fiat dekret, zarz¹dzenie
uzasadnione fibre dust py³y zw³ókniaj¹ce
false pretences fa³szywy pretekst fictitious fikcyjny, zmyœlony
false representations fa³szywe dane fictitious legal act / transaction czyn-
false swearing krzywoprzysiêstwo noœæ prawna fikcyjna
family rodzina fictitious offer oferta fikcyjna
family benefits œwiadczenia rodzinne fictitious possession posiadanie fikcyjne
family worker pracownik-cz³onek ro- fidelity wiernoœæ, lojalnoœæ
dziny fidelity bond umowa o ubezpieczenie od
farm rolniczy, farmerski, gospodarski sprzeniewierzenia
farmer rolnik, farmer, gospodarz fiduciary powierniczy
farmers’ co-operative rolnicza spó³dziel- fiduciary transaction czynnoœæ prawna
nia produkcyjna powiernicza
faulty 1. wadliwy, wybrakowany field teren, pole
2. b³êdny field work praca w terenie
64
file for the benefit of
65
for the record fraudulent
66
fraudulent bankruptcy fund
67
funeral FY
68
G
gag knebel general strikestrajkgeneralny,powszechny
gag order (USA) wydany przez s¹d zakaz general use u¿ytkowanie powszechne
dyskutowania (np. w prasie) na temat genocide ludobójstwo
sprawy s¹dowej w toku jej trwania gift darowizna, dar, podarunek, przedmiot
gambling 1. hazard 2. gra na gie³dzie darowizny
3. spekulacja gift mortis causa darowizna na wypadek
gaol wiêzienie, areszt œmierci
gaoler stra¿nik wiêzienny, naczelnik wiê- gift tax podatek od darowizn
zienia gift to be included in the compulsory
garnish 1. upomnieæ 2. dokonaæ zajêcia portion of the inheritance darowizna
u osoby trzeciej przedmiotów nale¿¹- zaliczalna na zachówek
cych do d³u¿nika na zabezpieczenie na- gift to be included in the inheritance
le¿noœci darowizna doliczana do spadku
garnishee osoba trzecia, u której dokona- gist esencja, istota
no zajêcia rzeczy nale¿¹cych do d³u¿- gist of an action istota powództwa
nika, d³u¿nik zobowi¹zany do p³atno- give one’s notice wypowiedzieæ komuœ
œci na rzecz wierzyciela swego wierzy- pracê
ciela give up porzucaæ / porzuciæ
gavel m³otek sêdziego give security daæ jako porêczenie
gender p³eæ, rodzaj glazing work roboty szklarskie
gender discrimination dyskryminacja global globalny
p³ciowa global loan po¿yczka globalna
general 1. walny, generalny 2. powszech- good faith (bona fide) w dobrej wierze
ny, ogólny goods towar, towary, dobra
General Agreement on Tariffs and contraband goods towary z przemytu
Trade Uk³ad Ogólny w Sprawie Taryf identical goods towar identyczny
Celnych i Handlu smuggled / undeclared goods towary
general assembly walne zgromadzenie z przemytu
general meeting of shareholders walne goods in temporary storage towar sk³ad-
zgromadzenie akcjonariuszy owany czasowo
general meeting walne zgromadzenie goods in the unaltered state towar w sta-
general partner (POL) komplementa- nie niezmienionym
riusz goods of the same quality and kind to-
general power of attorney pe³nomocnic- war tego samego rodzaju i gatunku
two ogólne goods originating in a given country to-
general receiver syndyk war pochodz¹cy z danego kraju
69
goodwill guarantee
70
guarantee commission gun
71
H
habeas corpus habeas corpus, œrodek health and safety standards standardy
prawny zapobiegaj¹cy bezprawnemu bhp
aresztowaniu, ustawa zabraniaj¹ca health care profession personel s³u¿by
aresztowania bez zgody s¹du zdrowia
habitability (o lokalu) zdatnoœæ do za- health service centre zak³ad opieki zdro-
mieszkania wotnej
habitual 1. zwyk³y, zwyczajowy, charak- hearsay pog³oski
terystyczny 2. notoryczny, na³ogowy hearsay evidence dowód ze s³yszenia (nie
habitual criminal recydywista z pierwszego Ÿród³a)
hand over przekazywaæ / przekazaæ heat 1. upa³ 2. gor¹czka, podniecenie,
hand over the object oddaæ obiekt ferwor
hand over the premises przekazaæ lokal heat of passion afekt
hand over construction works oddaæ ro- crime committed in the heat of pas-
boty budowlane sion zbrodnia pope³niona w afekcie
handcuffs kajdanki, kajdany heir spadkobierca
handicapped niepe³nosprawny bodily heir spadkobierca w linii prostej
handicapped worker pracownik niepe³- ineligible heir spadkobierca niegodny
nosprawny joint heir wspó³spadkobierca
handling commission prowizja manipu- legal heir spadkobierca prawowity
lacyjna legitimate heir spadkobierca prawo-
harass molestowaæ, drêczyæ, szykanowaæ wity
harassment szykany, nêkanie, mêczenie, male heir spadkobierca w linii mêskiej
molestowanie sole heir spadkobierca jedyny
sexual harassment molestowanie sek- to be someone’s heir byæ czyimœ spad-
sualne kobierc¹
harbour ukrywaæ przestêpcê to constitute someone one’s heir usta-
have mieæ, posiadaæ nowiæ kogoœ swoim spadkobierc¹
have an account at the bank mieæ konto to institute someone as an heir powo-
bankowe ³aæ kogoœ do objêcia spadku
headquarters centrala to name someone as an heir powo³aæ
health zdrowie kogoœ do objêcia spadku
health and safety (H&S) bezpieczeñstwo unworthy heir spadkobierca niegodny
i higiena pracy (bhp) heir apparent prawowity nastêpca
health and safety regulationsprzepisybhp heir at law spadkobierca ustawowy
health and safety requirements wyma- heir beneficiary spadkobierca z dobro-
gania bhp dziejstwem inwentarza
72
heir entitled under a will hostile
heir entitled under a will spadkobierca hit and run 1. wypadek drogowy, którego
testamentowy sprawca zbieg³ 2. ucieczka z miejsca
heir in tail spadkobierca ustanowiony wypadku
heir in the first degree spadkobierca hoax 1. mistyfikacja, oszustwo 2. kawa³,
pierwszej rangi bujda, ¿art
heir in the maternal line spadkobierca hoax phone call fa³szywy alarm / telefon
z linii matki hoaxer 1. mistyfikator, oszust 2. ¿artow-
heir in the paternal line spadkobierca niœ
z linii ojca hold 1. w³adaæ 2. dzier¿yæ, posiadaæ
heir of the body spadkobierca w linii holder posiadacz
zstêpnej immediate holder posiadacz prekaryj-
heir’s tax liability odpowiedzialnoœæ po- ny
datkowa spadkobiercy rightful holder posiadacz prawowity,
heir-at-law spadkobierca konieczny prawny
heiress spadkobierczyni unlawful holder posiadacz nieprawny
heirless bezdziedziczny unrightful holder posiadacz niepraw-
heirless property bezdziedziczna w³as- ny
noœæ holder in bad faith posiadacz w z³ej wie-
heirloom 1. dziedzictwo rodzinne, rze
pami¹tka rodowa 2. klejnoty rodzinne holder in good faith posiadacz w dobrej
3. ruchomoϾ przejmowana / dziedzi- wierze
czona wraz z nieruchomoœciami holder of a commercial power of attor-
hereafter 1. odt¹d, dalej, w dalszej czêœci ney prokurent
dokumentu 2. w przysz³oœci, póŸniej, holder of perpetual usufruct rights to
potem the land u¿ytkownik wieczysty nieru-
hereditament w³asnoœæ dziedziczona, chomoœci gruntowej
dziedzictwo, spadek holograph w³asnorêczny, holograficzny
hereditary spadkowy, dziedziczny holograph will testament w³asnorêczny
hereditary right prawo do spadku, rosz- holographic w³asnorêczny, holograficzny
czenie spadkowe home loan po¿yczka na kupno mie-
hereditary succession sukcesja, dziedzi- szkania
czenie home building budownictwo mieszka-
hereditary title prawo do spadku, rosz- niowe
czenie spadkowe home working praca w domu
hereinafter (w dokumencie) poni¿ej, da- home-worker cha³upnik
lej, odt¹d, od tego miejsca homestead gospodarstwo rolne, obejœcie
hidden ukryty, schowany hook-up przy³¹cze
hidden defect wada ukryta hornbook elementarz prawa
hidden unemployment bezrobocie ukry- hostage 1. zak³adnik 2. zastaw
te to hold someone hostage przetrzymy-
hire (noun) najem ruchomoœci waæ kogoœ jako zak³adnika
hire money czynsz najmu to release hostages uwolniæ zak³ad-
hire (verb) oddaæ w najem ruchomoœci, ników
najmowaæ od kogoœ to take hostages braæ / wzi¹æ zak³ad-
hired labour hand robotnik pracuj¹cy na ników
dniówkê hostile wrogi, nieprzyjazny
73
hotel establishment hypothecation
74
I
ibid. / ibidem tam¿e kar¿aæ o zdradê 4. kwestionowaæ wia-
identity 1. to¿samoœæ 2. identycznoœæ rygodnoœæ (œwiatdka)
identity of goods to¿samoœæ towaru impediment 1. wada, kalectwo 2. prze-
to establish the identity of goods usta- szkoda, utrudnienie, zawada
liæ to¿samoœæ towaru imperfection wada, defekt
idiocy niedorozwój umys³owy, têpota imperfection in foodstuffs wada artyku-
umys³owa zupe³na ³ów ¿ywnoœciowych
idler nierób implead 1. podawaæ do s¹du, zaskar¿aæ
ignorance 1. nieznajomoœæ, niewiedza 2. œcigaæ, dochodziæ s¹downie
2. nieœwiadomoœæ 3. nieuctwo, ignoran- impleader przypozwanie, przyst¹pienie
cja, ciemnota trzeciej strony
ignorance of the law nieznajomoϾ pra- implicit 1. domniemany, dorozumiany,
wa ukryty, domyœlny 2. absolutny, bezwa-
illegal bezprawny, nielegalny, sprzeczny runkowy
z prawem, niedozwolony implied dorozumiany, domniemany
illegal threat / duress groŸba bezprawna implied power of attorney pe³nomocnic-
illegally nielegalnie, bezprawnie two dorozumiane / domniemane
illegally obtained evidence bezprawnie imply 1. sugerowaæ, dawaæ do zrozumie-
uzyskane dowody nia 2. implikowaæ, znaczyæ, oznaczaæ
illegality 1. nielegalnoœæ, bezprawnoœæ, 3. poci¹gaæ za sob¹
sprzecznoϾ z prawem 2. bezprawie import import
illegitimate 1. bezprawny, nieprawny import agent agent importowy
2. nieœlubny, z nieprawego ³o¿a, niepra- import customs duties nale¿noœci celne
wowity, nieprawy przywozowe
illicit nielegalny, niedozwolony import duty c³o przywozowe
illicit commission prowizja nielegalna import goods towar przywo¿ony
illicit sale sprzeda¿ nielegalna impossibility niemo¿noœæ
illicit work praca nielegalna impost podatek, c³o
immovables rzeczy nieruchome impound konfiskowaæ, zasekwestrowaæ,
immunity 1. immunitet, nietykalnoœæ zajmowaæ s¹downie
2. odpornoœæ imprescriptible nieulegaj¹cy przedaw-
diplomatic immunity immunitet dy- nieniu
plomatyczny imprison uwiêziæ, zamykaæ w wiêzieniu,
judicial immunity immunitet s¹dowy wtr¹ciæ do wiêzienia, pozbawiæ wolnoœci
impeach 1. stawiaæ w stan oskar¿enia imprisonment uwiêzienie, wtr¹cenie do
2. usuwaæ z urzêdu (prezydenta) 3. os- wiêzienia, pozbawienie wolnoœci
75
improper incorporator
76
incorporeal ineffective
77
ineffective legal act / transaction inquest
78
inquiry insurance
79
insurance agent International Court of Justice
80
International Federation of... invoice
81
ionising radiation item
82
J
jactitation 1. fa³szywe oœwiadczenie join przyst¹piæ do, wejœæ do
mog¹ce przynieœæ szkodê innej osobie join the company / partnership
2. przechwa³ki przyst¹piæ do spó³ki
jail (noun) 1. wiêzienie, areszt 2. uwiê- joinder po³¹czenie powództw
zienie joinery roboty stolarskie
jail (verb) uwiêziæ, wsadzaæ do wiêzienia joint wspólny, ³¹czny
jaywalking nieprawid³owe / nieprzepiso- joint account wspólny rachunek / konto
we przechodzenie przez jezdniê joint and several solidarny
JD (Juris Doctor, Doctor of Jurispru- joint and several debt d³ug solidarny
dence) doktor prawa joint and several liability odpowiedzial-
jeopardy niebezpieczeñstwo, zagro¿enie, noœæ solidarna, zobowi¹zanie solidarne
ryzyko joint and several liability of debtors so-
to be in jeopardy byæ w niebezpieczeñ- lidarnoœæ d³u¿ników
stwie joint legacy zapis wspólny
jerry-building fuszerka budowlana joint ownership wspólna w³asnoœæ (gdy
job praca, zadanie, dzie³o ka¿dy ze wspó³w³aœcicieli wystêpuje ja-
first job pierwsze zatrudnienie ko w³aœciciel ca³oœci)
job application podanie o pracê joint ownership w³asnoœæ wspólna
to reject someone’s job application od- joint property w³asnoœæ wspólna
rzuciæ czyjeœ podanie o pracê joint participation wspó³uczestnictwo
Job Centre urz¹d pracy jednolite
job creation tworzenie miejsc pracy joint power of attorney pe³nomocnictwo
job enlargement rozszerzenie zakresu ³¹czne
pracy joint tenant wspó³dzier¿awca
job enrichment wzbogacanie pracy joint use u¿ytkowanie wspólne
job evaluation wartoœciowanie pracy joint venture spó³ka z udzia³em kapita³u
job rotation wymiennoϾ pracy zagranicznego
job satisfaction satysfakcja / zadowolenie joint will testament wspólny
z pracy joint-stock company (POL) spó³ka ak-
job security bezpieczeñstwo zatrudnie- cyjna
nia journal 1. dziennik, pismo, magazyn, re-
job seeker poszukuj¹cy pracy jestr 2. protokó³ z obrad parlamentu
job sharing dzielenie czasu pracy cash disbursements journal dziennik
job switching wymiennoœæ stanowisk rozchodów gotówkowych
pracy cash payments journal dziennik wy-
jobless bezrobotny, bez pracy datków
83
journalistic juvenile delinquent
cash receipt journal dziennik przy- jurat jurat, nota podaj¹ca szczegó³y z³o-
chodów gotówkowych ¿onej przysiêgi
cash receipts journal dziennik wp³y- juridical 1. prawny, prawniczy 2. s¹dowy
wów 3. s¹downiczy
columnar journal dziennik kolum- Juris Doctor doktor prawa
nowy jurisdiction 1. kompetencje 2. jurysdyk-
general journal dziennik ogólny cja, wymiar sprawiedliwoœci 3. w³adza
purchases journal dziennik / rejestr s¹downicza, s¹downictwo 4. (s¹du)
zakupów w³aœciwoœæ
sales journal dziennik sprzeda¿y jurisdictional jurysdykcyjny, kompeten-
journalistic dziennikarski cyjny
journalistic ethics etyka dziennikarska jurisprudence 1. prawo, system prawny
journalistic secrecy tajemnica dzienni- 2. prawoznawstwo 3. praktyka s¹dowa
karska jurist 1. prawnik, jurysta, znawca prawa
JP (justice of the peace) sêdzia pokoju 2. student prawa, absolwent pra-
judge 1. sêdzia 2. ekspert, znawca wa 3. sêdzia
judge advocate 1. prokurator s¹du wojen- juror ³awnik, sêdzia przysiêg³y
nego (USA) 2. asesor s¹du wojskowego jury s¹d / ³awa przysiêg³ych
Judge Advocate-General prawnik Woj- grand jury wielka ³awa przysiêg³ych
skowego Biura Œledczego hung jury niejednomyœlna ³awa przy-
judge-commissioner sêdzia komisarz siêg³ych
judgment 1. orzeczenie, wyrok 2. os¹d, jus prawo
ocena, opinia, zdanie, pogl¹d 3. roz- just 1. sprawiedliwy, uzasadniony, s³usz-
s¹dek ny, zas³u¿ony 2. bezstronny 3. godziwy
judgment debtor d³u¿nik z tytu³u wyroku justice 1. sprawiedliwoœæ, s³usznoœæ, za-
s¹dowego sadnoœæ 2. wymiar sprawiedliwoœci
judicature 1. wymiar sprawiedliwoœci, 3. sêdzia (s¹du wy¿szej instancji)
s¹downictwo 2. urz¹d sêdziowski 3. ju- Chief Justice (USA) g³ówny sêdzia,
rysdykcja 4. trybuna³ sprawiedliwoœci, przewodnicz¹cy s¹du
s¹d Lord Chief Justice (UK) Lord Naczel-
judicial 1. s¹dowy 2. sêdziowski 3. bez- ny Sêdzia (przewodnicz¹cy £awy Kró-
stronny, sprawiedliwy 4. rozs¹dny, ro- lewskiej, cz³onek S¹du Apelacyjnego)
zumny Lord Justice (UK) sêdzia S¹du Apela-
judicial immunity immunitet s¹dowy cyjnego
judicial settlement ugoda s¹dowa miscarriage of justice omy³ka s¹du, po-
final judicial settlement prawomocna my³ka s¹dowa, niesprawiedliwy wyrok
ugoda s¹dowa to administer justice wymierzaæ spra-
judicial testament testament s¹dowy wiedliwoœæ
judiciary s¹downictwo, w³adza s¹downi- justice of the peace sêdzia pokoju, sêdzia
cza lokalny
jump at skwapliwie skorzystaæ juvenile 1. m³odociany, nieletni 2. m³o-
jump at an offer skwapliwie skorzystaæ dzieñczy 3. dziecinny
z oferty juvenile delinquent m³odociany przes-
junk bond obligacja œmieciowa têpca
84
K
kangaroo court 1. s¹d samozwañczy, s¹d kin krewni, rodzina
nieformalny 2. dintojra next of kin najbli¿szy krewny
keep 1. trzymaæ 2. prowadziæ è absence of next of kin spadek nie-
keep an account prowadziæ rachunek objêty
keeper 1. nadzorca, stra¿nik 2. opiekun, King’s (Queen’s) Bench (UK) S¹d £awy
kurator Królewskiej
kickback dzia³ka, procent, ³apówka kinship pokrewieñstwo, wiêŸ
kidnap porywaæ (osobê), uprowadzaæ kiting wystawianie czeków bez pokrycia
kidnapper porywacz kleptomania kleptomania
kidnapping porwanie, uprowadzenie know all men podaje siê do publicznej
kill zabiæ / zabijaæ, mordowaæ, uœmiercaæ wiadomoœci
killer zabójca, morderca knowingly celowo, œwiadomie
contract killer p³atny zabójca / mor- knowledge 1. wiedza 2. œwiadomoœæ
derca knowledge of a material defect œwiado-
serial killer seryjny zabójca moœæ wady rzeczy sprzedanej
85
L
labour (UK), labor (USA) 1. praca, robo- land tax podatek gruntowy
ta 2. robocizna 3. si³a robocza 4. stara- landed property w³asnoœæ ziemi
nia, zachody, wysi³ki, trud landlord wydzier¿awiaj¹cy, wynajmu-
labour costs koszt robocizny j¹cy, oddaj¹cy w najem
labour court s¹d pracy landowner w³aœciciel ziemski, obszarnik
labour culture kultura pracy lapse 1. przedawnienie, wygaœniêcie, utra-
Labour Day œwiêto pracy ta wa¿noœci 2. up³yw, przeci¹g czasu
labour discipline dyscyplina pracy 3. uchybienie, potkniêcie
labour dispute spór pracy lapse period termin przedawnienia
labour inspector inspektor pracy to interrupt a lapse period przerwaæ
labour law prawo pracy bieg terminu przedawnienia
labour market rynek pracy lapsed 1. wygas³y 2. niegdysiejszy
labour market policypolitykarynkupracy lapsed legacy zapis wygas³y
labour needs potrzeby zwi¹zane z prac¹ larcenous maj¹cy charakter kradzie¿y,
labour office urz¹d zatrudnienia nosz¹cy znamiona kradzie¿y
labour statistics statystyka p³ac larceny kradzie¿, zabór mienia, zagar-
labor union (USA) zwi¹zek zawodowy niêcie
lack brak, niedostatek grand larceny kradzie¿ powa¿na /
lack of awareness or freedom brak œwia- w znacznym rozmiarze
domoœci lub swobody petty larceny drobna kradzie¿
lack of work brak pracy lascivious lubie¿ny
land 1. grunt, grunty, ziemia, rola 2. l¹d last 1. ostatni, ostateczny 2. ubieg³y, po-
agricultural land grunt rolny przedni 3. ostatnio
occupation of land w³adanie gruntem Last In-First Out (LIFO) metoda LIFO
to enter into occupation of land „ostatnie przysz³o – pierwsze wysz³o”
wchodziæ we w³adanie gruntem Last In-Still Here (LISH) metoda LISH
to occupy the land w³adaæ gruntem „ostatnie przysz³o – wci¹¿ tutaj”
land and buildings w³asnoœæ ziemska last will and testament rozporz¹dzenie
land and mortgage register ksiêga wie- ostatniej woli, testament
czysta latent ukryty, utajony
motion to create a land and mortgage latent defect wada ukryta
register wniosek o za³o¿enie ksiêgi later will testament póŸniejszy
wieczystej lateral boczny, z linii bocznej, poprzeczny
land register kataster laundering pranie brudnych pieniêdzy
land rent renta gruntowa, czynsz dzier- law 1. prawo, ustawa, akt prawny 2. pra-
¿awny wid³owoœæ, prawo natury 3. zasada,
86
law journal residential lease
87
lease of a movable legal person
88
legal profession level of employment
89
levelling limit
90
limitation living space
91
loafer local law
92
local tax lynch
93
M
mace laska marsza³kowska make an offer z³o¿yæ ofertê
Mafia mafia make available udostêpniæ
magistrate sêdzia pokoju make one’s will sporz¹dziæ testament
magistrate’s court s¹d pokoju / rozjem- make repairs dokonywaæ napraw, prze-
czy (dla drobnych spraw) prowadzaæ naprawy
mail-order wysy³kowy make someone one’s heir uczyniæ kogoœ
by mail-order wysy³kowo swoim spadkobierc¹
mail-order sale sprzeda¿ wysy³kowa make the inventory dokonaæ spisu
maintenance 1. konserwacja, utrzymywa- make the payments due in respect of
nie w dobrym stanie 2. utrzymywanie a business trip wyp³acaæ nale¿noœci
3. alimenty 4. pomoc, poparcie z tytu³u podró¿y s³u¿bowej
to bear the ordinary maintenance make work wykonaæ dzie³o
costs of the thing lent ponosiæ zwyk³e maker of the offer sk³adaj¹cy ofertê
koszty utrzymania rzeczy u¿yczonej mala fide w z³ej wierze
maintenance work roboty konserwa- malefactor zbrodniarz, przestêpca, z³o-
cyjne czyñca
major 1. g³ówny, istotny 2. pe³noletni malfeasance nadu¿ycie w³adzy, wykro-
3. wiêkszy, wa¿niejszy, znacz¹cy, po- czenie, przestêpstwo urzêdowe
wa¿ny, powa¿niejszy 4. (o specjalizacji maltreat someone pastwiæ siê nad kimœ,
na studiach) g³ówny, kierunkowy znêcaæ siê nad kimœ, maltretowaæ kogoœ
major defect wada g³ówna, wada istotna maltreatment pastwienie siê, znêcanie
majority 1. wiêkszoœæ, przewaga 2. pe³no- siê, maltretowanie
letnoœæ management kierowanie, zarz¹dzanie
absolute / overall majority bezwzglê- diligent management zarz¹d prawi-
dna wiêkszoœæ d³owy
simple majority zwyk³a wiêkszoœæ middle management kadra œredniego
majority vote wiêkszoœæ g³osów szczebla
make a bequest to someone zapisaæ coœ management and labour partnerzy spo-
komuœ, uczyniæ zapis na czyj¹œ rzecz ³eczni
make a declaration of intent z³o¿yæ oœ- management board (POL) zarz¹d
wiadczenie woli to appoint the management board
make a performance spe³niæ œwiad- powo³aæ zarz¹d
czenie to remove / to dismiss the manage-
make a power of attorney sporz¹dziæ ment board odwo³ywaæ zarz¹d
pe³nomocnictwo management board’s by-laws regulamin
make a statement z³o¿yæ oœwiadczenie zarz¹du
94
management culture marketable quality of goods
95
marriage merger by acquisition
96
merger by formation of a new company misprision
97
misrepresentation movable property
98
movables mutual obligation
99
N
n. a. (not applicable) nie dotyczy natural emblements po¿ytki naturalne
named imienny natural fruits of a thing po¿ytki natural-
named bank account imienny rachunek ne rzeczy
bankowy natural obligation zobowi¹zanie natu-
nark kapuœ, informator policji, szpicel, ralne
donosiciel natural person osoba fizyczna
national 1. krajowy, narodowy 2. pañ- natural proceeds po¿ytki naturalne rze-
stwowy 3. (o rz¹dzie) centralny czy
National Bank of Poland Narodowy naturalise 1. nacjonalizowaæ, upañstwa-
Bank Polski (NBP) wiaæ 2. naturalizowaæ
Management Board of the National naturalised citizen naturalizowany oby-
Bank of Poland Zarz¹d NBP watel
President of the National Bank of Po- necessary konieczny, nieodzowny, nie-
land Prezes NBP zbêdny
National Bank of Poland Head Office necessary defence obrona konieczna
Centrala Narodowego Banku Polski necessity ubóstwo
NBP budget plan finansowy NBP plea of necessity zarzut ubóstwa
National Chamber of Statutory Audi- negative negatywny, odmowy, ujemny,
tors Krajowa Izba Bieg³ych Rewi- przecz¹cy
dentów negative easement s³u¿ebnoœæ bierna /
National Court Register Krajowy Re- negatywna
jestr S¹dowy negative obligation zobowi¹zanie nega-
National Depository for Securities Kra- tywne
jowy Depozyt Papierów Wartoœciowych neglect zaniedbywaæ
National Investment Fund Narodowy neglect one’s duties zaniedbywaæ obo-
Fundusz Inwestycyjny wi¹zki
NIF index Indeks Narodowych Funduszy negligence zaniedbanie, niedbalstwo, brak
Inwestycyjnych (NIF) starannoœci
nationalisation nacjonalizacja contributory negligence zaniedbanie
nationality 1. narodowoϾ 2. obywatel- ze strony poszkodowanego
stwo gross negligence ra¿¹ce zaniedbanie
dual nationality podwójne obywatel- / niedbalstwo
stwo negligent niedba³y, zaniedbuj¹cy obo-
