Frosio 17A Inspection Work & Equipment

Use of instruments
Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 1

Inspection Equipment
Utstyr utlagt

Inspection after application
After application
the following must be checked
 Climatic conditions (Ventilation,
Temperature and humidity)
 Curing / drying of the film
 Dry film thickness (DFT)
 Adhesion
 Holiday detection (if required)

ISO 2808 - 97 Method No.1
Wet film measuring comb
Microns Wet paint

250 225 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25
Steel

ISO 2808
Wet film thickness gauge
• Measure wet paint film
• Here: 25 microns between the teeth
0459-21
4932-81

Using “PIG” Universal on a
ship’s hull
• PIG = Paint
Inspection Gauge
• Destructive test
method
• Possible to verify
the number of coats
applied Cd-4932-100
• Possible to measure
the thickness of
each individual coat

PIG Paint Inspection Gauge
Mainly for laboratory use
4932-100

ISO 2808 - 97
Determination of film thickness
Method No. 6: Magnetic method

• Magnetic induction principle (Method 6 A)
• Permanent magnetic principle (Method 6 B)
• Instruments for magnetic, metallic substrates
• Calibration must be done in accordance
with instructions from the manufacturer
• Before testing the paint system
must be properly cured.
ISO 2808 - 97
Method No. 7 - Eddy current method
• High frequency electromagnetic

instrument
• For non-magnetic substrates
• Calibration in accordance with the

manufacturers instruction

ISO 2808 - 97
Method No. 10 - On blast cleaned steel substrates
• Electromagnetic instruments
• Calibration on a smooth steel surface min. 1,2 mm
thick
• For DFT measurement, not less than 25 and
preferably above 50 microns
• Number of readings, as a guide:
– 1 reference area: At least 3 readings evenly
– 2 reference areas for every square meter for flat plates
– 4 reference areas for every length for a web
– 2 reference areas every metre length for a flange
– 2 reference areas every metre length for a pipe

ISO 2808 - Magnetic and electromagnetic
Dry film thickness gauges
• Dry film thickness gauge
• Calibrate on smooth
surface to zero and to
thickness similar to be
measured
• Check with your
calibration foil frequently
• Plastic material foils wear
easily. Replace
Cd-4932-82
frequently.
• No internal memory in
gauge

ISO 2808 - Magnetic and electromagnetic
Dry film thickness gauges

measured
• Check with your calibration
foil frequently
• Plastic material foils wear
easily. Replace frequently.
• No internal memory in
gauge
Inspection \ Dryfilmthickness1

Magnetic and Electromagnetic
Dry Film Thickness Gauges
• ISO 2808
measured
• Check with your
calibration foil frequently
• Plastic material foils Tørrfilm målere Elektr.
wear easily. Replace Magn.
frequently.
• Some models have
internal memory.

SSPC - PA 2
Measuring DFT on small areas
Procedure
1. Area of 10 m2: 5 spot measurements
2. Each spot measurement: The average of 3 individual

readings made on one small area
3. The average of 5 spot measurements must be within

specified range of film thickness
4. Single spot measurements may be as low as 80% of

specified minimum film thickness
5. Individual readings included in the spot

measurements may be less than 80% of minimum
thickness

SSPC - PA 2
Number of film thickness measurements
Case Area Selection of Measurements

1. 10 m2 5 spots (on each spot: 3 measurements)
2. 30 m2 As for case 1 for each 10 m2
3. Up to100 m2 Select 3 areas, each of 10 m2
4. Above 100 m2 The first 100 m2 as for case 3

For each following 100 m2 select randomly
one area of 10 m2
Note: If measurements outside the specification for any 10 m2 in case 3 or

4 above are found, then each 10 m2 shall be measured

Instruments for measuring
surface roughness
• Stylus instruments
• Elcometer Mod. 123
• Testex Press-O-film
• Microscope
• Comparator
–Rugotest No. 3
–ISO 8503 etc.

