Professional Documents
Culture Documents
uring the last several years of the life of the apostle Paul (Hebrew Saul Paulus, c. 2-68 AD), heresy already was developing a
stronghold in an attempt to thwart the sacred teachings and doctrines as the very books of the New Testament of the Holy Scriptures
were being penned through the verbal inspiration of God. Wrote Paul about six to seven years before his martyrdom, O Timothy,
keep that which is committed to thy trust, avoiding profane and vain babblings, and oppositions of science falsely so called (1
Timothy 6:20). Paul also spoke against several heretics, among them Hymenaeus and Philetus (2 Timothy 2:17), and Alexander the coppersmith
(2 Timothy 4:14). In Titus 3:10 Paul wrote, A man that is an heretick after the first and second admonition reject. And also the apostle Peter (c.
1 BC to 68 AD), who wrote in 2 Peter 2:1, But there were false prophets also among the people, even as there shall be false teachers among
you, who privily shall bring in damnable heresies, even denying the Lord that bought them, and bring upon themselves swift destruction.
Some of these heretics represented the early yield of Gnosticism, a movement comprising an amalgamation of various sects whose
chief belief was that special secret knowledge was apportioned to some elect persons, who thereby were allocated special spiritual status and
glory.a The word gnosis means knowledgeb (or science), hence Pauls early reference to a science falsely so called. Thriving during the second
and third centuries, Gnosticism was designated by second century Church Fathers Irenaeus (c. 130-202), Tertullian (c. 160-220), and Hippolytus
(c. 170-236) as an aberrant Christian teaching resulting from the syncretism of unsound Christian doctrine with pagan philosophy, or even
astrology and Greek mystery religions. These three Church Fathers attributed Gnosticism to the magician Simon Magus, who is mentioned in
Acts 8.c
By the fourth century, however, 37 Fathers written contributions outweighed those represented in the misguidedly celebrated Greek ma
nuscripts Aleph (Sinaiticus) and B (Vaticanus), dated 325-360 AD, by 65.7 percent to 34.3 percent. d Nevertheless, heretical teachings based on
this tiny sampling of tainted documents (about 43 all told, eventually) evolved into not only the accepted Christian teachings of the day, but also
the official establishment of the fledgling Roman Catholic Church (fourth century). However, this false doctrine embedded within this minuscule
collection of manuscripts was abandoned almost entirely by the Church Universal by about the end of the seventh century. Hence, the
manuscripts and critical text editions underlying nearly every contemporary Bible version published today were abandoned from the seventh
century until a text critic named Friedrich Constantine von Tischendorf (1815-1874) first discovered the NT manuscript Aleph in a waste heap in
the St. Catherines Monastery, on Mt. Sinai in Egypt, in 1844. e Vaticanus B was the first entry appearing in the Vatican Library, back in 1475.f
Now these 43 or so minority manuscripts, represented foremostly by Aleph and B, remain the foundation of critically edited Greek
versions used by modern translators to produce contemporary Bibles. This has been the case since the release of the first new-age pseudo-Bible
in 1881, the English Revised Version (or RV) New Testament. g Most modern biblical text critics remain entangled in the fourth century web
perpetuated by some heretics and scribes of that time, but the inspired real truth of Gods Word has incontrovertibly been proved. Never has any
opponent triumphed over Gods wisdom having appeared in the unanswered and unanswerable arguments of the few stalwart orthodox
Christian scholars of the nineteenth and twentieth centuriesJohn W. Burgon (1813-1888), Edward Miller (1825-1901), Frederick Henry
Ambrose Scrivener (1813-1891), Herman C. Hoskier (1864-1938), Edward F. Hills (1912-1981), Floyd Nolen Jones, Donald A.Waite, and
others.
a
J. N. D. Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines (Peabody, Mass.: Prince Press, Hendrickson Publishers, 2004), p. 22.
Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines, 22.
c
Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines, 22.
b
d
J. A. Moorman, Early Manuscripts, Church Fathers and the Authorized Version (Collingswood, N.J.: The Bible for Today Press, 2005), p. 116.
James Bentley, Secrets of Mount Sinai: The Story of Finding the Worlds Oldest Bible Codex Sinaiticus (London: Orbis Publishing, 1985), p. 86.
f
William Henry Paine Hatch, The Principal Uncial Manuscripts of the New Testament (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1933), Plate XIV.
g
Wilbur N. Pickering, The Identity of the New Testament Text in Floyd Nolen Jones, Which Version is the Bible?, 19th ed., rev. and enlarged (Goodyear, Ariz.:
KingsWord Press, 2006), p. 163.
e
xTable of Contents
I.
II.
Preface ............................................................................................................ 2
III.
Introduction .................................................................................................... 4
IV.
V.
Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 39
VI.
VII.
Colophon ........................................................................................................ 60
XI.
Index .............................................................................................................. 61
6The Majority Text & Textus Receptus Vs. the Critical Text 6
Editions and the Modern Bible Versions: ESV (5th Edition, Revised)
By EDWARD E. SCOTT
This notated comparison document serves to clearly identify and clarify some of the documented differenceshere in 105 selected verses/passagesexisting
between the King James Versionand its legacy precursorsand virtually every other New Testament version commercially available since the controversial
1881 release of the English Revised Version (ERV). Many of these alterations have been noted previously by both liberal and conservative theological scholars of
the past and present. The author of this document has invested portions of more than two years in conducting research, inputting data, and proofing, editing, and
augmenting this document. This comparison assemblage has been produced to the glory of God and for the edification of redeemed believers through Jesus Christ,
that the latter may be enlightened about the long-standing, well-disguised and -hidden activities transpiring beneath the massive, deceptive and misguided
overarching mechanisms of modern Bible translation and the Bible societies. Since largely the eighteenth century, liberal, naturalistic and spiritually remiss biblical
and theological scholars have attempted to undermine and even overturn the NT Byzantine text underlying classical Biblesthe KJV and those preceding it in the
sixteenth century. Many of these modern theological naturalists simply have perpetuated the twisted theories and the deplorable manuscripts and texts which led to the
alarming production of the new-age pseudo-Bible, the ERV. From this unholy spring has flowed the multitudinous new tradition of false Bibles. For this comparison
the ESV (2011), NASB (1995), and NIV (2011) were selected for contrast to the KJV (and its underlying Greek texts) because of their popularity, contemporary
representativeness, and identical NT textual base. (Other editions of this document have been produced to include modern alternatives to the ESV version.)
(The columns below illustrate the textualand often doctrinaldifferences among numerous selected verses of the New Testament. Analysis is in blue and red.)
KJV
ESV
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
KJV
Matthew 5:44 But I say
unto you, Love your enemies,
bless them that curse you, do
good to them that hate you, and
pray for them which despitefully
use you, and persecute you.
(Also see Luke 6:27, 28.)
ESV
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
The Majority (85+%at least
4,856 mss) Greek says: But I
say to you, love your enemies,
bless those cursing you, do well
to the ones hating you, and pray
for the ones mistreating you
and persecuting you. Most
manuscripts are later; some
is inaccurate. But other Major
ity support exists in uncials D
(5th), W (5th), L (9th), and Theta
(9th), plus 33 (9th), 13 (11th -15th/
13 mss), some OL and all the
Latin Vulgate (vg), and the
Peshitta and Harclean.
KJV
ESV
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
Greek text, word form, and
translation issues exist. But the
evidentiary testimony resolves
the problems. Having been
exalted to heaven is supported
by the text (at least 85%),
13, 33, most of the Syriac, and
three OL. Opposing are , B,
D, W, , most of the Latin, the
Syriac Curetonian, and the
Coptic. Supporting . . . will be
thrown down are the text,
, C, L, , 1 , 13, 33, the Pe
shitta and Harclean, and the
Bohairic. Against are B, D, W,
all Latin, the Sinaitic and Cure
tonian (5th), and the Sahidic.
,
33,
all Latin (latt), the
means to be gloomy and overcast include it; yet, modernists two
idiom here increases severity to
to leverage the alleged weight of
with clouds.)
Peshitta/Harclean, and bopt.
emphasize a sign of the times.) moderns favorite uncials!)
favorites, Aleph and B, do not.
KJV
Matthew 17:20 And Jesus
said unto them, Because of your
unbelief: for verily I say unto
you, If ye have faith as a grain of
mustard seed, ye shall say unto
this mountain, Remove thee
hence to yonder place; and it
shall remove; and nothing shall
be impossible unto you.
ESV
ESV reads: He said to them,
Because of your little faith. For
truly, I say to you, if you have
faith like a grain of mustard seed,
you will say to this mountain,
Move from here to there, and it
will move, and nothing will be
impossible for you.
(Little faith must be erroneous
because Jesus said that even tiny
faithlike that of a grain of mus
tard seedwill move a moun
tain!)
Matthew 18:11 For the Son Omits the entire verse: 4Some
manuscripts add verse 11: For the
of Man is come to save that
Son of Man came to save the
which was lost.
lost.
(Also see Luke 19:10.)
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
KJV
ESV
ESV reads: And behold, a man
came up to him, saying, Teach
er, what good deed must I do to
have eternal life?
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
,
B,
C,
L,
terlinear Greek in The Zondervan
nuscripts . . . ? The majority of Greek and English Interlinear
and W include the verse, as do Z, academics have defied Aleph
and B. Why? (The verse even
Greek manuscripts is the plain
0102, 1 , 13, some Old Latin and
New Testament [NASB/NIV]. As
has been removed in the Greek,
all
the
Vulgate,
most
of
the
Syriac,
and simple truth. This is another
for to scatter like dust, this is a
from a recent interlinear.) The
and all the Coptic. Why have the harsh tone? Doesnt sell.
usage mentioned in Thayers
attempt to foist a proven corrupt
text upon a wanton public which is Greek-English Lexicon of the New translators repented and included Also notice the ESV footnote:
this verse when they did not in
Some manuscripts. This is
easily wooed by modern scholar Testament, but it is one prefaced
versions of the NIV previous to
by in a sense unknown to prof.
absolute falsehood and decep
ship. In addition, the NU Greek auth. [professional authorities],
the 2011? [The voice should be
tion, as the vast majority of all
does not read, and when if falls, and it does not carry like dust.
active rather than passive: it will manuscripts contain the verse
nor does it read anyone.)
crush him.] And should begin.) not just the Greek!
[References to the Septuagint.])
KJV
ESV
NASB
NIV
;
the
Itala
Z, , , 33, 892, five Old Latin, a
of Greek un
Old Latin]; the Peshitta and 24.2 thpercent
few Byz. mss, the Syriac Sinaitic, [many
cials (4 -9th centuries). (Per
Harclean; the Syriac Curetonian;
the Sahidic, part of the Bohairic.
part of the Bohairic. But why would centage is based on my per
Testimony is diverse and broad,
sonal count of categorized ex
any scribe add words of Christ He
tant manuscripts.)
but does not offset the text.)
did not say?)
Omits
verse 14 and adds footnote:
40
Some manuscripts include here
words similar to Mark 12:40 and
Luke 20:47.
PROBLEM
KJV
ESV
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
The Byzantine (at least 85% of
extant Greek) reads agioi
(holy) before angels. The
text is supported by A, W, 13
(11th-15th/13 mss), one OL, the
Syriac Peshitta and Harclean,
and part of the Bohairic. The NU
text of modern Bibles is sup
ported by minority-text staples
, B, D, L, and 33, plus 1, ,
565, a few Byzantines, nearly
all the Latin, the Sahidic, and
part of the Bohairica diverse
and broad testimony, but not
enough to offset the .
KJV
ESV
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
NIV: After John was put in pris Kingdom of God is the read
on, Jesus went into Galilee, pro ing in the profound majority of
claiming the good news of God. mss: a vast majority of the
Byzantines; A; D; W; the Pe
(Good news and gospel have shitta; most Old Latin and all
of the Vulgate; and part of the
(Obviously, kingdom of God is
the same meaning, according to
pt
omitted here. Furthermore, the
(Taken into custody is literal
the Greek euaggel [you-ang-gel- Bohairic (bo ). The NU
Greek
is
supported
by very
(What is missing in these modern word here translated arrested
from the Greek paradothnai [par- ee-]. Nevertheless, the gospel of
broad and diverse evidence: ;
translations is the clarifier king comes from the Greek parado
a-doth-ay-nahee]. However,
Jesus Christ is a sacred thing, so to
1 ,13
dom of God, which is specifically thnai, meaning to commit, to imprisoned or put into prison replace it with the pedantic good B; L; ; ; 28; 33; 565;
deliver
up,
to
put
in
prison,
to
579;
892;
2427;
a few Byz.;
more
accurately,
effectively,
and
the type of good news or gos
news certainly seems irrespon
four
OL;
the
Harclean;
the
give
over
or
give
up.
Hence,
the
illustratively
describes
the
event.
pel being preached!)
Greek has not been transmitted
Gospel of God less fully descri sible and disrespectful. Where is
Sinaitic; the Sahidic; and bopt
the sense of godly reverence in
absolutely literally here. And the
bes the type of good news being
(5 or more mss); others. But the
essence of this independent clause is preached. Interesting that footnotes these NIV translators? And what
textat least 85% of Greek
not just the arrestimprisonment!) fail to mention the /TR ending.) about the longer ending?)
still carries the day.
ESV: Now after John was arrested, Jesus came into Galilee,
proclaiming the gospel of
God, . . .
KJV
ESV
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
KJV
Mark 9:29 And he said unto
them, This kind can come forth
by nothing, but by prayer and
fasting.
(Also see Matthew 17:21.)
ESV
NIV
PROBLEM
NASB
KJV
ESV
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
KJV
ESV
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
KJV
ESV
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
The Majority text reads: . . .
Rejoice, favored woman, the
Lord is with you, blessed are
you among women. The
angel even is omitted by the
NA text. But 16 other uncials
not mentioned in the NA appa
ratus because of their alleged
unimportancealso support
the former clause. Uncials B,
L, W, Theta, X, Y, plus 565,
1241, a few cursives, all Sahi
dic, and part of the Bohairic
support omission of the an
gel. When including the Ma
jority text, the evidence for
inclusion of both aforemen
tioned is conclusive.
KJV
ESV
(Also see Matthew 18:11 and Luke (Many among the Byzantine texttype of mssnot an overwhelming
19:10.)
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
NASB reads: And Jesus answer NIV reads: Jesus answered, It is Two of the oldest five extant
Greek NT MSS, and B, omit
ed him, It is written, MAN SHALL written: Man shall not live on
but by every word of God.
bread alone.32 Footnote:
NOT LIVE ON BREAD ALONE.
However, another two of the
32 Deut. 8:3.
(The absence of but by every
earliest five, A and D, include
word of God possibly might be
(Again, the footnote only attributes the phrase. The text includes
an error of haplographya scribal the quotation to its scriptural origin the phrase. Without these
error of omission because of dis in Deut. 8:3. But the OT scriptural words the meaning is incom
reference is truncated! Deut. 8:3
traction from copying, or simple
plete: What else does he live
reads, man does not live by bread by? Man certainly must live by
fatigue. Otherwise, it is either a
direct copying from a corrupt scri only, but by every word that pro
the Word of God, lest he be
ceeds out of the mouth of the LORD
bal exemplar [source mss], or a
hopelessly lost. Also support
does man live. Shall replaces
scribal interpretation [deletion]
does from the previous NIV ver ing the are , , and 0102,
based on belief. No footnote about sion. No footnote about the longer plus the Peshitta/Harclean, all
the longer reading!)