natural 1. naturalny, przyrodzony 2. pra- wi¹zki
wdziwy oczywisty 3. (o dziecku) nie- negligently niedbale, nonszalancko, od
œlubny niechcenia
100
negotiations nonsuit
101
nonsuit nursing break
102
O
oath 1. przysiêga 2. przekleñstwo 3. bluŸ- contractual obligation zobowi¹zanie
nierstwo umowne
object 1. przedmiot, obiekt 2. cel counterpart obligation zobowi¹zanie
object of a pledge przedmiot zastawu wzajemne
object of donation przedmiot darowizny divisible obligation œwiadczenie po-
value of the object of donation war- dzielne
toϾ przedmiotu darowizny due date for obligations wymagalnoϾ
object of loan przedmiot po¿yczki zobowi¹zañ
object of performance przedmiot œwiad- due obligation zobowi¹zanie wyma-
czenia galne
object of tenancy przedmiot dzier¿awy extinct obligation zobowi¹zanie prze-
objection 1. zastrze¿enie, zarzut 2. sprze- dawnione
ciw 3. trudnoœæ, przeszkoda facultative obligation zobowi¹zanie fa-
objection to the division plan zastrze¿e- kultatywne
nie do podzia³u planu failure to comply with the obligation
to lodge / to make objections to the di- niedope³nienie obowi¹zku
vision plan wnieœæ zastrze¿enia do po- guarantee obligation zobowi¹zanie
dzia³u planu z tytu³u gwarancji
objects of a company cel spó³ki, przed- improper performance of obligation
miot dzia³alnoœci spó³ki nienale¿yte wykonanie zobowi¹zania
obligation 1. obowi¹zek, zobowi¹zanie, indivisible obligation zobowi¹zanie
powinnoϾ 2. przymus prawny 3. obli- niepodzielne
gacja, skrypt d³u¿ny international obligation zobowi¹zanie
accessory obligation zobowi¹zanie do- miêdzynarodowe
datkowe legal obligation zobowi¹zanie usta-
alternative obligation zobowi¹zanie wowe
przemienne long-term obligation zobowi¹zanie
civil obligation zobowi¹zanie cywilne d³ugoterminowe
collateral obligation zobowi¹zanie moral obligation zobowi¹zanie natu-
uboczne ralne / moralne
conditional obligation zobowi¹zanie mutual obligation zobowi¹zanie wza-
warunkowe jemne
contentious obligation zobowi¹zanie natural obligation zobowi¹zanie natu-
sporne ralne
continuous obligation zobowi¹zanie negative obligation zobowi¹zanie ne-
o charakterze ci¹g³ym gatywne
103
obligation as to species occupational physiology
104
occupational psychology offer subject to being unsold
105
offer subject to inspection ordain
strze¿eniem prawa ewentualnej wczeœ- onerous contract umowa pod tytu³em ob-
niejszej sprzeda¿y towaru (przed otrzy- ci¹¿liwym
maniem odpowiedzi drugiej strony) one-shift jednozmianowy
offer subject to inspection oferta kupna one-shift work praca jednozmianowa
z zastrze¿eniem inspekcji technicznej onus ciê¿ar, brzemiê, obowi¹zek
statku onus of proof ciê¿ar dowodu
offer subject to prior sale oferta z za- open (verb) otwieraæ / otworzyæ
strze¿eniem prawa ewentualnej wczeœ- open an account at the bank otworzyæ
niejszej sprzeda¿y towaru (przed konto bankowe
otrzymaniem odpowiedzi drugiej stro- open (adjective)1.otwarty, jawny 2.wolny
ny) open offering subskrypcja otwarta
offer to buy oferta zakupu open power of attorney pe³nomocnictwo
offer to purchase oferta zakupu jawne
offer to sell oferta sprzeda¿y open subscription subskrypcja otwarta
offer under sealed cover oferta w zapie- opening otwarcie / otworzenie
czêtowanej kopercie opening date termin sk³adania ofert
offeree adresat oferty opening of the succession otwarcie spad-
offeror 1. oferent 2. ofiarodawca ku
office urz¹d, biuro, gabinet, stanowisko operating budget bud¿et operacyjny
to hold office piastowaæ urz¹d operating expenses koszty eksploatacji
office building budynek biurowy operation 1. operacja, transakcja, czyn-
Office of Housing Urz¹d ds. Lokalowych noœæ 2. dzia³anie, funkcjonowanie
office personnel personel biurowy 3. proces
office space lokal biurowy finishing operations prace wykoñcze-
office work praca biurowa niowe
official urzêdowy, s³u¿bowy, oficjalny privileged operation operacja uprzy-
official mark znak urzêdowy wilejowana
official secret tajemnica s³u¿bowa refining operation proces uszlachet-
officially urzêdowo, oficjalnie niania
officially certified uwierzytelniony urzê- è additional refining operation uzu-
dowo pe³niaj¹cy proces uszlachetniania
officially certified signature podpis urzê- operation and management of a loan
dowo poœwiadczony wykorzystanie i zarz¹dzanie po¿yczk¹
offset równowa¿yæ, rekompensowaæ, po- operations involving cheques and bills
tr¹caæ wzajemnie of exchange operacje czekowe i weks-
old age (adjective) emerytalny, starczy lowe
old age bonus odprawa emerytalna opinion 1. opinia, zdanie, pogl¹d 2. mnie-
old age pension renta starcza manie 3. uzasadnienie
old-age (noun) staroϾ disclaimer of opinion odmowa wyda-
olograph w³asnorêczny nia opinii
ombudsman rzecznik praw obywatelskich option opcja, mo¿liwoœæ
omission 1. pominiêcie, opuszczenie oral ustny, mówiony
2. zaniedbanie, zaniechanie oral power of attorney pe³nomocnictwo
on behalf of w imieniu ustne
onerous 1. uci¹¿liwy 2. obci¹¿ony, ob- ordain 1. mianowaæ (na stanowisko)
ci¹¿aj¹cy 2. zarz¹dzaæ, postanawiaæ, nakazywaæ
106
order ownership
107
ownership ownership
108
P
pain 1. kara, zagro¿enie kar¹ 2. cierpienie, participate uczestniczyæ
ból participate in profits uczestniczyæ w zy-
on / under pain of something pod ry- sku
gorem czegoœ participate in profits proportionally / in
palimony (USA) alimenty p³acone by³ej proportion to one’s contribution
konkubinie / by³emu partnerowi uczestniczyæ w zysku proporcjonalnie
panacea panaceum, lekarstwo na wszyst- do wk³adu
kie dolegliwoœci participate in the loss uczestniczyæ
pander strêczyciel, rajfur, sutener w stracie
paralegal praktykant adwokacki, pracow- participate in the loss up to the value of
nik niewykwalifikowany kancelarii ad- the agreed contribution uczestniczyæ
wokackiej w stracie do wartoœci umówionego
paraphernalia 1. akcesoria, przybory, re- wk³adu
kwizyty 2. rzeczy stanowi¹ce odrêbn¹ participating partycypacyjny
w³asnoœæ ¿ony 3. rzeczy osobiste participating bond obligacja partycypa-
parcel 1. parcela, dzia³ka (USA) 2. paczka cyjna
3. partia towaru participating budgeting bud¿etowanie
pardon (noun) 1. u³askawienie, uniewin- partycypacyjne
nienie, darowanie kary 2. odpust participation udzia³, uczestnictwo
3. przebaczenie participation exemption zwolnienie ka-
pardon (verb) u³askawiæ, przebaczyæ, da- pita³owe
rowaæ participation in profits and losses
parental rodzicielski udzia³ w zyskach i stratach
parental authority w³adza rodzicielska particular szczególny, specjalny
to exercise parental authority sprawo- particular lien zastaw szczególny, prawo
waæ w³adzê rodzicielsk¹ zastawu mienia d³u¿nika
parental leave urlop wychowawczy particulars to be filed with the register
parking lot miejsce parkingowe dane do rejestru
parole 1. zwolnienie warunkowe 2. prze- partition 1. dzia³, podzia³, parcela-
pustka 3. s³owo honoru 4. has³o cja 2. rozbiór 3. czêœæ 4. zniesienie
parole board rada ds. zwolnieñ warunko- wspó³w³asnoœci
wych partition of the estate dzia³ spadku
parquet work roboty posadzkarskie partition wall œcianka dzia³owa
part czêœæ, odcinek, porcja, rola, strona partner wspólnik, partner, przyjaciel
part delivery dostawa czêœciowa disqualification of a partner wyklu-
part performance œwiadczenie czêœciowe czenie wspólnika
109
partnership pass
110
passion pecuniary
111
pecuniary assets performance of work...
112
peril personnel
113
personnel meeting plead
114
plead guilty possession
115
possession without due permit power of attorney to establish...
116
power of attorney to perform legal acts presentment
117
preside over privilege
118
privileged product extracted from the subsoil
119
product of fishing promotion
120
proof proprietorship
121
proprietorship register public sector employee
122
public sector pay putative marriage
public sector pay p³aca sfery bud¿etowej pursuance 1. wykonanie, wype³nienie, re-
public service employee pracownik s³u¿- alizacja, d¹¿enie 2. kontynuowanie
by publicznej in pursuance of something zgodnie
public works roboty publiczne z czymœ, stosownie do czegoœ, w celu
public property w³asnoœæ spo³eczna realizacji czegoœ
punish 1. karaæ 2. Ÿle traktowaæ pursue 1. dochodziæ, œcigaæ 2. przeœlado-
punish someone for a crime ukaraæ ko- waæ 3. realizowaæ (plan) 4. d¹¿yæ do
goœ za zbrodniê osi¹gniêcia 5. kontynuowaæ, prowadziæ
punishable karalny, podlegaj¹cy karze dalej (np. dyskusjê)
punishability karalnoœæ pursue a claim dochodziæ roszczenia
punishment kara pursuit dochodzenie, poœcig, pogoñ
crime and punishment zbrodnia i kara pursuit of claims dochodzenie roszczeñ
to administer / to mete out punish- purview 1. zakres dokumentu prawnego
ment wymierzaæ karê (ustawy), w³aœciwy tekst ustawy 2. za-
to deserve punishment zas³ugiwaæ na kres kompetencji 3. zakres prawa
karê putative domniemany, przypuszczalny
punitive karny, karz¹cy putative father domniemany ojciec
punitive damages odszkodowanie retor- putative marriage domniemane ma³¿eñ-
syjne stwo (zawarte w dobrej wierze, ale nie-
purchase (verb) nabywaæ / nabyæ, kupo- wa¿ne)
waæ / kupiæ
purchase tax podatek od nabycia praw
w³asnoœci
123
Q
qualification 1. kwalifikacje 2. zastrze¿e- quashing uchylenie, uniewa¿nienie, anu-
nie, ograniczenie 3. cenzus 4. kwalifi- lowanie
kowanie quashing of the bankruptcy proceed-
accounting qualifications kwalifika- ings uchylenie postêpowania upad³oœ-
cje do prowadzenia ksiêgowoœci ciowego
appropriate qualifications odpowied- Queen’s Speech mowa tronowa
nie kwalifikacje question 1. zapytanie, pytanie 2. w¹tpli-
excellent qualifications doskona³e woœæ 3. kwestia, sprawa
kwalifikacje Question Time czas na interpelacje
improvement of qualifications pod- quiet spokojny, niezak³ócony
noszenie kwalifikacji quiet possessor posiadacz spokojny, nie-
management level qualifications zak³ócony
kwalifikacje do objêcia stanowiska kie- quiet enjoyment posiadanie spokojne
rowniczego quitclaim zrzeczenie siê, zrzeczenie siê
necessary qualifications konieczne prawa, odst¹pienie
kwalifikacje quitclaim deed akt zrzeczenia siê
sufficient qualifications wystarczaj¹ce quittance 1. uwolnienie (od czegoœ)
kwalifikacje 2. kwit, pokwitowanie 3. sp³ata (d³ugu)
to examine the qualifications spraw- quorum kworum, komplet, quorum
dziæ kwalifikacje absence of quorum brak kworum
to improve qualifications podnieϾ to ascertain that there is a quorum
swoje kwalifikacje sprawdziæ kworum
to require qualifications wymagaæ to form a quorum stanowiæ kworum
kwalifikacji to have a quorum stanowiæ kworum
to upgrade skills podnieœæ swoje kwa- quota 1. kontyngent 2. udzia³, czêœæ
lifikacje 3. kwota
qualification certificate œwiadectwo kwa- tariff quota kontyngent taryfowy
lifikacyjne to exceed / to overrun the quota prze-
qualified 1. wykwalifikowany 2. zawie- kroczyæ kontyngent
raj¹cy ograniczenie quotation 1. oferta cenowa, wycena 2. no-
qualified majority wiêkszoœæ kwalifiko- towanie (kursów akcji) 3. cytat, cytowa-
wana nie
qualified property w³asnoœæ ograniczona quote 1. cytowaæ, przytaczaæ 2. oceniaæ,
quantity wielkoœæ, iloœæ szacowaæ 3. kwotowaæ
quash uchylaæ, uniewa¿niaæ, anulowaæ quotient iloraz, wspó³czynnik
124
R
racial rasowy real estate w³asnoœæ nieruchoma, nieru-
racial discrimination dyskryminacja ra- chomoϾ
sowa accessory to real estate przynale¿noœæ
racism rasizm nieruchomoœci
racket 1. oszustwo, krêtactwo, nieuczci- real estate agency agencja obrotu nieru-
we praktyki, szwindel, geszeft, dzia³al- chomoœciami
noœæ nielegalna, machlojki 2. szanta¿, real estate agent agent handlu nierucho-
wymuszenie 3. gang, organizacja prze- moœciami
stêpcza 4. ³atwy zarobek real estate of the partnership nierucho-
racketeer kanciarz, reketier, gangster, moœæ spó³ki
szanta¿ysta, oszust, spekulant real estate spatial development zagospo-
radiation promieniowanie, radiacja darowanie przestrzenne
radioactive promieniotwórczy real estate tax podatek od nieruchomoœci
radioactive agents œrodki promienio- real wages p³aca realna
twórcze realisation spieniê¿enie, wyprzeda¿
raid 1. ob³awa (policyjna), ³apanka 2. na- realisation of a bankrupt’s assets wy-
pad, najazd 3. tendencja do sztucznego przeda¿ z powodu upad³oœci
zani¿ania kursu realisation of the estate spieniê¿enie ma-
raise 1. podnosiæ 2. wychowywaæ (dziec- sy spadkowej
ko) 3. hodowaæ, uprawiaæ 4. zwiêkszaæ, reasonable umiarkowany, rozs¹dny
podwy¿szaæ 5. zaci¹gaæ (po¿yczkê) reasonable rent czynsz umiarkowany
raise taxes 1. podnosiæ podatki 2. pobie- rebut odpieraæ (krytykê), obalaæ, odrzucaæ
raæ podatki rebut a presumption obaliæ domniema-
ransom 1. okup 2. zwolnienie za okupem nie
3. wybawienie, odkupienie rebuttal 1. odparcie (krytyki, zarzutu), od-
ransom note ¿¹danie okupu rzucenie 2. replika (pozwanego) 3. oba-
rate 1. stopa 2. stawka 3. wskaŸnik lenie
rate of absenteeism wskaŸnik absencji rebuttal of a presumption obalenie do-
rate of unemployment stopa bezrobocia mniemania
rate of work tempo pracy recall 1. odwo³aæ, wycofaæ 2. przypomi-
rate of yield wspó³czynnik produktywno- naæ sobie
œci recall a donation odwo³aæ darowiznê
ready gotowy, przygotowany recall an employee from leave odwo³aæ
ready for delivery gotowy do dostawy pracownika z urlopu
real prawdziwy, rzeczywisty, faktyczny, recant 1. odwo³ywaæ, wycofywaæ 2. wy-
realny rzekaæ siê (wiary)
125
recant one’s earlier testimony recusation
126
recuse registrar
127
Registrar of Companies remit
128
remit a debt rental
129
rental agreement for non-residential... representative
130
representative of the minister... resolution
131
resolution on division of the company return
132
return of the object of the... right to withdraw one’s labour
133
right to work rural unemployment
134
S
sabotage sabota¿, dywersja commission sale sprzeda¿ komisowa
safeguard 1. gwarancja, zabezpieczenie conditional sale sprzeda¿ warunkowa
2. ochrona, eskorta delayed sale sprzeda¿ odroczona
safe-keeping przechowanie / przechowy- direct selling sprzeda¿ bezpoœrednia
wanie discount sale sprzeda¿ z rabatem
safe-keeping agreement umowa przecho- exchange sale sprzeda¿ gie³dowa
wania exclusive sale sprzeda¿ wy³¹czna
to put into safe-keeping oddaæ na prze- fictitious sale sprzeda¿ fikcyjna
chowanie forward sale sprzeda¿ na termin
safety 1. bezpieczeñstwo 2. zabezpiecze- illicit sale sprzeda¿ nielegalna
nie 3. pewnoœæ imputed sale sprzeda¿ domniemana
health and safety (H&S) bezpieczeñ- international sale of goods sprzeda¿
stwo i higiena pracy (bhp) miêdzynarodowa towarów
health and safety regulations przepi- mail-order sale sprzeda¿ wysy³kowa
sy bhp public sale of real estate sprzeda¿ pu-
health and safety requirements wy- bliczna nieruchomoœci
magania bhp retail sale sprzeda¿ detaliczna
health and safety standards standar- sham sale sprzeda¿ fikcyjna
dy bhp wholesale sale sprzeda¿ hurtowa
safety and hygiene at work bezpieczeñ- sale agency przedstawicielstwo sprzeda¿y
stwo i higiena pracy (bhp) sale at a loss sprzeda¿ ze strat¹
safety and hygiene at work service sale at a profit sprzeda¿ z zyskiem
s³u¿ba bhp sale at option sprzeda¿ z premi¹
salaried personnel personel urzêdniczy sale at the basis sprzeda¿ wed³ug bazy
salary wynagrodzenie pracowników umy- sale by auction sprzeda¿ aukcyjna
s³owych, pensja sale by bulk sprzeda¿ w partiach, masowa
sale 1. sprzeda¿, zbyt 2. wyprzeda¿, prze- sale by commission sprzeda¿ komisowa
cena 3. aukcja, licytacja, sprzeda¿ pu- sale by inspection sprzeda¿ z zastrze¿e-
bliczna niem odst¹pienia od transakcji
bargain sale sprzeda¿ towarów przece- sale by instalments sprzeda¿ na raty
nionych sale by pattern sprzeda¿ wed³ug wzoru
bogus sale sprzeda¿ fikcyjna sale by sample sprzeda¿ wed³ug próbki
bulk sale sprzeda¿ masowa sale by the court sprzeda¿ s¹dowa / z po-
charity sale sprzeda¿ na cele dobro- lecenia s¹du
czynne sale for advertisement purposes sprze-
commercial sale sprzeda¿ handlowa da¿ reklamowa
135
sale for cash / money schedule
136
schedule leave securities
137
securities denominated in PLN seize real property
138
seizure setoff of reciprocal claims
139
settle shareholders’ meeting
140
sheet metal work sliding
sheet metal work roboty blacharskie sick leave note zwolnienie chorobowe
shift zmiana (w pracy) / lekarskie
shift work praca zmianowa, na zmianach sickness 1. choroba 2. nudnoœci, md³oœci
shipping wysy³kowy, spedycyjny, mor- sickness allowance zasi³ek chorobowy
ski, okrêtowy sickness benefit œwiadczenie chorobowe
shipping advice zawiadomienie o wy- sickness insurance ubezpieczenie na wy-
sy³ce padek choroby
shipping advice note zlecenie wysy³ko- sign 1. znak, oznaka, objaw, symptom
we eksportera dla spedytora 2. napis, wywieszka, szyld
shipping agency agencja okrêtowa, biuro power to sign prawo podpisu
okrêtowe, biuro spedycyjne signature podpis, sygnatura
shipping agent agent morski, agent okrê- signature certified by a notary public
towy podpis notarialnie poœwiadczony
shipping and forwarding agent spedytor legible signature podpis czytelny
portowy specimen signature wzór podpisu
shipping bill list frachtowy to put a specimen signature z³o¿yæ
shipping charges koszty wysy³ki / za³ad- wzór podpisu
unku silent cichy, milcz¹cy, ma³omówny
shipping expenses koszty wysy³ki / za- silent partner cichy wspólnik
³adunku simplified uproszczony
shipping firm firma spedycyjna simplified procedure procedura uprosz-
shipping note / permit zlecenie za³adun- czona
kowe, kwit za³adowczy single 1. pojedynczy, jedyny, jeden 2. sa-
shipping opportunity okazja przewozu, motny, niezamê¿na, nie¿onaty 3. jedno-
mo¿liwoœæ wysy³ki osobowy
shipping order zlecenie za³adunkowe single establishment agreement zak³a-
/ spedycyjne, polecenie za³adowania dowy uk³ad zbiorowy pracy
shipping place miejsce za³adunku / wy- single guarantee gwarancja pojedyncza
sy³ki single-family house dom jednorodzinny
shipping point (USA) miejsce za³adunku single-member company spó³ka jedno-
shipping port port za³adunku osobowa
shipment 1. wysy³ka, transport, przewóz single-party business entity przedsiê-
2. dostawa, partia 3. za³adunek biorca jednoosobowy
shop-assistant ekspedient(ka) sit-down strike strajk okupacyjny
shop steward zwi¹zkowy m¹¿ zaufania, site teren, miejsce pod budowê
rzecznik robotników (w fabryce) site fence ogrodzenie terenu budowy
short title skrócona nazwa ustawy site superintendent kierownik budowy
short-term krótkoterminowy skilled wykwalifikowany
short-term loan po¿yczka krótkoter- skilled workman robotnik przyuczony
minowa slander oszczerstwo, pomówienie, znies³a-
short-term obligationzobowi¹zanie krót- wienie, obmowa, szkalowanie, potwarz
koterminowe slanderer oszczerca
sick 1. chory 2. szkodliwy dla zdrowia slanderous oszczerczy, szkaluj¹cy, znie-
3. blady s³awiaj¹cy
sick benefit zasi³ek chorobowy sliding ruchomy, œlizgowy, odsuwany,
sick leave urlop zdrowotny rozsuwany
141
sliding wage scale staff bonus fund
sliding wage scale ruchoma skala p³ac stytucji publicznej w USA) 3. notariusz
slow 1. powolny, wolny 2. opiesza³y, spo- (UK) 4. akwizytor (USA)
wolniony 3. têpy solidarity solidarnoœæ
slow taxpayer podatnik opiesza³y solvency wyp³acalnoœæ
slow debtor d³u¿nik opiesza³y solvent wyp³acalny
small ma³y, drobny, niewielki space przestrzeñ, powierzchnia, miejsce
small entrepreneur przedsiêbiorca ma³y space unclosed przestrzeñ niezabudo-
small undertaking przedsiêbiorstwo wana
ma³e special szczególny, specjalny, wyj¹tkowy,
smuggle przemycaæ jedyny, rodzajowy
smuggled goods towary z przemytu special legacy zapis szczególny
smuggler przemytnik, szmugler special delivery przesy³ka ekspresowa
smuggling przemyt, kontrabanda, szmu- special leave urlop szczególny
giel specific 1. specyficzny, rodzajowy 2. o-
social 1. spo³eczny, socjalny 2. towarzy- kreœlony, konkretny 3. specyficzny,
ski 3. stadny swoisty, w³aœciwy 4. gatunkowy
social dialogue dialog spo³eczny specific duty c³o specyficzne
social housing construction budownic- specific power of attorney pe³nomocnic-
two socjalne two rodzajowe
Social Insurance Fund Fundusz Ubez- specify okreœlaæ, precyzowaæ, wyszcze-
pieczeñ Spo³ecznych gólniaæ
Social Insurance Institution Zak³ad specify remuneration okreœliæ wynagro-
Ubezpieczeñ Spo³ecznych dzenie
social labour inspectorate spo³eczna in- specimen wzór, przyk³ad, próbka, okaz,
spekcja pracy egzemplarz
social security benefits œwiadczenia so- specimen signature wzór podpisu
cjalne to append a specimen signature z³o-
society 1. towarzystwo, stowarzyszenie ¿yæ wzór podpisu
2. spo³eczeñstwo 3. spo³ecznoœæ to put a specimen signature z³o¿yæ
Society of Management Accountants, wzór podpisu
SMA Stowarzyszenie specjalistów od speech mowa, przemówienie, przemowa
rachunkowoœci mened¿erskiej closing speech mowa koñcowa
solatium wynagrodzenie strat moralnych Queen’s speech mowa tronowa
sole 1. jedyny, wy³¹czny 2. uniwersalny speedy szybki, pospieszny, niezw³oczny,
sole legatee zapisobiorca uniwersalny prêdki, rych³y
sole heir spadkobierca jedyny speedy trial rozprawa bez nieuzasadnio-
sole possession posiadanie wy³¹czne nych opóŸnieñ (zgodnie z szóst¹ po-
sole trader kupiec indywidualny, przed- prawk¹ konstytucji USA)
siêbiorca samodzielny split rozbicie, rozszczepienie, podzia³,
solicit 1. zabiegaæ, staraæ siê 2. prowadziæ rozdzielenie
handel (w miejscach publicznych) 3. na- split delivery dostawa partiami
mawiaæ do czynu wystêpnego, propo- square 1. plac, skwer 2. kwarta³ (w mieœ-
nowaæ czyn nierz¹dny 4. ubiegaæ siê cie) 3. pole 4. czworobok
o zamówienia squatter dziki lokator
solicitor 1. adwokat wystêpuj¹cy w ni¿- staff kadra, za³oga, personel
szych s¹dach (UK) 2. radca prawny (in- staff bonus fund fundusz premiowy
142
staff canteen stock on hand
143
stock turnover submission
stock turnover obrót magazynowy to call the workers out on strike wez-
stock valuation ocena inwentaryzacyjna waæ robotników do strajku
stock-room sk³ad podrêczny to come out on strike zacz¹æ strajk
stonework roboty kamieniarskie to declare a strike og³osiæ strajk
stoppage 1. przerwa, przestój (w pracy) to go on strike rozpocz¹æ strajk
2. postój 3. przerwa, wstrzymanie to stage a strike zorganizowaæ strajk
stoppage of work przerwa w pracy, po- token strike strajk ostrzegawczy
rzucenie pracy warning strike strajk ostrzegawczy
storage 1. sk³adowanie, magazynowanie, wild-cat strike strajk dziki