Surface Roughness acc. to
ISO 8503
• Example of a reference
comparator: Clemco
• Surface profile comparator
comprising four segments.
• Clemco - grit
• Clemco shot also available
Clemco
• Check if the profile is
according to specification Compartor
and the paint
manufacturer’s
recommendation

Using Inspection Tools: Mirror and
Flash light
• Visual inspection
• Important tools to be
able to inspect areas
difficult to access
Jan, speil, lykt

ISO 8502 – 4 Humidity
Guidance on the estimation of the probability

of condensation prior to paint application
1. Air temperature
2. % Relative humidity
3. Steel temperature
4. Dew point
Steel temperature min. 3 oC above the dew point

Contact Thermometer
• Electronic instrument
for measuring the steel
temperature
• Steel temperature
must be min. 3oC
above the dew point
• Other types of
thermometers are also
available. E.g.
magnetic Steel temperature
thermometers

Measuring the Relative Humidity
• ISO 8502 - 4
• Photo: Sling hygrometer
for measuring:
- Dry temperature
- Wet temperature
• Measure the temperature
in the vicinity of the work
• Calculate the relative
humidity
• Use together with dew
point calculator

Dew Point Calculator
• ISO 8502 - 4
• For calculation of dew
point
• To be used together with
surface temperature
thermometer and sling
hygrometer.
• Use this frequently during
pre-treatment, application
and drying of the paint.
• Recommendation: Every 6
hours and when weather
conditions are changing

Salt Test Equipment - Bresle Test
• ISO 8502 - 6
(Sampling)
• ISO 8502 - 9
(Conductivity)
• Equipment for
sampling and
measuring content of
water soluble salt on
substrate
• Bresle method Bresle sett

How to measure the salt level on
a surface
• Water soluble salts will be
removed by water jetting
• Here: The substrate is
cleaned at a pressure of
2000 bar
• Salt level is measured by
the Bresle method
• Dissolve the salt inside
the frame of the patch For 15 ml sample size, multiply
• Measure the conductivity conductivity measured in μS by a
of the water sample factor of 6 to get mg salt per m2
Pre-treatment: Wj_saltlevel1

Calculating salt level on the
substrate
Formula: (L2 – L1) x 6 = mg salt per m2

L2 = μS after cleaning
L1 = μS before cleaning
Water sample, ml: 10 15 20 50

Constant in formula: 4 6 8 20

Assessment of Dust on Steel Surfaces
Prepared for Painting. ISO 8502-3
Tape Blast cleaned steel
Approved
Not approved

ASTM D 4752-87
Curing test of Zinc - ethylsilicate with MEK.
Glove MEK Rag
Rubbing 50 x
No Zinc on the Rag: A lot of Zinc on Rag:

Cured Not cured
Approved Further curing / Reblasting

ASTM D 4752-87
MEK curing test of zinc ethyl silicate
• Left: One cured and uncured test plate
• Right: Uncured zinc over coated. Result: Delamination
0807-2
A-4

ASTM D 4752-87
Curing test of Zinc – ethyl silicate with MEK.
Glove
MEK
Inspection / Zincsilicate_curing1
Rag

ASTM D 3359-87
Adhesion testing by knife and adhesive tape
• There are two test methods

• The method to select depends on the DFT
Method A: DFT above 125 microns

Method B: DFT below 125 microns
(Above 125 if wider cuts are used)
Method A: X - cut. Tape test

Method B: Cross - cut. Tape test

ASTM 3359-87. Method B
Adhesion testing
• < 50 microns = 1 mm apart (11 cuts)
• 50 - 125 microns = 2 mm apart (6 cuts)
• > 125 microns = Method A
1. Cuts: 20 mm long
2. Brush with a soft brush
3. Examine
4. Cuts: 20 mm long at 90o on the original cuts
5. Brush with...
6. Tape 75 mm
7. Within 90 + 30 sec. remove tape

Classification of adhesion test results.
Method B. (Example for six parallel cuts).
5B None 5B The edges of the cuts are completely
smooth; none of the lattice is detached
4B 4B Small flakes of the coating is detached at
intersections: 5% of the area is affected
3B Small flakes of the coating are detached
along edges and at intersections of cuts.
3B The area affected is 5 to 15% of the
lattice.
2B The coating has flaked along the edges
2B and on parts of the squares. The area
affected is 15 to 35% of the lattice.
1B The coating has flaked along the edges of
1B cuts in large ribbons and whole squares
have detached. The area affected is 35 to
65 % of the lattice.
0B Flaking and detachment worse than Grade
0B Greater than 65% 1B.