Latin, 1 , 13, cursive 33, more.
reading!)
KJV
ESV
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
Luke 18:28 And Peter said, ESV reads: And Peter said, See, NASB reads: Peter said, Be
we have left our homes and
Lo, and we have left all, and
hold, we have left 31 our own
[homes] and followed you.
followed you.
followed thee.
Footnote: 31 Lit our own things.
(This
translation
committees
(Also see Matthew 19:27.)
Greek source reads, See [or
(Our own, as attested to by the
look, or behold], we have left Greek ta idia, refers to poss
essions. Opposingly, panta
our own [or our possessions]
and followed you. The essential simply means allpossessions,
difference here is the use of idios relationships, way of life, philo
[our own, or our homes] in the sophies, etc. In the NASB, our
own [homes] does not specifi
NU Greek versus panta [all] in cally refer to all things in ones
the . Our homes neither is a
life. And the addition of homes
correct interpretation of the NA- by the translators is an abominably
UBS Greek, nor is it the correct
weak attempt to more specifically
render an incorrect Greek reading.)
Greek, period.)
KJV
ESV
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
KJV
ESV
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
Reads: They blindfolded him and The ESV, NASB, and NIV
demanded, Prophesy! Who hit
omit any reference to the actual
you?
contact point [the face] of the
beating. The Majority text
(In the interlinear referred to at
reads, And blindfolding him,
immediate left, underneath the
they were striking him on the
(They does not appear in either (The Zondervan Greek and Eng
Greekprohteuson (pro
(Also see Matthew 26:68 and
face and were asking Him,
the /TR or NU texts at all.
lish Interlinear New Testament
phteuson prof-ay-too-sun),
Mark 14:65.)
saying . . . Only eight speci
[NASB/NIV], which is based on
Rather, they is implied in the
meaning prophesy, the trans
Greek, inserted for English clarity. the UBS Greek, does not renounce lators chose the word tellhow fied Greek uncials of the 5,700(Note that the KJV committee fail Both read, And having blind
plus extant Greek mss support
the Majority or TR readings dir
pedestrian and inappropriate.
ed to precisely correctly translate
Within
this
context
the
English
the modern reading, plus some
ectly,
by
including
this
footnote:
folded [perikaluante
this verse, adding they in the
word prophesy is clearly the cor cursives differing from the
a
autou
to
prosopon
,
kai
aorist third-person plural parti
first instance, and also adding
rect translation. Furthermore, the
included by TR after eparoton NA27 reads that they were strik Byz. Uncials A, W, Theta (),
ciple] him . . . They then has
when. The team also used the
been added where it is implied
[on the face, and after were
ing him on the face and is a para Psi13(Y), Ferrar Group 13
wrong tenses for blindfolded
( /Caesarean), most OL and
later
in
the
versebefore
stri
asking].
Hence,
the
translators
llelism to Matt. 26:67, 68 and
and struck. Were striking is
all the Vulgate, and the Syriac
king, as part of the verb, were
did not deny the reading outright Mark 14:65. Harmonization is
correct [etupton]imperfect
Harclean, support the . The
striking [etupton]: imperfect
ly. However, they footnoted it us implied. It also reads that were
third-person plural indicative;
having blindfolded [perika third-person plural indicative.)
ing Greek, making it both cryptic asking him, saying is an alterna NAs central support are 75
tive reading. But both are support
and almost unnoticeable to nearly ed by overwhelming manuscript
(3rd), Aleph, and B, plus K, L,
luante] is correctaorist
anyone not fluent in Greek.)
T, and 1241. Also the Bohairic.
third-person plural participle.)
testimony.)
NIV: 34 Jesus said, Father, for
give them, for they do not know
what they are doing. And they
divided upon his clothes by cast
ing lots. Footnote: 34 Some early
manuscripts do not have this
(Note the consistency, by absence, sentence.
between this verse and Mark
11:26: The modern versions omit (The footnote indicates the entire
the Luke 23:34a reference to
first part of verse 34 [a] is lacking
Jesus forgiveness of His murder in some mss. The result is that
ers, as well as omit Mark 11:16,
only the b portion, the second
Gods charge for humans to for
half, And they divided up his
give one another. The NA27 appa clothes by casting lots, exists in
ratus says that v. 23a is a paral
these aforementioned manuscripts.
lelismto Acts 7:60, according to This is a heinous omission! Critics
a NET notebased on all of the
minority witnesses listed at imme assert that the first portion was
diate left. But, again, this modern added to what otherwise are mul
istic theory is just that, and has no tiple verses, elsewhere, having just
part bMatt. 27:35 and Mk.
basis in actual proof! This verse
15:24. This is the theoryand
can be only an extremely vague
nothing moreof paralleliza
reference to Stephens plea for
tion. Why the notes removal?)
mercy to his murderers!)
KJV
Luke 24:12 Then arose
Peter, and ran unto the sepulchre;
and stooping down he beheld the
linen clothes laid by themselves,
and departed, wondering in him
self at that which was come to
pass.
ESV
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
KJV
Luke 24:47 And that repent
ance and remission of sins
should be preached in his name
among all nations, beginning at
Jerusalem.
(The Byzantine text and Textus
Receptus [Erasmus 1516, Estienne
1550, Beza 1598, Elzevir 1633,
etc.] each read kai, and [repen
tance and forgiveness] in this
context. Nearly every Reformation
-era New Testament reads and,
rather than for [eij] in this
context.)
ESV
ESV: . . . and that repentance
and forgiveness of sins should be
proclaimed in his name to all na
tions, beginning from Jerusalem.
(The Greek aphesin means for
giveness, deliverance, remis
sion, and liberty, so both remis
sion in the KJV and forgiveness in
the ESV are correct. The Greek for
the verse in both versions reads
identically. However should be
proclaimed is a slightly adrift
translation of the Greek keruch
thenai, which is in the aorist pas
sive infinitive. Correctly, it should
read is to be proclaimed.)
NASB
NASB: . . . and that repentance
40
for forgiveness of sins would be
proclaimed in His name to all the
nations, beginning from Jerusa
lem. Footnote: 40 Later manu
scripts read and forgiveness.
NIV
PROBLEM
Reads: No one has ascended into Reads: No one has ever gone into
heaven except the one who came
heaven, but He who descended
from heaventhe Son of Man.36
from heaven: the Son of Man.
Footnote: 36 Some manuscripts
Man, who is in heaven.
(Only 10 specified Greek MSS
support this reading: 66 , 75 [3rd]; (The NU Greek reads anabebken,
(Removing the last verse portion (This second edition rendition is
; B; L; T [ca. 450]; 33 [ca. 850]; ascended, and katabas, de
different from the previous.
ignores the fact that Christ eternal entirely
It also is completely removed from 083 [ca. 600]; 086 [ca. 550]; and scended, yet the English is so
ly remains in heaven: before His the NU Greek! Transposed phrases 1241 [ca. 1150]plus a few of the pedanticgone and came.
earthly incarnation and after.)
also are present. Wholly absurd.)
Kataba means descended.)
cursives, and the Coptic.)
KJV
ESV
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
Reads: Truly, truly, I say to you, Reads: Truly, truly, I say to you, Reads: Very truly I tell you, the
whoever believes has eternal life. he who believes has eternal life. one who believes has everlasting
life.
27
(No footnote appears in the ESV
(The NA apparatus indicates that (Text-critical scholars use five of
regarding this egregious omission. ei eme [in me] is an insertion their favorite Greek MSS to de
Why are the words on me not
fend their reading: 66 , 75 vid; ;B;
based upon what amounts to the
included? Much because of five
and Cplus L, T, W, , and uncial
opposing favorites. Unusually so, overwhelming majority of extant 892 [ca. 850]. Note that the critical
It is interesting that the sign vid follows Papyrus 75
some moderns argue against scri witnesses!
4
UBS
apparently
in the face of
[75], meaning that the reading of
bal accuracy here. This in the face
a witness cannot be determined
the
monumentally
defiant
evidence
of more than 95 percent of extant
with absolute certainty. They
has
no
note
or
symbol
at
all
to
Greek manuscriptsand nearly all
refer to these MSS as the earliest
other existing evidence. [See NIV flag this so-called insertion.)
and best. Changed from I tell
note testimony.])
you the truth . . .)
and
B
leveraged
as
TR. Why the changed word order?
Only 29+ of the extant 5,70036
66 , 75
th
the best.
and (6 ), L, T,
. . . iva pas o pisteuon eis auton
plus Greek mss support this
1
m apolatai all eche zoen aionion, four numeric uncials, , two OL,
reading. The text (cursives)
the
Curetonian,
Coptic,
and
a
few
th
63
that whoever believes in Him
Byz. mss pitted against the . The is supported by (6 ), A, ,
should not perish, but should [will] translators also have may . . . life , 016, 063, 13, most OL and
have life eternal, literally is cor and in Him, defying their source all the Vulgate [lat], and
Greek. Interpreters? Why? )
rect. The footnote is incorrect.)
nearly all Syriac.
KJV
John 8:59 Then they took up
stones to cast at him: but Jesus
hid himself, and went out of the
temple, going through the midst
of them, and so passed by.
ESV
NASB
NIV
Reads: At this, they picked up
stones to stone him, but Jesus hid
himself, slipping away from the
temple grounds.
(It is significant that Alexandrinus
[A], of the 5th century, is lumped in
with later witnesses by the NET
committee in supporting the longer
reading. As with the NASB, here,
no footnote is mentioned for any
other reading. The UBS4 has the
shorter reading, and supports it with
copious evidencesome contrary to
NA27for several variants: some by
unreliable sources, such as Origen.
Grounds has been added. It
appears in no Greek!)
PROBLEM
text: Therefore they picked
up stones so that they might
throw at Him; but Jesus was
hidden and went out of the
temple, having gone through
their midst, and passed by
thus. The removal of the
clause in question omits the di
vine miracle of Jesus super
natural power (invisibility?).
Lower Christology. The is
supported directly by 29 speci
fied uncials (incl. A), Families
1/13, 2 OL, and c (3rd copy
ist). Opposition is diverse but
outnumbered and outclassed.
KJV
NIV
PROBLEM
Romans 10:15b As it is
written, How beautiful are the
feet of them that preach the gos
pel of peace, and bring glad tid
ings of good things.
ESV
NASB
KJV
ESV
NASB
NIV
Romans 14:10c For we shall ESV reads: For we will all stand NASB reads: For we will all
NIV reads: For we will all stand
all stand before the judgment seat before the judgment seat of God; stand before the judgment seat of before Gods judgment seat.
...
God.
of Christ.
(The NA27 designates God as an
(Christ
will
be
performing
both
alternative reading in its critical
(bmati tou Qeou# [bay-mah(Note that John 5:22 reads, For
apparatus, using mainly , A, B, C,
judgments. Rev. 20:11, 12 de
tee
too
theh-oo],
judgment
seat
the Father judgeth no man, but
and D to defend this reading. It also
scribes
the
Great
White
Throne
hath committed all judgment unto of God, is in the minority text, but Judgment, that for the condemn lists c [third copyist], C2 [2nd cor
it
simply
is
textually
and
theolog
the Son. Modern translations in
ed. It details how earth and heaven
, , 33, and three other
ically incorrect! [See note at left.] It will flee from Jesusreminiscent rector]
clude this verse, unchanged, yet
Greek, plus all Syriac, as support
they omit the above reference to
should read Cristou# [khris-too] of unbelievers hiding at the
ing the reading. Changed from
Christ!)
judgment seat of God.)
instead of Qeou.)
Second Coming.)
PROBLEM
The vast majority of extant mss
read Christ. Modern transla
tors adopt the minority reading
because it is upheld by all of
their beloved old uncials,
plus F, G, 630, 1506, 1739, a
few Byz., most Latin, and Cop
tic. (This may originate from
lower Christologys genesis in
first-century Gnosticism.) Also
for the are 048, 0209, 33,
1881, and all Syriac.
KJV
1 Corinthians 11:29 For he
that eateth and drinketh unwor
thily, eateth and drinketh damna
tion to himself, not discerning the
Lords body.
(Unworthily: without forgiving
ones appropriate brother[s] and/or
sister[s] first; approaching this
sacrament without a pure heart and
due reverence for our Lord.)
ESV
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
KJV
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
ESV
KJV
Galatians 6:15 For in Christ
Jesus neither circumcision availeth any thing, nor uncircum
cision, but a new creature.
ESV
ESV reads: For neither cir
cumcision counts for anything,
nor uncircumcision, but a new
creation.
NIV
PROBLEM
Ephesians 5:9 (For the fruit Reads: . . . (for the fruit of light
is found in all that is good and
of the Spirit is in all goodness
and righteousness and truth); . . . right and true), . . .
(Note that agathosun [goodness]
(All Greek source texts compared is translated as good, dikaiosun
herein, the Byz. Majority, the Tex [righteousness], as right, and
tus Receptus, and the NU, do not altheia [truth] as true. This is
translational deliberateness in
include a verb after Spirit or
replacing traditional theological
light, so the respective trans
terms within what feigns being
lation committees have selected
their own preferences. However, Gods Word. This caters to alleged
easier reading, and, worse still, a
the most appropriate form prob
deprecation of biblical majesty.
ably is the simple being form is.) Also note that tou, the, has
NASB
NASB reads: For neither is cir
cumcision anything, nor uncir
cumcision, but a new creation.
KJV
ESV
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
The underlying Greek, again,
is identical, so why the confus
ing English translation? Evi
dently, modern translators
think that robbery is too dif
ficult for contemporary readers
to comprehend; thus, they add
three words to avoid using the
term. The Greek arpagmon
means the act of seizing or
robbing. Hence, not grasp
ing to be equal might seem to
be a more appropriate modern
translation. Instead, moderns
have opted for ambiguous
translations.
KJV
1 Timothy 3:16 And
without controversy great is the
mystery of godliness: God was
manifest in the flesh, justified in
the Spirit, seen of angels, preach
ed unto the Gentiles, believed on
in the world, received up into
glory.
(Some Greek mss read He who,
but these are very few. In both
Greek source texts, the wording is
identical, except for the relative
pronoun [h]os appearing for The
os. But oj would mean who in
this context. No he precedes it!)
NASB
NIV
ESV
PROBLEM
The NIV also mitigates the con The Majority reading supports
suffer reproach. Suffer re
notation with strive.
proach places the rightful bur
(Uncials , A, C, F [9th], G [9th], K den of discipleship and sub
[9th], and [8th] support the min sequent receipt of rebuke, etc.,
ority Gk., as do 33 and six others, on the believer. Jesus said that
and many Byz. Joining the are faithful believers will be re
2 [ca. 7th], D, 20 other specified proached for their faith. Note
that although Aleph, A, and C
Greek, and all the Latin [latt],
Syriac, and Copticoverwhelm uphold the NU text, B (Vatica
ing numerical testimony.)
nus) is conspicuously absent.
KJV
Hebrews 1:3 Who being the
brightness of his glory, and the
express image of his person, and
upholding all things by the word
of his power, when he had by
himself purged our sins, sat
down on the right hand of the
Majesty on high; . . .
NASB
ESV
NIV
PROBLEM
ever); . . .