przechowywanie 2. magazyn, sk³ad, strike alert pogotowie strajkowe
przechowalnia 3. op³ata za przechowa- strike campaign akcja strajkowa
nie, sk³adowe strike funds fundusz strajkowy
period of storage okres sk³adowania strike leader przywódca strajku
place of storage miejsce sk³adowania strike movement ruch strajkowy
temporary storage czasowe sk³ado- strike notice zapowiedŸ strajku
wanie strike picket pikieta strajkowa
to provide storage space zapewniæ strike wave fala strajków
przestrzeñ sk³adow¹ strike off wykreœliæ, usun¹æ
storage certificate dowód sk³adowy strike off the register wykreœliæ z reje-
storage charges op³aty sk³adowe stru
storage costs koszty sk³adowania strike-breaker ³amistrajk
storage facilities urz¹dzenie magazy- striker strajkuj¹cy, uczestnik strajku
nowe strip search rewizja osobista
storage space przestrzeñ sk³adowa strive d¹¿yæ, usi³owaæ, zmagaæ siê
store sk³adowaæ, magazynowaæ, przecho- strive to reach an amicable resolution of
wywaæ a dispute d¹¿yæ do polubownego za-
storehouse business przedsiêbiorstwo ³atwienia sporu
sk³adowe structural 1. strukturalny 2. budowlany,
storing z³o¿enie na sk³ad konstrukcyjny
storing depositor sk³adaj¹cy structural unemployment bezrobocie
storing of goods sk³adowanie towaru strukturalne
strike 1. strajk 2. atak, uderzenie, cios structure 1. struktura, organizacja, plan
all-out strike strajk generalny, pow- 2. budowa
szechny suability zaskar¿alnoœæ
general strike strajk generalny, pow- suability of a legal act zaskar¿alnoœæ
szechny czynnoœci prawnej
go-slow strike strajk w³oski subject 1. poddany, obywatel 2. przedmiot
hunger-strike strajk g³odowy 3. temat
political strike strajk polityczny subject to 1. podlegaj¹cy 2. uzale¿niony
proclamation of a strike og³oszenie od 3. z zastrze¿eniem
strajku subject to prescription podlegaj¹cy prze-
rail strike strajk kolejarzy dawnieniu
sit-down strike strajk okupacyjny sublet podnajmowaæ
sympathetic strike strajk solidarnoœ- submission 1. z³o¿enie, przed³o¿enie,
ciowy zg³oszenie 2. uleg³oœæ, pos³uszeñstwo
to call a strike og³osiæ strajk 3. wniosek 4. zdanie, opinia
144
submission of the pension claim supervisor
145
supervisory sworn guarantee
146
sworn statement system of work
147
T
tacit milcz¹cy, cichy (o zgodzie) tariff ceiling plafon taryfowy
tail 1. okreœlenie dziedziców maj¹tku tariff measures œrodki taryfowe
2. ograniczone prawo w³asnoœci tariff policy polityka celna
take advantage of korzystaæ z tariff wall bariera celna
take advantage of an offer skorzystaæ tax (verb) opodatkowaæ
z oferty tax (noun) podatek
take on przyj¹æ, zatrudniæ dog (licence) tax podatek od psów
take on an employee przyj¹æ pracownika indirect tax podatek poœredni
take out zaci¹gn¹æ, wzi¹æ output tax podatek od wartoœci wytwo-
take out a loan wzi¹æ po¿yczkê rzonej
take part in uczestniczyæ w to levy a tax pobieraæ, œci¹gaæ podatek
take possession of obj¹æ w posiadanie, tax arrears zaleg³oœæ podatkowa
wejϾ w posiadanie tax assessment wymiar podatku
take-home pay pensja na rêkê, pensja tax authority organ podatkowy
netto tax authority’s cashier kasa organu po-
tally sheet œwiadectwo liczenia / mierze- datkowego
nia tax base podstawa opodatkowania
tangible materialny, namacalny tax case sprawa podatkowa
tangible assets aktywa materialne tax chamber izba skarbowa
tangible property dobra materialne tax-chamber director dyrektor izby skar-
target docelowy bowej
target capital kapita³ docelowy tax collector inkasent
target company / partnership spó³ka tax declaration deklaracja podatku
przejêta tax instalment rata podatku
tariff taryfa, c³o tax law prawo podatkowe
anti-dumping tariff c³o antydumpin- tax liability zobowi¹zanie podatkowe
gowe current tax liability bie¿¹ce zobowi¹-
autonomous tariff c³o autonomiczne zanie podatkowe
conventional tariff c³o konwencyjne, overdue tax liability zaleg³e zobowi¹-
umowne zanie podatkowe
removal of tariff walls zniesienie ba- tax lien zastaw skarbowy
rier celnych tax lien register rejestr zastawów skarbo-
to remove tariff walls znieϾ bariery wych
celne tax obligation obowi¹zek podatkowy
differential tariff c³o dyferencyjne failure to fulfil a tax obligation niedo-
tariff agreementuk³adcelny,umowacelna pe³nienie obowi¹zku podatkowego
148
tax office tenant
149
tenant at will testamentary gift
150
testamentary succession by disposition transaction
151
transaction value tripartite confederation
152
trust turnover tax
trust 1. zaufanie, ufnoœæ, wiara 2. powier- thrown into turmoil (o kraju) pogr¹¿ony
nictwo, zarz¹d powierniczy 3. powie- w chaosie
rzenie 4. fundacja 5. opieka, przecho- turnkey pod klucz, do natychmiastowego
wanie 6. trust zasiedlenia
trust fund fundusz powierniczy turnkey contract kontrakt na wykonaw-
trustee 1. powiernik 2. zarz¹dca, admini- stwo / budowanie pod klucz
strator, kurator turnover obrót, obroty
trustee in bankruptcy kurator, syndyk turnover credit kredyt obrotowy
turmoil chaos, zamieszanie, zamieszki, turnover tax podatek obrotowy
niepokój
153
U
ulterior ukryty, skryty undertaking 1. przedsiêwziêcie 2. zobo-
ulterior motive motyw ukryty wi¹zanie 3. us³ugi pogrzebowe 4. przed-
unanimous jednomyœlny, jednog³oœny siêbiorstwo
unauthorised nieupowa¿niony, nie- commercial undertaking przedsiê-
uprawniony, nielegalny, bez pozwo- wziêcie handlowe
lenia joint undertaking przedsiêwziêcie
unborn nienarodzony wspólne
unborn child dziecko nienarodzone to embark on an undertaking rozpo-
unconditional 1. bezwarunkowy 2. bez- cz¹æ przedsiêwziêcie
graniczny to take part in an undertaking wzi¹æ
unconditional declaration bezwarunko- udzia³ w przedsiêwziêciu
we oœwiadczenie underwater work roboty podwodne
unconstitutional niekonstytucyjny, nie- underwriter 1. ubezpieczyciel, asekurator
zgodny z konstytucj¹ 2. subskrybent 3. gwarant, porêczyciel
uncontested za zgod¹ obydwu stron, bez- underwriters towarzystwo ubezpie-
sporny, bezkonfliktowy czeniowe
uncontested divorce rozwód za zgod¹ undischarged nie zwolniony od sp³aty
obydwu stron d³ugów
under age ma³oletni, niepe³noletni (o oso- undischarged bankrupt bankrut nie-
bie) przywrócony do praw
under construction w budowie undisturbed niezak³ócony
under mutual agreement za porozumie- undisturbed possession posiadanie nie-
niem stron zak³ócone
underemployment niepe³ne zatrudnienie undivided niepodzielony, niepodzielny
undergo ulegaæ, przechodziæ, prze¿ywaæ undivided inheritance spadek niepo-
undergo customs examination przejϾ dzielny
rewizjê celn¹ undue 1. nieuzasadniony, zbytni, nad-
underground 1. podziemny 2. ukryty, mierny 2. niepo¿¹dany 3. niew³aœciwy
tajny 4. nienale¿ny, niep³atny
underground work roboty podziemne undue influence niepo¿¹dany wp³yw
understanding porozumienie, ugoda unemployable niezdolny do pracy
undertake przyjmowaæ, podejmowaæ siê, unemployment bezrobocie
przedsiêbraæ, zobowi¹zywaæ siê cyclical unemployment bezrobocie cy-
undertake a commission przyj¹æzlecenie kliczne
undertake activities podejmowaæ dzia- female unemployment bezrobocie ko-
³ania biet
154
unemployment due to technical progress usufruct
155
usufruct by usucaption utter
156
V
vacancy 1. wakat, etat, wolne miejsce rozprawy 3. ustalenie w³aœciwoœci tery-
2. wolny pokój torialnej s¹du
vacate zwróciæ, opró¿niæ, opuœciæ (np. lo- verbal 1. ustny, werbalny 2. dos³owny
kal) verbal offer oferta ustna
vacation 1. wakacje, urlop 2. zwolnienie, verbal testament testament ustny
opuszczenie (lokalu) verdict orzeczenie, werdykt, wyrok
vacation leave urlop wypoczynkowy veterinary weterynaryjny
valid 1. prawomocny, wa¿ny 2. s³uszny, veterinary certificate œwiadectwo wete-
zasadny, uzasadniony rynaryjne
valid decision approving the arrange- vicarious doznawany poœrednio, zastêp-
ment prawomocne postanowienie za- czy
twierdzaj¹ce uk³ad victim ofiara, osoba chora, osoba poszko-
validity 1. wa¿noœæ, prawomocnoœæ dowana
2. s³usznoœæ, zasadnoœæ 3. wiarygod- vindication 1. dochodzenie, domaganie
noœæ (dokumentów) siê, windykacja, rewindykacja 2. reha-
validity of a legal transaction / legal act bilitacja, oczyszczenie (z zarzutów)
wa¿noœæ czynnoœci prawnej 3. obrona 4. usprawiedliwienie
validity of a will wa¿noœæ testamentu violation naruszenie, pogwa³cenie, z³a-
valuation wartoœciowanie, wycena, manie
ocena grave violation of the basic em-
valuation of shares wycena akcji ployee’s duties ciê¿kie naruszenie obo-
valuations of movable tangible property wi¹zków
wycena ruchomoœci violation of work duties naruszenie obo-
value wartoœæ, znaczenie wi¹zków pracowniczych
to determine the value of goods usta- violence 1. gwa³t, przemoc 2. gwa³tow-
liæ wartoœæ celn¹ towarów noœæ
to reduce the value obni¿yæ wartoœæ vocation 1. powo³anie 2. zawód, profesja
celn¹ vocational zawodowy
value added tax (VAT) podatek od war- vocational guidance poradnictwo / do-
toœci dodanej radztwo zawodowe
value added tax charge on inputs poda- vocational training kszta³cenie zawo-
tek od wartoœci dodanej od nak³adów dowe
variable interest rate loan po¿yczka void niewa¿ny, bezskuteczny, nieistotny
o oprocentowaniu zmiennym prawnie
valuer (UK) rzeczoznawca voidable podlegaj¹cy uniewa¿nieniu
venue 1. miejsce, lokalizacja 2. miejsce voluntary 1. dobrowolny 2. nieodp³atny
157
voluntary arrangement voting result
158
W
wage p³aca, wynagrodzenie, pobory to operate a customs warehouse pro-
wage demands ¿¹dania / roszczenia p³a- wadziæ sk³ad celny
cowe to remove the goods from the customs
wage fixing kszta³towanie p³ac warehouse wyprowadziæ towar ze sk³a-
wage index wskaŸnik p³ac du celnego
wage indexing indeksacja p³ac to store goods in a customs warehouse
wage level poziom p³ac z³o¿yæ towary w sk³adzie celnym
wage structure struktura p³ac warehouse building budynek magazy-
wage table siatka p³ac nowy
wage in kind wynagrodzenie w naturze warehouse fee sk³adowe
wage-earner ¿ywiciel rodziny warehouse hand robotnik sk³adowy
wages wynagrodzenie pracowników fi- warehouse keeper osoba prowadz¹ca
zycznych sk³ad celny
wages for housework wynagrodzenie za warehouse warrant warrant
pracê domow¹ warehouse’s by-laws regulamin domu
waive 1. rezygnowaæ, ustêpowaæ, zrzekaæ sk³adowego
siê (prawa) 2. uchylaæ / uchyliæ warehouseman 1. magazynier, pracow-
waive the bankruptcy procedure uchy- nik sk³adu 2. w³aœciciel sk³adu
liæ postêpowanie upad³oœciowe warning ostrze¿enie, przestroga
waiver 1. zrzeczenie siê (z prawa) warning strike strajk ostrzegawczy
2. zwolnienie (z obowi¹zku) warrant 1. nakaz 2. gwarancja, atest 3. li-
war wojna cencja, upowa¿nienie 4. pokwitowanie
war loan po¿yczka wojenna search warrant nakaz rewizji
warehouse sk³ad, dom sk³adowy, maga- to issue a warrant wydaæ nakaz
zyn, hurtownia (UK) warrant of arrest nakaz aresztowania
free warehouse wolny sk³ad warrant of execution nakaz egzekucji
customs warehouse sk³ad celny warranty rêkojmia, gwarancja
private customs warehouse sk³ad cel- warranty for legal defects rêkojmia za
ny prywatny wady prawne
public customs warehouse sk³ad celny warranty for physical defects rêkojmia
publiczny za wady fizyczne
type of warehouse rodzaj sk³adu Warsaw Stock Exchange Warszawska
to introduce goods into the customs Gie³da Papierów Wartoœciowych
warehouse wprowadziæ towar do sk³a- water inlet dop³yw wody
du celnego wave fala
159
wear and tear work (in) shifts
160
work evaluation wrongful trading
161
Y
year rok young m³ody, m³odociany
financial year rok finansowy / bud¿e- young offender m³odociany przestêpca
towy / obrachunkowy / obrotowy young worker pracownik m³odociany
yield (noun) 1. wydajnoœæ, produktyw- youth m³odzie¿
noœæ 2. produkcja, iloœæ wyprodukowa- youth unemployment bezrobocie m³o-
na 3. wp³ywy, dochód, przychód, pro- dych
centy od kapita³u 4. plony, zbiory youthful m³ody, m³odociany
yield of fruits pobieranie po¿ytków youthful offender m³odociany przestêpca
yield (verb) 1. dawaæ, przynosiæ (wyniki,
procent) 2. poddawaæ siê, ustêpowaæ,
rezygnowaæ
162
Z
zero-based budgeting bud¿etowanie od zoning 1. rejonizacja, wyznaczanie stref
zera 2. okreœlenie warunków zabudowy te-
zero-coupon bond obligacja nieoprocen- renu
towana zoning regulations warunki zagospoda-
zealous zagorza³y, gorliwy rowania przestrzennego
163
Part II
Polish-English
A
abonent subscriber prowadziæ agencjê celn¹ to operate
absencja absence a customs agency
notoryczna absencja absenteeism agencja obrotu nieruchomoœciami real
obliczyæ absencjê to calculate the estate agency
absenteeism agencja okrêtowa, biuro okrêtowe ship-
wskaŸnik absencji rate of absenteeism ping agency
adiudykacja adjudication agencja pracy tymczasowej agency for
adres 1. address 2. abode temporary work
adres do dorêczeñ address for service of Agencja Wywiadu Intelligence Agency
notices agent agent, envoy, representative, broker
adres firmowy business address agent celny clearing agent, customs agent
adres zwrotny return address agent finansowy financial agent
adresat 1. addressee 2. recipient, audience agent frachtowy freight agent
adresat oferty offeree agent handlowy commercial agent, busi-
adresowaæ 1. to address 2. to send, to post ness agent
adwokacina pettifogger agent handlu nieruchomoœciami real
adwokat 1. counsel, counsellor (USA) estate agent
2. advocate, attorney-at-law 3. barrister agent importowy import agent
4. solicitor agent komisowy consigning agent, factor
adwokat obrony counsel for the defence agent morski / okrêtowy shipping agent
/ defendant, defence counsel agent prowadz¹cy cudz¹ sprawê bez
adwokat oskar¿enia counsel for the zlecenia agent of necessity
prosecution, prosecution counsel agent ubezpieczeniowy insurance agent
adwokatura the Bar, legal profession, agent wy³¹czny exclusive agent
advocacy akcja 1. share, stock 2. action, campaign,
zostaæ przyjêtym do adwokatury to operation
be called to the Bar akcja gratisowa bonus share, scrip share
afekt emotion, passion akcja imienna registered share, inscribed
zbrodnia w afekcie crime of passion, share
crime committed in the heat of passion akcja kredytowana called-up share
caused by sudden provocation akcja kumulowana cumulative share
afiliant affiliate akcja na okaziciela bearer share
agencja agency, office, bureau akcja niekumulowana non-cumulative
Agencja Bezpieczeñstwa Wewnêtrzne- share
go Agency for Internal Security akcja niema / milcz¹ca non-voting share
agencja celna customs agency akcja niepodzielna indivisible share
167
akcja obiegowa akcjonariusz
168
akcjonariusz uprzywilejowany amortyzacja
169
amortyzacja budynku armatura i instalacje
170
atest awans za kompetencje i / lub zas³ugi
171
B
badaæ to inspect, to examine, to investi- è oddzia³ banku branch of bank
gate, (przes³uchiwaæ) to interrogate è p³ynnoœæ banku liquidity of bank
badaæ towary to inspect goods è przedstawicielstwo banku represen-
badanie examination, inspection, check- tative office
-up è utworzyæ bank to establish / to form
badanie lekarskie medical check-up, a bank
medical examination bank akcyjny joint stock bank
è kontrolne badania lekarskie con- Bank Anglii Bank of England
trol medical check-up bank budownictwa housing bank
è okresowe badania lekarskie perio- bank centralny central bank
dic medical check-up, periodical bank dokonuj¹cy przelewu remitting
medical examination bank
è wstêpne badanie lekarskie initial bank depozytowy bank of deposit,
medical check-up deposit bank
è przeprowadzaæ badania lekarskie bank dyskontowy discount bank
to carry out / to make a medical bank emisyjny bank of issue
check-up, to conduct a medical exami- bank handlowy commercial bank, trade
nation bank, bank of commerce
è tryb i zakres badañ lekarskich pro- bank handlu zagranicznego foreign trade
cedures and scope of medical check-ups bank
badanie towarów inspection of goods bank hipoteczny mortgage bank
banda band, gang, pack bank komunalny municipal bank
bandyta bandit, gangster, robber, mugger, bank korespondent correspondent bank
ruffian bank krajowy domestic bank
bandytyzm 1. banditry, brigandage 2. rob- bank kredytowy credit bank
bery, housebreaking bank otwieraj¹cy akredytywy origina-
banicja 1. (wygnanie) proscription, exile, ting bank
banishment, deportation 2. (wyjêcie bank pañstwowy state bank, government
spod prawa) outlawry bank
banita outlaw, outcast, exile bank po¿yczkowy bank for loans, loan
bank bank bank
è Miêdzynarodowy Bank Odbudowy bank prowadz¹cy dzia³alnoœæ makler-
i Rozwoju International Bank for sk¹ brokerage bank
Reconstruction and Development bank prywatny private bank
è Narodowy Bank Polski National bank przemys³owy industrial bank
Bank of Poland bank rentowy annuity bank
172
Bank Rezerw Federalnych Rada Bezpieczeñstwa (ONZ)
173
bezprawie bilans
174
bilans nie poklasyfikowany budownictwo gospodarcze
175
budownictwo mieszkaniowe by³y
176
C
c / wk (cena / wartoœæ ksiêgowa) price certyfikat inwestycyjny investment cer-
/ book value ratio tificate
c / z (cena / zysk) price / earnings ratio cesja assignment, cession
ca³kowity 1. (³¹czny) total, aggregate cesjonariusz assignee, grantee, transferee
2. absolute, overall, complete, entire cha³upnik home-worker, person working
ca³kowita suma zad³u¿enia total amount from their home, out-worker
of indebtedness charytatywny charitable, eleemosynary,
ca³kowita wielkoœæ po¿yczki total beneficent
amount of a loan instytucja charytatywna eleemosy-
cech (zrzeszenie zawodowe) craft union, nary corporation (USA)
occupational union ch³odnia cold store
cedent assignor, cedent choroba disease, illness, sickness, infir-
cedowaæ to cede, to assign mity
cedu³a gie³dowa exchange list, official choroba morska sea sickness
list choroba psychiczna mental disease
ceg³a brick choroba zawodowa occupational disease,
cel purpose industrial disease
cel spó³ki, cel dzia³alnoœci spó³ki objects objawy choroby zawodowej symp-
of a company toms of occupational disease
cement cement powstanie choroby zawodowej devel-
cena price, cost opment of occupational disease
cena emisyjna issued price rozpoznaæ u pracownika chorobê za-
cena rozliczeniowa settlement price wodow¹ to diagnose an occupational
cena wykupu buyout price disease in an employee
cennik price list rozpoznanie choroby zawodowej di-
centrala headquarters, seat, head office agnosis of occupational disease
centrala zwi¹zkowa trade union head- chroniæ to protect, to safeguard, to shelter
quarters chroniæ ¿ycie i zdrowie pracowników to
centralizacja centralisation protect the health and life of employees
centralny central, main ci¹gaæ kogoœ po s¹dach (potocznie) to
centralne ogrzewanie central heating drag someone through the courts
certyfikat certificate cielesny carnal,fleshly, corporal, corporeal
wydawaæ certyfikaty inwestycyjne to kara cielesna corporal punishment
issue investment certificates ciê¿ar burden, weight, charge, onus
wykup certyfikatów inwestycyjnych ciê¿ar dowodu burden of evidence
redemption of investment certificates / proof, onus of proof
177
ciê¿kie naruszenie obowi¹zków czas trwania najmu
178
czas trwania spó³ki czynnoœci spó³ki
179
czynnoœci s¹dowe i pozas¹dowe czytelny
180
D
dalej (w dokumencie) thereinafter, herein- zny return of the object of the revoked
after donation
dane data, particulars, details, notes, evi- darowizna doliczana do spadku gift to
dence be included in the inheritance
dane do rejestru particulars to be filed darowizna drobna minor donation
with the register darowizna mieszana mixed donation,
dane objaœniaj¹ce explanatory notes non-uniform donation
dane bie¿¹ce current data darowizna miêdzy ¿yj¹cymi donation
dar donation, gift, bestowment inter vivos
darczyñca donor, donator (USA), grantor darowizna na wypadek œmierci gift mor-
darmowy gratuitous, free, free of charge tis causa
darowizna gift, donation, endowment, de- darowizna rêkodajna donation by man-
mise ual delivery
akt darowizny deed of gift, deed of do- darowizna testamentowa testamentary
nation, donation deed gift
odwo³aæ darowiznê to recall a dona- darowizna ukryta disguised donation
tion darowizna z obci¹¿eniem, darowizna ze
odwo³anie darowizny revocation of zleceniem donation with a charge
a donation darowizna zaliczalna na zachówek gift
podatek od darowizn donation tax, to be included in the compulsory por-
gift tax, donation duty, duty on dona- tion of the inheritance
tions data date, day, term
przedmiot darowizny object of dona- data objêcia w posiadanie / zasiedlenia
tion nieruchomoœci move-in date, posses-
wartoϾ przedmiotu darowizny value sion date, occupancy date
of the object of donation data pewna authenticated date, certified
przyj¹æ darowiznê to accept a gift date
przyjêcie darowizny acceptance of data rozpoczêcia pracy date of the com-
a gift mencement of work
przyrzeczenie darowizny promise of data stempla pocztowego date of the
a donation postal mark, postmark date, mailing
umowa darowizny contract of dona- date
tion, donation contract, gift contract data zarejestrowania spó³ki date of in-
wykonaæ darowiznê to effect a dona- corporation
tion datek ex gratia payment, donation, contri-
zwrot przedmiotu odwo³anej darowi- bution, offering
181
debet d³u¿nik hipoteczny
182
d³u¿nik wekslowy dom sk³adowy
183
dom w³asnoœciowy dostawa
184
dostawa czêœciowa dyrektor
185
dyrektor, cz³onek zarz¹du dzia³alnoœæ gospodarcza
186
dzia³alnoœæ inwestycyjna dzie³o dramatyczne
187
dzie³o filmowe dzier¿yæ
188
E
efektywnoœæ effectiveness, efficiency, per- ekstradowaæ to extradite
formance ekstradycja extradition
efektywny actual, effective, efficient emeryt old-age pensioner, retired person,
efektywna stopa po¿yczki actual yield, retiree (USA)
actual rate of return emerytalny pensionable
egzamin examination, exam wiek emerytalny pensionable age
egzekucja 1. (œci¹gniêcie nale¿noœci) exe- emerytura pension, old age pension
cution, enforcement, foreclosure, sei- przejœæ na emeryturê to retire
zure 2. (stracenie skazanego) execution przenieœæ kogoœ na emeryturê to re-
prowadziæ egzekucjê z maj¹tku tire someone, to pension someone off
wspólnika to carry out an execution emerytura dodatkowa supplementary
from partner’s assets, to execute upon pension
the assets of a partner, to conduct execu- emerytura wczeœniejsza early retirement
tion from the partner’s assets emerytura wojskowa military pension
zawieszenie egzekucji stayofexecution emisja 1. issue 2. emission 3. broadcasting