ISO 2409
Cross-cut test
Cutting tool
Single bladed knife
or
Multi-blade cutting tool with 6 cutting
edges spaced 1 mm or 2 mm apart
Spacing of cuts
0 - 60 microns: 1 mm spacing, hard substrates
0 - 60 microns: 2 mm spacing, soft substrates
60 - 120 microns: 3 mm spacing, hard/soft substrates
121 - 250 microns: 3 mm spacing, hard/soft substrates

ISO 2409
Cross-cut test
Procedure:
• Make 6 parallel cuts with defined space in the
coating.
• Repeat operation, crossing original cuts at 90o
so that a grid pattern is formed.
• Brush with soft brush.
• Apply adhesive tape and pull off.
• Classify results in accordance with table 1.

ISO 2409
Cross cut adhesion test
• Cross cut adhesion

test
• Cut vertical and
horizontal lines to
form a grid
• Apply a strong tape
• Pull off the tape Cd-4932-91
• Evaluate according to
the standard

ISO 2409
Cross-cut adhesion test
• Left: A good type of cross-cut tool

• Right: Evaluation of performed test
0002-002
0002-001

Classification of Adhesion Test Results.
(Example for six parallel cuts).
5B None 5B The edges of the cuts are completely

smooth; none of the lattice is detached
4B 4B Small flakes of the coating is detached at
intersections: 5% of the area is affected
3B Small flakes of the coating are detached
along edges and at intersections of cuts.
3B The area affected is 5 to 15% of the
lattice.
2B The coating has flaked along the edges
2B and on parts of the squares. The area
affected is 15 to 35% of the lattice.
1B The coating has flaked along the edges of
1B cuts in large ribbons and whole squares
have detached. The area affected is 35 to
65 % of the lattice.
0B Flaking and detachment worse than Grade
0B Greater than 65% 1B.

ISO 2409
Classification of Cross-cut test
Classi- Appearance of surface
Description
fication Six parallel cuts
0 Completely smooth: none of the squares detached
1 Small flakes at the Intersections. Area affected 5 %
Flaked along the edges and/or at the

2 Intersections. Area affected: 5-15%
Flaked along the edges, wholly in large ribbons,

3 and/or partly or wholly on different parts of
the squares. Area affected: 15-35%
Flaked along the edges in large ribbons and/or
4 some squares have detached partly or wholly.
Area affected: 35-65%
5 Any degree of flaking that cannot even be classified by 4.
ISO 2409
Cross cut adhesion test
• Cross cut adhesion
test
• Cut vertical and
horizontal lines to form
a grid
• Apply a strong tape
• Pull off the tape
• Evaluate according to
the standard
Inspection / Adhesion_crosscut1

ISO 4624
Pull-off test for adhesion
Instruments:
• Elcometer Adhesion Tester
• Saeberg Adhesion Tester (pneumatic)
• Hate Adhesion Tester (hydraulic)
• PAT
• Other
Failure:
Adhesion failure: Between coats or between or substrate and 1st coat
Cohesion failure: Inside a coat

ISO 4624
Pull-off test for adhesion
Procedure:
• Test dollies glued onto the coating
• Adhesive: Cyano-acrylate or solvent free epoxy
• Remove adhesive and coating around the dollies
• Pull off test-dollies vertical to the surface
• Read adhesion value and report the type of fracture
Fractures:
• Adhesion failure - fracture between coats or substrate and 1.
coat
• Cohesion failure - fracture within a coat

ISO 4624
Pull-off dollies glued to the structure
• Pull off adhesion
test
• Dollies are glued to
the structure with a
strong glue
• Prior to pull-off:
Cut around the Cd-4932-102
dolly, through the
paint film and down
to the substrate
material

ISO 4624
Pull-off testing of paint on a structure
• Pull off adhesion test.
• Destructive test method
• Here, connecting of the
device for pulling off the
dollies
• Read and note the value
• Several types of Cd-4932-101
instruments are
available

ISO 4624
Area after pull-off testing
• Pull off adhesion test
• The adhesive failure -
fracture between coats -
or between coating and
substrate must be
evaluated Cd-4932-103
• Note adhesion failure, %
• The cohesive failure -
fracture within the
coating- must be
evaluated.
• Note cohesion failure, %
• Also: Note glue failure, %