KJV
ESV
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
The text reads having
come, and good things com
ing. In the NIV, some, again,
is outright deceptionmost
being correct! The NU text
reads good things having
come. The good things to
which the author of Hebrews
refers are pardon, reconcilia
tion, righteousness, holiness,
adoption, and glorious salva
tion, according to Matthew
Poole, as well as believers
eternal inheritance. The modern
readings are supported by B, D,
1739, a few Byz. manuscripts,
and almost all of the Syriac.
; ;A; D; ;
it
transposes
clausessecond
and
tuh-bol-yn], conceive. But for despite the NA Greeks reference
not entirely literal here. There is
third, varying in each. The Greek
6;
33;
81;
1739;
1881;
most Lat
no reason it should not be! The comprehension and stylization only to Sarah by name! Then, in the also does not explicitly refer to
in;
Coptic.
But
the
based
Greek reads and when past the
purposes, the committee omitted English column, only Sarah is
childbearing age. [But the NIV
on 5,700-plus Greekstill
suitable age gave birth, or and
mentioned! This translation is a
2011 does footnote about Abra
offspring from the English.)
ham.])
past the [fit] time of life . . .)
hybrid of the and the NU.)
dominates.
KJV
Hebrews 11:37 They were
stoned, they were sawn asunder,
were tempted, were slain with the
sword: they wandered about in
sheepskins and goatskins; being
destitute, afflicted, torment
ed; . . .
(. . . They were murdered [or
killed, or slain].)
ESV
Reads: They were stoned, they
were sawn in two,1 they were
killed with the sword. They went
about in skins of sheep and
goats, destitute, afflicted, mis
treated . . . Footnote: 1 Some
manuscripts add they were temp
ted.
(The footnote indicates the trans
lators were certain that they were
tempted was a later scribal inter
polationadd. Manuscript sup
port for omission is minimal: 46;
1241s [supplemental]; a few Byz.
mss; the Syriac Peshitta [2nd]; five
Church Fathers; possibly the Sa.)
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
KJV
1 Peter 1:22 Seeing ye have
purified your souls in obeying the
truth through the Spirit unto un
feigned love of the brethren, [see
that ye] love one another with a
pure heart fervently.
(Having purified [hgnikote]
is correct, as seen only in the ESV
here. Of 47 instances of the root
word in the NT, only this occasion
uses the perfect active participial
form. See that ye is not in Greek;
nor is it even remotely necessary!)
ESV
Reads: Having purified your
souls by your obedience to the
truth for a sincere brotherly love,
love one another earnestly from a
pure heart.
(A diverse array of Greek MSS
and versions do support omission
of through the Spirit. But in
order to show does not appear in
the NA27! This leaves a potentially
suspicious gap between truth
and unfeigned. No accounting is
made in the NA! [??])
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
As of evildoers, as in the
and TR, accentuates the signifi
cance of the righteous believer
being falsely accused. The NU
only notates omission of its
opening clause and morpholog
ical differences in to speak
(The NASB includes with gentle
27
4
27
(The NA actually reads, But with against, and eis instead of
ness and reverenceas in NIV
(Neither the NA nor the UBS
en before Christ. Majority
noteas
part
of
Verse
15.
Minor
gentleness and reverence, having a testimony for as of evildoers
(Behavior inserted by author for addresses the omission of o
ity witnesses for exclusion of as good conscience, regarding he who is massive: the ; ;A; C; K;
clarification of antiquated term
kakapoin, as of evildoers. of evildoers comprise just 72, , is spoken against, those may be
P; 049; 056; 0142; part of the
conversation.)
But the evidential testimony is
some Byz. cursives, the Sahidic,
ashamed who accuse falsely your
Vulgate; three OL; the Peshitta;
available from the NA26. See right.) and possibly others.)
the Coptic Bohairic.
good behavior in Christ.)
KJV
ESV
NASB
PROBLEM
NIV
KJV
1 John 1:7 But if we walk in
the light, as he is in the light, we
have fellowship one with anoth
er, and the blood of Jesus Christ
his Son cleanseth us from all
sin.
ESV
Reads: But if we walk in the
light, as he is in the light, we
have fellowship with one anoth
er, and the blood of Jesus his Son
cleanses us from all sin.
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
1 John 2:20 But ye have an ESV: But you have been anoin
unction from the Holy One, and ted by the Holy One, and you all
have knowledge.4 Footnote:
ye know all things.
4 Some manuscripts you know
(As in both the Majority text and everything. (Vast majority!)
the Textus Receptus [Stephens
(The UBS4/NA27 read oidate pan
1550, etc.], translators have added tes , you know all, but the ESV
the English word things to
reverse interlinear mistranslates
clarify meaning, but the word
as, You all have knowledge.
obviously is not required for a
[Context is critical here.] The ESV
reverse interlinear committee mis
complete understanding of the
understood the phrase, and/or they
verse.)
thought contemporary readers
would not comprehend. It took
(About you know all Matthew
more than 100 translators to get
Poole [1685] wrote, all these
this wrong! [The translators appear
things concerning Christ and his
to have concluded their argument
religion. . . . Matthew Henrys based largely on , B, and Egypt
ian bishop Hesychius, who they
Whole Bible Commentary
[MHWBC] [See JFB agreement at allege was the architect of the Al
exandrian text ca. 300. He gen
far right.])
erally is credited as co-reviser of
the Septuagint and New Test.])
NASB: But you have an anoint NIV: But you have an anointing
ing from the Holy One, and you from the Holy One, and all of
all know.
you know the truth.18 Footnote:
18 Some manuscripts and you
(The NASB translators showed
know all things.
sound judgment and wisdom in
this case, not altering unction, or (The translators deviated from the
NU Greek, which reads kai oidate
anointingfrom the Greek
pantes, and you all know. In a re
chris-ma, meaning precisely
anointing or unction: Strongs Ref cent Zondervan interlinear, they
simply added the English the
erence Number [SRN] 5545.
The NASB has no footnote. You truth into both the interlinear and
the NIV English column. In the
all know what? [See far right.]
Despite the NU using pantes, the preface, Greek scholar and teacher
nominative masculine form, they Bill Mounce writes, May our
work help all of you using this new
appear to have reached a hybrid
interlinear to understand the
translation between the Greek of
wonderful truths of Gods Word,
the text and that of their own.
every word proceeding from Gods
The Byz. panta is in the accusative mouth. . . . Modifying Scripture,
neuter.)
then proclaiming verbal inerrancy,
is wretched duplicity!)
KJV
1 John 4:3 And every spirit
that confesseth not that Jesus
Christ is come in the flesh is not
of God: and this is that [spirit] of
antichrist, whereof ye have heard
that it should come; and even
now already is it in the world.
ESV
Reads: . . . and every spirit that
does not confess Jesus is not from
God. This is the spirit of the anti
christ, which you heard was com
ing and now is in the world al
ready. (Word removal/order change.)
NASB
NIV
PROBLEM
NASB: . . . for the great day of NIV: For the great day of their 36
their wrath has come, and who is wrath has come, and who can
withstand it? Footnote: 36 Some
able to stand?
manuscripts his. (Vast majority!)
(The NA27 fails to mention vital
(Related to the note at immediate
KJV
Although imperfect, like every
other existing NT version (other
than originals), the KJV translation
is based upon refinements of the
Majority text tradition (Textus Re
ceptus) executed by matchless,
spiritually regenerate, orthodox
scholars of the 16th and 17th centur
ies. The lineage of the KJV repres
ents an overwhelming majority of
nearly identical Greek manuscripts
outnumbering the modern text
base by an 8-to-1 to 9-to-1 ratio.
The Byzantine lineage dates back
to the fourth century, if not earlier,
even according to nineteenth cent
ury modernist F. J. A. Hort, hence
having a pure heritage extending
back more than 1,600 years.
The KJV was based on the content
of several earlier Reformation
Bibles, including Tyndales,
Coverdales, the Matthews (John
Rodgers), Taverners, the Great
Bible, the Bishops, and the Gen
eva. Additionally, Theodore Bezas
1598 TR was another source, plus
some of Erasmus mss (late cur
sives).
ESV
Promoted as an essentially literal
(Literal Translation) translation
known for its gaining acceptance
worldwide among a variety of Prot
estant denominations, the ESV
New Testament represents a mod
ern extension of the ERV of 1881,
and a slight revision of the 1971
RSV (9% wording change [p. 13]
2005), thus based on a markedly
different Koine Greek source text.
This critical text originally was
assembled through the singular but
similar efforts of naturalistic, un
orthodox scholars of the eighteenth
and nineteenth centuries (critical
texts of Westcott, Hort, Bernhard
Weiss [3rd Edition, 1901] and Tis
chendorf [8th, 1872]). The source
texts of the ESV New Testament
are the NA27 and UBS4 Greek.
( NA28 since has been released
[2012].)
NASB
Long regarded as one of the most
accurate and literal modern trans
lations, the NASB, upon closer
examination, proves otherwise:
based upon the NU critical text;
often stylized against its Greek
source text and even defying it.
This version also takes liberties in
word and phrase order, based on its
own source Greek, and it often fails
to footnote significant variant
readings, such as those of the Ma
jority text. It frequently has been
mistranslated from its own Greek
source, and it represents an up
dated version of the 1901 ASV
the ASV being an Americanized
version of the oft-corrupt 1881
ERV New Testament. Furthermore,
the translators often use early
mss adroitly to offset convincing
Byz. and other evidence.
NIV
PROBLEM
Since the first century, heretics
have attacked Gods Word,
modifying it, adding to it and
subtracting from it. Successive
infidels established the Roman
Catholic Church based on noncanonical doctrine, human
constructs and self-serving ma
nipulation of Scripture. One
result was a minority of older
manuscripts evolving into a
corrupt, false Bible based on
a critically edited NT Greek
text forced upon the public by
naturalistic scholars and ling
uistic stylists. Bible societies
have become a collective corp
orate, rich CEO.
Note that, according to the
Biblica web site, now repres
enting the merged IBS and
Send the Light organizations,
more than 100 scholars repres
enting 20 denominations trans
lated the NIV Bible. The
same source states that for 30
years the Committee on Bible
Translation (CBT) has labored
to bring the Word of God to
people in contemporary Eng
lish. (That is, pedantic, sim
plistic, diluted and
mistranslated.)
Now nearly every modern
translation states it is based on
the most ancient and best ma
nuscripts, and according to
accepted principles of New
Testament textual criticism.
These modernistic methods yet
have an opponent in the spirit
ual form of textual criticism:
one well-supported since the
sixteenth century!
Codex Aleph
As for Codex Vaticanus B (03) Gk. 1209, its known history is meager, with only its approximate date of origin (c. 325-350 AD), its texttype (Alexandrian) and its fifteenth-century discovery, to present, being known. The Vaticanus came into the possession of the Vatican in 1444
hence its nameand the Vatican Librarys first registry entry was for Codex B, the entry dated 1475. 11 Now naturalistic text critics boast
interminably about the pristine conditionactually a detriment to manuscript character by indicating a lack of scribal useof their ancient
treasures of alleged superior integrity. Just simply contemplate the futile concept of essentially a mere two documents being leveraged to
outweigh the vast majority of 5,773 Koine NT Greek manuscriptsthe total text-type evidence being between 85-15 percent and 95-5
percent in favor of the Byzantine text. Nevertheless, most modern Bible versions New Testaments are based on the Koine Greek of only the
following: 1) Vaticanus B (90%); 2) Sinaiticus Aleph (7%); 3) Alexandrinus A (approx. 2.5%); 4) codices Bezae (D), L, M, and a few others
(one-half of one percent among them all).12
But the disproportionate manuscript numbers represent just one component of this multifaceted issue, some others being doctrinal errors, scribal blunders, text-type
considerations and nonsensical readings, scriptoral region of origin, area schools of thought, and more. The fact is, naturalistic text critics supporting this paucity of ancient
manuscript evidence still have no actual proof to back their suspicious critical claims, many of them based adroitly on phantom theories such as those generated by
Westcott and Hortincluding the Antiochian rescension (or Lucianic rescension) the latter standing on absolutely no documented proof. (The Antiochian rescension
is the W-H premise theorizing that the Majority [Byzantine, Traditional, Antiochian, Constantinopolitan, Ecclesiastical] text is a fabricated, mixed text most probably made
by Lucian [d. 312] in Antioch during the third or fourth centuries, combining the Alexandrian/Western texts. But, again, this theory is entirely unsubstantiated.)13
Authors sources
Information about verse attestation in this document mostly is derived from Novem Testamentum Graece, the Nestle-Aland 27th Revised Edition (Stuttgart, Germany:
The German Bible Society, 1993 [9 th corrected printing, 2006]), by Barbara and Kurt Aland, Johannes Karavidopoulos, Carlo M. Martini, and Bruce M. Metzger, and The
Greek New Testament, Fourth Revised Edition (The United Bible Societies, U.S.A.: Stuttgart, Germany [5 th printing, 2001]), by Kurt Aland, Matthew Black, Carlo M.
Martini, Bruce M. Metzger, and Allen Wikgren. Some witness testimony is taken from Earthly Manuscripts, Church Fathers, and the Authorized Version (Collingswood,
N.J.: The Bible for Today Press, 2005), pp. 124-311, by J. A. Moorman. Comparison verses cited from the KJV are taken from The Contemporary Parallel New Testament
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 30-1785, by John R. Kohlenberger III, ed., and The Word Bible software (Greece: Costas
Stergiou, 2003-2012), by Costas Stergiou. HCSB Bible text also was taken from The Word Bible software. Verse material cited from the
Majority text was used from The Majority Text Greek New Testament Interlinear (Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 2007), by Zane C.
Hodges and Arthur L. Farstad, eds., and The Analytical-Literal Translation of the New Testament of the Holy Bible, Second Edition
(Bloomington, Ind.: AuthorHouse, 2005), by Gary F. Zeolla. (The Majority text in this latter title was derived from The New Testament in the
Original Greek According to the Byzantine Majority Textform [Atlanta: Original Word Publications, 1991], by Maurice A. Robinson and
William G. Pierpont, 1991.) Other Byzantine text (Greek) was taken from Robinsons and Pierponts 2000 edition, from The Word Bible
software. Scripture portions cited from the Textus Receptus were taken from The Interlinear Hebrew-Greek-English Bible, Vol. 4 (Lafayette,
Ind.: Sovereign Grace Publishers, 1985), by Jay P. Green, Sr., from the 1550 version of the Robert Stephens (Estienne/Stephanus15031559) TR, Copyright 1976 by the Trinitarian Bible Society, London, England. In addition, Matthew Pooles Commentary on the Holy Bible,
Vol. 3 (Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Publishers, 1982), was used to look up parallel verses among the gospels. Other factual information has
been gleaned from numerous scholarly and authoritative resources, and some, such as the number of existing Greek NT manuscripts (5,700plus), is common knowledge in the biblical textual-criticism realm.
All other existing interlinears are based on critical editions (essentially Aleph and B), compare the KJV text to that of a modern Bible, or have been found to have
some corruptionse.g., G. R. Berrys (1897) and Thomas Newberrys (1877). Furthermore, Alfred Marshalls popular NT interlinear (1958), for example, is based on
Eberhard Nestles (1851-1913) Novum Testamentum Graecethe Nestle-Aland apparatusand compares this corrupt minority Greek to the NIV. The same is true of
William D. and Robert H. Mounces The Zondervan Greek and English Interlinear New Testament (NASB/NIV). Beware of the new breed of interlinears which have been
produced during the past few decades: Nearly all are based mostly on the ancient Aleph and B manuscripts, via the NU text.