egzekucja hipoteczna z nieruchomoœci data emisji time of issue, date of issue
foreclosure of mortgage, mortgage fore- kalendarz emisji issue timetable
closure plasowanie emisji placing of issues
egzekucyjny enforcement, executive, ex- waluta emisji currency of issue
ecution warunki emisji conditions of issue,
pluton egzekucyjny firing squad terms of issue
egzekutor 1. (wykonawca wyroku) execu- wielkoϾ emisji volume of issue
tor 2. (komornik) enforcement officer, emisja akcji issue of shares
court executive, bailiff (UK) 3. (kat) ex- emisja akcji gratisowych bonus issue,
ecutioner scrip issue
egzekwowaæ to execute, to enforce, to emisja brutto gross issue
seize emisja ci¹g³a tap issue, continuing issue
egzekwowaæ zaleg³oœæ podatkow¹ to ex- emisja gratisowa bonus issue, scrip issue
ecute tax arrears emisja krajowa domestic issue, internal
eksces excess, excessive action, distur- issue
bance emisja miêdzynarodowa international is-
eksmisja eviction sue
eksmisja przymusowa compulsory evic- emisja netto net issue
tion emisja nowa fresh issue
eksmitowaæ to evict, to eject emisja papierów o p³ynnej stopie float-
ekspedient(ka) shop-assistant ing rate issue
189
emisja papierów o zmiennej stopie ewikcja
190
F
fabryka factory, plant, works firma firm, company, business, corpora-
fabrykowaæ to fabricate, to falsify tion, enterprise
fabrykowaæ dowody to fabricate evi- firma spedycyjna shipping firm
dence firma spó³ki business name of a company
fach profession, job, trade, calling, voca- / partnership, company name, firm,
tion name of the firm
fachowiec professional, expert, specialist firma zlikwidowana defunct company
faktura 1. (dokument) invoice 2. (sztuka) fiskalny fiscal
texture, grain, fracture kasa fiskalna cash register
faktura celna customs invoice fizjologia pracy occupational physiology
fakturowaæ to invoice forma form
fala wave forma umowy form of company’s deed,
fala strajków strike wave form of partnership’s deed
fa³szerstwo fake, forgery, counterfeit, fal- formalnoœci formalities, procedures
sification formalnoœci celne customs procedures,
fa³szerz adulterator, counterfeiter, falsi- customs formalities
fier, forger, fabricator dokonywaæ formalnoœci celnych to at-
fa³szowaæ to adulterate, to falsify, to coun- tend to the customs formalities
terfeit, to debase, to forge, to fabricate upraszczaæ formalnoœci celne to sim-
fa³szowaæ ¿ywnoœæ to adulterate food plify the customs procedure
fa³szowanie adulteration, debasement, fracht freight
counterfeiting, fiddling fundacja foundation, endowed institu-
fa³szywy false, devoid of truth, fictitious, tion, endowment
groundless, adulterate za³o¿yæ fundacjê to establish a founda-
fa³szywy alarm / telefon hoax phone call tion, to set up a foundation
fa³szywe œwiadectwo / zeznanie false tes- fundacja charytatywna / na cele dobro-
timony / evidence czynne charitable corporation, charita-
fa³szywy czek dud cheque ble trust
federacja federation, association fundusz fund
Federacja Europejskich Gie³d Papie- Fundusz Gwarantowanych Œwiad-
rów Wartoœciowych Federation of Eu- czeñ Pracowniczych Employees’ Guar-
ropean Stock Exchanges (FESE) anteed Benefits Fund
fikcyjny fictitious, sham aktywa funduszu inwestycyjnego in-
filantrop philanthropist vestment fund assets
finalizowaæ 1. to complete, to close, to cel inwestycyjny funduszu investment
conclude 2. to settle, to finalise purpose of the fund
191
fundusz emerytalny fuzja tworz¹ca konglomerat
192
G
gang mob, gang, ring, band g³osowaæ to vote, to cast a vote, to ballot,
gangster gangster, mobster, (bandzior) to go to the polls, to poll
ruffian, (awanturnik) rowdy, (kanciarz) g³osowaæ bez dyskusji to vote without
racketeer, bandit debate
gangsterstwo gangsterism, banditism, g³osowaæ nad wnioskiem to vote on the
racket motion
gie³da 1. market 2. exchange, stock ex- g³osowanie voting, vote, election
change, stock market kolejnoœæ g³osowania voting order
graæ na gie³dzie to play on the stock przyst¹piæ do g³osowania to proceed
exchange to voting
wejœæ na gie³dê to go public system g³osowania voting method
gie³da dewizowa foreign exchangemarket wstrzymaæ siê od g³osowania to ab-
gie³da frachtowa charter exchange, ship- stain from voting
ping exchange wynik g³osowania result of voting, vot-
gie³da opcji option market ing result
gie³da papierów wartoœciowych stock zarz¹dziæ g³osowanie to order voting
exchange g³osowanie imienne voting by roll-call
gie³da towarowa commodity exchange, g³osowanie obowi¹zkowe compulsory
commodities exchange voting
gie³da walorów stock exchange, securi- g³osowanie powszechne popular vote
ties exchange g³osowanie preferencyjne preferential
gie³da zbo¿owa corn exchange, grain ex- voting
change g³osowanie przedterminowe advance
gie³da ¿eglugowa maritime exchange voting
gilotyna guillotine g³osowanie przy u¿yciu kart do g³oso-
gin¹æ 1. (umieraæ) to die, to perish, to fall wania voting by (with the use of) voting
2. (zanikaæ) to vanish, to disappear cards
3. (wymieraæ) to die out g³osowanie przez podniesienie rêki vot-
glina / gliniarz cop, copper ing on a show of hands
g³os 1. voice, sound, call 2. vote 3. opin- g³osowanie tajne secret ballot, secret vote
ion, comment, say, voice 4. address g³osowanie taktyczne tactical voting
5. permission to speak, the floor g³osuj¹cy 1. (wyborca) voter, elector, con-
oddaæ swój g³os to cast one’s vote stituent 2. voter
udzieliæ komuœ g³osu to give someone g³ówny central, main, principal, primary,
the floor, to give someone permission to major
speak g³ówny udzia³owiec major shareholder
193
G³ówny Urz¹d Ce³ gwarancja absolutna
G³ówny Urz¹d Ce³ Central Office of groŸba 1. threat, menace, duress 2. (nie-
Customs bezpieczeñstwo) danger, peril 3. intimi-
Prezes G³ównego Urzêdu Ce³ Presi- dation 4. (groŸba, nieuchronnoœæ) im-
dent of the Central Office of Customs pedence
g³ówny zobowi¹zany principal obligor groŸba bezprawna illegal / unlawful
gmina gmina, commune, district, bor- threat, illegal duress
ough, community groŸny 1. dangerous, formidable, me-
godzina 1. hour 2. time, moment nacing 2. (powa¿ny) serious 3. threaten-
godzina policyjna curfew ing
godziny nadliczbowe overtime, extra grunt 1. (teren) land, ground 2. (gleba)
hours soil, earth 3. (maj¹tek) estate
godziny pracy working hours, hours of w³adaæ gruntem to occupy the land
work w³adanie gruntem occupation of land
niepotrzebne godziny pracy excessive wchodziæ we w³adanie gruntem to en-
hours of work ter into occupation of land
godziny urzêdowania business hours, of- grunty orne arable land
fice hours grunt rolny agricultural land
goñczy warrant of arrest grupa group
list goñczy warrant of arrest, ‘wanted’ grupa zawodowa occupational group
notice grupowa organizacja pracy group or-
gospodarczy 1. economic, business 2. in- ganisation of work
dustrial, manufacturing grzywna fine, mulct, pecuniary penalty
dzia³alnoœæ gospodarcza business ac- / punishment, amercement
tivity kara grzywny fine, amercement
podmiot gospodarczy economic entity na³o¿yæ grzywnê to impose a fine, to
gospodarka 1. economy 2. management, amerce
administration, running gubernator governor
gospodarka wolnorynkowa free market Rada Gubernatorów Board of Gover-
economy nors
gospodarstwo household, homestead, gwa³cenie 1. (pope³nienie gwa³tu) rape
possessions, property 2. (przymus) coercion, duress, compul-
gospodarstwo domowe household sion, force 3. (naruszenie) violation, in-
gospodarstwo rolne farm, farmstead fringement
grabiæ to loot, to plunder, to pillage gwa³ciciel 1. (sprawca gwa³tu) rapist
grabie¿ pillage, looting, plunder 2. (sprawca naruszenia) violator, trans-
grabie¿ca looter, plunderer, pillager gressor, profaner
granica 1.border,frontier,boundary2.limit gwa³t 1. (zgwa³cenie) rape 2. (przemoc)
granica celna customs frontier violence 3. (przymus) coercion, force
granica czasu time limit gwarancja guarantee, warranty, guaranty
granica nieruchomoœci boundary, prop- dawaæ gwarancjê to offer a guarantee
erty line domagaæ siê gwarancji to require
granica wieku age limit a guarantee
gratyfikacja bonus, extra pay, remunera- okres gwarancji period of guarantee
tion uprawniony z gwarancji person enti-
gratyfikacja (np. z okazji Bo¿ego Naro- tled in the guarantee
dzenia) bonus, gratification gwarancja absolutna absolute guarantee
194
gwarancja bankowa gwardia
195
H
habilitacja 1. granting a postdoctoral de- ksiêga hipoteczna mortgage register
gree in Poland 2. postdoctoral disserta- obci¹¿enie hipoteczne mortgagecharge
tion in Poland 3. habilitation wierzyciel hipoteczny mortgagee
handel commerce, trade, business, mer- wpis hipoteczny mortgage registration
chandising œwiadectwo wpisu hipotecznego cer-
handel detaliczny retail tificate of the registration of mortgage
handel krajowy home trade hipoteka 1. mortgage 2. hypothecation
handel narkotykami drug trafficking 3. collateral 4. (biuro notarialne) mort-
handlarz dealer, trader, vendor, (okreœ- gage registry
lonym towarem) chandler amortyzacja hipoteki amortisation of
handlowaæ 1. to trade, to deal in 2. (nie- mortgage
legalnie) to traffic mieæ hipotekê na to have a mortgage
handlowiec 1. trader, dealer, merchan- on
diser, tradesman, tradesperson 2. (sprze- obci¹¿yæ hipotek¹ to mortgage, burden
dawca) vendor with mortgage, to hypothecate
handlowy commercial, mercantile, mer- obci¹¿yæ nieruchomoœæ hipotek¹ to
chant, engaged in commerce mortgage a property, to encumber
hañba dishonour, disgrace, shame, igno- a property to be a mortgage
miny, opprobrium przedmiot hipoteki subject of a mort-
hañbiæ to dishonour, to bring disgrace on gage
/ upon po¿yczaæ (komuœ) na hipotekê to lend
harmonijny harmonious, (zgodny) con- on mortgage
cordant, consensual sp³aciæ hipotekê to pay off a mortgage
harmonogram schedule, timetable, plan hipoteka amortyzacyjna instalment
harmonogram budowy construction mortgage
schedule hipoteka ³¹czna aggregate mortgage, col-
hazard gambling, gamble lective mortgage
hazardzista gambler hipoteka morska ship’s mortgage, vessel
higiena hygiene mortgage
higiena pracy occupational hygiene, oc- hipoteka na gospodarstwie rolnym farm
cupational health, work hygiene mortgage
hipoteczny mortgage hipoteka przymusowa judicial mortgage,
bank hipoteczny mortgage bank tacit mortgage
d³ug hipoteczny mortgage debt hipotekariusz mortgagee
d³u¿nik hipoteczny mortgager, mort- honor honour
gagor s³owo honoru word of honour, parole
196
honorarium hymn pañstwowy
197
I
imigracja immigration Pañstwowa Inspekcja Sanitarna
imigrant immigrant State Sanitary Inspectorate, State Sani-
imigrowaæ to immigrate tary Inspection
immunitet absolute privilege, immunity, spo³eczna inspekcja pracy social la-
privilege bour inspectorate, social labour inspec-
immunitet dyplomatyczny diplomatic tion
immunity inspekcja budowlana building inspec-
immunitet poselski Parliamentary privi- tion
lege inspektor inspector, clerk, examiner, su-
immunitet s¹dowy judicial immunity perintendent, supervisor
import import, importation inspektor / urzêdnik nadzoru budowla-
import bezc³owy duty free import nego clerk of works
importer importer inspektor budowlany building inspector
importowaæ to import inspektor nadzoru budowlanego inspec-
imputowaæ impute, to allege, to accuse tor of construction supervision
imputowanie imputation, allegation g³ówny inspektor nadzoru budowla-
indeks 1. index 2. (studenta) credit book nego chief inspector of construction su-
wartoϾ bazowa indeksu base index pervision
value inspektor nadzoru inwestorskiego in-
indeks gie³dowy exchange index vestor’s supervising inspector
indeksacja p³ac wage indexing inspektor pracy labour inspector
indos endorsement istotny 1. (wa¿ny) fundamental, crucial,
indosowaæ to endorse vital 2. material, substantial 3. (rzeczy-
indywidualny individual, single, separate wisty) real, actual 4. (znaczny) signifi-
indywidualne konto emerytalne individ- cant, considerable
ual retirement account (IRA) instalacje wewnêtrzne indoor installa-
informacja information, (piece of) news tions
informacja pracownicza worker infor- instancja instance, resort
mation po¿yczkodawca ostatniej instancji
inkasent tax collector lender of the last resort
inspekcja 1. (organ) inspection, inspec- s¹d ni¿szej instancji lower court
torate 2. (kontrola) inspection, visita- s¹d ostatniej instancji court of last re-
tion, audit, control, examination sort
Pañstwowa Inspekcja Pracy State La- s¹d pierwszej instancji court of first
bour Inspectorate, State Labour Inspec- instance
tion instrukcja 1. (zasady dzia³ania) instruc-
198
instrukcja korzystania z rzeczy izba skarbowa
199
izba wytrzeŸwieñ izolatka
200
J
jakoϾ quality, grade jednostka organizacyjna organisational
gwarancja jakoœci quality guaranty / entity
assurance jednostka pieniê¿na unit of currency
jawnie publicly, in public, openly, evi- jednostka samorz¹du terytorialnego lo-
dently, overtly cal governmental unit
jawnoϾ openness to public, transparency jednostka uczestnictwa participation unit
jawny overt, open, exposed, public, evi- odkupywaæ jednostki uczestnictwa to
dent, apparent, manifest, transparent repurchase participation units
dzia³anie jawne overt act zbywaæ jednostki uczestnictwa to sell
jednobrzmi¹cy identical, of the same participation units
tenor, (o wyroku) unanimous jednostronnie unilaterally, ex parte, one-
jednoczesny simultaneous, concurrent -sidedly
jednog³oœnie unanimously jednostronny unilateral, one-sided, sin-
jednog³oœny unanimous, undivided gle-sided
jednoinstancyjnoœæ single-instance court jednostronna deklaracja niepodleg³oœci
system Unilateral Declaration of Independence
jednomyœlnie with one accord, unani- jednostronne zobowi¹zanie unilateral en-
mously, by common consent gagement
jednomyœlnoœæ unanimity, consensus, con- jeniec captive, prisoner
cordance jeniec wojenny prisoner of war, POW
jednomyœlny unanimous, undivided judykatura judicature, judicial decisions
jednoosobowy single, single-person, one- jurat jurat
-person, one-man, sole, individual jurysdykcja jurisdiction, judicature
przedsiêbiorca jednoosobowy single- jurysdykcyjny jurisdictional, pertaining
-party business entity to jurisdiction
spó³ka jednoosobowa single-member juryslingwistyka jurislinguistics, linguis-
company, one-man-company, one-share- tics of the law
holder company jurysprudencja jurisprudence, the sci-
jednostka 1. unit, entity 2. (osoba) indi- ence of law, legal philosophy
vidual jurysta jurist
jednostka mieszkaniowa dwelling unit,
housing unit
201
K
kabota¿ coastal shipping, cabotage, coast- kana³ channel
ing kancelaria chancellery, office
kadencja (czas sprawowania urzêdu) kancelaria adwokacka chambers (UK),
term in / of office, tenure of office, dura- set of chambers, law firm
tion of office, (rz¹dy premiera) ministry kanciarz crook, con artist, con man
kadra 1. (zespó³ pracowników) staff, kanclerz chanceller
personnel, body of persons employed kandydat candidate, applicant, (preten-
2. (w wojsku) cadre dent) aspirant, (osoba wstêpuj¹ca do
kadra „drugiego planu” backroom per- szko³y, towarzystwa) entrant, (kandydat
sonnel, middle distance personnel na prezydenta) runner
kadra kierownicza key executives kandydatura candidature, candidacy
kadra œredniego szczebla middle man- kandydowaæ to be a candidate, to run, to
agement stand
kadra wojskowa military personnel kantor exchange office, exchange bureau
kadra wy¿szego szczebla senior manage- kapitalizacja capitalisation
ment kapitalizacja rynkowa market capitali-
kadry informacyjne information profes- sation
sion kapita³ capital
kajdanki handcuffs, manacles mieæ kapita³ w spó³ce to have a stake
skuæ kogoœ kajdankami to handcuff in a company
someone obni¿enie kapita³u reduction of / in the
kalendarz calendar, (terminarz) diary capital
kalendarz wyborczy voting calendar podwy¿szenie kapita³u increase in the
kalkulacja calculation capital
kalkulacyjny assessment, calculation, wysokoœæ kapita³uamount of the capital
calculating wysokoœæ objêtego kapita³u sub-
element kalkulacyjny assessment fac- scribed share capital
tor kapita³ akcyjny / statutowy authorised
kalumnia calumny, aspersion capital
kampania campaign, stand, (kampania niewyemitowany kapita³ akcyjny un-
wyborcza) canvassing issued share capital
organizowaæ kampaniê na rzecz to or- kapita³ docelowy target capital, author-
ganise a campaign for ised capital
Kanadyjski Instytut Bieg³ych Rewiden- kapita³ d³u¿ny debt capital
tów Canadian Institute of Chartered kapita³ op³acony paid up capital,
Accountants fully-paid share capital
202
kapita³ pocz¹tkowy kasa biletowa w teatrze, w kinie
203
kasa mieszkaniowa Komisja Nadzoru Bankowego
204
Komisja Papierów Wartoœciowych i Gie³d konsorcjum emisyjne
205
konstytucja kontrola
206
kontrola bud¿etowa koszty
207
koszty bankowe krewny
208
krótki okres zatrudnienia kszta³towanie p³ac
209
kultura kwoty
210
L
lada counter lekkomyœlnoœæ 1. (pochopnoœæ) reckless-
spod lady under the counter ness, rashness 2. (beztroska) frivolity,
laicki lay, secular lightheartedness
laik layman lekkomyœlny reckless, rash, (wariacki,
laska marsza³kowska mace ryzykowny) foolhardy, (nieuwa¿ny)
legalizacja legalisation, legitimisation, at- careless
testation licencja licence
legalnoϾ legality, lawfulness, legitimacy, licencjobiorca licensee
sufficiency in law licencjodawca licensor
legalny legal, licit, lawful, legitimate lichwa usury, usurious charge of interest
legat legacy lichwiarski usurious
legat wskazuj¹cy / oznaczaj¹cy rzecz lichwiarz usurer
demonstrative legacy licytant tenderer, bidder
legislacyjny legislative likwidacja liquidation, dissolution, wind-
legislator legislator, legal expert ing up
legislatura legislature byæ przeznaczonym do likwidacji to
legislatywa legislature be held for disposal
lekarski medical postawiæ firmê w stan likwidacji to
badanie lekarskie medical check-up, put a company / partnership into liqui-
medical examination dation
orzeczenie lekarskie medical report, przebieg likwidacji course of liquida-
medical certificate tion
aktualne orzeczenie lekarskie przeprowadzaæ likwidacjê to conduct
up-to-date medical report, valid medical liquidation
certificate zasady likwidacji rules for liquidation
tajemnica lekarska medical secret likwidacja dobrowolna voluntary liqui-
zwolnienie lekarskie sick leave / note, dation
excuse likwidacja maj¹tku masy upad³oœci liq-
lekarstwo 1. drug, medicine, medication uidation of assets of the bankruptcy es-
2. cure, remedy tate
lekcewa¿yæ to ignore, to disparage, to dis- likwidacja miejsc pracy displacement of
regard, to scorn, to pay no attention to, labour
to take no notice of, to neglect likwidacja praw maj¹tkowych liquida-
lekkomyœlnie 1. (pochopnie) recklessly, tion of proprietary rights
rashly 2. (beztrosko) light-heartedly, likwidacja przymusowa compulsory liq-
frivolously uidation, compulsory winding up
211
likwidator l¿yæ kogoœ
212
£
³amanie breach, breaking ³awa sêdziowska bench
³amanie prawa law breaking ³awnik juror, member of jury, lay judge,
³amistrajk strike-breaker, scab labour, lay magistrate, assessor
scab, blackleg, fink ³¹czenie merger, conjugation, conjunc-
³apownictwo bribery, graft, corruption, tion, joining, union
venality ³¹czenie siê przez przejêcie merger by
³apownik bribetaker, grafter (USA) acquisition, merger by taking over
³apówka bribe, graft, kickback ³¹czenie siê przez zawi¹zanie nowej
wrêczaæ ³apówkê to bribe, to graft spó³ki merger by formation of a new
³aska mercy, compassion, favour, pardon, company
reprieve, clemency ³¹cznie jointly, in total, together, all in, in-
akt ³aski executive clemency, act of clusively
grace ³¹czny 1. total, aggregate 2. joint and sev-
³awa bench eral 3. connective, conjunctional
³awa oskar¿onych dock, bar hipoteka ³¹czna aggregate mortgage
na ³awie oskar¿onych in the dock pe³nomocnictwo ³¹czne joint power of
³awa przysiêg³ych jury, assize attorney
niejednomyœlna ³awa przysiêg³ych ³up loot, booty
hung jury ³up wojenny war booty
wielka ³awa przysiêg³ych grand jury ³upiæ to loot, to plunder, to pillage
213
M
macierzyñski maternity, maternal, moth- maj¹tek spadkowy pozosta³y po zaspo-
erly kojeniu d³ugów i innych obci¹¿eñ re-
instynkt macierzyñski maternal in- siduary estate
stinct maj¹tek spó³ki assets and liabilities of
obowi¹zki macierzyñskie maternal du- a company / partnership
ties maj¹tkowy material, property, propri-
urlop macierzyñski maternity leave etary, relating to property
macierzyñstwo maternity, motherhood majster / brygadzista foreman
œwiadome macierzyñstwo birth con- makler broker, stock-jobber, dealer, agent
trol makler gie³dowy securities trader, stock-
macocha stepmother broker
mafia mob, Mafia makler gie³dy pieniê¿nej money ex-
magazyn 1. storehouse, warehouse, stor- change broker
age facility 2. storeroom, stockroom makler niezaprzysiê¿ony outside broker
3. (czasopismo) magazine makler papierów wartoœciowych securi-
magazyn celny customs storage facility ties broker
przyj¹æ towary do magazynu celnego makler przysiêg³y accredited broker
to accept goods into a customs storage makler specjalista expert broker
facility makler uprawniony authorised dealer
magazynier warehouseman, stock-keeper, makler zaprzysiê¿ony sworn broker
stock clerk maksymalny maximum
magazynowaæ to store, to warehouse maksymalny wymiar czasu pracy maxi-
magister Master mum working time
magister prawa Mater of Laws maltretowaæ to ill-treat, to abuse, to mal-
maj¹tek assets and liabilities, property, treat, to batter
estate, capital, property, possessions malwersacja embezzlement, peculation,
nabyæ maj¹tek to acquire assets conversion of funds
podzia³ maj¹tku distribution of assets malwersant embezzler, peculator
rozporz¹dzaæ maj¹tkiem to dispose of malwersowaæ to embezzle, to peculate
assets and liabilities ma³oletni / niepe³noletni infant, minor,
zarz¹dzaæ maj¹tkiem to administer under age, juvenile
assets and liabilities ma³oletnioœæ minority, nonage, pupilage,
maj¹tek nieruchomy real assets, real es- period of being under legal / statutory
tate age
maj¹tek ruchomy movable assets / pro- ma³¿eñski marital, connubial, nuptial,
perty spousal, conjugal
214
ma³¿eñstwo metoda po koszcie przeciêtnym
215
metoda przep³ywu kosztów Miêdzynarodowa Organizacja...