ISO 4624
Pull-off dollies glued to the
structure
• Pull off adhesion test
• Dollies are glued to the
structure with a strong
glue
• Prior to pull-off:
Cut around the dolly,
through the paint film
and down to the
substrate material
• Record the pull-off
value Inspection / Adhesion_pulloff1
• Evaluate the failure

ASTM G 62 - 85 Method A
Pinhole detection. Low voltage.
• Low voltage: < 75 V DC

• To detect pinholes, voids or metal particles to
be in the range of 25-250 microns.
• Effective for paint films up to a DFT of 500
microns if a wetting agent is used in the
water.
• This is a non-destructive test.

ASTM G-62-85, method A
Low voltage holiday detector
• Photo: Low voltage
pinhole detector
• Detecting pinholes, voids
or metal particles in paint
film up to 250 microns
• Non destructive test
method
• Will only detect defects Cd-4932-92
down to bare metal
• The sponge must be
wetted
• Do not use excessive
water

Low voltage pinhole detector
• Photo: Low voltage pinhole
detector
• Detecting pinholes, voids
or metal particles in paint
film up to 250 microns
method
• Will only detect defects
down to bare metal 0002-004
wetted
• Do not use excessive water

Low voltage pinhole detector
• Detecting pinholes,
voids or metal particles
in paint film up to 250
microns
method
• Will only detect defects
down to bare metal
wetted
• Do not use excessive Inspection / Pore_detection1
water

ASTM G 62 Method B
Holiday detection. High voltage.
High voltage: 900 - 20.000 V
Used to detect pinholes, voids and

areas with thin paint films
This is a destructive test.

ASTM G-62-85, method B
High voltage holiday detector
for detecting pinholes,
voids and thin spots in
paint film
• Adjust voltage according to
the film thickness or the
paint manufacturers Cd-4932-93
recommendation
• Gives a light or signal when
pinhole or weak point is
detected

ASTM G-62-85, method B
High voltage holiday detector

for detecting pinholes,
voids and thin spots in
paint film
• Adjust voltage according to
the film thickness or the
• 0002-005
paint manufacturers
recommendation
• Gives a light or signal when
pinhole or weak point is
detected

ASTM G 62 Method B
Holiday detection. High voltage.
• High voltage: 900 - 20.000
V
• Used to detect pinholes,

voids and
• areas with thin paint films
• This is a destructive test.
Inspection / Holiday_detection1

ISO 12944
General standard for corrosion protection:
Paints and varnishes - Corrosion protection
of steel structures by protective paints systems.
Part 1 General introduction.
Part 2 Classification of environments.
Part 3 Design considerations.
Part 4 Types of surface and surface preparation.
Part 5 Protective paint systems.
Part 6 Laboratory performance test methods.
Part 7 Execution and supervision of paint work.
Part 8 Development of specifications for new work
and maintenance.

ISO 8504 - 1
General principles
Selection of methods

ISO 8504
Surface preparation methods:
Part 1: General principles.

Part 2: Abrasive blast-cleaning.
Part 3: Hand- and power-tool
cleaning.

ISO 8504 - 2
Abrasive blast-cleaning
• Methods
• Effectiveness
• Fields of
application

ISO 8504 - 3
Hand and Power-tool Cleaning
• Methods
• Equipment to be used
• Procedure to be followed

Using solvents to determine
generic type of paint
Paint dissolves:
Rag soaked
Physically drying
with solvent
No reaction:
Chemically curing
Steel
Lifting/Wrinkling:
2 coat paint Oxidatively curing

Using solvents to determine
generic type of paint
Use a rag soaked
with solvent
No reaction:
Chemically curing
Paint dissolves:
Physically drying
Lifting/Wrinkling: Inspection / Determine_generic1

Oxidatively curing

Standards relating to mechanical properties
Property Standard / Test method
Adhesion (Cross cut) ISO 2409, DIN 53251, BS 3900-E6, ASTM 3359
Adhesion (Pull-off) ISO 4624, ASTM 4541, BS 3900 - E10
Adhesion ASTM D 1002 (Specified for Chartek)
(Shear strength)
Hardness ISO 2815 (Buchholz - methode)
Hardness ISO 1522 (Kønig - pendel)
Hardness Barchol
Elasticiy ISO 1520 (Cupping test)
Flexibility ISO 6860 ASTM D 522
BS 3900 - E11 (Conical mandrel)
Impact resistance ISO/TR 6272 - 79E ASTM D 2794 - 84
DIN 55669 BS 3900 - E3