By way of such a comparison purchase, the author has learned (from the preface) thatto his surpriseevidently many modern Bible scholars are largely ignorant not
only of the intricacies of the Majority text, TR and NU critical editions, but also have little or no knowledge of the study of textual criticism. For much of the past century,
seminaries and Bible colleges almost exclusively have been presenting students with a single Greek source text: the NU. It seems that many of the professors,
themselves, have not been aware of the chicanery that has been foisted upon them. They simply have been accepting the outrageously flawed conclusions of their
predecessors, and their teachings and conclusions, then passing them on to their students! Conversely, here is an excerpt from the
It seems that many of
Preface to the Third Edition of the Interlinear Greek-English New Testament (Vol. 4 of 4 of this complete interlinear Bible): So it
may be clearly seen that our aim is exact correspondence between the English word and the original word, as far as God will bless us
the professors,
with the right choice. This is in contrast with those who claim they have the license to discern the thoughts of the original writers and
then to make up their own expressions of what they would have written if they were alive today.18 (Emphasis mine.) The second
themselves, have not
sentence from this excerpt is a quite accurate description of the current trend in Bible translation: dynamic equivalence, or
functional equivalence, which is a thought-for-thought translation methodology based on Eugene Nidas new-age communication
been aware of the
model (SMRSource [encoded]-Message-[decoded] Receptor). Read the preface of virtually any modern Bible version and
chicanery that has
youll glean significant understanding of how these large interdenominational, ecumenical translation committees operate. Said
operational models in the prefaces of these new-age Bibles describe how interdenominational translation committees, with an
been foisted upon
excessive emphasis on unification among worldwide Christendom, work to eliminate discord (with the price of compromising the bold
truth of Gods Word), bridge cultural gaps, and provide Bible versions in todays languageones that sacrifice scriptural fidelity
them.
for alleged easier reading.
Edward F. Hills
Fortunately, thanks to among the most erudite biblical, theological, and linguistic scholars of the past 200 years, such knowledgeable, studious, resourceful, wise, and
conservative orthodox Christian figures of the faith as John William Burgon, Edward Miller, F. H. A. Scrivener, Herman Charles Hoskier (d. 1938), and Edward F. Hills
(pictured on previous paged. 1981), most of the nineteenth century, peoples of today and tomorrow still have and will have access to the expositional evidence
overwhelmingly supporting the case for Gods true Word: His words breathed out through His appointed human vesselswhose canonical writings evolved into the
Majority text, their subsequent refinement in the Textus Receptus, and, ultimately, into the production of the KJV. (Unless God has a plan for a superior English translation,
which seems unlikely given the KJV was produced at the pinnacle of the languages development.)
editionagain,
In a 1987 television commercial promoting The Book, a condensed version of The Living Bible, Billy Graham said that The Book reads
like a novelan intended compliment.27
CONCLUSION: In the final analysis of these issues, it is important to ask ones self a single practical question, because, for
most of todays biblical scholars, manuscript evidential age is tantamount to legitimacy: Should a paltry minority of older, betterpreserved documents take adoptional precedence over a numerically overwhelming, highly consistent but slightly eclectic
(variable) majority of manuscripts? (And should the editorial judgment of naturalistic scholars be accepted and commended
above God and His Word?)
Romanisms structure, doctrine and practices are consistent with the fact that revered objects, especially sacred manuscripts,
traditionally were protected from public access of any kind. Hence the pristine condition of the ancient corrupted manuscripts,
such as Sinaiticus (Aleph) and Vaticanus (B). (Remember that the Roman Catholic Church officially took form in the fifth century;
but its essential framework was begun by Constantine I [272-337] in 312. His reign marked the official adjoining of the c hurch
and state, a transaction that resulted in all manner of ills among the Church.)
A DOCUMENT GLOSSARY
AdoptionistOne who believes that Christ was a mere man until Gods Spirit had descended on him at baptismhence, that God adopted Jesus
Christ, thus helping to explain how God is one. The doctrine of Adoptionism originated in the third century.
Aeons (ayh-ons)Spirit beings of differing importance residing within various levels of the supernatural realm. Belief in this phenomenon originates
in Gnostic heresy beginning in the first century AD. It was believed that persons could ascend to higher levels of status in this spiritual realm.
Aleph (ayh-leff)1: A codification designation for the fourth century Codex Sinaiticus, discovered by Friedrich Constantine von Tischendorf in 1844 in
St. Catherines Monastery/Convent on Mount Sinai. It is dated to approximately 325-360 AD. Aleph (seven percent) and Vaticanus B (ninety percent)
under gird approximately 97 percent of the Greek source text for nearly every modern Bible version; 2: The first letter of the Hebrew alphabet ().
AlexandrianA classification term used to categorize biblical source manuscripts having specific characteristics identifying them with the general area
of Alexandria, Egypt. (Alexandria was the epicenter of early heresy.) Some examples of Alexandrian text-type members are codices Aleph, Alexandrinus
and Vaticanus, the three most-revered extant Christian codices by most contemporary biblical text critics.
AlexandrinusThe highly significant fifth century codex (also codified as Codex A) to which naturalistic biblical scholars often refer, often as an un
derlying support manuscript for the modern critical editions under girding most modern Bibles. It is dated to approximately 400-440 AD.
(Alexandrinus is Alexandrian in the gospels and Byzantine in the Pauline Epistles.)
Alford, HenryAn English (London) churchman, theologian, biblical text critic, and scholar, as well as a hymnodist, poet, and writer, Alford (18101871) was a graduate of Trinity College (College of the Holy, Undivided Trinity), Cambridge, and in the employ of the Anglican Church. A modernistleaning biblical text critic, he is best-known for his monumental edition of the eight-volume in Greek, on which he worked from 1841 to 1861. This work
was more philological (linguistically oriented) than theological in character, however. It involved a careful collation of readings of the chief
manuscripts and the researches of the ripest continental scholarship of his day (theological modernism). Subsequently, Alford published the four-volume
New Testament for English Readers (1868).
American Standard Version (ASV)A modernism-based Bible version publicly introduced in 1901. The ASV was an Americanized version of the
notorious English Revised Version (ERV) of 1881 (NT only). The ASV translation was partially presided over by Unitarians.
Antiochian (ant-ee-ock-ee-uhn)1: A term referring to things associated with the city of Antioch in Syria. The Holy Spirit first indwelt believers on a
large scale (3,000) in Syria, as recorded in Acts 2; 2: a term sometimes used to refer to the Majority (Byzantine) text.
Argos (ahr-gs)A Greek word meaning unprofitable or inactive.
ArmenianA fifth century Scripture version produced from a new alphabet, by Mesrob and some assistants, based on Bibles of Rome and Syria.
AsceticismFrom the Greek asksis (ass-kay-sis), a strict system of spiritual discipline whose chief preoccupation is the renunciation of the world and
the flesh as part of the great struggle against the devil: primarily poverty, chastity, and godly obedience. Although this rigorous ritualistic system
flourished in early Christian times, it rightfully became recognizedbased on Scriptureas excessive in its motives and implementation.
AssimilationA modern textual-criticism term used to described the process that critics believed biblical writers and scribes used to ensure consistent
reading between or among two or more portions of Scripture. (e.g., changing wording to assure parallelism between two verses.)
Asthenes (ass-then-ace)A Greek word meaning without strength, weak, sick, impotent, or more feeble.
Autos (ow-tos)The Greek reflexive pronoun self, used of the first and third personstheir, it, one, the other, my own, these things, this, together, very,
which.
AV (Authorized Version)The British (UK) nomenclature for the King James Version (KJV) of the Bible. (See KJV definition on Page 48.)
B
Beza (bayz-uh)1: Codex Bezae (D) of the fifth century, a Greek-Latin diglot, is representative of the Western text group. Codex D is recognized
by many scholars as among the most-corrupt Koine Greek New Testament uncial manuscripts extant. Some modern, liberal scholars embrace D, because
of its age, as supportive of their critical text; 2: Swiss scholar Theodore Beza (1519-1604) of the sixteenth century, generally regarded by orthodox
scholars as among the most-learned biblical scholars and theologians, and God-fearing persons, of his day. (Codex Bezae [D] was named after Beza
because this book once was in his possession; but he did not use it significantly in producing any of his ten Greek text editions, from 1562 to 1604.)
Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (1967/1977/1983)An Old Testament Hebrew version succeeding the Biblia Hebraica (1906, 1912, 1937). David W.
Cloud reports that conservative biblical scholar D. A. Waite estimates that 20,000 to 30,000 changes were made between the versions of 1912 and 1937.
Both the 1937 BH and the BHS (Stuttgartensia) are based upon the Codex B19a (Leningradensis), one of the oldest extant Hebrew biblical
manuscripts, dated to 1008 or 1009 ADthe complete OT text. The Biblia Hebraica (not Stuttgartensia) was originated by Eberhard Nestle (1851-1913)
in 1898, and he presided over its development, along with Rudolf Kittel (1853-1929), until Nestles death in 1913. Eberhards son, Erwin (1883-1972),
succeeded his father with the BH, and his successors gradually diverged from the original BH text to the BHS through the years, eventually switching to
the Leningradensis (BHL) as its sole OT base.
Bohairic (bow-hayr-ick)A Northern (Lowergeographic south) Egypt dialect of the Coptic language dating to the third or fourth century
characterized by a number of reasonably full manuscripts. Bohairic tends to support the Byzantine-text tradition, and it is the only Coptic dialect that
remains active in liturgical use within the Coptic Orthodox Church. The Bohairic was the the language of the common people during its time.
Bomberg EditionsDaniel Bombergs (d. 1549) 1516-1517 First Rabbinic Bible and in his 1524-1525 Second Rabbinic Bible, both of whose text long
was copied and presided over by the ben Asher Levite Jewish order, from the sixth through eleventh centuries, after which the ben Chayyim order
succeeded it. A descendant of this order, Rabbi Jacob ben Chayyim, served as editor for the second Bible, preceded by Rabbi Felix Pratensis, who
compiled this second Bible. Although the Bomberg Biblesand their underlying textgenerally are regarded as the OT basis for both modern and KJVlegacy Bibles, it has been proven that this claim is not applicable to the OT texts of the modern versions. ( See Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia,
immediately above.) The traditional Masoretic Text is based upon an older (tenth century) family of the Aleppo Codex, the OT basis for Reformation
Bibles.
Byzantine (biz-uhn-teen)1: A term used to refer to the Majority text group of manuscripts, comprising at least eight-five percent of extant (existing
and usable) Greek NT manuscripts; 2: a period of Greek dominancethe Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire during the Middle Ages)
ranging approximately from 476 AD to 1453 AD and peaking in 550 AD under Emperor Justinian. The Byzantine Empire, with its capital in
Constantinople (previously Byzantium and now Istanbul), ruled the known civilized world under the first governmental Christian influence. Emperor
Flavius Constantinus I (the Great) drastically altered the legacy of powerful Greco-Roman authority by becoming the first such champion of
Christianity. Constantine I succeeded the abominable persecution of Christians under Diocletians ruthless rule. (Constantine Is mother, Helena, became
an eminent Christian champion following his death in 337.) Constantine, however, was not entirely orthodox in his Christian views and conduct, and he
originated the union of church and state.
C
Caesarean (sayz-air-ee-uhn)A text-type being a hybrid of the Byzantine and Alexandrian typesa midway point between the two. (e.g., cursive Lake
Family 1 and minuscule Ferrar Group 13).
Campianus (kam-pee-ann-us)Codex M (Gk. 48) is an elegantly copied, well-preserved manuscript of the late ninth century. M also contains some
lectionary content in the marginalia, and it contains the debated pericope de adultera (the parable of the adulteress) which modernists maintain is a late
interpolation (false addition), yet appears in the vast majority of extant Greek NT manuscripts. Campianus is largely of the Byzantine text-type.
ChristologyThe study of the divinity, humanity, significance and mission of Jesus Christall things pertaining to Him.
Church FatherStrictly speaking, an early ecclesiastical authority of the second through fifth centuries, some of whose writings are extant, and whose
opinions and authorship helped develop and further influence early Christian church doctrine. Examples: Justin Martyr, 2ndGreek; Irenaeus, 2nd
Greek; Origen Adamantius (Origen), 2 nd/3rdGreek/Latin; Tertullian, 2nd/3rd Greek/Latin; Clement of Alexandria, 2 nd/3rd Greek; Chrysostom, 3rd/4th
Greek; Augustine, 4th/5thLatin. (The Apostolic Fathers were those who lived within two generations of Jesus Twelve Apostles.)
CodexA collection of biblical manuscripts which is bound, on one edge, to form a book. The codex was the successor to the papyrus scrolls whose
sheets first were made from the aquatic plant most dense in the Nile River. (Singular sheets were glued together horizontally to form the scroll.) During
the Reformation, codices were produced in three different formats: folio10 in. by 13.5 in. to 11 in. by 15.5 in. per page; quarto6.5 in. by 8.5 in. to
9 inc.by 12.5 in.; octavo5 in. by 8 inc. to 6 in. by 9 in.
Complutensian PolyglotThe first printed polyglot (adjacent languages appearing on the same page) of the Bible, this title was initiated, financed, and
at least partially translated and edited by Cardinal Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros and finished in 1517. The New Testament, which has parallel Greek and
Latin Vulgate columns per page and comprises Volume Five of a six-volume set, was finished in 1514. The Old Testament, which was completed in 1517,
consists of four volumes, with each page displaying three columns of textHebrew (outside), Latin Vulgate (middle), and the Greek Septuagint (inside).
However, on each page of the Pentateuch (first five books of the Old Testament), the Aramaic text (Targum Onkelos) and its own translation of the Latin
Vulgate, were added at the bottom. The sixth and final volume of the set comprises various Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek dictionaries and study aids.
Critical textTypically any version of a modernistically produced and edited New Testament based most-frequently on a minority of the most-ancient
extant manuscriptse.g., codices Aleph, A, B, C, D and papyrus manuscripts P 45, P46, P66, P67, P72, P75and founded upon naturalistic text-critical
theories. (e.g., numerous biblical scholars of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries assembled and/or edited such texts, such as Johann Jakob Wettstein
18th], Johann Jakob Griesbach [18th], Samuel Prideaux Tregelles [19th], Friedrich Constantine von Tischendorf [19th], and B. F. Westcott and F. J. A. Hort
[19th].) Uncial, cursive, versional, lectionary, and Church Father support also often is used adroitly to argue against Byzantine text evidence.
CuretonianA version of the Syriacin a bundle of manuscriptsdating back to the fifth century that is much-characterized by Sinaitic (4 th)
readings such as those also appearing in Codex Aleph. The Curetonian was discovered in the Nitrian Desert (Egypt), in a monastery dedicated to St. Mary
Deipara, by William Cureton, and still is considered by some moderns to be the Old Syriaca title that belies the later date of its origin.
CursiveA term synonymous with minuscule: A lowercase, cursive-type form of writing used in later biblical manuscripts, predominantly
beginning in the ninth century. Letters were strung together, as in common handwriting, using capitals for proper nouns and at the start of sentences.
D
Diglot (dig-lott)A biblical text having a translation of two languagese.g., Greek and Latin: parallel per page, or matching on contiguous pages. (i.e.,
Greek on one page, then matching Latin translation on the succeeding one, or vice versa.)