metoda przep³ywu kosztów cost flow tworzyæ nowe miejsca pracy to create
method employment / jobs
metoda sta³ych cen ewidencyjnych miejsce pracy chronionej designated em-
standard price method ployment
metoda szacowania zapasów inventory miejsce wysy³ki place of dispatch
estimation method miejsce za³adunku shipping point
metoda œredniej wa¿onej weighted aver- (USA), shipping place
age cost method miejscowy local
metoda wyceny w oparciu o wartoϾ miejski civic, municipal, town, city, urban
odtworzeniow¹ Next In-First Out rada miejska city council
(NIFO) mienie property, assets
metoda wyceny wg cen detalicznych re- nabycie mienia acquisition of property
tail inventory method porzucone mienie abandoned property,
metoda zapasu bazowego base stock bona vacantia
method przestêpstwo przeciwko mieniu crime
metody methods against property
metody wyceny rozchodu zapasów cash sprzedaæ mienie to sell assets, to dis-
flow assumptions pose of assets
metody wyceny zapasów stock valuation wydaæ mienie to release assets and lia-
methods, inventory pricing methods bilities
metr metre mienie osób trzecich assets of third parties
metr kwadratowy do wynajêcia rentable mieszkalny residential
square metre dla celów mieszkalnych for residential
metryka 1. certificate, specification 2. re- purposes
gister, archives mieszkanie flat, apartment, dwelling, ac-
metryka urodzenia birth certificate commodation
mê¿atka married woman, feme covert mieszkanie s³u¿bowe company flat
mê¿obójstwo murder of one’s husband mieszkania zastêpcze alternative housing
mianowaæ to appoint, to nominate mieszkaniec (domu) occupant, occupier,
mianowanie nomination, appointment resident, (miasta, wsi, osiedla) inhabit-
miara 1. measure, gauge 2. (rozmiar) size ant
3. (iloœæ, liczba) number, quantity, miêdzy between, among, in the middle of
amount 4. (umiar) moderation miêdzy innymi inter alia, among other
miara wartoœci measure of value things
miejsce 1. place, point, spot, premises miêdzy stronami inter partes
2. (przestrzeñ) space, room miêdzy ¿yj¹cymi inter vivos
miejsce przeznaczenia place of desti- miêdzynarodowy international
nation prawo miêdzynarodowe international
pierwsze miejsce przeznaczenia first law
place of destination Miêdzynarodowa Federacja Ksiêgo-
miejsce najmu lease premises wych International Federation of Ac-
miejsce parkingowe parking lot countants, IFAC
miejsce pracy workplace, place of work, Miêdzynarodowa Organizacja Komisji
place of employment Papierów Wartoœciowych Interna-
pomoc w znalezieniu miejsca pracy tional Organisation of Securities Com-
job placement assistance missions (IOSCO)
216
Miêdzynarodowe Standardy... myto
217
N
na mocy czegoœ by virtue of something nadu¿ycie abuse, breach, misdeed, mis-
na rzecz for, for the benefit of use, overuse
na zlecenie i rachunek by order and for nadu¿ycie prawa procesowego abuse of
account process
nabieraæ mocy to come into force / effect, nadu¿ycie w³adzy abuse of power
to take effect, to become effective nadu¿ycie zaufania breach of confi-
nabycie acquisition, purchase, acquest dence, abuse of trust
nabycie w³asnoœci acquisition of property nadzorca overseer, supervisor
nabyæ to acquire, to purchase nadzorca s¹dowy court supervisor, court
nabyæ s³u¿ebnoœæ to acquire easement executive supervisor
nabyæ wierzytelnoœæ to acquire a claim ustanowiæ nadzorcê s¹dowego appoint
nabyæ w³asnoœæ acquire property a court supervisor
nabytek acquest, acquisition, accession, nadzorowaæ to oversee, to supervise
purchase nadzorowaæ zarz¹dzanie finansami fir-
nabywca acquirer, purchaser, buyer, my to oversee the day-to-day work of
vendee the Financial Accounts section
nacjonalizacja nationalisation nadzór supervision
nadawaæ (prawa) to confer, to vest tymczasowy nadzór s¹dowy interim
nadawaæ osobowoœæ prawn¹ to incorpo- court supervision
rate prawo nadzoru (kontroli) right of su-
nadawaæ poczt¹ polecon¹ to register pervision
nadawca sender, consignor, remitter sprawowaæ nadzór to exercise super-
nadawca przesy³ki consignor vision
nadbudowa additional storey, superstruc- nadzór bankowy banking supervision
ture Generalny Inspektorat Nadzoru Ban-
nadgodziny extra hours, overtime kowego General Inspectorate of
nadmiar excess, surplus Banking Supervision
nadp³ata excess payment, overpayment Komisja Nadzoru Bankowego Commis-
of tax sion for Banking Supervision
wysokoœæ nadp³aty amount of excess nadzór s¹dowy court supervision
payment nagana reprimand, disciplinary punish-
zwrot nadp³aty podatku excess pay- ment, reprehension, (potêpienie) cen-
ment refund, tax refund sure
prawo do zwrotu nadp³aty right to ex- kara nagany penalty of serious repri-
cess payment refund mand
nadu¿ycia irregularities nagroda award, reward, bounty
218
najem nakaz zatrzymania
219
nakazaæ Narodowy Bank Polski (NBP)
220
Narodowy Fundusz Inwestycyjny niepokoje pracownicze
221
niepos³uszeñstwo niewyp³acalnoœæ
222
niewyp³acalny numizmat
223
O
obaliæ 1. to rebut, to refute 2. overturn, obibok loafer, lazybones
(znieϾ) to overthrow, to abolish obietnica promise, vow
obalenie rebuttal, refutation objaœniaæ to explain, to interpret, to make
obalenie domniemania rebuttal of a pre- clear
sumption objaœnienie explanation, interpretation,
obci¹¿aæ / obci¹¿yæ 1. to burden, to commentary
charge, to encumber, to load down 2. in- obliczaæ to calculate, to compute, to esti-
criminate, to put blame on mate, to count, to assess
obci¹¿aæ hipotek¹ to mortgage obliczanie calculation, evaluation, assess-
obci¹¿aæ kogoœ sum¹ to place the debit of ment
an account obligacja bond, debenture
obci¹¿aæ rachunek to debit an account emitowaæ obligacje to issue bonds
obci¹¿aj¹cy incriminating, aggravating, nabywaæ / nabyæ obligacje to pur-
burdensome chase bonds
obci¹¿enie burden, encumbrance, charge, prawa z obligacji rights attaching to
load, liabilities bonds
obci¹¿enie d³ugami indebtedness umarzaæ / umorzyæ obligacje to re-
obci¹¿enie prac¹ workload deem bonds
obci¹¿ony encumbered, burdened zbywaæ / zbyæ obligacje to sell bonds
obcowanie relation, intercourse zobowi¹zania wynikaj¹ce z obligacji
obcowanie p³ciowe sexual intercourse liabilities resulting from the bonds
obdarowany donee, donatory, grantee, re- obligacja bez terminu wykupu irre-
cipient deemable bond
niewdziêcznoœæ obdarowanego ingrat- obligacja bez zabezpieczenia debenture
itude of the recipient bond (USA)
ra¿¹ca niewdziêcznoœæ obdarowane- obligacja hipoteczna mortgage bond
go glaring ingratitude of the recipient obligacja imienna registered bond, non-
obdarzaæ to bestow upon, to confer, to -negotiable bond
grant, to endow, to gift obligacja indeksowana index-linked
obdukcja 1. (badanie poszkodowanego) bond
forensic examination 2. postmortem, obligacja komunalna communal bond,
autopsy local authority bond, municipal bond
obejœcie prawa circumvention of the law obligacja na okaziciela bearer bond, bond
obelga abuse, insult, invective, offence, to bearer
affront, (obelga na piœmie) libel, obligacja nieoprocentowana zero-cou-
(obelga ustna) slander pon bond
224
obligacja niezabezpieczona obrona konieczna
225
obrona s¹dowa oczyszczalnia œcieków
226
oczyszczaæ / oczyœciæ odnowiæ
227
odnowienie odprawa czasowa
228
odprawa emerytalna odziedziczyæ
229
odzie¿ robocza oferta towarów po obni¿onej cenie
odzie¿ robocza protective working clothes, z³o¿yæ ofertê to make an offer, to sub-
industrial clothing, work clothing mit an offer, to lodge a tender, to lodge
odzyskaæ to regain, to recover, to get back, a bid
to win back oferta atrakcyjna attractive offer
odzyskaæ prawo swobodnego zarz¹dza- oferta cenowa quotation
nia maj¹tkiem to recover the right to oferta do przyjêcia acceptable offer
freely administer one’s assets oferta fikcyjna fictitious offer
odzyskanie recovery, regaining, getting oferta korzystna advantageous offer, fa-
back vourable offer
odzyskanie posiadania repossession oferta korzystna ze wzglêdu na cenê
oferent offeror, bidder, tenderer low-priced offer
oferowaæ to offer, to quote oferta kupna bid, offer to buy
oferta offer, quotation, quote, proposal oferta kupna z zastrze¿eniem inspekcji
adresat oferty offeree technicznej statku offer subject to in-
anulowaæ ofertê to cancel an offer, to spection
retract an offer oferta na dostawê offer for delivery
byæ sk³onnym do rozwa¿enia oferty oferta na sprzeda¿ offer for sale
to be open to an offer oferta nabycia bid
odrzuciæ ofertê to decline an offer, to oferta najkorzystniejsza best offer
refuse an offer, to reject an offer oferta nie wi¹¿¹ca free offer, offer with-
okres wa¿noœci oferty duration of an out engagement
offer oferta niewywo³ana unsolicited offer,
oœwiadczenie o przyjêciu oferty dec- voluntary offer
laration of acceptance of an offer oferta odpowiednia / do przyjêcia suit-
prosiæ o z³o¿enie oferty to ask for an able offer
offer oferta okazyjna / po obni¿onej cenie
przyj¹æ ofertê to accept an offer, to occasional offer
take an offer oferta pisemna written offer, offer in
przyjêta oferta przetargowa winning writing
tender oferta podlegaj¹ca potwierdzeniu / z za-
rozwa¿aæ ofertê to entertain an offer strze¿eniem potwierdzenia offer sub-
sk³adaj¹cy ofertê maker of the offer, ject to confirmation
offeror, offerer oferta powa¿na seriousoffer,genuineoffer
skorzystaæ z oferty to take advantage oferta pracy offer of work
of an offer oferta próbna tentative offer
skwapliwie skorzystaæ z oferty to jump oferta przetargowa tender, bid
at an offer oferta publiczna public offering
termin sk³adania ofert opening, sub- oferta specjalna / wyj¹tkowa excep-
mission tendering date tional offer
wezwaæ do sk³adania ofert przetargo- oferta specjalna / preferencyjna prefer-
wych to call for tenders, to invite ten- ential offer, special offer
ders oferta sprzeda¿y offer to sell, offer of sale
wycofaæ ofertê to withdraw an offer, to oferta subskrypcyjna offer for subscrip-
revoke an offer tion
wygaœniêcie oferty expiration of an of- oferta towarów po obni¿onej cenie
fer cut-price offer
230
oferta us³ug okres sprawozdawczy / rachunkowy
231
okres wypowiedzenia opodatkowanie podwójne
232
opodatkowanie progresywne oskar¿ony
233
oskar¿yciel oœmiogodzinny dzieñ pracy
234
oœrodek Ósma Dyrektywa EWG z 1984
Ó
Ósma Dyrektywa EWG z 1984
EEC Eighth Directive of 1984
235
P
pacjent patient portfel papierów wartoœciowych in-
pacyfista pacifist vestment portfolio
pajêczarz 1. attic thief 2. subscription fee ulokowanie / plasowanie papierów
dodger wartoœciowych placing of securities
pakiet holding, interest, lot rejestracja papierów wartoœciowych
pakiet mniejszoœciowy minority interest registration of securities
pakt covenant, pact, agreement, compact papier wartoœciowy dopuszczony do pu-
Pakt Ligi Narodów Covenant of the blicznego obrotu security approved for
League of Nations public trading
palestra the bar papier wartoœciowy emitowany przez
panaceum panacea, cure-all Skarb Pañstwa public security, secu-
panorama firm classified directory, com- rity of the public sector
mercial / trade directory papier wartoœciowy emitowany w serii
panowanie 1. rule, reign 2. domination, security issued in series
prevalence papier wartoœciowy na okaziciela
pañstwo state, nation bearer security
pañstwo cz³onkowskie Member State papier wartoœciowy na zlecenie order in-
pañstwo socjalne welfare state strument, order document
pañstwowy state, state-owned, state-con- papier wartoœciowy imienny registered
trolled, civil, national security
urzêdnik pañstwowy civil servant papier wartoœciowy na zlecenie security
pañstwowa inspekcja pracy state labour upon mandate
inspectorate, state labour inspection papiery wartoœciowe securities
pañstwowa inspekcja sanitarna state papiery wartoœciowe d³u¿ne debt securi-
sanitary inspectorate, state sanitary in- ties, debentures, bond certificates
spection papiery wartoœciowe dopuszczone do ob-
pañstwowa osoba prawna state legal rotu gie³dowego listed securities, quoted
person securities
Pañstwowa Stra¿ Po¿arna State Fire papiery wartoœciowe imienne registered
Service, State Fire Brigade securities
papier wartoœciowy security, stock papiery wartoœciowe krajowe domestic
inkaso papierów wartoœciowych secu- securities
rity collection papiery wartoœciowe krótkoterminowe
operacje na papierach wartoœcio- marketable securities
wych operations in securities, dealings papiery wartoœciowe nie znajduj¹ce
in securities, transactions in securities siê w obrocie gie³dowym unquoted
236
papiery wartoœciowe notowane... paszkwil
237
paszport pe³nomocnictwo procesowe
238
pe³nomocnictwo prywatne pierwsza pomoc
239
pikieta pobyt czasowy
240
pobyt sta³y podatek od œwiadczenia us³ug
pobyt sta³y permanent stay podatek akcyzowy excise duty, excise tax
d³ugoœæ pobytu duration of stay podatek bezpoœredni direct tax
miejsce pobytu place of stay podatek dochodowy income tax
pochodzenie origin, descent podatek dochodowy od osób fizycznych
niepreferencyjne pochodzenie personal income tax
non-preferential origin podatek dochodowy od osób prawnych
preferencyjne pochodzenie preferen- income tax on legal persons, corporate
tial origin income tax
œwiadectwo pochodzenia certificate of podatek gruntowy land tax, tax on land,
origin real estate tax
pochodzenie towarów origin of goods, podatek inflacyjny inflation tax
provenance podatek konsumpcyjny consumption tax
dowód pochodzenia towarów proof of podatek koœcielny church tax
the origin of goods podatek maj¹tkowy property tax, tax on
ustaliæ pochodzenie towarów to deter- property
mine the origin of goods podatek obrotowy turnover tax
poczytalnoϾ accountability, sanity, podatek od darowizn donation tax, gift
soundness of mind, responsibility tax (USA)
ograniczona poczytalnoœæ diminished podatek od dochodów i zysków kapi-
responsibility / capacity ta³owych corporation tax
podaæ siê do dymisji to resign podatek od kapita³u capital transactions
podanie application, letter of application, tax
petition, claim podatek od maj¹tku property tax
podanie o pracê job application podatek od nabycia praw w³asnoœci
odrzuciæ czyjeœ podanie o pracê to re- purchase / conveyance tax
ject someone’s job application podatek od nieruchomoœci real estate
podanie upad³ego o dopuszczenie do za- tax, real property tax
warcia uk³adu the bankrupt’s petition podatek od obrotu nieruchomoœciami
for permission to make the arrangement tax on sales of land
podanie w sprawie zawarcia umowy podatek od papierów wartoœciowych
najmu rental property application tax on transfer of stocks and bonds, se-
podatek tax, duty, impost curities tax
g³ówny podatek dochodowy od osób podatek od psów dog licence tax, dog tax
prawnych mainstream corporation tax podatek rzeczowy / od ruchomoœci tax
(MCT) on movables
obliczaæ podatek to calculate a tax podatek od samochodów tax on cars
obowi¹zek podatkowy tax obligation podatek od spadków inheritance tax, es-
data powstania obowi¹zku podatko- tate tax, estate duty
wego tax point podatek od spadków i darowizn inheri-
niedope³nienie obowi¹zku podatko- tance and gift tax
wego failure to fulfil a tax obligation podatek od spo¿ycia consumption tax
podlegaj¹cy podatkowi taxable, podatek od spó³ek corporation tax
assessable podatek od œrodków transportowych
podnosiæ podatki to raise taxes transport vehicles tax
potr¹ciæ podatek to withhold a tax podatek od œwiadczenia us³ug tax on
wymiar podatku tax assessment services
241
podatek od t³uszczów jadalnych podstawa powództwa / roszczenia
242
podstawienie pokwitowanie
243
pokwitowanie porêczaæ / porêczyæ za kogoœ
244
porêczenie posiadanie
245
posiadanie bez wymaganego zezwolenia postêpowanie uk³adowe
246
postêpowanie upad³oœciowe powrót do zatrudnienia
247
powstanie po¿yczka
248
po¿yczka amortyzacyjna po¿yczkodawca
249
po¿yczkodawca ostatniej instancji pracownik administracyjny
250
pracownik biurowy prawo odmowy wykonywania pracy
251
prawo pierwokupu procedura uproszczona
252
procedura zawieszaj¹ca protokó³
253
protokó³ obrad przechowanie
254
przechowawca przedsiêbiorstwo spedycyjne
255
przedsiêbiorstwo wiêkszych rozmiarów przekazaæ kwotê
256
przekszta³cenie przetarg
257
przetarg nieograniczony przynale¿ny
258
przypuszczenie py³y zw³ókniaj¹ce
259
R
rabunek robbery rachunek bankowy podatnika
rabunek z broni¹ w rêku armed robbery taxpayer’s bank account
rabunkowy predatory rachunek bie¿¹cy current account
napad rabunkowy robbery, hold-up rachunek obrotów bie¿¹cych balance of
rabuœ looter, mugger, plunderer, robber payments on current account, current
rachunek 1. account 2. statement 3. re- balance, current account balance
ceipt, bill rachunek dewizowy foreign currency ac-
kopia rachunku copy of receipt count
obci¹¿yæ rachunek to debit an account rachunek lokat terminowych time de-
with an amount posit account, term deposit account
otworzyæ rachunek w banku ... rachunek oszczêdnoœciowy savings ac-
to open an account at ... bank count
posiadacz / w³aœciciel rachunku ac- rachunek pomocniczy subsidiary ac-
count holder count, auxiliary account
prowadziæ rachunek to keep / to carry rachunek prowadzony przez spó³dziel-
/ to operate an account niê oszczêdnoœciowo-po¿yczkow¹ ac-
sprawdziæ rachunek to examine / to count kept by a savings and loan co-op-
verify an account erative
stan rachunku bankowego balance of rachunek przedsiêbiorstwa / spó³ki cor-
bank account porate account
wspólny rachunek / konto joint ac- rachunek przep³ywów pieniê¿nych cash
count flow statement
wystawiæ rachunek to draw up a re- rachunek walutowy currency account
ceipt rachunek wspólny joint account
zamkn¹æ rachunek to balance / to rachunek zysków i strat profit and loss
close an account account, P&L account, profit and loss
zlecenie posiadacza rachunku banko- statement, income statement (USA)
wego order of the holder of bank ac- rachunkowoϾ accounting, accounts
count cykl rachunkowoœci accounting cycle
rachunek bankowy bank account koncepcja rachunkowoœci accounting
rachunek bankowy imienny named bank concept
account model rachunkowoœciaccountingmodel
rachunek bankowy inkasenta tax col- polityka rachunkowoœci accounting
lector’s bank account policy
rachunek bankowy p³atnika standardy rachunkowoœci accounting
tax remitter’s bank account standards
260
rachunkowoϾ bankowa raport roczny
261
raport z badania renta chorobowa
262
renta do¿ywotnia robotnik
263
robotnik budowlany roszczenie
264
roszczenie maj¹tkowe rozwi¹zaæ spó³kê
265
rozwi¹zaæ umowê o pracê rzecz g³ówna
266
rzecz po¿yczona rzezimieszek
rzecz po¿yczona thing loaned, thing lent pert, property appraisal expert, property
dokonaæ zwrotu rzeczy po¿yczonej to valuer
make a return of the thing loaned rzeczy nieruchome immovables
sprzeniewierzenie rzeczy po¿yczonej rzeczy ruchome movables
wrongful conversion of the thing loaned rzemieœlnicze przygotowanie zawodowe
zwróciæ rzecz po¿yczon¹ w odpo- craftsmanship training
wiednim stanie to restore the thing rzemieœlnik craftsman
loaned in a proper condition rzemios³o craft
rzecz u¿yczona thing lent for use rzetelnoœæ accuracy, fairness, reliability
ponosiæ zwyk³e koszty utrzymania rzetelnoœæ sprawozdania finansowego
rzeczy u¿yczonej to bear the ordinary the accuracy of the financial report, fair-
maintenance costs of the thing lent ness of the financial report, reliability of
przypadkowa utrata lub uszkodzenie the financial statement
rzeczy u¿yczonej incidental loss of or rzezimieszek 1. (bandyta) cut-throat
damage to the thing lent 2. (rabuœ) cutpurse
rzeczoznawca maj¹tkowy property ex-
267
S
sabota¿ sabotage s¹d 1. court, tribunal 2. bench
saldo balance przewodniczyæ posiedzeniu s¹du to be
niezgodnoϾ salda inaccuracy of the on the bench
balance stawiæ siê w s¹dzie to appear in court
uzgodnienie sald balances confirma- S¹d Apelacyjny Court of Appeal(s), Ap-
tion peal Court
saldo dodatnie active / credit balance s¹d arbitra¿owy arbitration court
saldo kasowe balance in hand, cash in s¹d cywilny civil court
hand s¹d dyscyplinarny court of discipline
saldo ujemne debit balance, balance defi- S¹d Gie³dowy Exchange Court (POL)
cit s¹d grodzki borough court, magistrates’
samookaleczenie self-mutilation court
samooskar¿enie self-accusation s¹d karny criminal court
samorz¹d self-management s¹d kasacyjny court of cassation
samos¹d lynching, lynch law, mob law s¹d kole¿eñski peer court, arbitration by
dokonaæ samos¹du to lynch fellow employees, arbitration by one’s
samostanowienie self-determination fellow-workers
samowola unlawful interference, lawless- s¹d ni¿szej instancji lower court
ness, arbitrary act s¹d ostateczny (religia) last judgement
samowola budowlana lawless construc- s¹d ostatniej instancji court of last resort
tion s¹d pierwszej instancji court of first in-
legalizowaæ samowolê budowlan¹ to stance
“legalise” a structure built without s¹d pokoju magistrates’ court (UK)
a valid building permit s¹d polubowny arbitration court
samowolnie lawlessly, illicitly s¹d powszechny common court, court of
samowolnie naruszyæ posiadanie to in- common pleas
fringe lawlessly somebody’s possession s¹d pracy labour court, industrial tribunal
samowolny lawless, wilful, arbitrary s¹d rejestrowy registry court, registration
samowymiar self-assessment court
samozatrudnienie self-employment s¹d rozjemczy court of conciliation, ma-
sankcja 1. sanction 2. (usankcjonowanie) gistrates’ court
approval, sanction, ratification s¹d spadkowy court of inheritance, pro-
nak³adaæ sankcje to impose sanctions bate court
znosiæ sankcje to lift sanctions s¹d wojenny court-martial
satysfakcja satisfaction s¹d wojskowy military court
satysfakcja z pracy job satisfaction s¹dowy court’s, court, forensic
268
s¹dowe orzeczenie o upad³oœci sk³ad celny publiczny
akta s¹dowe court records, court rolls si³a wy¿sza force majeure
medycyna s¹dowa forensic medicine skala 1. scale 2. range
pomy³ka s¹dowa miscarriage of justice skala p³ac pay scale
proces s¹dowy lawsuit skale podatkowe brackets
protokolant s¹dowy court recorder Skarb Pañstwa State Treasury
(USA), court reporter (UK) skarbowoϾ finances, financial matters
sala s¹dowa court room skarga complaint, claim, grievance
sprawa s¹dowa lawsuit skargi i za¿alenia na w³aœcicieli wynaj-
s¹dowe orzeczenie o upad³oœci adjudica- mowanych lokali complaints about
tion in bankruptcy, adjudication order landlords
s¹downictwo judicature, judiciary skazaæ / skazywaæ to convict, to con-
segmentacja segmentation demn, to adjudicate, to sentence
sejm Seym, Sejm, Diet skazaniec convict, condemned person
sejmik województwa provincial council sk³ad warehouse, depot
sekcja zw³ok autopsy, post-mortem (ex- brakowaæ na sk³adzie to be out of
amination) stock
sekretarz secretary mieæ na sk³adzie to have in stock
sekretarz spó³ki company secretary odebraæ towary ze sk³adu to with-
sekwestr sequestration draw / to collect goods from a ware-
separacja separation house
serwisy gie³dowe exchange data feed ser- osoba prowadz¹ca sk³ad celny ware-
vices house keeper
sesja session, assize procedura sk³adu celnego customs
sesja gie³dowa exchange session warehousing procedure
sesja naukowa symposium prowadziæ sk³ad celny to operate a cus-
sezon season, period toms warehouse
sezon budowlany building season rodzaj sk³adu type of warehouse
sêdzia judge, justice towar na sk³adzie stock in hand
sêdzia komisarz judge-commissioner wolny sk³ad free warehouse
sêdzia pokoju justice of the peace, magis- wprowadziæ towar do sk³adu celnego
trate (UK) to introduce goods into the customs
sêdzia polubowny arbitrator warehouse
sêdzia przysiêg³y juror wyprowadziæ towar ze sk³adu celnego
sêdzia referent reporting judge to remove the goods from the customs
sêdzia œledczy examining judge warehouse
sfery gie³dowe stock exchange circles z³o¿enie na sk³ad storing, storage,
siatka grid, net, table warehousing
siatka kierownicza managerial grid z³o¿yæ towary w sk³adzie celnym to
siatka p³ac wage table store goods in a customs warehouse, to
siedziba 1. seat, registered office 2. head- place in a warehouse, to deposit in
quarters a warehouse
siedziba spó³ki seat, place of business, reg- sk³ad celny customs warehouse
istered office, domicile of the company sk³ad celny prywatny private customs
si³a power, force warehouse
si³a robocza manpower, labour force, sk³ad celny publiczny public customs
workforce warehouse
269
sk³ad konsygnacyjny spadek
270
spadek bezdziedziczny spadkobraæ
271
spadkodawca spó³ka
272
spó³ka administracyjna spó³ka œredniej wielkoœci
273
spó³ka wielonarodowa sprawozdanie porównawcze
274
sprawozdanie œródroczne sprzeda¿ rzeczy przysz³ej
275
sprzeda¿ s¹dowa starszy radca prawny
276
status strajk
277
strajk dziki suma zad³u¿enia
278
suma zaleg³a szkolenie przyzak³adowe
279
szkolenie zawodowe szykany
280
Œ
œci¹gn¹æ wierzytelnoœci to collect / to ex- items, means necessary for personal hy-