Testing and evaluation.
marine atmosphere (1 of 2)
Test method Standards Comments
Physical testing
Adhesion ISO 2409 Before and after exposure
Adhesion ISO 4624 Before and after exposure
Flexibility ISO 1510 Before and after exposure
Elasticity ISO 1520 Before and after exposure
Hardness ISO 2815
Impact resistance ISO 6272
Gloss ISO 2813
Abrasion resistance ASTM D 4060
Exposure conditions:
Saltspray ISO 7253 or ASTM B 117
Prohesion test
UV-cabinet ASTM G 53
Condensation chamber ISO 6270
Humidity chamber BS 3900
Weathering ISO 2810
Resistance to liquids ISO 2812 Oil, petroleum , etc.

Testing and evaluation.
marine atmosphere (2 of 2)
Test method Standards Comments
Evaluation of paint films

Blistering ISO 4628/2
Rust ISO 4628/3
Cracking ISO 4628/4
Flaking ISO 4628/5
Chalking ISO 4628/6
Scribe ASTM D 1654
Evaluation of the liquid paint

Appearance in tin ISO 2431 “Flow time”
Viscosity ISO 2884
Application properties

Abrasion resistance
• Weigh the painted
sample
• Install it in the apparatus
and run 1000 cycles
• Measure the weight loss
Testing paints \ Abrasion resistance1

Flexibility test
• Use a thin test panel
• Measure the paint film
thickness
• Carry out the impact test
on the rear side of the
test panel
• Determine the highest
level of impact load
before any crack or
defect in the paint film
occurs
Testing paints \ Flexibility_test1

Impact test
• Use a thick test panel
• Measure the paint film
thickness
• Carry out the impact test
on the painted side of the
test panel
• Determine the highest
level of impact load
before any crack or
defect in the paint film
occurs
Testing paints \ Impact_test1

Reference area should:
• be representative to the remaining

area coated with the same system.
• be available for inspection at any time.
• be marked thoroughly to indicate
"ref.area"
• not be overcoated

Controlled application
• Inspection of:
» steelwork
» cleaning
» surface preparation (blastcleaning)
» painting
» curing
» completed system

Number of reference areas
Size of structure Recommended maximum Recommended maximum Recommended maximum
(painted area) Number of reference percentage of reference total area of reference
m2 areas area relative to total area areas
of structure m2
< 2000 3 0,6 12
2000 to 5000 5 0,5 25
5000 to 10000 7 0,5 50
10000 to 25000 7 0,3 75
25000 to 50000 9 0,2 100
>50000 9 0,2 200

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Use of instruments

Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 1

Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 2

Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 3

Microns Wet paint

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Method No. 6: Magnetic method

• High frequency electromagnetic

• For non-magnetic substrates

• Calibration in accordance with the

Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 9

Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 10

Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 11

• Dry film thickness gauge

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2. Each spot measurement: The average of 3 individual

3. The average of 5 spot measurements must be within

4. Single spot measurements may be as low as 80% of

5. Individual readings included in the spot

Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 14

Case Area Selection of Measurements

2. 30 m2 As for case 1 for each 10 m2

3. Up to100 m2 Select 3 areas, each of 10 m2

4. Above 100 m2 The first 100 m2 as for case 3

Note: If measurements outside the specification for any 10 m2 in case 3 or

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Jan, speil, lykt

Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 18

Guidance on the estimation of the probability

Steel temperature min. 3 oC above the dew point

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Formula: (L2 – L1) x 6 = mg salt per m2

Water sample, ml: 10 15 20 50

Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 25

Tape Blast cleaned steel

Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 26

Glove MEK Rag

No Zinc on the Rag: A lot of Zinc on Rag:

Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 28

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Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 30

• There are two test methods

Method A: DFT above 125 microns

Method A: X - cut. Tape test

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• Cross cut adhesion

Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 36

• Left: A good type of cross-cut tool

Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 37

Frosio 17A Inspection Work & Equipment

Frosio 17A Inspection Work & Equipment