DittographyThe scribal process of error by which a letter, word or phrase was replicated in succeeding text during copying, caused by distraction, fa
tigue or incompetence. It has been historically proven that some scribes (Egyptian) even were unable to read Greek, thus copied letter by letter.
Docetism (dos-eh-tyz-um)Characteristic of Gnosticism and some other early heretical belief systems (e.g., Adoptionism, Marcionism), the belief that
Christ appeared as a phantom form on the earth, exhibiting the appearance of flesh. Hence, holders of this doctrine believed Christs death was not
suffered by a bodily Christ, thus had no real significance for mankind. Docetism originated in the first century AD, along with many other major heresies.
E
Ecumenical1: An interdenominational approach to Bible translation and other unification-based, Christian-specific activities. Essentially, unity is
embraced, if necessary, to the exclusion of pure scriptural truth; 2: General, non-specific; 3: Church-related.
Ellicott, CharlesA prominent, modernistic English Christian theologian, academician, and churchman (1819-1905) who served as a cleric at three
Christian institutions during the nineteenth century. Ellicott embraced conflicting views on the Greek New Testament text, first admitting that the
Byzantine text-type dated back to at least the fourth century, then serving as the chairman for the English Revised Version (ERV) of the Bible. This
version was finished in 1885 and, practically, was designed to replace the King James Version (KJV), despite the officially stated purpose of the
translation committee.
Elzevir (Elsevier/Elzevier)1: A celebrated Dutch family (House of Elzevir) of printers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; 2: Dutch cousins
Abraham (1592-1652) and Bonaventura (1583-1652), of the seventeenth-century publishing firm Bonaventure and Abraham, who edited and published
two Greek editions of the New Testament; 3: Elzevir Greek New Testament versions of 1624 and 1633, the latter originating the term Textus Receptus
by including it on the title page as a reference to the actual production.
English Revised VersionThe first printed Bible version based on a new breed of recently discovered manuscripts largely of Alexandrian (Egyptian)
origin. The ERV (or RV) New Testament publicly was released in 1881, and the Old Testament in 1885, the former after 11 years of highly secretive
deliberations by a Unitarian-led chair and functional heretical subversives (all recorded historical fact).
Ephraemi (eff-reh-mee) RescriptusThe designation given to the fifth century Codex C, a manuscript upon which modernistic biblical scholars and
text critics sometimes rely, because it occasionally supports some textual variants (words, phrases, verses and/or passages) of the critical apparatus
assembled and edited by liberal scholarsan assemblage under girding nearly every New Testament version produced since 1881. Ephraemi has been
codified as being diversely representative of the Alexandrian (gospels), Byzantine (Pauline epistles) and Caesarean (hybrid) text-types. (The designation
rescriptusor palimpsestrefers to a manuscript whose original text was erased and replaced by scribal copying at a later time. This usually was
done because of the rare availabilityat timesof parchment [animal skins] used for manuscript production in the post-papyrus period.)
Episkenoo (ep-ee-skay-n-oh)The Greek word meaning to tent upon, abide with, rest upon, or enter or take up residence in (2 Corinthians
12:9).
Estienne, Robert (French: et-yen)The French printer, master typographer, classical scholar, and New Testament translator (1503-1559)also known as
Stephens (English) or Stephanus (Latin)who produced the first printed edition of the Greek New Testament, published in 1516. Estienne was bestknown for his four Greek editions of the New Testament, in 1546, 1549, 1550 (editio regiaRoyal Edition), and 1551 (Greek/Latin polyglot). The
third version currently is the standard version of the Textus Receptus (received text) used for most such TR-based NT translations today. The last
version contains verse numberingthe first Greek New Testament ever to contain such divisions. Estienne was given the title Printer in Greek to the
king (King Henry II) in 1539. A notoriously prolific and ingenious printer who produced several highly elegant works, Estienne also was renowned for
printing numerous classic French and Latin titles, and grammatical and other school works. He started out as a Roman Catholic, but became a Protestant
later in life. Estiennes father, Henri, and all three of his sons, also were celebrated printers.
EthiopicA fourth century (?) or sixth century (?) Bible produced by two missionaries from Alexandria, Egypt.
Exemplar (eggs-em-plr)The manuscript used by a scribe, as a source, in producing a new copy.
Extant (eggs-tont)1: A text-criticism term referring to a manuscript which is existing, documented, and usable; 2: existing.
F
FragmentA small or even tiny portion of an ancient biblical manuscript. Major extant Greek fragments have been dated to the third century AD.
Several Hebrew fragments, however, have been dated to before the birth of Christ.
Friderico-AugustanusThe Greek Old Testament codex of the fourth century discovered by Friedrich Constantine von Tischendorfin 1844in the
St. Catherines Monastery/Convent, at the foot of Mt. Sinai (Egypt), in a bundle of waste papers destined to be used as fire fodder by monks there. This
collection of 43 leavesa subset of the Codex Vaticanus (B)chiefly comprises the OT books 1 Chronicles and Jeremiah, plus Nehemiah and Esther.
The codex was named after the king of Saxony, Frederick Augustus II, Tischendorfs governmental sovereign, to whom he gave the manuscript.
G
Gennao (ghen-nah-oh)A Greek word meaning to bear, beget, bring forth, conceive, regenerate, be born, make, or father. (Used to
describe God the Fathers generation of Christ in the flesh: For unto which of the angels said he at any time, Thou art my Son, this day have I begot
ten thee?Hebrews 1:5a)
Gnosticism (noss-ty-syz-um)From the Greek root word gnosis, meaning knowledge or science. Gnosticism was an early heretical movement
proclaiming that only privileged individuals could attain eternal life through a special, secret knowledge of spiritual things which ordinary persons did
not have. This movement originated in the first century AD, but reached its peak in the second and third centuries. Gnosticism was the product of
syncretism among Jewish, pagan and Oriental beliefs. (The apostle Paul warned against such empty words in Ephesians 5:6.)
GothicA fourth century Scripture version translated using manuscripts largely of the Byzantine text-type, created by Ulfilas, a missionary to the Goths,
using a new alphabet he generated from Greek and Latin characters. The Goths were a warrior-class people who eventually conquered Rome in 410 AD,
having originally migrated from Scandinavia. The source Greek texts he used witness to the early antiquity of the Byzantine text.
Griesbach, Johann Jakob (Grihz-bock)A German, rationalistic biblical text critic whose first critical edition of the Greek New Testament was
published, in three volumes, in 1774-75. Griesbach (1745-1812), an astute disciple of the father of German rationalism, J. S. Semler, originated the
term and theory of the Synoptic Gospels, Matthew, Mark, and Luke, as being highly parallel in content, aside from John. He also formulated what
formerly was called the Griesbach hypothesis, which now is referred to as the two-gospel hypothesis: that Matthew was written before Luke, and that
both were authored before Mark. (Historically, conservative biblical scholars have believed that Mark was written first, followed by Matthew and Luke.)
Griesbach, who served much of his life as a professor at the University of Jena (Germany), rejected the divinity of Christ and the supernatural infallibility
of Holy Scripture. He also was the first to declare Mark 16:9-20 as spurious, and he omitted it from his 1796 Greek NT critical edition.
H
Haidou (hay-doo)From the Greek word haides (hah-dace), meaning Hades, hell, the grave, or the unseen place (state) of departed souls.
(OT Hebrews believed in a single place for the dead, beneath the earthSheol (sheh-ol), or Hades. The abode or world of the dead, hades, orcus. . . .
According to the notions of the Hebrews, Hades was a vast subterranean receptacle where the souls of the dead existed in a separate state until the resur
rection of their bodies (Strongs Complete Word Study Concordance). The early Greeks believed in the upper part, for the souls of the good, as
specifically named Elysium, with Tartarus being the lying place for the evil. (See Ephesians 4:9Christ going down into the lower parts of the
earth before His ascension into heaven, to release all souls of the OT dispensation, to heaven or hell, accordingly.)
HaplographyThe scribal process of error by which a letter, word or phrase was omitted in the text of a copied manuscript, due to the copyist skipping
accidentally or advertentlythe appertaining content from the exemplar. (Modernistic scholars assert that this process was mostly or always
attributable to inadvertent scribal error rather than deliberate omission. But a twentieth-century scientific test proved that scribes were much more likely
to omit content rather than to add it [interpolation], verifying that the Majority/Byzantine and Textus Receptus, which are 2,135 and 2,577 words longer,
respectively [than the Nestle-Aland27], were not intentionally lengthened through faulty interpolation.)
Harclean (hark-lee-uhn)A seventh-century Syriac Bible version being a revision of its immediate predecessor, the Syriac Philoxenian (508 AD)the
Philoxenian representing a late successor to the Syriac Peshitta. The Harclean (or Harclean) is purported to have been a seventh-century (616 AD) vari
ation of the Philoxenian, by Thomas of Harkel (Heraclea), in Mesopotamia. Other Syriac versions are the Sinaitic (fourth century) the Curetonian (fifth
century), and the Palestinian (sixth century??). The Harclean quite closely resembles the Peshitta and is extant in only about 60 manuscripts.
HarmonizationA modernistic theory among biblical text critics postulating that some scribesusually ones who addressed earlier manuscripts
adapted phrases or verses to match those elsewhere in New Testament Scripture. (Also called parallelization.) This has been used particularly to apply
to gospel phrases and verses.
Hodges-Farstad (text)A modern edition of the Majority text edited by Zane C. Hodges (d. 2008) and Arthur L. Farstad (d. 1998), both of Dallas
Theological Seminary, The Greek New Testament According to the Majority Text, first was published in 1982, then revised and released in 1985. This text
still remains the most popular edition of the Majority text, and required seven years of labor to produce. Both men later served as two of the five editors
of the 2007 release The Majority Text Greek New Testament Interlinear. Earlier, Farstad was executive editor of The New King James Version, published
in 1982. This text differs from its chief contemporary competitor, The New Testament in the Original Greek According to the Byzantine Majority
Textform (Robinson-Pierpont), largely based on different interpretations of the same textual data, as well as on orthography (language writing
methodology), vocabulary, and word division.
Hort, F. J. A.Fenton John Anthony Hort was the lead force behind the infamous 1857-1870 New Testamentco-edited by B. F. Westcottthat under
girded the final 1881 English Revised Version (ERV or RV) New Testament. The ERV spearheaded a new, modern influx of Bible New Testaments
based largely on older but doctrinally inferior fourth- and fifth-century uncial manuscripts. A confirmed heretic Hort held such beliefs as salvation
through the vicarious life of Christ, rather than His death, that Christ, Himself, was not deity (but a created being), a spiritualized resurrection, scriptural
error, and much more.
I
Ide (id-ayh)A Greek word meaning lo, behold, see, or surprise.
InterpolationA scribal addition (insertion) to a manuscript. This is a deliberate individual effort to alter the content exhibited in the exemplar
(immediate copyist source) manuscript. Scribes did this either to incorporate their own interpretation of existing manuscript content, or simply to append
their manuscript with doctrinal or phraseological falsities elsewhere proclaimedrepresentations of their own beliefs.
J
Jacobean1: The era in English and Scottish history that coincides with the reign of King James VI of Scottland (1567-1625)also known as King
James I of England. The Jacobean succeeds the Elizabethan era and precedes the Carolinean era; 2: a style very close to the biblical English used in the
King James Version (KJV), or Authorized Version, of the Holy Bible; 3: derived from the Latin Jacobus, meaning James.
Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible CommentaryA conservative-orthodox, classic, authoritative, devotional and thorough Bible commentary originally
published in 1871with a revision published in 1901by authors Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown. This complete commentary is
available in a three-volume set (two Old Testament and one New Testament), and includes incisive explanatory remarks on most Bible verses.
K
Kai (ka-hee)A Greek primary participle (kai) meaning and, also, even, indeed, or but.
Kenoo (kenn-ah-oh)A Greek word meaning to make empty, abase, neutralize, falsify, or be in vain.
KJV (King James Version)Also referred to as the Authorized Version (in the UK), this is the landmark Bible petitioned for by thousands of
ecclesiastical leaders in England, and sanctionednot officially authorizedby King James I of England. Unofficial work on the translation began in
1604, by just a few persons, but highly organized sub-committeestotaling 50-54 scholars in allcommenced work in 1607. The final first version was
presented to the King in 1611. The KJV was produced by among the most-qualified linguists and biblical scholars in Europe and England. Its content is
derived from Textus Receptus-based manuscripts and Biblesthose generated by leading Reformation theologians.
Koine (coin-ayh)A term for the common Greek vernacular, the language of nearly the entire New Testament, designed for practical spiritual
enlightenment for the laitynon-clerical persons. (Also called vulgate, which means common.) The Koine Greek originated during the postClassical antiquity period, between 300 BC and 300 AD.
L
Lachmann, Karl (Konrad Friedrich Wilhelm)A German philologist (specialist in the study of language in written historical sources) and text critic
who was the first major editor to deviate from using the Textus Receptus in producing his own edition of the Greek New Testament. Lachmann (17931851) used the Alexandrian text-type in generating his first critical Greek New Testament in 1831, followed by his second edition, in two volumes (18421845?), and his third, in 1846. He also focused on using Western manuscripts and those of the Old Latin. Lachmann also was the founder of a critical and
philological society, in 1811, in conjunction with three others, in Lower Saxony, Germany.
LacunoseAn adjective describing a manuscript, some portion of whose original contents are absent. (e.g., lacunose, or highly lacunose.) See
Appendix III, Page 1, bottom, for application.
Lake Group, TheAlso known as Family 1abbreviated 1originally a group of five (5) Greek Gospel manuscripts dating from the twelfth to
fifteen centuries. These manuscripts have a distinctive and independent character and have been codified by NT Greek text critic Kirsopp Lake as
Category III, or mixed (electic). More-recent text critics have referred to these manuscripts as Caesareansomething of a cross-breed between
Byzantine and Alexandrian. (For purposes of pure definition, a Family 1 manuscriptaccording to A Survey of Manuscripts Used in Editions of the
Greek New Testament, by James Keith Elliottmay be assigned to this group for only part of the NT. However, technically speaking, in this
document,only the original five assigned to this group are noted as such.) Family 1 strictly comprises cursives 1, 118, 131, 209, and 1582. (However,
minuscule 205 and its copy, 205abs, very closely resemble 1, and have been paired with 209 by Frederick Wisse.)
Latin Vulgate1: A frequently-corrupt Latin Bible version, finished about 405 AD, which was translated by Jeromeallegedly reluctantlyfrom the
Old Latin by commission of Pope Damasus. Ten Thousand manuscripts of the Latin Vulgate are extant. (The Vulgates genesis is in the works of the
pseudo-Christian Church Father Origen.); 2: Biblical manuscripts whose content is in the common Latin.
LectionaryAn assemblage of Scripture designated for the lection (liturgy) during OT synagogue and NT church worship services. Extant NT lectionar
ies date back to the seventh century. (Also called Synaxaria. Gospel-specific lectionaries are referred to as Evangelistaria, while the Pauline-specific
ones are referred to as Apostolos, or Praxapostolos. Synaxaria also were daily lectionaries prepared for the entire calendar year.)
LowringAn antiquated English word meaning to be gloomy and overcast with clouds. (Used in the King James Version.)