ecute the receivables, to collect claims giene
œcigaæ to prosecute, to pursue, to hunt œrodki ochrony indywidualnej individ-
down ual protective equipment, personal pro-
œciganie prosecution, pursuit, hunt-down tective equipment
organy œcigania law enforcement œrodki pieniê¿ne cash, monies, financial
agencies resources, pecuniary means, pecuniary
œciganie karne criminal prosecution resources, pecuniary assets
œledczy investigating officer, interrogator przep³yw œrodków pieniê¿nych cash
œledziæ to follow, to track, to trace flow
œledztwo investigation, inquiry, examina- kierowaæ przep³ywem œrodków pie-
tion niê¿nych to direct cash flow
œledztwo koronera inquest umowny okres przechowywania œrod-
prowadziæ œledztwo to investigate ków pieniê¿nych contractual deposit
œlubny (o dziecku) legitimate maturity
œmieræ death, decease, demise œrodki pieniê¿ne dostêpne na bie¿¹co
kara œmierci death penalty cashavailabletomeetcurrentobligations
œmieræ partnera death of the partner œrodki pieniê¿ne na rachunku banko-
œmieræ na miejscu instantaneous death wym cash at bank
œmiertelnoœæ mortality, death rate œrodki pieniê¿ne w drodze cash in tran-
œmiertelnoœæ zawodowa occupational sit, cash in way
mortality œrodki promieniotwórcze radioactive
œmiertelny deadly, lethal, fatal agents, radioactive substances
œrodek pieniê¿ny cash, monies, financial œrodki taryfowe tariff measures
resources, pecuniary means, funds œrodowisko environment
wolne œrodki pieniê¿ne free financial œrodowisko pracy working environment
means œwiadcz¹cy us³ugi service supplier
œrodek p³atniczy tender, medium of pay- œwiadczenia benefits
ment œwiadczenia dodatkowe fringe benefits
prawny œrodek p³atniczy legal tender œwiadczenia dodatkowe (np. woda, gaz,
œrodek wymiany medium of exchange pr¹d) utilities
œrodki chemiczne chemical agents, chem- œwiadczenia emerytalne pension benefits
icals œwiadczenia emerytalne pracodawcy
œrodki dyscyplinarne disciplinary mea- occupational pension
sures œwiadczenia nienale¿ne benefits are not
œrodki higieny osobistej personal hygiene due
281
œwiadczenia socjalne œwiadectwo standaryzacyjne
282
œwiadectwo wagi œwiêto pañstwowe
283
T
tabela table, schedule tereny budowlane building land
tabela podatkowa tax schedule, tax table termin deadline, term, date, time limit,
tajemnica 1. secret 2. mystery 3. privacy closing date
dotrzymaæ tajemnicy to keep a secret odroczyæ termin p³atnoœci podatku to
ujawniaæ / ujawniæ tajemnicê to dis- defer a payment of a tax
close a secret okreœliæ termin p³atnoœci podatku to
tajemnica bankowa banking secrecy prescribe a tax payment deadline
tajemnica dziennikarska journalistic se- przed³u¿yæ termin p³atnoœci podatku
crecy to extend a tax payment deadline
tajemnica handlowa trade secret wyznaczyæ termin p³atnoœci podatku
tajemnica lekarska medical secret to fix a tax payment deadline
tajemnica przemys³owa industrial secret wyznaczyæ termin to set a date
tajemnica skarbowa fiscal secret, fiscal termin wykonania deadline
confidentiality dotrzymaæ terminu wykonania
tajemnica s³u¿bowa official secret, pro- to meet a deadline
fessional confidentiality nie dotrzymaæ terminu wykonania to
tajemnica zawodowa professional secret fail to meet a deadline
tajemnica zawodu prawniczego legal ustaliæ termin wykonania to establish
profession secret / to fix / to make a deadline
tajny secret, confidential termin p³atnoœci maturity, falling due
targ / targowisko market, marketplace, termin p³atnoœci odsetek falling due of
fair interest
taryfa tariff, rates termin p³atnoœci podatku tax payment
taryfa celna customs tariff deadline
kod taryfy celnej assessment factor termin wypowiedzenia term of notice
pozycja taryfy celnej tariff item termin zawity final date, peremptory date
ustanawiaæ taryfê celn¹ to establish terminowo duly, on time, punctually
the customs tariff terminowy with a deadline, forward
Taryfa Celna Wspólnot Europejskich terrorysta terrorist
Customs Tariff of the European Com- terytorium territory
munities terytorium pañstwa state territory
tempo pracy rate of work terytorium powiernicze trust territory
teren area, ground, terrain test test
uzbrajaæ teren to develop the ground test wiarygodnoœci substantive test
teren budowlany construction / building test zgodnoœci compliance test
site testament last will, testament
284
testament notarialny transakcja
285
transakcja gie³dowa tytu³em po¿yczki
286
U
ubezpieczaæ to insure, to cover against uchodŸca displaced person, refugee
loss, to underwrite against loss uchwalaæ / uchwaliæ to pass, (akty
ubezpieczenie insurance, assurance prawne) to enact
ubezpieczenie do¿ywotnie whole-life in- uchwa³a resolution, decision
surance / policy podejmowaæ uchwa³ê to vote on a res-
ubezpieczenie na wypadek choroby olution
sickness insurance powzi¹æ uchwa³ê to adopt a resolution
ubezpieczenie od bezrobocia unemploy- uchyliæ uchwa³ê to repeal a resolution,
ment insurance to annul a resolution
ubezpieczenie od wszelkiego ryzyka full zaskar¿enie uchwa³y appeal against
cover a resolution, challenge of the resolution,
ubezpieczenie pojazdu car insurance, lodging of an appeal against a resolution
motor insurance zg³oszenie uchwa³ do rejestru filing of
ubezpieczenie sk³adowanego towaru in- resolutions in / with the register
surance of the stored goods uchwa³a jednomyœlna unanimous resolu-
ubezpieczony assured, insured, person tion
named in the policy, policy holder uchwa³a kwalifikowana special resolu-
ubezpieczyciel assurer, insurer, assuror, tion
underwiter uchwa³a nadzwyczajna extraordinary
ubezw³asnowolniæ to incapacitate, to resolution
place under the care of a trustee / guard- uchwa³a o po³¹czeniu spó³ek resolution
ian, to interdict, to certify (UK) on merger of companies, merger resolu-
ubezw³asnowolnienie incapacitation, de- tion
privation of legal capacity uchwa³a zwyk³a ordinary resolution
postêpowanie o ubezw³asnowolnienie uchylaæ / uchyliæ to abrogate, to quash, to
proceedings for guardianship / receiver- revoke, to set aside, to overrule, to an-
ship nul, to cancel, to repeal, to waive, to re-
wniosek o ubezw³asnowolnienie ap- scind
plication for guardianship, petition in uchylaæ prawo to abrogate a law
lunacy uchylaæ siê to evade
ubezw³asnowolniony person legally de- uchyliæ postêpowanie upad³oœciowe to
prived of his / her civic rights, incapaci- waive the bankruptcy procedure, to
tated person quash the bankruptcy proceedings
ubiegaæ siê o to apply for, to seek uchyliæ uk³ad to revoke the arrangement
ubóstwo necessity, indigence uchyliæ uk³ad z wierzycielami to set
zarzut ubóstwa plea of necessity aside the arrangement
287
ucieczka z miejsca wypadku ugoda pozas¹dowa
288
ugoda s¹dowa ukryty
289
ulepszaæ / ulepszyæ umowa spó³ki osobowej
290
umowa z wierzycielami uprawomocnienie
291
uprowadzaæ / uprowadziæ us³ugobiorca
292
ustalaæ / ustaliæ utrata mienia
293
utrata pracy u¿ytkowanie umowne
294
u¿ytkowanie wieczyste u¿ywanie
295
W
w dobrej wierze in good faith, bona fide wada oœwiadczenia woli defect in decla-
w imieniu on behalf of, in the name of ration of intent, defect of intention, ab-
w sprawie in re sence of assent
w zamian za wydanie (dokumentów) wada prawna legal defect, defective title,
against delivery defect in title
w z³ej wierze in bad faith (mala fide) wada rzeczy po¿yczonej defect of the
w z³ym / dobrym stanie in bad / good re- thing loaned
pair wada rzeczy sprzedanej defect of a sold
wada defect, flaw, fault, vice, imperfec- thing
tion wada ukryta hidden defect, latent defect,
mieæ wadê to be defective, to have a de- concealed defect
fect wada wrodzona inherent defect
naprawiæ wadê to remove defects, to wadium przetargowe security, surety,
correct defects guarantee
odkryæ, wykryæ wadê to discover de- wadliwoœæ defectiveness, faultiness, im-
fects perfection
œwiadomoœæ wady rzeczy sprzedanej wadliwy faulty, defective
knowledge of a material defect wakacje podatkowe tax holiday
usun¹æ wadê to remove a defect wakat vacancy
wolny od wad free from defects walny plenary, general
znaleŸæ wadê / usterkê to find a fault walne zgromadzenie general meeting
/ flaw / assembly
zg³oszenie wady towaru notice of de- walne zgromadzenie akcjonariuszy an-
fective goods nual general meeting
wada artyku³ów ¿ywnoœciowych imper- waluta currency
fection in foodstuffs waluta mocna hard currency
wada fabryczna manufacturing defect waluta s³aba soft currency
wada fizyczna physical defect wandal vandal
wada g³ówna major defect warrant warehouse warrant
wada istotna major / principal defect Warszawska Gie³da Papierów Warto-
wada jawna obvious defect, patent defect œciowych Warsaw Stock Exchange
wada konstrukcyjna constructional de- wartoœci niematerialne i prawne intan-
fect gible assets
wada nieistotna incidental defect wartoœciowanie valuation
wada oczywista, widoczna apparent, pat- wartoœciowanie pracy job evaluation
ent deficiency wartoϾ value, worth
296
wartoœæ celna towarów weryfikowaæ œwiadczenia
297
wezwanie wierzytelnoϾ uprzywilejowana
298
wierzytelnoœæ w obcej walucie w³asnoœæ
wierzytelnoœæ w obcej walucie claim de- rodzaj wk³adu type of the contribution
nominated in foreign currency wartoœæ wk³adu value of the contribu-
wierzytelnoϾ warunkowa conditional tion
claim, contingent claim wnieœæ wk³ad to make a contribution,
wierzytelnoϾ wymagalna receivable to contribute
which is due and payable wycofaæ wk³ad to withdraw a contribu-
wierzytelnoœæ wyra¿ona w PLN claim tion
denominated in Polish Zloty (PLN) wycofanie wk³adu withdrawal of funds
wierzytelnoœæ zabezpieczona hipotek¹ wk³ad gotówkowy capital share
claim secured by a mortgage wk³ad kapita³owy capital contribution
wierzytelnoœæ zabezpieczona rzeczowo wk³ad komandytariusza limited part-
claim secured on property, claim se- ner’s share
cured by a right in rem wk³ad komplementariusza general part-
wierzytelnoœæ ze stosunku pracy claim ner’s share
for employee’s earnings, claim arising wk³ad oszczêdnoœciowy saving bank de-
under an employment relationship posit, savings deposit
wiêkszoœæ majority wk³ad pieniê¿ny deposit
bezwzglêdna wiêkszoœæ absolute wk³ad pieniê¿ny p³atny na ¿¹danie de-
/ overall majority of votes posit payable on demand
kwalifikowana wiêkszoœæ qualified wk³ad terminowy, lokata deposit
majority wk³ad w naturze / niepieniê¿ny assets in
zwyk³a wiêkszoœæ simple majority kind, in-kind contribution
wiêkszoœæ g³osów majority vote w³adza rodzicielska parental authority
wiêzienie prison, gaol, jail sprawowaæ w³adzê rodzicielsk¹ to ex-
wiêziennictwo prison system, prison man- ercise parental authority
agement w³adza s¹downicza jurisdiction, judi-
wiêzienny prison ciary
stra¿nik wiêzienny gaoler, jailor w³adza ustawodawcza legislature
/ jailer w³adze authorities
wiêzieñ prisoner, inmate, (zatrzymany) w³adze budowlane building authority
detainee, captive w³amanie burglary
wina guilt, blame dokonaæ w³amania to break in
przyznaæ siê do winy to admit one’s w³amywacz burglar
guilt, to plead guilty w³amywaæ siê to burgle, to burglarise
windykowaæ to recover, to collect, to vin- w³asnorêczny of one’s own hand, auto-
dicate graph, holographic, holograph
windykacja 1. recovery 2. vindication w³asnorêczny podpis one’s autograph sig-
windykacja d³ugów debt collection nature
winny guilty, culpable w³asnoœæ ownership, property, proprietor-
winowajca culprit, the guilty one ship
wizja 1. view 2. vision akt w³asnoœci deed of ownership
wizja lokalna scene-of-crime inspection, dowód w³asnoœci terenu evidence of
visit to the scene of crime land ownership
wizytówka firmy business card nabycie w³asnoœci acquisition of prop-
wk³ad contribution, part, share, portion, erty
deposit nabyæ w³asnoœæ to acquire property
299
w³asnoœæ do¿ywotnia wniosek
300
wniosek o emeryturê wspó³uczestnictwo jednolite
301
wspó³winny wyjawiaæ / wyjawiæ
302
wykluczenie wynagrodzenie miesiêczne
303
wynagrodzenie pieniê¿ne wypowiedzenie umowy spó³ki
304
wypowiedzieæ komuœ pracê wyzwolenie
305
wyzwolenie niewolnika z³o¿yæ wzór podpisu
306
Z
z urzêdu ex officio, court-appointed zabójstwo nieumyœlne involuntary man-
zabezpieczaæ / zabezpieczyæ to secure, slaughter
(chroniæ) to protect, to guard zabójstwo pierwszego stopnia first de-
zabezpieczenie security, securing gree murder
decyzja o zabezpieczeniu decision on zabójstwo zaplanowane intended murder
security zabójstwo z premedytacj¹ first degree
dokonaæ zabezpieczenia to carry out murder, wilful murder
security zabójstwo zawinione culpable homicide
zabezpieczenie d³ugu securityforthedebt zabójstwo zwyk³e manslaughter
zabezpieczenie generalne comprehensive zabór (przyw³aszczenie) annexation
security zabór mienia larceny
zabezpieczenie maj¹tku d³u¿nika secur- zabraniaæ / zabroniæ to prohibit, to for-
ing the debtor’s assets bid, to ban
zabezpieczenie na maj¹tku podatnika zaburzenia disorders, disturbances
securing a taxpayer’s property zaburzenia psychiczne mental disorder
zabezpieczenie nale¿noœci securisation of zaburzenia zdolnoœci do pracy working
dues ability disorder
zabezpieczenie praw securing the rights zaburzenie disorder, disturbance, pertur-
system zabezpieczenia praw system to bation
secure the rights zaburzenie czynnoœci psychicznych dis-
zabezpieczenie rycza³towe flat-rate secu- turbance of mental functions
rity zachowanie siê demeanour, conduct, be-
zabezpieczenie wierzytelnoœci security haviour
interest, proof of debt zachowek legitim, legitimate proportion,
zabezpieczenie wykonania zobowi¹zañ lawful share, compulsory proportion of
podatkowych securing the satisfaction an inheritance, reserved legal portion,
of tax liabilities statutory reserve
zabijaæ / zabiæ to kill, to murder, to slay, zachowek nale¿ny legitim due
to hit zachowek nale¿ny zstêpnemu legitim
zabójca killer, murderer, slayer due to a descendant
p³atny zabójca hit man, contract killer obliczaæ zachowek to calculate the
seryjny zabójca serial killer legitim
zabójstwo homicide, killing, murder, (na pozbawiæ kogoœ zachowku to disin-
zlecenie) hit, (polityczne) assassination herit,todeprivesomeone of one’s legitim
zabójstwo drugiego stopnia second de- prawo do zachowku right to claim
gree murder a reserve portion
307
zaci¹gaæ zak³ad prowadz¹cy dzia³alnoœæ...
308
zak³ad prowadz¹cy dzia³alnoœæ... za³o¿enie spó³ki
lishment supplying services relating to zakres scope, extent, field, range, domain
cultural, artistic, sporting, scientific, ed- zakres obowi¹zków pracownika duties
ucational, entertainment activities of the employee
zak³ad prowadz¹cy dzia³alnoœæ w zakre- zakres pracy scope of employment
sie kultury, oœwiaty, turystyki i wypo- zakres ustawy purview
czynku establishment operating in the zaksiêgowaæ to enter up, to account for
field of culture, education, tourism and zakup purchase, buy
leisure dokonaæ zakupu to transact a pur-
zak³ad publiczny institution incorporated chase, to purchase, to buy
under public law zakup dobry good buy
zak³ad œwiadcz¹cy us³ugi dla ludnoœci zakup z³y bad buy
establishment providing services to the zaleg³oœci 1. (w p³atnoœciach) arrears,
public arrearages 2. (w nauce, pracy) backlog
Zak³ad Ubezpieczeñ Spo³ecznych Social zaleg³oœæ podatkowa tax arrears
Insurance Institution egzekwowaæ zaleg³oœæ podatkow¹ to
zak³adaæ to form, to create, to establish, to execute tax arrears
found, to set up umarzanie zaleg³oœci podatkowych
zak³adaæ spó³kê to create / to establish / to cancellation of tax arrears
form / to found / to set up a company umorzyæ zaleg³oœæ podatkow¹ to can-
zak³adaæ siê to bet, to wager cel tax arrears
zak³adnik hostage, captive zaspokoiæ zaleg³oœæ podatkow¹ to sat-
braæ / wzi¹æ zak³adników to take isfy tax arrears
/ seize hostages zaleg³y back, outstanding, in arrears, over-
przetrzymywaæ kogoœ jako zak³adni- due
ka to hold someone hostage uregulowaæ zaleg³e p³atnoœci to settle
uwolniæ zak³adników to release / to set outstanding payments
free hostages zaliczka advance, advance payment, de-
zak³adowy establishment’s, works, in- posit, down payment
-company zaliczka na koszty advance on costs
zak³adowy fundusz nagród establish- zaliczka na podatek advance-tax pay-
ment’s reward fund, works discretion- ment
ary bonus fund zaliczka zwrotna repayable advance
zak³adowy fundusz œwiadczeñ socjal- zaliczkowo in advance
nych works staff welfare fund za³¹czaæ / za³¹czyæ to attach, to enclose,
zak³adowy uk³ad zbiorowy intra-com- to annex, to join
pany collective agreement za³¹cznik enclosure, attachment, appen-
zakoñczyæ to end, to bring to an end, to dix, addendum
complete, to conclude, to close, to dis- za³oga staff, personnel, crew, team
continue, to finish, to shut down za³oga pracownicza staff, body of work-
zakoñczyæ bie¿¹ce interesy spó³ki to ers
close the current business of the com- za³o¿enie creation, establishment, incor-
pany / partnership, to close the poration, foundation
day-to-day operations of the company za³o¿enie spó³ki incorporation / establish-
/ partnership ment / formation / creation of a com-
zakoñczyæ dzia³alnoœæ spó³ki to close the pany
partnership’s / company’s business koszty za³o¿enia spó³ki preliminary
309
za³o¿yciel zaniedbywaæ obowi¹zki
310
zaocznie zaprzysiê¿ony
311
zaprzysiê¿ony bieg³y zasiedzenie
312
zasi³ek zastaw
313
zastaw antychretyczny zabójstwo pierwszego stopnia
314
zabójstwo zawinione zdolnoœæ prawna
315
zdolnoϾ procesowa zgromadzenie
316
zgromadzenie wierzycieli zmienny
317
zmowa zobowi¹zanie cywilne
318
zobowi¹zanie d³ugoterminowe zrzec siê w³asnoœci
319
zrzec siê prawa do w³asnoœci zwolnienie warunkowe
320
zwolnienie z d³ugu zysk przypadaj¹cy udzia³owcowi
321
¯
¿andarmeria wojskowa military police ¿¹danie okupu ransom note
¿¹daæ to demand, to request, to claim, to ¿egluga (transport wodny) shipping, (¿e-
ask for, to charge glowanie) navigation, sailing, seafaring
¿¹daæ wyjaœnieñ od kogoœ to request ¿egluga / flota handlowa merchant ship-
somebody to provide explanations, to ping, mercantile shipping
request explanations from somebody, to ¿egluga przybrze¿na (kabota¿) coastwise
call on somebody to furnish explana- shipping
tions ¿o³nierz soldier, serviceman, (wojownik)
¿¹daæ zwrotu to claim back, to reclaim warrior
¿¹dania demands, claims ¿o³nierz zawodowy professional soldier
¿¹dania pracowników requisitioning of ¿yrant endorser, guarantor, surety
workers ¿yro endorsement, guarantee, guaranty
¿¹dania p³acowe wage demands, wage ¿yrowaæ to endorse, to guarantee, to stand
claims surety
¿¹danie claim, demand
322
Test Your Knowledge
of Legal English
Test I. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence.
323
Test Your Knowledge of Legal English
a) ‘judicature’
b) ‘jurisdiction’
c) ‘purview’
7. The term ... refers both to the science of law (i.e. the general theory or philosophy of
law, the legal system, and the nature of legal rights and obligations), and the body of laws.
a) ‘jurisprudence’
b) ‘jurisdiction’
c) ‘purview’
8. A person who has thorough knowledge of the law (e.g. a professor of law, a judge, a le-
gal scholar, a legal expert) is known as either a legist or a ... .
a) juristic person
b) juror
c) jurist
9. An entity, such as a corporation, that is recognised as having legal personality is known
as a ... . It may also be referred to as a fictitious person, artificial person, juridical person,
legal person, or moral person.
a) natural person
b) juristic person
c) juror
10. The term ... implies conformity with laws, statutes, canons, precepts, principles, rules,
etc., intended to regulate the conduct of those coming within their particular field of ac-
tion. We may speak of ... debts, a ... claim, a ... marriage, a ... protest etc. Although ... and
‘legal’ are often used interchangeably, ... more nearly suggests the concept of being in ac-
cord with the spirit or substance of law or that the law has moral or religious force,
whereas ‘‘legal’’ conveys the idea of compliance with the form of law (BLDAT). More-
over, the adjective ‘legal’ is restricted chiefly to statute laws as they apply at certain times
and places or under prescribed conditions. For instance, divorce is ... but subject to vari-
ous legal requirements before taking final effect (CMG).
a) ‘licit’
b) ‘lawful’
c) ‘legalised’
11. The judgment of a court stating the punishment to be imposed on a defendant who has
pleaded guilty to a crime or been found guilty by the jury is termed ... . It must be pro-
nounced in open court by the presiding judge and is almost always pronounced in the
presence of the accused (DL).
a) sentence
b) conviction
c) ruling
12. An adjudication that a person is guilty of a crime, either by a judge or jury based on
a plea of guilty is termed ... (BLDAT). The term ... may also refer to the very act or pro-
cess of judicially finding someone guilty of a crime or the state of having been proved
guilty (BLD).
324
Test One
a) conviction
b) sentence
c) ruling
13. The final judgment or decision of a court or tribunal, usually made after trial of the
case is called a(n) ... . The term ... may also refer to the legal process of resolving a dis-
pute.
a) sentence
b) ruling
c) adjudication
14. The term ... means a jury’s finding on the matters referred to it in a criminal or civil
trial. The jury is asked to give its decision to the court separately for each of the questions
of fact it was asked to consider. The reply is usually given by the foreman. The term ... re-
fers also to the decision reached by a coroner’s court.
a) ‘award’
b) ‘verdict’
c) ‘sentence’
15. The final decision of a court or an administrative agency in a case is known as a(n) ... .
The term ... may also refer to a determination made by a judge or a hearing officer during
the course of a trial or hearing (e.g. ‘objection sustained’).
a) ruling
b) sentence
c) adjudication
16. In court procedure, the postponement or suspension of the hearing of a case until a fu-
ture date is called ... (DL). The term may refer to the suspension of a business by legisla-
ture or administrative agency as well.
a) adjudication
b) adjournment
c) alienation
17. In general, ... trials determine the rights of individuals or juristic persons who disagree
on some issue of private law (i.e. the law of property and of trusts, family law, the law of
contract, mercantile law, and the law of torts) (LTE).
a) criminal
b) civil
c) penal
18. The term ... means an unusual, extraordinary, unpreventable event caused by the
forces of nature (such as storms, earthquakes, floods, tornadoes, hurricanes, etc.) so ex-
ceptionally severe that no one could be expected to anticipate or guard against it. The def-
inition has been broadened to include all natural phenomena that are exceptional, inevita-
ble and irresistible. ... is also termed act of nature, act of providence, irresistible superhu-
man force, vis divina. A person cannot be held liable for a(n) ... .
a) ‘accident’
b) ‘act of God’
c) ‘force majeur’
325
Test Your Knowledge of Legal English
19. The term ... refers to an event or effect that can be neither anticipated, resisted, nor
prevented. The term includes both acts of nature and acts of people (e.g. riots, strikes and
wars) and is particularly used in commercial contracts to describe events that are com-
pletely outside the parties’ control.
a) ‘force majeure’
b) ‘act of God’
c) ‘accident’
20. A ... is a person empowered by the law to care for another who, by virtue of age or lack
of mental capacity, is legally unable to care for himself (BLDAT). A person may be the ...
of a minor by parental right, parental appointment or by appointment of the court.
a) guardian
b) ward
c) charge
21. In Roman law, a person who manages the affairs of another is termed ... . In Civil law,
the term refers to a guardian who manages the estate of a minor, an absent person, or an
incapacitated person.
a) ‘curator’
b) ‘guard’
c) ‘patron’
22. A person or group that supports and gives money to a person, a group of people, or
some worthy purpose is known as a ... .
a) ‘curator’
b) ‘patron’
c) ‘tutor’
23. A ... is a person who has not reached legal age. See Family Law Reform Act 1969.
a) minor
b) lesser
c) major
24. The term ... means the age at which a person may legally engage in conduct in which
s/he could not previously engage because s/he was a minor.
a) ‘age of consent’
b) ‘age of majority’
c) ‘age of reason’
25. The term ... means the age, usually defined by statute as 16 years, at which a person is
legally capable of agreeing to marriage (without parental consent) or to sexual inter-
course (BLD).
a) ‘age of consent’
b) ‘maturity’
c) ‘age of majority’
26. The term ... means a human being, as distinguished from an artificial person created
by law, such as a corporation.