M
Majority textA general term assigned to an overwhelming majority of extant Koine Greek NT manuscripts whose readings are nearly identical and
represent the Byzantine text-type. The Majority text also is referred towith greater specificity to its text-typeas the Byzantine, Traditional, Antio
chian, Constantinopolitan, or Ecclesiastical text. The Majority text accounts for at least 85 percent of extant Greek NT manuscripts among: 2,882 cursives
(lowercase script); 2,453 lectionaries; 311 uncials; and 127 papyri (total of 5,773). With the addition of the commonly known and codified early Church
fathers quotations (239), a conservative estimate of the Majority represents at least 5,411 of the extant 6,012 Greek NT manuscripts (90 percent)5,172
(86 percent) without the contemporarily accepted quotations. (See chart and accompanying notes below it.)
MajusculeAn ancient NT Greek manuscriptin biblical terms also called an uncialcomprising all capital letters, and usually containing no
punctuation (especially the earlier manuscripts) or spaces between words. Majuscules were the prominent NT Greek letter form until the ninth century.
Manuscript (MS/MSS and ms/mss)The term applied to a partial or complete series of leaves (four pages/one fold) comprising a book or
books of the Bible. All extant manuscripts have been codified via specific formulas, for identification: e.g., ancient uncial (all capital letters)
codices dated as late as the ninth century were designated alphabetically, alpha-numerically, or by the 0 system. See the following table for various
classification examples:
CLASS. TYPE
Alphabetical
th
0 (beg. 20 cent.)
MANUSCRIPT TYPE
Uncial (uppercase)
Uncials (beg. with 0)
TIME SPAN
th
th
rd
th
th
4 through 10 centuries
3 through 14 centuries
EXAMPLES
A (V), B (IV), C (V), D (V), E (VI), F (IX)
# EXTANT LANGUAGE
45
Greek
266
(311 total)
Library: numerical
Minuscules (cursives)
9 through 17 centuries
2882
Greek
P (papyrus)
Uncial fragment
127
Greek
None
239
Greek
L (e.g., L1)
Lectionaries (Lect)
2453@
Greek
Language/dialect
Version (uncial/cursive)
19,030
(approx.)
Various
John W. Burgon assembled a massive collection of quotations by early Patristic Fathers. Associate Edward Miller subsequently tallied and logged the assemblage of 86,489 quota
tions by seventy-six Patristic Fathers in a sixteen-volume, folio-sized (12 in. by 16 in.) set, by author. This mammoth Byzantine testimony currently resides in the British Museum.
Obviously, this vast total is excluded from the conventionally accepted sum of 239 fathers quotations, as cited above. Evidently, no one has researched and matched the logged
references to the appertaining documents, and/or the vast majority of the original documents referred to are not extant, for reference. Furthermore, modernistic text critics do not
recognize the validity of these additional referenced quotations. (In the second case, why would Burgon and Miller have lied? Both were highly respected orthodox scholars of
their time.)
Marginalia (mar-jinn-ayh-lee-ah)User notes inserted into the margins of biblical manuscripts. These notes generally consisted of scribbles and
editorial comments made in the margin of a booknot to be confused with scholia (singular: scholum), which are grammatical, critical, or
explanatory comments, either being original or extracted from a preexisting commentary. (Scholia are marginal remarks which were made to manuscripts
by ancient writers.)
Melchisedek (mel-kiz-uh-dek)The first biblical high priest, who presided over Abram (Abraham) and his people in OT Salem (later Jerusalem).
Melchisedek was a type (shadow or forerunner) of Jesus Christ, the latter being the Christians sole high priest, forever making intercession between
God the Father and every believer, for his or her sins.
MinusculeThe term synonymous with a Bible cursive manuscriptwritten in lowercase script characters. Minuscules began replacing the all-caps
uncials, as the primary biblical letter form, in the ninth century. This typographical form does include capital letters, as well, and punctuation eventually
appeared much more frequently with the passage of time.
ModernismA comprehensive cultural movement affecting all aspects of American life, chiefly beginning here in the nineteenth century, which
challenged traditional manners and methods of thought, behavior and morality while emphasizing mankinds ability to improve his own character and
conditions apart from God. Modernism essentially is a secularized, humanistic alteration of mans perspective toward God, shifting from mans reliance
on God to his reliance on himself. (Essentially, the same movement now is referred to as postmodernism, and is characterized more by materialism.)
Monogenes (mon-ah-jenn-ace) A Greek word meaning only-born or only, specifically in the sense referring to the unique identity of Gods Son,
Jesus Christ: Gods only begotten Son. (e.g., John 1:18.)
Moorman, J. A.A long-time English, Baptist evangelist who has operated in the United Kingdom and third-world countries, who also is a conservative
Christian theologian and author, having distributed thousands of Bibles and gospel tracts in London, Europe, South Africa, and elsewhere. Moorman also
has been involved in church planting and Bible institute teaching. Moorman, of the Bible for Today Baptist Church (New Jersey), is author of Early
Manuscripts, Church Fathers, and the Authorized Version, a comprehensive work that . . . places before the reader an entire range of evidence, and
demonstrates how the early manuscripts, versions, and fathers bear witness to the doctrinal heart of the Authorized Version, according to Paragraph 3 of
the Preface, Acknowledgment, Dedication in the text. This title explores modern textual criticism and ecumenism, ancient NT manuscript evidence,
and provides a thoroughthough now somewhat outdatedmanuscript digest providing support for the KJV versus the NIV (1984) and NASB (pre1995), and the manuscript sources for the latter two, in addressing 356 doctrinal passages in the Bible. He also has authored When the King James Bible
Departs from the Majority Text, 8,000 Differences between the Textus Receptus and the Critical Text, and several other books. Bible for Today Director
Dr. D. A. Waite has referred to Moorman as . . . the worlds greatest living scholar who is defending the King James Bible and its underlying Hebrew,
Aramaic, and Greek Words.
N
Nekros (nek-rce)A Greek adjective meaning dead, or a noun meaning dead body or dead person.
Nestle-Aland (NA)Also called Novum Testamentum Graece (Latin), this is a Koine Greek critical text (edition) of the New Testament, having
been assembled first by Eberhard Nestle in 1898. (His son, Erwin [d. 1972], succeeded his father [d. 1913] in perpetuating this apparatus.) Now in its 28 th
edition (late 2012), the NA is more recently based upon earlier critical editions penned by modernistic biblical scholars of the nineteenth centuryB. F.
Westcott and F. J. A. Hort (1870), Friedrich Constantine von Tischendorf (last/eighth in 1872) and Bernhard Weiss (1901, third edition). Numerous other
theologically modernistic biblical scholars and theologians also created their own critical texts, officially dating back to the eighteenth century.
Previously, the most-ancient extant Greek NT manuscripts, codices Aleph and B (both fourth century), largely were used as the foundation for all of the
critical editions. (Aleph and B continue as the keystone sources for nearly every New Testament published since 1881, via the NU apparatus.) The
nearly identical UBSthe latter now in its fifth edition (2014)also originally was founded by Eberhard Nestle [1898] upon the critical apparatuses of
Westcott and Hort, Tischendorf and Richard Weymouth (first and second editions). The NA 3 version subsequently was switched from Weymouth to Weiss
as a portion of its foundation.) The NA and UBS texts essentially differ in paragraphing, capitalization, punctuation and spelling. These apparatuses also
differ in their target market: NAinstitutional teaching, more marginal material; UBStranslation. Hence, the NA is marketed for more-general use,
while the UBS is more-specifically designated for a smaller audiencemainly the missionary field.
New Analytical Greek Lexicon, The (tagged NAGL)A revision of George V. Wigrams Analytical Greek Lexicon of the New Testament (1852), this
resource (eleventh printing2010)subsequently replaced by the current Analytical Lexicon of New Testament Greek, Revised and Updated (first
printingApril 2012)contains every word and inflection of the Greek New Testament arranged alphabetically and with grammatical analyses: a
complete series of Greek paradigms, with grammatical remarks and explanations, edited by Wesley J. Perschbacher.
O
Old LatinA mixed text extant in only fifty-five to sixty partially corrupt manuscripts and fragments, with origins in Syrian Antioch (Byzantine type
purer) and North Africa (Western typeless pure). The Byzantine form of the Old Latin text, called the Itala, is a purer text having been used by the
Waldenses, a people of Southern France and Northern Italy who were brutally persecuted by the Roman Catholic Church during the twelfth through
seventeenth centuries. According to the early Church Father Tertullian (160-220 AD), the Old Latin dates back to the second century (157 AD). Old Latin
was the primary Latin form until Jerome, under charge of the Roman Catholic Church, first translated the much-corrupted Latin Vulgate (common) in
the late fourth century, finishing around 405 AD. (Jerome purportedly was disinclined to produce this version because of his confidence in the fidelity of
the Old Latin.) The Waldenses/Albigenses, who were nearly entirely destroyedas well as their recordsby barbaric Roman Catholic conquests, used
the Byzantine Old Latin throughout their history, despite Romes adherence to the Latin Vulgatethe Vulgate still largely serving as the textual
foundation for Catholic Bibles to date (also manifested in the English Rheims-Duoay version of 1582 [NT] and 1609 [OT] and its underlying
manuscripts). The records of the Waldenses today only exist in just a few bound volumes because of the Roman Catholic near-genocide of these people.
Old uncialsA term of honor conferred by naturalistic, modernistic biblical text critics on five (5) early codices believed to be of paramount value and
credibility to the Greek New Testament text. Comprising this quintet are codices: Aleph (Sinaiticus/ ), ca. 325-360 AD; Alexandrinus (A), ca. 400;
Vaticanus (B), ca. 325-360; Ephraemi Rescriptus (C), ca. late fifth century; and Bezae (D), ca. 440.
OrigenOrigen Adamantius (185-254) of Alexandria, Egypt, was an abominably heretical but highly scholarly, contemporarily well-esteemed Early
Church Father who, despite his martyrdom for the Christian faith in Caesarea, was among the most egregiously non-biblical, pseudo-Christian figures
of the early centuries AD. Origen was an early editor of the Septuagint (Greek New Testament) and the compiler of the Hexapla (sixfold)six parallel
translations (two Hebrew and four Greek) of the Old Testament in one volume. Although certainly among the most-learned theological scholars and such
fertile writers throughout history, Origen held numerous non-canonical beliefs: 1) allegorical interpretation of Scripture; 2) denial of literal bodily
resurrection; 3) textual criticism (first unofficial, prolific practitionerediting several NT manuscripts); 4) Arianism (Jesus being a created entity); 5)
infant baptism; 6) Universalism (all are saved, including Satan); 7) salvation partially by works; 8) baptismal regeneration; 9) prayers to the deceased
Saints; 10) purgatory; 11) prayers to the dead in purgatory; and others.
P
PalestinianA Syriac version of the Scriptures purportedly dating back to the sixth century, according to Syriac biblical manuscript and Syrian language
authority Arthur Voobus, of the Republic of Estonia (near Finland). The Syriac Palestinian comes from an Aramaic dialect used in Palestine during the
earlier centuries of the Christian era, and exists in only a bare manuscript witness. This versions character most closely resembles the Greek Byzantine
type, yet also displays disparate leanings.
Papyrus (puh-pie-russ)1: Properly, the pulp from an aquatic plant, most notably having grown in the Nile River, but in stagnant river areas throughout
Egypt and in southern Europe; 2: an aquatic plant growing to as high as fifteen feet; 3: strips of dried aquatic pulp glued criss-cross to form sheets of
papyrus, which were used as paper for document production, used with a reed pen; 4: papyrus-plant biblical manuscript sheets dating from the third
century BC through about the fourth century AD. (All but about eight of the 118 extant biblical papyri are small-to-tiny fragments. After single-sheet
papyrus manuscripts were used in the late pre-Christ era and the earliest NT times, separate sheets were glued side-by-side to form scrolls.)
PeshittaThe earliest extant Syriac version of the Scriptures, dating back to the second century (some modernistic scholars saying fourth) and siding
largely with the Byzantine (Majority) text-type. According to C. R. Gregorys list dated to 1902, 300 Peshitta manuscripts then were extant. However,
according to J. A. Moorman, in Early Manuscripts, Church Fathers, and the Authorized Version, Their number is now known to be much higher.
PhiloxenianThe sixth-century Syriac-version translation of the Gospels apparently was commissioned by Mar Philoxenus, bishop of Mabbug
(southwestern Asia Minor), and was translated from Greek and finished in 508 AD. (Thomas of Harkel, more than a century later, collated two or three
Greek manuscripts and produced a more-reliable and complete NT translation called the Harclean.)
Phos (fce)A Greek word meaning light, luminosity, fire, the heavenly sphere, or moral or spiritual light and knowledge which illumines the
mind, soul or conscience. (For the latter example, see 1 John 1:7.)
Pneuma (noo-muh)A Greek word meaning wind, breath, life, soul, or Spirit (of God).
Poole, MatthewAn English, Presbyterian nonconformist theologian and author (1624-1679) during and beyond the Protestant Reformation (15171648). Poole edited and produced a condensation of the Critica Sacri (1660, London)a nine-volume collection of disjointed, verbose Latin
commentaries by various writerscalled (in Latin) the Synopsis Criticorum (five volumes), his version originally published in 1669. (Three other authors
also produced editions of the Critica Sacri.) He also authored the two-volume English Annotations on the Holy Bible (1683)the second edition
published in 1685 by some of his nonconformist brethren, with the final edition having been completed by others in 1840. Subsequently, this work has
been published under the title A Commentary on the Holy Bible (three volumes). (The Studylight.org website writes of the latter, Perhaps the only true
rival to Matthew Henry! A standard for more than 400 years, Pooles insightful commentary continues to be a trusted resource for pastors and laypeople.
Offering verse-by-verse exposition, he also includes summaries for each chapter and book, questions and answers, information on cultural context,
historical impact, and cross-references. Practical, readable, and applicable.) Poole also published a tract against noted nontrinitarian and Unitarian John
Biddle (1658), but he was best known for his Synopsis Criticorum Biblicorum (five volumes fol., 1669-1676), in which he summarizes the views of 150
biblical critics. Poole authored other titles, as well.
Proto-BohairicAlso known as Codex Bodmer III, or Papyrus Bodmer III (after founder John Martin Bodmer of Geneva, Switzerland), a single uncial
manuscript dating to the early fourth centurythe earliest of the Bohairic type. This manuscript most-closely represents the Alexandrian text-type,
according to Bruce M. Metzger. (Many of the Bohairic more-closely represented the Byzantine type.) Originally containing the entire Gospel of John and
numbering some 239 pages, the first 22 pages are damaged, and only fragments remain, including those of the Book of Genesis and a one of the Epistle
to the Philippiansthe latter in the Sahidic (southern) Egyptian dialect.
Q
No entries.
R
RationalismThe doctrine that human reason, unaided by divine revelation, is an adequate or the sole guide to all attainable religious truth.
Regius (L)Codex L (Gk. 62) is a poorly preserved uncial manuscript of the eighth century containing only the four Gospels, less five such passages
and sections. It also includes lectionaries, scriptural assemblages for use during worship services, produced herein as marginalia. Codex L was used,
minimally, in the development of the modernistic critical editions (NA-UBS, or NU)accounting for less than one-half of one percent of this
apparatus. Writes F. H. A. Scrivener, a premier biblical and conservative orthodox critical scholar of the nineteenth century, It is but carelessly written,
and abounds with errors of the ignorant scribe, who was more probably an Egyptian than a native Greek. Also according to Scrivener, L has a strong
resemblance to Cod. B. (Codex M represents the Alexandrian [Egyptian] text-type.)
RescriptusA biblical manuscript whose original penned words have been erased and replaced with later writing. (e.g., Codex Ephraemi [Codex C]
of the fifth century.) The erasure process was achieved by scraping the writing off the medium used for penning. (Reedsand later quillswere
used for transferring ancient black or brown inks onto papyrus or animal skin.)
Robinson-Pierpont (text)Properly titled The New Testament in the Original Greek According to the Byzantine Majority Textform, this modern edition
of the Majority text first was produced in 1991 by co-editors Maurice A. Robinson and William G. Pierpont (d. 2003), followed by the second edition in
2005. Although it is based upon the same NT Greek textual apparatusHermann Freiherr Von Soden (414 manuscripts) and Herman C. Hoskier (about
200 manuscripts of Revelation)as that of the The Greek New Testament According to the Majority Text, its chief contemporary competitor, it differs
from this alternative edition much in data interpretation and not using the stemmatic approach (or stemmatics). (Stemmatics refers to the use of a
lineagemanuscript descendentsto compare manuscripts in establishing similarity or disparity of readings [textual variation].)
S
Seirais zophou (sigh-rahee-iss | dzoff-ooh)A Greek phrase literally meaning chains of darkness. Zophos means gloom, blackness,
darkness, or mist.
Septuagint (sept-oo-a-jint)The Greek version of the Old Testament, whose origin has been dated by some scholars to be as early as 250 BC. Others
date this version to as late as 250 AD. Those who believe in its validity according to commonly predicated theory hold that the Septuagint was the result
of the copying of the Hebrew Old Testament by Hellenistic (Greek-speaking) Jews, to Greek, during the Babylonian Captivity of the kingdom of Judah,
which began in 586 BC. (It is popularly believed that during their long-term bondage under Babylonian authority, their original Hebrew language was
abandoned by necessity; thus these Jews learned Greek, and, subsequently, adopted Greek as their own language during the five decades of their
captivity. Following Cyrus the Great of Persias overthrow of Babylonia in 537 BC, the Jews were released, and some forty thousand are said to have
dispersed. (It also is noteworthy that some twentieth-century biblical scholars have rejected the Septuagints traditional validity, instead asserting that this
Greek OT translation simply is a fabricated text first penned sometime during the first three centuries AD, then used as the framework for a corrupt text
underlying or resulting from Origens Hexapla, and, in turn, serving as the foundation for the skewed New Testament versions of modern Bible
translations.
Simon, RichardA French Roman Catholic priest, long-time Oratorian (self-governing communal society of priests), orientalist, and controversialist
who questioned the Bibles authority and was the forerunner of modern biblical criticism (Catholic Encylopedia, Vol. 4, p. 492). Simon (1638-1712)
was ordained a priest in 1670, and taught philosophy and rhetoric at the College of Juilly (commune of Juilly), in Seine-et-Marne, France. An adherent to
the non-canonical views of Isaac Le Peyrreimminent Messianic earthly reign in liberating the Holy Land, rebuilding the Temple, and ruling via the
king of France (Prince of Cond) as regentSimon later became renowned as a father of higher (biblical) criticism (calligraphy, dating, and authorship
of ancient biblical manuscripts). He denied Moses authorship of the Pentateuch, his Histoire critique du Vieux Testament (Historical Critique of the Old
Testament, 1685) was seized and destroyed via a decree by the Royal Council, the charge of Jesuitism was brought against him, and he was expelled from
the Oratory in 1678.
Sinaitic1: A fourth-century form of the Syriac languageas pertains to the New Testamentcharacterized by numerous biblically doctrinally unsound
readings (approx. 15 percent), ones much-representing those of Codex Sinaiticus (Aleph). (Codex B, or Vaticanus, is another representative of this texttype of NT manuscripts.) 2: An informal title for the famous/infamous Codex Aleph, or Sinaiticus, a complete Bible manuscript dating to
approximately 325-340 ADthe Sinaitic manuscript. Many of the readings of this class of NT manuscripts reduce Christs divinity, contain inferior
Greek variants, and have translation errors and omissions, among other flaws.
SyriacAn ancient language spoken by Arab natives residing in what is now the Syrian Arab Republic, in Southwest Asia. Syrian Antioch was a city
in Turkey, near the northern border of Syria, located near the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. This city now is called Antakya. In the early
Christian era, Antioch had the third-largest population in the civilized world (400,000), behind Rome and Alexandria, but now only has approximately
145,000 residents.
T
Text-typeOne of arguably two to four designations applied by biblical text critics to a manuscript(s) based on specific criteria, such as phraseology,
calligraphy, place of origin, scribe style and manuscript markings: Byzantine (region near what is now Istanbul, down to Syrian Antioch [modern
Antakya]); Alexandrian (Egyptian); Western (west of Alexandria); Caesarean (hybrid Byzantine-Alexandrian). (Many biblical text critics now recognize
only the Byzantine and Alexandrian as legitimate text-types. Some traditional biblical scholars of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries rejected this
categorization theory entirely, insisting that, rather than being characteristic of specific text-types, some manuscripts simply had similar kinds of readings
not remarkably divergent types en mass. Many contemporary biblical scholars agree with the latter theory.)
Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament, A (tagged TCGNT)A companion volume to the fourth edition of the United Bible Societies
Greek New Testament (UBS 4), published by the German Bible Society and authored by notorious naturalistic text critic Bruce M. Metzger (d. 2012).
One of the chief purposes of the commentary is to set forth the reasons that led the committee, or a majority of the members of the committee, to adopt
certain variant readings for inclusion in the text and to relegate certain other readings to the apparatus.
Textual criticism (naturalistic)The science of applying modern analytical theories to the discovery and analysis of biblical manuscripts. Textual criti
cisms tenets includebut are not limited tocreating and editing (altering) modern critical editions (texts), critiquing ancient manuscripts/books (co
dices), and proposing theories about ancient manuscript/book creation and alteration, all of which ultimately culminate in insistence that, essentially, the
oldest manuscripts are purer and more reliable. Naturalistic textual criticism is applied without regard for Gods verbal (plenary) inspiration of the human
instruments chosen by Him to pen the canonical books of the Bible, hence rejecting the Majority (Antiochian, Ecclesiastical, Traditional, Byzantine) text
and the Textus Receptus. The Byzantine and the TR essentially were the universally accepted Greek basis for the New Testament until the mid-to-late
1800shence of all published Bibles until the ERV of 1881 (NT). Spiritual textual criticism, contrarily, recognizes Gods verbal inspiration and fully ac
cepts the Majority text and/or the Textus Receptus as the God-ordained basis for the New Testament. It sanctions no critical apparatus (e.g., NA or
UBS), nor any other NT version succeeding the 1678 TR of the Elzevir cousins, Abraham and Bonaventure. (The standard TR versions used today are the
Robert Estienne 1550/1551 and the Theodore Beza 1598. It is commonly believed that the 1598 of Beza was much-consulted by the KJV translators for
production of the original AV of 1611.)
Textus ReceptusThe Latin term meaning received text. The TR became the evolving Koine (common) Greek NT source text underlying all
printed English Bible versions produced until the ERV of 1881 (NT). Numerous variations of the Textus Receptusall differing slightly from one
anotherwere penned by conservative orthodox biblical scholars during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, beginning with Desiderius Erasmus
landmark Greek text in 1516the very first printed Greek New Testament. Erasmus followed with subsequent published versions in 1519, 1522, 1527,
and 1535. The eminent Robert Stephens (Estienne/Stephanus) produced TR versions in 1546, 1549, 1550 and 1551, and the renowned Theodore Beza
followed with 10 of his own, from 1562 through 1604 (all based on Estienne versions of 1550 and 1551). Subsequently, the Elzevir cousinsAbraham
and Bonaventurepublished seven Greek versions from 1624 to 1678 (all primarily based on the 1565 Beza). The 1633 (second) Elzevir text was the
first such version ever to officially claim and use the term Textus Receptus. Stephanus 1550 version is said to be the most-popular Textus Receptus in
use today, closely trailed by Bezas 1598 folio (large) edition.
Theological Dictionary of the New Testament (tagged TDNT)The most comprehensive Greek lexicon available, contained in a ten-volume
hardcover set, or published Abridged in One Volume (1356 pages), originally compiled and edited by Gerhard Kittel and Gerhard Friedrich. Current
editor Geoffrey W. Bromiley translated the work from German. Following the preface are the Table of Greek Keywords (transliterated letter by letter
directly from Greek) and the Table of English Keywords, allowing the user to search by Greek or English. Included terms contain explanatory
references to usage inside and outside the New Testament, as well as in the Septuaguint, the Old Testament, and other contexts, as applicable.
Tischendorf, (Lobegott) Friedrich Constantine vonThe discoverer of the worlds oldest extant complete Bible, Codex Aleph Sinaiticus (325-360
AD), in 1844 in St. Catherines Monastery, Tischendorf (1815-1874) was a leading Greek New Testament text critic and theologian of his time. He
published 21 editions (including reprints and minor editions) of his own Greek New Testament critical edition, the first in the winter of 1849.
Tischendorfs magnum opus was his Critical Edition of the New Testament, which he referred to as editio viii (Eighth Edition), published in 1869-1872.
Of the leading modernistic camp which believed that this Alexandrian NT text-type represented a purer biblical text than the traditional Byzantine
manuscripts, he borrowed 43 OT leaves (four-page [two bound sheets of paperfour sides] section inserts) of the Septuagintby mutual agreement
with the monks of St. Catherines, from his initial finding of 129 or 130 (depending upon his conflicting accounts) leaves. During his third visit to the
Monastery, in 1859, he borrowed (on loan) 303 leavesthe bulk of the NT contentfor Russian publication, but never returned them to the monks at
Mt. Sinai, Egypt. Tischendorf presented them to Russian Czar Alexander II for publication and eventual archiving in the Imperial Library in St.
Petersburg (four-volume luxury edition, 1862). (The Czar awarded Tischendorf the style of von, signifying nobility.) Tischendorf gained his academic
degree and international acclaim by deciphering Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (C), the famed fifth-century manuscript, in the 1840s.
TransliterationThe process or the result of converting language characters (e.g., Greek) into those of another language (e.g., English) for the purpose
of practical reader usage. Transliteration allows the end user to, for example, look up the target word (here answering) in a Greek dictionary (lexicon)
to find the Greek-language equivalent. A transliteration example: the Greek word apokrieis (answering) converted to apokritheis. (This is opposed
to the process of translation, which involves direct conversion into the target language word meaning: here break. For the above example in this
document, see Page 14, Mark 10:24, within the ESV notes.)
Tregelles, Samuel P.Largely a modernistic and naturalistic English textual critic (1813-1875) who also was a Bible scholar and theologian. Although
he was reared as a Quaker, then associated with the Plymouth Brethren, and later in life became a Presbyterian, Tregelles adopted the text-critical mindset
of the day, deciding that the Textus Receptus did not rely on ancient authority. He ventured forth by publishing an edition of the Greek New Testament
that relied largely on the still-coveted ancient biblical codices Vaticanus and Sinaiticus and many citations of Early Church Fathers. This work18571872thus paralleled that of German philologist Karl Lachmann, who produced his own such text in 1831. Rather a theological conundrum, Tregelles
was loyal to the highly corrupt manuscripts B and Aleph, but many of the readings that he inserted in his Greek New Testament mirrored those produced
by conservative biblical scholars and such text critics of the day. He was evangelical in heart and mission, and he wrote many Christian hymns, yet he
embraced the faulty text-critical theories of the day. (As a ninteenth-century biblical text critic, Tregelles, however, was fairly conservative.)
U
UncialA biblical manuscript penned entirely in uppercase letters. New Testament uncials (also called majuscules), varying in number of columns per
page from one (later) to four (earlier), are extant from the fourth through tenth centuries. Beginning in the ninth century, uncials largely were replaced by
minuscules (also called cursives), the latter being in uppercase and lowercase script characters. Today, extant cursives outnumber uncials 2,882 to
311. (See chart under Manuscript definition, p. 48.) Most uncials contain little or no punctuation.
UnitarianismA theology based on the core belief in God as having one person, excluding Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit as the second and third per
sons. This belief system also holds that Jesus was an exceptional teacher and human being, and a prophetthe earthly exemplar of Christianity.
Unitarians believe in Jesus moral authority, but not in his divinity.
United Bible Societies (UBS)An (allegedly) non-profit, ecumenical conglomerationa fellowship, according to the UBS websiteof 145 separate
Bible societies in 200 countries worldwide that publishes and distributes Bibles and New Testaments. The major component organizations in the
UBS are the British and Foreign Bible Society (BFBS1804) and the American Bible Society (ABS1816). The historical fact is, the BFBS was
founded in a pub in London, and it included members who were Unitariansbelieving that Jesus is not deity. Twelve years later, in 1816, some BFBS
members branched out to form the ABS. This organization also included some Unitarians. Hence, because some conservative orthodox members of the
ABS were exasperated with the Unitarian folly, they, in turn, established an orthodox, Bible-based organization called the Trinitarian Bible Society
(TBS), which was formed in 1831. The TBS ardently labored to support and promulgate Trinitarian doctrine (the Triune God), in opposition to the
Unitarianism that had become so prevalent in the nineteenth century. (Today the TBS is the copyright ownersince 1976of the 1550 Robert Estienne
version of the Textus Receptus.)
V
VaticanusThe fourth-century codex (also called Codex B) whose earliest known reference goes back to 1444, when it was donated to the Vatican
Library. In 1475, Codex B is listed as having been the first registry entry of the Vatican Library. Codex B (Gk. 03 1209) is the single most-coveted
ancient biblical manuscript used by modernists as largely the basis (about ninety percent) for nearly every NT translation having been produced since
before 1881. Vaticanus is of the Alexandrian text-type. It is a pristine manuscript dated to approximately 325-360 AD, written in uncials (all caps)
three columns per page.
Verbal (plenary) inspirationThe belief that the Bible consists of precisely Gods words directly given to and operating divinely through His chosen
instruments, the writers of the various canonical books of the Protestant Bible. This belief also is consistent with investment in Gods preservation of His
Word in the form of the Majority text, then in the more-refined Textus Receptus (personal belief). Some scholars believe in general divine inspiration of
the Bible, others in verbal inspiration, and still others hold that if the Bible has been plenarily inspired, then, consequently, by necessity, it also must be
precisely divinely preserved.
Vulgate (vull-gate)1: From the Latin word meaning common; 2: The term typically applied to the voluminously extant common-language Latin
biblical manuscripts (about ten thousand); 3: Any common-language version of the Bible or its underlying texts, regardless of language or dialecte.g.,
the Latin Vulgate. The common Greek is called Koine, but also is the vulgate [lowercase] Greekthe Greek of the common people, as opposed
to Classical Greek.
W
WesternA relatively scarcely supported classification for NT biblical manuscripts having specific characteristics. Most manuscripts of the Old Latin
textwhich were translated from Greekpurportedly (for those who accept the Western text-type) are of the Western type, as well as are the quotations
of several early Church Fathers of the second and third centuries. The Western text-form displays a tendency toward paraphrase and marked replacement
of words, clauses and entire sentencesthe latter sometimes with an inclination toward harmonization. Many such Western-codified works as Codex D
(Bezae) clearly display the aforementioned characteristics, yet others (European) do not.