326
Test One
a) ‘legal person’
b) ‘natural person’
c) ‘legal personality’
27. The term ‘legal ...’ refers to the legal status of one regarded by the law as a person; the
legal conception by which the law regards a human being or an artificial entity as a person
(BLD).
a) personhood
b) personality
c) personalty
28. The term ... refers to personal property as distinguished from real property. It can be
either pure (unconnected with land) or mixed (connected with land).
a) ‘personalty’
b) ‘real estate’
c) ‘personhood’
29. A person who has attained full age is ... .
a) infant
b) senile
c) adult
30. Unlike a corporation, a(n) ... has no legal existence independent of its members and
the law regards it as a group of individuals who all share the legal responsibility.
a) unincorporated association
b) body corporate
c) registered partnership
31. A ... is a person placed under a guardianship because s/he is unable to manage his / her
own affairs, for example, a minor under the protection or tutelage of a guardian.
a) curator
b) conservator
c) ward
32. For legal purposes, a(n) ... is an independent person who has the capacity to contract
and be sued independently and separately from any other person.
a) legal entity
b) charge
c) incompetent person
33. A ... is a person, other than a minor, who is temporarily or permanently impaired by
mental illness, mental deficiency, physical illness or disability, or alcohol or drug use to
the extent that the person lacks sufficient understanding to make or communicate respon-
sible personal decisions or to enter into contracts (BLD).
a) legally incapacitated person
b) charge
c) ward
34. The term ... refers to the right to use another person’s property and to benefit there-
from without diminishing value.
327
Test Your Knowledge of Legal English
a) ‘usufruct’
b) ‘appurtenance’
c) ‘deed’
35. At common law, any document that is signed, sealed, and delivered and that conveys
some interest in property is called ... (BLD). Under the Law of Property Act 1989, a(n) ...
must be signed by the party or parties bound by it, and attested by two witnesses. A(n) ...
takes effect on delivery, i.e. handing it to the other party.
a) deed
b) appurtenance
c) emblement
36. In Roman and civil law, the term ... refers to the acquisition of ownership by long pos-
session begun in good faith.
a) ‘prescription’
b) ‘usucaption’
c) ‘usufruct’
37. The term ... means the permanent residence of a person; a place to which, even if he or
she were temporary absent, they intend to return.
a) ‘domicile’
b) ‘stay’
c) ‘billet’
38. ... is a deposit paid by a prospective buyer to show a good-faith intention to complete
the transaction, and ordinarily forfeited if the buyer defaults (BLD).
a) Good money
b) Eager money
c) Earnest money
39. A gift by will, especially of personal property and often of money is known as ...
(BLD).
a) legacy
b) legitim
c) legitimate
40. The deletion of words in a will is termed ... (DL).
a) obliteration
b) obstruction
c) objection
41. ... is the right exercised by a dominant tenement over a servient tenement, either ad-
joining or neighbouring (BLD).
a) Service
b) Setoff
c) Servitude
42. The term ... refers to any movable or intangible thing that is subject to ownership and
not classified as real property (BLD).
328
Test One
a) ‘abandoned property’
b) ‘real estate’
c) ‘personal property’
43. A person’s legal right (of ownership, possession, and custody) to control and dispose
of property is termed ... .
a) ‘title’
b) ‘label’
c) ‘authority’
44. The sharing of ownership of matrimonial property, such as the home and furniture, as
an automatic consequence of marriage is called ... (DL).
a) ‘community service’
b) ‘community property’
c) ‘communal establishment’
45. A person who solicits customers for a prostitute in return for a share of the prostitute’s
earnings is called a ... (BLD).
a) solicitor
b) pimp
c) profiteer
46. The term ... refers to the administration of an oath to a person who is taking office or
testifying in a legal proceeding (BLD).
a) ‘swearing-in’
b) ‘call-in’
c) ‘tenure’
47. ... is the unlawful killing of someone without malice aforethought (BLD).
a) Manslaughter
b) Homicide
c) Misdemeanour
48. A ... is a contract in which the contractor agrees to produce a building that will be fully
ready for occupancy when the contractor finishes work (BLDAT).
a) turnkey contract
b) turkey contract
c) turkey cock contract
49. ... include/s all physical things which are attached to or are inherent in the ground such
as buildings, trees and minerals (Law of Property Act 1925).
a) Corporeal heresy
b) Corporeal hereditary
c) Corporeal hereditaments
50. The term ... refers to property that a spouse owned before a marriage or acquired dur-
ing marriage by inheritance or by gift from a third party (BLD).
a) ‘separate property’
b) ‘community property’
c) ‘marital property’
329
Test Your Knowledge of Legal English
51. In England or Northern Ireland, a ... is a lawyer who is admitted to try cases in court.
a) solicitor
b) barrister
c) bartender
53. A(n)... is a majority of all those who are entitled to vote in a particular election,
whether or not they actually cast ballots (BLD).
a) absolute majority
b) simple majority
c) usual majority
57. A(n)... is a person who flees from creditors to avoid having to pay a debt.
a) absconding debtor
b) leaving creditor
c) vanishing debtor
60. A person who aids, encourages, or assists in the commission of a crime is known as
an ... .
330
Test One
a) abider
b) abettor
c) abode
61. A father’s public recognition of a child as his own is known as an acknowledgement
of ... (BLD).
a) patricide
b) maternity
c) paternity
62. The man alleged to be the father of an illegitimate child is referred to as ... (BLDAT).
a) putative father
b) legal guardian
c) punitive father
63. A person who lends money, usually at a high interest rate, in exchange for personal
property that is deposited as security by the borrower is known as a ... (BLD).
a) lessee
b) pensioner
c) pawnbroker
64. A(n) ... is an ornamental form of weapon used as an emblem of dignity of an office, as
in Parliament and the U.S. House of Representatives (BLD).
a) mace
b) onus
c) squatter
65. The legislative division of a region, especially a municipality, into separate districts
with different regulations within the districts for land use, building size etc. is known as ...
a) zoning
b) recusation
c) allocution
66. An aider or abettor may be known as a(n) ... .
a) contributory
b) inciter
c) co-obligor
67. A(n) ... is a person who is in any way involved with another in the commission of a
crime, whether as a principal in the first or second degree or as an accessory. A(n) ... may
also mean any person who knowingly, voluntarily, and intentionally unites with the prin-
cipal offender in committing a crime (BLD).
a) covenantor
b) accomplice
c) devisor
68. The term ... refers to a court-ordered allowance that one spouse pays to the other for
maintenance and support while they are separated, while they are involved in a matrimo-
nial lawsuit, or after they are divorced (BLD).
331
Test Your Knowledge of Legal English
a) ‘alimony’
b) ‘property settlement’
c) ‘remuneration’
69. An ... is the act of brining an accused before a court to hear and to answer criminal
charges. The clerk of the court reads the ... to the accused and asks him / her whether s/he
pleads guilty or not guilty to the counts contained therein.
a) arraignment
b) appearance
c) assessment
70. An ... is a court order commanding or preventing an action. It is preventive in nature
and designed to protect a plaintiff from irreparable injury to his / her property or property
rights (BLDAT).
a) injunction
b) inquest
c) inquiry
71. A defendant has the right to employ a legal adviser for his / her defence, and if s/he
cannot afford to pay s/he may be granted ... wholly or partly at the public expense.
a) legal easement
b) legal successor
c) legal aid
72. Most countries have mutually limited the right to ... by signing extradition treaties.
a) asylum
b) assignment
c) attachment
73. A ... is an accused person’s formal response of ‘guilty,’ ‘not guilty,’ or ‘no contest’ to
a criminal charge (BLD).
a) poll
b) pledge
c) plea
74. Determination of the rate or amount of a tax or damages is called ... .
a) arraignment
b) assessment
c) asseveration
75. A ... is a criminal charge for which a defendant may be released from custody after
providing proper security (BLD).
a) bailable offence
b) capital offence
c) cognate offence
76. The term ... means income or goods derived or produced from property without a dim-
inution of the property’s inherent value (BLD).
a) ‘vegetables’
b) ‘fruits’
c) ‘grains’
332
Test One
333
Test Your Knowledge of Legal English
86. ... are awarded in addition to actual damages when the defendant acted with reckless-
ness, malice, or deceit, and are intended to deter blameworthy conduct.
a) Punitive damages
b) Punishable damages
c) Nominal damages
87. A ... is a day on which most institutions are open for business, usually a day on
which banks and major stock exchanges are open, excluding Saturdays and Sundays
(BLD).
a) natural day
b) calendar day
c) business day
88. ... are awarded where the claimant has been successful but has suffered very little
damage (BLD).
a) Nominal damages
b) Punitive damages
c) Punishable damages
89. Under the Scottish law, the term ... means the right of any surviving lawful issue to
share in the movable estate of the father (BLD).
a) ‘legitim’
b) ‘legitimate’
c) ‘legacy’
90. According to some jurists, the term ... means any evidence that is not given by eyewit-
ness testimony.
a) ‘conflicting evidence’
b) ‘direct evidence’
c) ‘circumstantial evidence’
91. The term ... evidence means false or deceitful evidence that is unlawfully created,
usually after the relevant event, in order to avoid liability or conviction.
a) ‘conflicting evidence’
b) ‘circumstantial evidence’
c) ‘fabricated evidence’
92. The term ... means interference with the orderly administration of law and justice, as
by giving false information, or by harming or intimidating a witness (BLD).
a) ‘objecting justice’
b) ‘obstructing justice’
c) ‘miscarriage of justice’
93. ... denotes the act of frightening someone into doing something. It is a crime to have
sexual intercourse with a woman if her agreement was obtained by ... (DL).
a) Intimidation
b) Adultery
c) Adulteration
334
Test One
94. A ... is a local judicial officer who presides over a court of limited jurisdiction, his au-
thority being restricted in civil actions to cases in which the amount in dispute is very
small and, in criminal cases, to prosecutions for minor offences.
a) justice of the freedom
b) justice of the peace
c) Lord Chief Justice
95. The term ... refers to a statement in a pleading of a fact that the party filing the plead-
ing intends to prove (BLDAT).
a) ‘allegation’
b) ‘allocution’
c) ‘allotment’
96. A(n) ... refers, under English law, strictly to the deposit of goods or securities for re-
payment of a loan. (EPBG).
a) pledge
b) plea
c) injunction
97. The ... of an offer means that the offer has been withdrawn by the offeror.
a) revocation
b) prejudice
c) procurement
98. A party to a lawsuit is known as a... .
a) litigant
b) loafer
c) libelant
99. The legal term ... means financial compensation awarded by a Judge or jury in a civil
action for the wrong suffered by the plaintiff.
a) ‘damage’
b) ‘injuries’
c) ‘damages’
100. The term ... means the person against whom the claim is brought in a civil action or
charged with a criminal offence. In the case of a criminal offence, s/he is also called the
prisoner or the accused.
a) ‘plaintiff’
b) ‘defendant’
c) ‘claimant’
101. A defendant in a tort case is also referred to as the ... . The ..., otherwise termed
‘wrongdoer’, ‘trespasser’, may be either a natural person or a legal person.
a) ‘respondent’
b) ‘codefendant’
c) ‘tortfeasor’
102. ... of court may take various forms, such as failing to pay proper respect to the court
or not carrying out a court order. ... of court is punishable by imprisonment of the offender
or a fine.
335
Test Your Knowledge of Legal English
a) Disrespect
b) Contempt
c) Violation
103. ... is telling lies in court while under oath (ELT).
a) Adjournment
b) Injury
c) Perjury
104. A person who is designated to transact business for another is called a(n)...
a) councillor
b) attorney-at-law
c) attorney-in-fact
105. A(n) ... is a legal professional within the English legal system. To become a(n) ...
a person must serve a period of traineeship, pass the necessary examinations conducted
by the Law Society, and be admitted by the Master of the Rolls. A(n) ... has four main ar-
eas of competence: conveyancing, probate, drafting company and commercial contracts
and the preparation of litigation. Unless s/he has an advocacy certificate, his / her right to
be heard in court is in general limited to the lower courts (ELT).
a) agent
b) barrister
c) solicitor
106. Barristers are self-employed but group together for administrative convenience in ...
where they share the accommodation, secretariat and the services of the clerk (ELT).
a) chambers
b) rooms
c) halls
107. When representing a party in court, a barrister is referred to as ... (ELT).
a) counsel
b) council
c) councillor
108. A(n) ... is a legal professional in the USA with the right to practise law in the state for
which s/he has been admitted to the bar (ELT).
a) attorney-at-law
b) attorney-in-fact
c) barrister
109. The term ... means a court order requiring a witness to appear before a court or other
tribunal, subject to penalty for failing to comply. In England, this term is no longer used
and has been replaced by the term ‘witness summons’.
a) ‘subpoena’
b) ‘adjudication’
c) ‘directive’
110. A person bringing an action used to be referred to as a ... until April 1999. The term
... has now disappeared from English legal terminology and has been replaced by the term
‘claimant’ (ELT). See the Civil Procedure Rules.
336
Test One
a) respondent
b) defendant
c) plaintiff
111. The term ... refers to the party against whom an appeal is taken to a higher court, that
is the successful party in the lower court, also termed ‘appellee’ (BLDAT). It must be
noted that the party against whom a motion or petition is filed is also called ... . In other
words, the term ... means a party called on to answer a petition or an appeal.
a) ‘respondent’
b) ‘petitioner’
c) ‘co-respondent’
112. The party bringing an appeal, seeking reversal of a lower court’s decision, is known
as ... .
a) ‘co-respondent’
b) ‘appellate’
c) ‘appellant’
113. If the defendant intends to defend, he should file a document with the court called
a(n) ... (ELT).
a) acknowledgement of service
b) confirmation of service
c) counterclaim
114. Most proceedings in the High Court are now commenced by a claimant filing out a ...
(ELT).
a) complaint form
b) claim form
c) request form
115. A search of a person conducted after that person’s clothes have been removed, the
purpose usually being to find any contraband, is referred to as a ... .
a) child abuse
b) search warrant
c) strip search
116. In a(n) ..., parties avoid going to trial by reaching an agreement on the claim (ELT).
a) settlement
b) composition
c) arraignment
117. The term ... refers to an agreement between a debtor and two or more creditors for
the adjustment or discharge of an obligation for some lesser amount (BLD).
a) ‘composition’
b) ‘arraignment’
c) ‘certification’
118. ... terms are the terms that can be read into the contract, either by custom, statute or
by the courts (ELT).
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Test Your Knowledge of Legal English
a) Implied
b) Express
c) Expressive
119. The term ... refers to a private or civil wrong, other than breach of contract, resulting
from a breach of a legal duty, for which a remedy may be obtained, usually in the form of
damages (ELT, BLD). An action for such a wrong is called an ‘action in ...’. Of this class
are actions of libel, assault, trespass, etc.
a) ‘arrearage’
b) ‘tort’
c) ‘atonement’
120. The term ... refers to release from the obligations under a contract. It may be by per-
formance, agreement, breach or frustration (ELT).
a) ‘disclaimer’
b) ‘dismissal’
c) ‘discharge’
121. In employment law, the term ... means the termination of an employee’s contract of
employment by the employer. The employer may do so by giving the employee the re-
quired period of notice, but ... without notice may be justified in certain circumstances
(e.g. for gross misconduct) (DL).
a) ‘disclaimer’
b) ‘discharge’
c) ‘dismissal’
122. The person who makes an offer is called the ... .
a) offeree
b) offeror
c) overseer
123. ... terms are those terms that have been specifically agreed upon by the parties, being
the terms the parties either said or wrote (ELT).
a) Implicit
b) Express
c) Implied
124. At common law, a contract can be set aside if it was entered into under ... . This term
means either actual violence or that the threat of violence was used to make the other
party enter into a contract (ELT).
a) duress
b) undue influence
c) negligence
125. The term ... refers to carelessness which amounts to a culpable breach of a duty. In
other words, the term means either a failure to do something that a reasonable person
would do or doing something a reasonable person would not do in the same circum-
stances . ... may be an element in a few crimes, such as careless and inconsiderate driving
(DL).
338
Test One
a) ‘negligence’
b) ‘undue influence’
c) ‘duress’
126. Where the events that have occurred are outside the control of either party, the con-
tract will then be discharged by... (ELT).
a) frustration
b) breach
c) agreement
127. A(n) ... is a term used to describe the relationship between persons carrying on
a business in common with a view to profit (ELT).
a) partnership
b) company
c) association
128. A sole trader is called a ... in the USA.
a) sole proprietorship
b) sole businessman
c) sole legatee
129. In English law, a ... is an association of persons formed for the purposes of an under-
taking or business carried on in the name of the association. It must be registered and is
then legally incorporated (ELT).
a) co-operative
b) partnership
c) company
130. The American legal term ... is the one used in the USA to describe an association of
shareholders, which is a legal entity entirely separate and distinct from those who own
and manage it (ELT).
a) ‘partnership’
b) ‘corporation’
c) ‘co-operative’
131. ... may also be referred to as members of the company or owners of the company.
a) Shareholders
b) Partners
c) Sole traders
132. In England, the ... is an officer appointed by the Secretary of State whose business is
to keep an official record of all incorporated businesses.
a) Legal Guardian
b) Official Receiver
c) Registrar of Companies
133. The ... is appointed by the Department of Trade and Industry. S/he acts as interim re-
ceiver and manager of the estate of the debtor, presides at the first meeting of creditors,
and takes part in the debtor’s public examination (DL). See the Insolvency Act 1986,
s 399–401.
339
Test Your Knowledge of Legal English
a) Legal Guardian
b) Official Receiver
c) Registrar of Companies
134. Public companies whose shares are dealt with on the Stock Exchange are called ...
companies or quoted companies.
a) named
b) listed
c) disclosed
135. In English law, the ... is / are primarily concerned with the external regulation of the
company. It / they states / state the company’s name, objects clause, registered office, do-
micile, the amount of the company’s nominal capital and the number and amount of
shares (ELT). See the Companies Act 1985.
a) articles of association
b) memorandum of association
c) articles of incorporation
136. In English law, the ... deal(s) primarily with the internal administration of the com-
pany. The document includes articles regulating general meetings, the appointment and
powers of directors, the type of shares that can be issued and the class rights attached to
shares (ELT). In the case of a company limited by shares, Table A of the Companies Act
1985 may be taken as the ... .
a) articles of incorporation
b) articles of association
c) memorandum of association
137. In the USA, the rules for the internal running of the corporation are set out in a sepa-
rate document, the ..., which does not have to be filed (ELT).
a) articles of incorporation
b) articles of association
c) memorandum of association
138. The term .... refers to the total nominal value of the shares that may be issued by
a company. The amount is fixed in the company’s memorandum (ELT).
a) ‘authorised share capital’
b) ‘reserve capital’
c) ‘share capital’
139. A director is said to be an ... of a company, as is the company secretary (ELT).
a) officer
b) official
c) obligor
140. In England, every company must have a company ... who is responsible for prepara-
tion and keeping of minutes, dealing with share transfers, maintaining a register of mem-
bers and debenture holders, a register of directors’ share interests and sending notices of
meetings (ELT).
340
Test One
a) secretary
b) clerk
c) registrar
141. A member of a company can appoint a ..., who need not be a member, to vote in
his / her place at a general meeting.
a) procurator
b) proxy
c) procurer
142. Every company must keep ... of the proceedings of its general meeting and directors’
meeting.
a) pleadings
b) seconds
c) minutes
143. The term ... refers to bringing a business organisation to an end. See the Insolvency
Act 1986, ss 201, 205.
a) ‘dispossession’
b) ‘dissolution’
c) ‘reorganisation’
144. In England, the term ... is generally used to describe a company that cannot pay its
debts (ELT).
a) ‘wound up’
b) ‘bankrupt’
c) ‘insolvent’
145. In England, the term ... is generally used for individuals who are not able to pay their
debts (ELT).
a) ‘bankrupt’
b) ‘insolvent’
c) ‘wound up’
146. In England, the liquidationofacompanyisachievedbytheprocess known as .... (ELT).
a) insolvency
b) reorganisation
c) winding up
147. A ... is a certificate issued by a public company promising to repay borrowed money
at a fixed rate of interest at a specified time, and to repay the original sum in full after the
specified term. As they specify a fixed rate of interest, they are also referred to fixed inter-
est securities (ELT).
a) bond
b) pledge
c) stock
148. A ... is a printed document that describes the main features of an enterprise and in
which shares or debentures are offered to the prospective buyers or investors for the first
time. In other words, it is a written description of a securities offering. See the Companies
Act 1985, s 744.
341
Test Your Knowledge of Legal English
a) prospectus
b) prospect
c) petition
149. A formal request in writing, addressed to a court, official body (e.g. a city council, an
administrative agency) or a person in a position of authority, signed by a number of per-
sons or by one person is referred to as a(n) ... . The term may also mean an application for
a legal remedy.
a) appeal
b) motion
c) petition
150. The term ... refers to a written or oral application requesting a court to make a speci-
fied ruling or order in favour of the applicant. In Parliamentary law, it is a proposal made
in a meeting that the meeting / the organisation take a certain action or view (BLD).
a) ‘petition’
b) ‘motion’
c) ‘appeal’
151. In Poland, companies have a(n) ... that advises and supervises the board of directors.
The USA and England do not have a two-tier system of management, although they may
well use advisory committees (ELT).
a) supervisory board
b) advisory board
c) management board
152. ... rights refer to a shareholder’s privilege to purchase newly issued shares before the
shares are offered to the public.
a) Pre-emptive
b) Redemptive
c) Presumptive
153. The board of ... is the governing body of a company, partnership, association, or
other organisation, elected by the shareholders or members to establish policy, elect or
appoint officers and committees, and make other governing decisions (BLD).
a) clerks
b) directors
c) clerkship
155. A ... is a person who is primarily liable for the payment of another’s debt or the per-
formance of another’s obligation (BLD).
342
Test One
a) surety
b) survivor
c) successor
156. The term ... evidence’ refers to evidence of a fact not actually perceived by a witness
with one of his / her own senses, but proved by him to have been stated by another person.
By Section 1 of the Civil Evidence Act 1995, ... evidence’ is generally admissible, al-
though subject to particular rules concerning its admission and the weight attached to it
(MWLD).
a) ‘hearsay
b) ‘sayhear
c) ‘overheard
157. A contract for the ... is defined as a contract by which the seller transfers or agrees to
transfer the property in goods (i.e. ownership of goods) to the buyer in exchange for
a money consideration, called the price.
a) passage of goods
b) exchange of goods
c) sale of goods
158. The term ... includes all personal chattels other than things in action and money
(LOIT).
a) ‘royalties’
b) ‘securities’
c) ‘goods’
159. The party who is guilty of failing to perform the obligation imposed on him / her by
a contractual condition is said to have ... the contract (LOIT).
a) repudiated
b) retracted
c) revoked
160. The ... acts a mediator between the assured and the underwriter (LOIT).
a) pawnbroker
b) broker
c) bill broker
161. The term ... refers to a gift of money or real or personal property to an institution
(such as a college, university, library) for its permanent support.
a) ‘endowment’
b) ‘endorsement’
c) ‘encumbrance’
162. The person who mortgages property is known as a ... (BLD).
a) mortgagee
b) mortgagor
c) mortuary
163. A ... is not a vital term of the contract and therefore a breach of ... does not end the
contract, but it gives the buyer the right to sue for damages (GL).
343
Test Your Knowledge of Legal English
a) warranty
b) condition
c) conjecture
164. The official counting of people to compile social and economic data for the political
subdivision to which the people belong is known as a ... (BLD).
a) census
b) censure
c) caveat
165. A ... (i.e. suggestio falsi) is a false statement of fact (and not a broken promise),
which induces the other party to enter into a contract and who as a result suffers damage.
a) misfeasance
b) misrepresentation
c) misappropriation
166. Combing an impure or cheaper substance with another substance, usually for dis-
honest purposes is called ... (BLDAT). It is an offence of strict liability under the Food
Act 1984 to sell any food containing a substance that would endanger health (DL).
a) adulteration
b) forgery
c) adultery
167. The term ... refers to an act of sexual intercourse between a male and a female not
married to each other, when at least one of them is married to someone else and the inter-
course is not by force. It may be evidence of breakdown of marriage (DL).
a) ‘adulteration’
b) ‘infidelity’
c) ‘adultery’
168. The dishonest appropriation by an employee / bailee / trustee (etc.) of any money or
property with which the person has been entrusted is known as ... . Before 1969, there was
a special offence of ...; it is now classified as a form of theft (see the Theft Act 1968).
a) embezzlement
b) pilferage
c) thievery
169. The term ... refers to international crimes committed with the intention of destroy-
ing, wholly or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group. The International Crim-
inal Court has jurisdiction to try those accused of ... .
a) ‘homicide’
b) ‘genocide’
c) ‘patricide’
170. The ... is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister (GL).
a) Lord Chief Justice
b) Grand Jury
c) Hung Jury
171. A legal document by which a person directs his / her estate to be distributed upon
death is known as a ... (BLD).
344
Test One
a) declaration of intent
b) intention
c) will
172. A loan is made on the security of the house and a ... is created. In other words, a ... is
a conveyance of real property or personal property as security for the repayment of the
money borrowed (GL).
a) mortuary
b) mortgage
c) municipality
173. A false and malicious statement expressed in a fixed medium, especially in writing
but also as a picture, sign, or electronic broadcast, and tending to harm another’s reputa-
tion and expose him / her to public hatred, contempt or ridicule, is known as ... .
a) treason
b) slander
c) libel
174. Property that the owner voluntarily surrenders, relinquishes, or disclaims is known
as ... (BLD).
a) abandoned property
b) mislaid property
c) lost property
175. The term ... refers to a right or interest in property owned by someone other than the
owner of the land itself; examples include easements, leases, liens, mortgages, and re-
strictive covenants. A(n) ... cannot prevent the owner from transferring marketable title,
but it remains after the property or right is transferred, thus reducing the value of the land.
a) ‘impediment’
b) ‘encumbrance’
c) ‘hindrance’
176. A person to whom property is mortgaged is called a ... .
a) mortgagee
b) mortgagor
c) mortuary
177. Although not available under some sentences, ... is usually granted for good behav-
iour on the condition that the prisoner regularly report to a supervising officer for a speci-
fied period (BLD).
a) parole
b) pardon
c) probation
178. A person is guilty of ... if he dishonestly appropriates property belonging to another
with the intention of permanently depriving the other of it (GL).
a) manslaughter
b) theft
c) assault and battery
345
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179. The term ... refers to taking game without permission from private land or from land
on which the killing of game is restricted (DL).
a) ‘poaching’
b) ‘obstructing’
c) ‘pending’
180. A trial period during which a newly hired employee must demonstrate his / her suit-
ability for the job is known as ... (BLDAT).
a) probation
b) parole
c) pardon
181. A ... is a written statement detailing the preliminary understanding of parties who
plan to enter into a contract or some other agreement. It must be noted that such a ... is not
meant to be binding and does not hinder the parties from bargaining with a third party
(BLD).
a) letter of authority
b) letter of notice
c) letter of intent
183. The application of another person’s money or property dishonestly to one’s own use
is called ... (BLD).
a) mitigation
b) miscarriage
c) misappropriation
184. The term ... refers to a person who may be appointed by a bankruptcy court, the U.S.
Trustee or elected by creditors. The ... must collect the bankrupt’s assets, sell them, and
distribute the proceeds among those with valid claims against the bankrupt (DL).
a) ‘trustee in bankruptcy’
b) ‘official receiver’
c) ‘receivership’
185. ... circumstances refer to circumstances that lessen blame or reduce the degree of
civil or criminal responsibility (BLDAT).
a) Mitigating
b) Aggravating
c) Putative
186. A false written or oral statement that damages another’s reputation is known as ...
(BLD). It is divided into libel and slander.
346
Test One
a) defamation
b) deterioration
c) defalcation
187. A false and malicious oral statement, expressed in speech, and tending to blacken
another’s reputation or to damage his / her means of livelihood is known as ... .
a) slander
b) libel
c) treason
188. A person who aids or contributes in the commission or concealment of a crime is
known as a(n) ... (BLD). See the Criminal Law Act 1967.
a) accessory
b) contributory
c) principal
189. The term ... refers to a grossly unfair outcome in a judicial proceeding, which disre-
gards or denies a party’s essential rights, as when a defendant is convicted despite a lack
of evidence on an essential element of the crime (BLD).
a) ‘misrepresentation’
b) ‘miscarriage of justice’
c) ‘defalcation’
190. The term ... refers to the doctrine that a criminal suspect in police custody must be in-
formed of certain constitutional rights before being interrogated (BLD).
a) ‘notice of lien’
b) ‘memorandum of association’
c) ‘Miranda rule’
191. A building or room where dead bodies are prepared and kept before a funeral is
called a ... .
a) menace
b) nugatory
c) mortuary
192. An offence that is less serious than a felony and is usually punishable by fine, forfei-
ture or confinement in a place other than prison is known as ... (BLD).
a) miscarriage
b) misrepresentation
c) misdemeanour
193. Euthanasia, also termed ..., is sometimes regarded by the law as a second-degree
murder, manslaughter, or criminally negligent homicide (BLD).
a) ‘pity killing’
b) ‘mercy killing’
c) ‘merciful killing’
194. When a person dies without making a valid will, s/he is said to die ... .
a) interim
b) intestate
c) next of kin
347
Test Your Knowledge of Legal English
195. The person/s most closely related to a decedent by blood or affinity may be referred
to as ... (BLD).
a) next of kin
b) next of kinship
c) next of kingship
196. The term ... refers to the formal written charge of a crime, made by a grand jury, and
presented to a court for prosecution against a person accused of having committed a crim-
inal act, generally a felony.
a) ‘indictment’
b) ‘indiscretion’
c) ‘indorsement’
197. An act that goes against society’s morals is called ... (BLDAT).
a) indiscretion
b) discretion
c) indictment
198. A person is guilty of ... if s/he steals, and immediately before or at the time of doing
so, and in order to do so, s/he uses force on any person or puts or tries to put any person in
fear of then and there subject to force (MIOELS).
a) robbery
b) assault
c) battery
199. ... consists of a male having sexual intercourse with a female without her consent
(MIOELS).
a) Rape
b) Abduction
c) Assault
200. Unemployment resulting from a shift in the demand for a particular product or ser-
vice is known as ... unemployment (BLD).
a) reorganisation
b) structural
c) subsidiary
201. A ... is a person to whom a promise is made (LE).
a) promisee
b) promisor
c) contractor
202. A ... is a person making a promise (LE).
a) contractor
b) promisee
c) promisor
203. A(n) ... is ‘an expression of willingness to contract on certain terms made with the
intention that it shall be binding as soon as it is accepted by the person to whom it is ad-
dressed’ (LE).
348
Test One
a) offer
b) contract
c) agreement
205. The violation of one’s word or undertaking, especially a promise to marry is called
a ... (BLD).
a) breach of promise
b) breach of contract
c) breach of confidence
206. Personal property that is visible, tangible and movable is termed ... (BLDAT).
a) chattel
b) real estate
c) estate in abeyance
207. The act or process of legally dispossessing a tenant of land or rental property is re-
ferred to as ...
a) expulsion
b) execution
c) eviction
208. ... evidence is evidence from another source that strengthens or confirms the testi-
mony of a prior witness.
a) Contributory
b) Corporeal
c) Corroborating
209. In England, the term ... refers to a document by which a solicitor instructs a barrister
to appear as an advocate in court. A ... usually comprises a backsheet, typed on a large
brief-size paper giving the title of the case and including the solicitor’s instructions,
which is wrapped around other papers relevant to the case (DL).
a) ‘brief’
b) ‘record’
c) ‘recording’
210. The invalidity of a marriage due to some defect existing at the time the marriage was
celebrated (or, sometimes, arising afterwards) is termed ... of marriage. The main grounds
for ... are: close relationship, lack of age, lack of consent, and nonconsummation (DL).
See the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973, ss 11 and 12 which respectively set out the
grounds on which a marriage is either void, or voidable.
a) nullity
b) discontinuance
c) suspension
349
Test Your Knowledge of Legal English
211. The term ... refers to the termination of a lawsuit. In other words, it is a voluntary dis-
missal or nonsuit. It must be remembered that a notice of ... may be served by a plaintiff or
by a defendant in respect of a counterclaim. See the Rules of Civil Procedure 1998, Part
38.
a) ‘abandonment’
b) ‘discontinuance’
c) ‘nullity’
212. A motion to ... an indictment is a motion that asks the court to suppress an indictment
that is defective. Similarly, one may ... a subpoena. The verb ... may also refer to the inval-
idation of a conviction made in an inferior court or to setting aside a decision subject to
judicial review.
a) quash
b) discontinue
c) nullify
213. When a judge ... a judgment or order of a court, s/he vacates, annuls or voids it.
a) sets aside
b) sets forth
c) sets off
214. The term ... refers to the repeal or annulment of a law by formal or authoritative ac-
tion.
a) ‘abrogation’
b) ‘discontinuance’
c) ‘setting aside’
215. The total or partial revocation of a statute by another statute passed subsequently is
known as ... . The term is usually associated with some action of government and refers to
abrogation of an existing law by legislative act.
a) amendment
b) repeal
c) discontinuance
216. The term ... refers to a formal correction, revision or addition which is proposed or
made to a statute, constitution, pleading, order, or other instrument. The change can be
made by addition, deletion, or correction. Thus we may have ... by adding / inserting, by
striking out, or by substituting.
a) ‘amendment’
b) ‘repeal’
c) ‘discontinuance’
217. The ... of precedent is the nullification of a prior decision. It occurs when the same
court, or a higher court in a later case, establishes a different rule on the same point of law
involved in the earlier case. In other words, ... means overturning or setting aside of a pre-
cedent by deciding that it should no longer be controlling law (BLD).
a) overruling
b) quashing
c) abrogation
350
Test Three
218. When a decision is overruled (on appeal), it is said to be ... . The term ... is used in ap-
pellate court opinions to indicate that the court has reached the opposite judgment to that
of the trial court.
a) ‘amended’
b) ‘repealed’
c) ‘reversed’
219. The term ... refers to an examination by judges of a higher court. It covers two situa-
tions: that where a higher court examines a case first dealt with by an inferior court or tri-
bunal or where the decisions made by a public body affect the rights of individuals (ELT).
a) ‘judicial review’
b) ‘jurisdiction’
c) ‘judicature’
220. ... offences refer to lesser crimes, such as motoring offences, which can be tried by
the magistrates themselves without a jury (LTE).
a) Indictable
b) Summary
c) Bailable
Test II. Link the words in the left-hand column with their translations on the right.
Test III. Use the words in the box to complete the sentences.
351
Test Your Knowledge of Legal English
352
Test Four
23) A(n) ............... is a person who acquires real or personal estate for money or other
valuable consideration.
24) A(n) ............... gives a person the legal right to live a country other than the country of
which s/he is a citizen (ELT).
25) Where the seller sells goods in the course of a business, there is an implied term that
the goods supplied under the contract are of ............... (LOIT).
26) An author might receive, in exchange for the copyright on his/her book a ............... of
10 percent of the net revenues realised from the sale of the book (BLDAT).
27) The term ............... refers to an order by an administrative agency or court prohibiting
a person from continuing a particular course of conduct.
28) ............... is grounds for termination of parental rights.
29) The name, other than its own, under which a sole trader, partnership, or a company
carries on business is termed ............... (DL).
30) The term ............... is used for the arrangement in which the owner (the landlord) al-
lows another person (the tenant) to take possession of the land for an agreed period, usu-
ally in return for rent (DL).
1. This power of a_ _ _ _ _ _ _ is made on May 10, 2005 and gives full authority to John
Smith to represent our company / partnership during all lawsuits on the territory of the
United Kingdom.
2. His will was n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ because he never executed it.
3. The attorney-in-fact is not _ _ t_ _ _ _ _ _ _ to grant further powers of attorney.
4. This power of attorney may be _ _ vok _ _ at any time.
5. The power of attorney shall rem_ _ _ in _ff_ _ _ unless cancelled by me.
6. A guardian has the _har_ _ or cus_ _ _ _ of both the property and the person of one
who is unable to manage their own affairs, such as a minor or mentally-disabled person.
7. The age of majority is _tt_ _ _ _ _ on the first moment of the eighteenth birthday.
8. I hereby appoint John Smith as my true and _aw_ _ _ attorney-in-fact for me and in
my name to act in my _ap_ _ _ _y to do any and all of the following:
9. Real _r_p_ _ _ _ is the English synonym for real estate.
10. _ _ _ _rs_ _p refers to the legal right to posses and control property.
11. I _pp_ _ _ _ Helen Smith to be my attorney in accordance with section 10 of the
Powers of Attorney Act 1971.
12. We are pleased to q_ _ _ _ the following prices... .
353
Test Your Knowledge of Legal English
Test V. Link the words in the left-hand column with their translations on the right.
ROSZCZENIE CLAIM
1) oddaliæ roszczenie a) to withdraw a claim
2) podtrzymaæ roszczenie b) to acknowledge / to recognise a claim
3) rezygnowaæ z, odstêpowaæ c) to investigate a claim
od roszczenia
4) rozpatrzyæ roszczenie d) to nullify a claim
5) uniewa¿niæ roszczenie e) to put forward a claim
6) uznaæ roszczenie f) to settle / to meet / to pay a claim
7) wycofaæ roszczenie g) to uphold a claim
8) wyst¹piæ z roszczeniem h) to waive / to renounce a claim
9) zaspokoiæ roszczenie i) to dismiss a claim
OŒWIADCZENIE STATEMENT
1) cytowaæ / przytaczaæ oœwiadczenie a) to acknowledge a statement
2) otrzymaæ oœwiadczenie b) to amend a statement
3) kwestionowaæ prawdziwoœæ c) to await / to expect a statement
oœwiadczenia
4) oczekiwaæ oœwiadczenia d) to bear out / to corroborate a statement
5) cofaæ / odwo³ywaæ oœwiadczenie e) to contest a statement
6) odczytaæ oœwiadczenie f) to give / to volunteer a statement
7) opublikowaæ oœwiadczenie g) to lodge / to submit a statement
8) podpisaæ oœwiadczenie h) to prepare a statement
9) potwierdzaæ oœwiadczenie i) to publish a statement
10) powtarzaæ oœwiadczenie j) to quote a statement
11) przed³o¿yæ oœwiadczenie k) to read out a statement
12) przedstawiæ oœwiadczenie l) to receive a statement
354
Test Five
355
Test Your Knowledge of Legal English
DOKUMENT DOCUMENT
1) antydatowaæ dokument a) to accept a document
2) badaæ dokumenty b) to check / to scrutinise / to look up
a document
3) byæ w posiadaniu dokumentu c) to consider a document
4) datowaæ dokument d) to forge / to falsify a document
5) dostarczaæ dokument e) to release / to issue documents
6) fabrykowaæ / fa³szowaæ f) to annotate a document
dokumenty
7) interpretowaæ dokument g) to attach / to enclose a document
8) kontrolowaæ / sprawdzaæ h) to authenticate / to legalise
dokument a document
9) kopiowaæ / powielaæ dokument i) to backdate a document
10) odtwarzaæ / rekonstruowaæ j) to be in possession of a document
dokument
11) opatrywaæ dokument k) to circulate / to send out documents
adnotacjami / przypisami
12) otrzymywaæ dokumenty l) to complete documents
13) podpisywaæ dokument m) to conceal / to suppress a document
14) podrobiæ dokument n) to copy a document
15) podstemplowaæ dokument o) to date a document
16) posiadaæ dokument p) to draw up / to draft a document
17) poœwiadczyæ dokument q) to examine a document
18) przed³o¿yæ dokument r) to extract a document
19) przejrzeæ / wertowaæ dokumenty s) to falsify documents
(pobie¿nie)
20) przejrzeæ dokumenty (omówiæ) t) to file a document
21) przekazaæ dokumenty u) to forge a document
22) przygotowaæ dokument v) to glance through / to read through
the document
23) przyjmowaæ dokument w) to go over the documents
24) publikowaæ dokument x) to inspect a document
25) rozpatrywaæ dokument y) to interpret a document
26) rozprowadzaæ dokumenty z) to legalise a document
27) sfingowaæ dokument aa) to mislay documents
28) sk³adaæ dokument bb) to pass over the documents
29) sporz¹dzaæ wyci¹g / wypis cc) to peruse a document
z dokumentów
30) sporz¹dziæ dokument dd) to piece together a document
31) sprawdziæ dokument ee) to possess a document
32) sprokurowaæ dokument ff) to prepare a document
33) studiowaæ / czytaæ uwa¿nie gg) to procure a document
dokument
34) ukryæ dokument hh) to produce / to draw up a document
356
Test Five
ŒWIADECTWO CERTIFICATE
1) dostaæ œwiadectwo a) to ask for a certificate
2) odebraæ œwiadectwo b) to award a certificate
1) otrzymaæ œwiadectwo c) to collect a certificate
2) podpisaæ œwiadectwo d) to forge / to fabricate a certificate
3) podstemplowaæ œwiadectwo e) to get a certificate
4) posiadaæ œwiadectwo f) to hand someone a certificate
5) prosiæ o œwiadectwo g) to issue / to give / to grant a certificate
6) przyznawaæ œwiadectwo h) to obtain / to achieve a certificate
7) sfa³szowaæ œwiadectwo i) to possess a certificate
8) uzyskaæ œwiadectwo j) to receive a certificate
9) wrêczyæ komuœ œwiadectwo k) to sign a certificate
10) wydaæ œwiadectwo l) to stamp a certificate
11) zdobyæ œwiadectwo m) to submit / to lodge a certificate
12) z³o¿yæ / sk³adaæ œwiadectwo n) to win / to achieve a certificate
357
Test Your Knowledge of Legal English
358
Test Five
TRAKTAT TREATY
1) krytykowaæ traktat a) to abrogate a treaty
2) naruszaæ postanowienia traktatu b) to accept a treaty
3) odrzuciæ traktat c) to approve a treaty
4) podpisaæ traktat d) to become a party to / to enter into
a treaty
5) potêpiaæ traktat e) to conclude / to enter into / to make
a treaty
6) przygotowaæ traktat f) to condemn a treaty
7) przyj¹æ traktat g) to criticise a treaty
8) przyst¹piæ do traktatu h) to draw up a treaty
9) ratyfikowaæ traktat i) to enforce a treaty
10) sporz¹dziæ traktat j) to oppose a treaty
11) sprzeciwiaæ siê traktatowi k) to prepare a treaty
12) uchylaæ / uniewa¿niaæ traktat l) to ratify a treaty
13) wprowadzaæ traktat w ¿ycie m) to reject / to repudiate a treaty
14) zatwierdziæ traktat n) to sign a treaty
15) zawrzeæ traktat o) to violate / to break / to breach a treaty
359
Test Your Knowledge of Legal English
360
Key and Translation
Test I. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence.
1. b – statute – ustawowy
2. c – first instance – pierwszej instancji
3. a – judiciary – s¹downictwo, w³adza s¹downicza
4. a – jurat – jurat, nota podaj¹ca szczegó³y z³o¿onej przysiêgi
5. a – judicature – wymiar sprawiedliwoœci
6. b – jurisdiction – 1. kompetencje 2. jurysdykcja, wymiar sprawiedliwoœci
3. w³adza s¹downicza, s¹downictwo 4. (s¹du) w³aœciwoœæ
7. a – jurisprudence – 1. prawo, system prawny 2. prawoznawstwo
8. c – jurist – 1. prawnik, jurysta, znawca prawa 2. student prawa, absolwent prawa
3. sêdzia
9. b – juristic person – osoba prawna
10. b – lawful – ustawowy, legalny, prawowity
11. a – sentence – wyrok w sprawie karnej, kara
12. a – conviction – skazanie, zas¹dzenie, uznanie winnym, wyrok skazuj¹cy
13. c – adjudication – orzeczenie, wyrok, rozstrzygniêcie, decyzja
14. b – verdict – werdykt, wyrok ³awy przysiêg³ych
15. a – ruling – orzeczenie, decyzja s¹du, postanowienie organu administracyjnego
16. b – adjournment - odroczenie, zawieszenie (posiedzenia), przerwa (w obradach)
17. b – civil – cywilny
18. b – ‘act of God’ – si³a wy¿sza, wypadek losowy (klêska ¿ywio³owa)
19. a – ‘force majeure’ – si³a wy¿sza (klêski ¿ywio³owe, jak i strajki, zamieszki)
20. a – guardian – opiekun prawny
21. a – curator – kurator
22. b – ‘patron’ – patron, opiekun, mecenas, protektor
23. a – minor – niepe³noletni
24. b – age of majority – pe³noletnioœæ
25. a – age of consent – wiek uprawniaj¹cy do zawarcia ma³¿eñstwa lub odbycia
stosunku p³ciowego
26. b – natural person – osoba fizyczna
27. b – (legal) personality – osobowoœæ prawna
28. a – personalty (personal property) – ruchomoœæ, w³asnoœæ osobista
29. c – adult – doros³y
30. a – unincorporated association – jednostka bez osobowoœci prawnej
31. c – ward – podopieczny
32. a – legal entity – osoba prawna
361
Key and Translation
362
Test One
363
Key and Translation
364
Test One
365
Key and Translation
Test II. Link the words in the left-hand column with their translations on the right.
Test III. Use the words in the box to complete the sentences
366
Test Four
367
Key and Translation
Test V. Link the words in the left-hand column with their translations on the right.
ROSZCZENIE CLAIM
1) oddaliæ roszczenie i) to dismiss a claim
2) podtrzymaæ roszczenie g) to uphold a claim
3) rezygnowaæ z, odstêpowaæ
h) to waive / to renounce a claim
od roszczenia
4) rozpatrzyæ roszczenie c) to investigate a claim
5) uniewa¿niæ roszczenie d) to nullify claims
6) uznaæ roszczenie b) to acknowledge / to recognise a claim
7) wycofaæ roszczenie a) to withdraw a claim
8) wyst¹piæ z roszczeniem e) to put forward a claim
9) zaspokoiæ roszczenie f) to settle / to meet / to pay a claim
OŒWIADCZENIE STATEMENT
1) cofaæ / odwo³ywaæ oœwiadczenie n) to retract / to withdraw a statement
2) cytowaæ / przytaczaæ oœwiadczenie j) to quote a statement
3) korygowaæ oœwiadczenie b) to amend a statement
4) kwestionowaæ prawdziwoœæ e) to contest a statement
oœwiadczenia
5) oczekiwaæ oœwiadczenia c) to await / to expect a statement
6) odczytaæ oœwiadczenie k) to read out a statement
7) opublikowaæ oœwiadczenie i) to publish a statement
8) otrzymaæ oœwiadczenie l) to receive a statement
9) podpisaæ oœwiadczenie o) to sign a statement
10) potwierdzaæ oœwiadczenie d) to bear out / to corroborate a statement
11) powtarzaæ oœwiadczenie m) to repeat a statement
12) przed³o¿yæ oœwiadczenie g) to lodge / to submit a statement
13) przedstawiæ oœwiadczenie f) to give / to volunteer a statement
14) przygotowaæ oœwiadczenie h) to prepare a statement
15) przyjmowaæ / uznawaæ oœwiadczenie a) to acknowledge a statement
16) przyjmowaæ z zadowoleniem p) to welcome a statement
oœwiadczenie
368
Test Five
DOKUMENT DOCUMENT
1) antydatowaæ dokument i) to backdate a document
2) badaæ dokumenty q) to examine documents
3) byæ w posiadaniu dokumentu j) to be in possession of a document
4) datowaæ dokument o) to date a document
5) dostarczaæ dokument pp) to supply a document
6) fabrykowaæ / fa³szowaæ dokumenty s) to falsify documents
7) interpretowaæ dokument y) to interpret a document
8) kontrolowaæ / sprawdzaæ dokument x) to inspect a document
9) kopiowaæ / powielaæ dokument n) to copy a document
10) odtwarzaæ / rekonstruowaæ dokument dd) to piece together a document
11) opatrywaæ adnotacjami / przypisami f) to annotate a document
dokument
12) otrzymywaæ dokumenty kk) to receive documents
13) podpisywaæ dokument mm) to sign a document
14) podrobiæ dokument u) to forge / to falsify a document
15) podstemplowaæ dokument nn) to stamp a document
16) posiadaæ dokument ee) to possess a document
369
Key and Translation
370
Test Five
ŒWIADECTWO CERTIFICATE
1) dostaæ œwiadectwo e) to get a certificate
2) odebraæ œwiadectwo c) to collect a certificate
3) otrzymaæ œwiadectwo j) to receive a certificate
4) podpisaæ œwiadectwo k) to sign a certificate
5) podstemplowaæ œwiadectwo l) to stamp a certificate
6) posiadaæ œwiadectwo i) to possess a certificate
7) prosiæ o œwiadectwo a) to ask for a certificate
8) przyznawaæ œwiadectwo b) to award a certificate
9) sfa³szowaæ œwiadectwo d) to forge / to fabricate a certificate
10) uzyskaæ œwiadectwo h) to obtain / to achieve a certificate
11) wrêczyæ komuœ œwiadectwo f) to hand someone a certificate
12) wydaæ œwiadectwo g) to issue / to give / to grant a certificate
13) zdobyæ œwiadectwo n) to win / to achieve a certificate
14) z³o¿yæ / sk³adaæ œwiadectwo m) to submit / to lodge a certificate
371
Key and Translation
TRAKTAT TREATY
1) krytykowaæ traktat g) to criticise a treaty
2) naruszaæ postanowienia traktatu o) to violate / to break / to breach a treaty
3) odrzuciæ traktat m) to reject / to repudiate a treaty
4) podpisaæ traktat n) to sign a treaty
5) potêpiaæ traktat f) to condemn a treaty
6) przygotowaæ traktat k) to prepare a treaty
7) przyj¹æ traktat b) to accept a treaty
8) przyst¹piæ do traktatu d) to become a party to / to enter into
a treaty
9) ratyfikowaæ traktat l) to ratify a treaty
10) sporz¹dziæ traktat h) to draw up a treaty
372
Test Five
373