X
No entries.
Y
No entries.
Z
Zondervan Greek and English Interlinear New Testament (NASB/NIV)Now in its second edition, this NT interlinear was edited and arranged by
William D. and Robert H. Mounce, and published by Zondervan. It uses the contemporary critically acclaimed UBS4 Greek text, and deliberately has
been arranged to comply as closely as possible to the NET Bible. (This is a profit-driven, strategically arranged association by a company widely known
for its promotional emphasis.) This Greek interlinear has the English equivalents of the Greek words arranged immediately below them, with the Strongs
Reference Numbers (SRN) below the English, and the terms basic linguistic morphology at the bottom of each line of Scripture. William Mounce is a
popular author and NT professor who has a long-running relationship with Zondervan, the company that also publishes the NIV. This title occasionally
strays from its own Greek source text and displays inserted English words or both inserted English and Greek words that do not appear in its own
Greek. [See pages 5, 33, and 37.] Its preface promotes one of William Mounces Zondervan titles, and the Technical Comments section plugs
modernistic text critics Bruce Metzger (d. 2008), Gordon Fee, and Daniel B. Wallace, as well as mentions another Zondervan Bible, the TNIV. This
Bible also implements the typical modernistic trick of referring to a majority of NT Greek manuscripts as some manuscripts, and other, similar
methods of deception used by nearly every modern Bible. In terms of learning tools, this NT interlinear is quite helpful to the user. (The user just needs to
be aware that he is the target of marketing hype and is being baited into the trap of modern textual criticism!)
List of New Testament lectionaries, latest figure calculated by the Institute for New Testament Textual Research (Mnich)
David Otis Fuller, Which Bible? in Floyd Nolen Jones, Which Version is the Bible?, 19th ed., rev. and enlarged (The Woodlands, Tex.: KingsWord Press, 1999), p. 120.
John W. Burgon, The Traditional Text in Floyd Nolen Jones, Which Version is the Bible?, 19th ed., rev. and enlarged (The Woodlands, Tex.: KingsWord Press, 2006),
p. 105.
The Catholic Encyclopedia in David W. Cloud, Faith Vs. the Modern Bible Versions (Port Huron, Mich.: Way of Life Literature, 2005), p. 257.
Marvin Vincent, A History of Textual Criticism of the New Testament in David W. Cloud, The Modern Bible Version Hall of Shame (Port Huron, Mich.: Way of Life
Literature, 2005), p. 87.
Bruce Metzger, The Text of the New Testament in David W. Cloud, The Modern Bible Version Hall of Shame (Port Huron, Mich.: Way of Life Literature, 2005), p. 78.
John W. Burgon, The Revision Revised, Centennial Edition [1883-1983] (Fort Worth, Tex.: A.G. Hobbs Publications, 1991), p. 364.
James Bentley, Secrets of Mount Sinai: The Story of Finding the Worlds Oldest Bible Codex Sinaiticus (London: Orbis Publishing, 1985), p. 86.
Frederick H. A. Scrivener, A Plain Introduction to New Testament Textual Criticism, 4th ed. (Collingswood,, N.J.: The Bible for Today, 1985), p. 88.
James Bentley, Secrets of Mount Sinai: The Story of Finding the Worlds Oldest Bible Codex Sinaiticus (London: Orbis Publishing, 1985), p. 98.
10
James Bentley, Secrets of Mount Sinai: The Story of Finding the Worlds Oldest Bible Codex Sinaiticus (London: Orbis Publishing, 1985), pp. 84-85.
11
William Henry Paine Hatch, The Principal Uncial Manuscripts of the New Testament (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1933), Plate XIV.
12
Wilbur N. Pickering, The Identity of the New Testament Text in Floyd Nolen Jones, Which Version is the Bible?, 19th ed., rev. and enlarged (Goodyear, Ariz.: KingsWord
Press, 2006), p. 163.
13
Floyd Nolen Jones, Which Version is the Bible?, 19th ed., rev. and enlarged (Goodyear, Ariz.: KingsWord Press, 2006), p. 178.
14
Ira M. Price, The Ancestry of Our English Bible in David W. Cloud, Faith Vs. the Modern Bible Versions (Port Huron, Mich.: Way of Life Literature, 2005), p. 577.
15
David Daniell, The Bible in English (London: Yale University Press, 2003), p. 289.
16
J. A. Moorman, 8,000 Differences between the N.T. Greek Words of the King James Bible and the Modern Versions (Collingswood, N.J.: The Bible for Today, and Dean
Burgon Society, 2006), p. vi.
17
18
Jay P. Green Sr., Interlinear Hebrew-Greek-English Bible, Vol. 4, 2nd ed. (Lafayette, Ind.: Sovereign Grace Publishers, 1985), p. xii.
19
J. A. Moorman, Early Manuscripts, Church Fathers and the Authorized Version (Collingswood, N.J.: The Bible for Today Press, 2005), p. 170.
20
21
22
David W. Cloud, The Bible Version Question/Answer Database (Port Huron, Mich.: Way of Life Literature, 2005), p. 161.
23
Preserved Smith, Erasmus: A Study of His Life, Ideals, and Place in History in David W. Cloud, The Bible Version Question/Answer Database (Port Huron, Mich.: Way
of Life Literature, 2005), p. 183.
24
Frederic Kenyon, Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts in David W. Cloud, The Bible Version Question/Answer Database (Port Huron, Mich.: Way of Life Literature,
2005), p. 184.
25
Adam Nicholson, Gods Secretaries in David W. Cloud, Faith Vs. the Modern Bible Versions (Port Huron, Mich.: Way of Life Literature, 2005), p. 540.
26
27
Bentley, James. Secrets of Mount Sinai: The Story of Finding the Worlds Oldest Bible Codex Sinaiticus. London: Orbis Publishing, 1985.
Burgon, John W. The Revision Revised, Centennial Edition [1883-1983]. Fort Worth, Tex.: A.G. Hobbs Publications, 1991.
Cloud, David W. The Modern Bible Version Hall of Shame. Port Huron, Mich.: Way of Life Literature, 2005.
Cloud, David W. The Bible Version Question/Answer Database. Port Huron, Mich.: Way of Life Literature, 2005.
Cloud, David W. Faith Vs. the Modern Bible Versions. Port Huron, Mich.: Way of Life Literature, 2005.
Comfort, Phillip W. Essential Guide to Bible Versions. Wheaton, Ill.: Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., 2000.+
Dewey, David. A Users Guide to Bible Translations: Making the Most of Different Versions. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press, 2004.#
Fuller, David Otis, ed. Which Bible? Grand Rapids, Mich.: Institute for Biblical Textual Studies, 1990.
Green, Jay P. Sr. Interlinear Hebrew-Greek-English Bible, 2nd ed., rev. Lafayette, Ind.: Sovereign Grace Publishers, 1985.
Green, Jay P. Sr. Unholy Hands on the Bible, Vol. II: A Comparison between Six Major Bible Versions. Lafayette, Ind.: Sovereign Grace Trust Fund, 1992.
Hatch, William Henry Paine. The Principal Uncial Manuscripts of the New Testament. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1933.
Hills, Edward F. The King James Version Defended, 4th ed. Des Moines, Ill.: The Christian Research Press, 1984.
Jones, Floyd Nolen. The Septuagint: A Critical Analysis, 2nd ed., rev. and enlarged. The Woodlands, Tex.: KingsWord Press, 2000.
Jones, Floyd Nolen. Which Version is the Bible? 19th ed., rev. and enlarged. Goodyear, Ariz.: KingsWord Press, 2006.
Miller, Edward. A Guide to the Textual Criticism of the New Testament. Collingswood, N.J.: Dean Burgon Society Press, 1979.
Moorman, J. A. Early Manuscripts, Church Fathers, and the Authorized Version. Collingswood, N.J.: The Bible for Today, and The Dean Burgon Society, 2006.
Moorman, J. A. When the KJV Departs from the Majority Text. Collingswood, N.J.: The Bible for Today, 1988.
Price, Ira M., William A. Irwin and Allen P. Wikgren, eds. The Ancestry of Our English Bible, 2nd rev. edition. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1953.
Scrivener, Frederick H. A. A Plain Introduction to New Testament Textual Criticism, 4th ed. Collingswood,, N.J.: The Bible for Today, 1894 (reprint).
Waite, D. A. Theological Heresies of Westcott & Hort: Mans Liberal Attack upon Gods Word. (Item #595) Collingswood, N.J.: The Bible for Today, 2001.
+ Warning: The author of this title is a modernist, and his contemporary, new evangelistic views are highly evident in this text. Please do not read this book until you have
read at least some of the others listed above. (Tyndale House, Inc. also is known for producing NU-based Bibles and New Testaments, and this publisher is located in
Wheaton, Ill., the home of the modernistic Wheaton College. Even some contemporary Bibles include marketing material in them, for other products made by the same
publisher (Zondervan, for example). A Bible should not contain such salesmanship! (The Bible is Gods Word!) Comforts book, on the copyright page, reads (at the top),
Visit Tyndales exciting Web site at www.tyndale.com. (Why not simply list the URL at the top of the page?) This book should serve as an opposing view exemplifying
modernistic viewpoints and operationversus an orthodox view.
# Warning: The author of this title also is a modernist, and his contemporary, new evangelistic views also are very evident in this text. Please do not read this book until you
have read at least some of the others listed above. This book also should serve as an opposing view exemplifying modernistic viewpoints and operationunorthodox.
he assembler, writer and editor of this document is Edward E. Scott, age 50, a native of Jamestown, N.Y., and a current resident of Jefferson City, Mo.
Mr. Scott is a humble, biblically based believer in the Lord Jesus Christ who has exhausted much of the past several years in extensively and intensively
researching, reading, and studying the following urgent, complementary issues:
C
C (Codex), 5-10, 12-20, 22-36, 34-37, 46, 61
C2, 12-13, 23-24, 26, 31, 34
C3, 5, 7, 22-23, 26-28
Caesarean (Caes.), 5, 8-10, 20, 22, 28, 37, 45, 47, 49, 52, 54, 59-64
Campianus (Codex M), 45, 61
Capernaum, 6
Catholic (-ism, Roman), 2, 29, 32, 39-40, 43, 47, 52, 54, 61-63
(epistles), 70
Chaire (Gk.), 16
Chayyim, Jacob ben, 45
Children, 14, 19, 30, 33
Chosen, 8, 12, 17, 32, 42, 55-56, 67
Chrema (Gk.), 14
Chrisma (Gk.), 37
Christ (s), 3-5, 8-13, 17, 19, 22-33, 35-38, 44-52, 54, 65-68, 72
Christian (s, s, -ity), 2, 4, 35, 37, 43-46, 49-52, 54, 56, 62, 71-72
Christology (s), 5, 24, 26, 37, 45
Church (-man), 2, 4, 23-24, 29-32, 39, 41, 43-46, 49-52, 56-57, 64,
70-72
Cleanse (s), 37
Cleopas, 15
Cloud, 6, 17
David, 43-45, 70-71
Codex (codices), 2, 4-5, 7-8, 11, 16-17, 21, 24-25, 29, 32, 34, 36,
40-47, 50-57, 59-61, 63, 65, 69
Colophon, 3, 63
Commandments, 38
Conceive, 32-33, 47
Conclusion (s), 3, 8, 40, 42-43
Constantine, 43, 45
Constantinople, 45, 60-63
Constantinopolitan, 16, 41, 50
Contemporary, 2, 4, 6, 13-14, 17-18, 23, 30, 32, 37, 39-41, 44, 48,
53-54, 57, 65, 71-72
Convent, 40, 44, 47
Coptic (Egyptian), 4, 6, 8-9, 11, 13-19, 21-36, 38, 45, 50, 59, 62
Covenant, 10, 28
Coverdale, 39, 41, 43
Critic (s), 2, 4, 11-13, 15, 17, 20, 23, 27, 29, 37-38, 40-42, 44, 4750, 52-57, 65
Critical apparatus, 3, 11, 13, 15, 23, 25 (notes)-27, 40, 47, 55, 59
Critical text (edition/apparatus), 2-4, 10-11, 13, 15, 18, 20-22, 23
(sign), 25-27, 29 (rules), 33-35, 39-40, 42, 44-49, 51, 53, 55,
59, 62, 65
Cross, 14, 28, 38
Curetonian (Syriac), 5-7, 9, 18, 20-23, 46, 48, 59
Curse, 5
Cursive (minuscule), 5, 7-11, 13-33, 35-36, 38-39, 45-46, 49-51,
56, 59, 61-62, 64
Cyrus the Great, 54
D (Codex), 4-18, 21-33, 45-46, 50, 57, 59
D1, 25-26, 30, 32, 34
D2, 4, 20, 25-27, 31-33, 60
DC, 24
Daimonion (Gk.), 12
Damnable, 2, 12
Danger, 4, 12
Darkness, 24, 36, 54
Delta (D), 5, 9, 11-14, 17, 23, 58
Dead (-ly), 19, 21, 26, 34, 48, 51-52, 69
Destroy (-ed), 17, 36, 52, 54
Diglot, 45-46, 60-63
Dittography, 25, 46
Docetist (-ism), 28, 38, 46
Doctrine, (s, -ally), 2, 8, 12, 24, 28, 31-32, 38-39, 43-46, 53, 56, 68
Document (s, -ed), 2-4, 40-41, 43, 47, 49-50, 52, 55, 65
Diocletian (s), 45
Doxes (Gk.), 10
Drink, 10, 27
E (Codex), 17, 21, 50, 59-60
Ecclesiastical, 16, 41, 45, 49-50, 55
Ecumenical, 16, 42, 46
Egeneto (Gk. ginomai), 19
Egyptian (Egypt.), 4-5, 14, 17, 20, 25, 33-34, 37, 43, 46-47, 50, 5354, 59-60, 62
I
G (Codex), 17, 21, 25-31, 59
Ghost (Holy), 12, 36, 68
Ginomai (Gk.), 19
Glory (-ious), 2, 4, 10, 16, 27, 31-33, 72
Gnostic, 22, 28, 44
Gnosticism, 2, 26, 32, 37, 46-47
God, 2, 4-9, 11-12, 14-17, 19-20, 22-24, 26-32, 34, 36-40, 42-45,
47, 50-51, 53, 55-56, 67-68, 70-72
Gothic (version), 47, 50
Grace, 19, 27, 30
Greek, 2-65, 69-72
Apparatus (-es), 3, 5-7, 9, 11-16, 19-21, 23, 26-27, 31-33, 35,
40, 42, 47, 51, 53-55, 59
Manuscripts, 2, 4-11, 14-16, 18-19, 21-25, 30-31, 33-35, 37,
39-57, 59-60, 62-65, 69-72
MS/MSS (ms/mss), 4-26, 28-31, 33-36, 43, 50, 59-62, 64
NT, 2, 4, 6-7, 9-12, 17-19, 21, 24, 27-28, 31, 35, 38-42, 45,
50-52, 54-55, 57, 60, 65, 69
Source (texts), 4-10, 12-13, 18-19, 21-23, 25-26, 29, 31, 33,
35-36, 38-39, 42, 44, 47, 51, 55, 57
Text (s), 2-29, 31-57, 59-65, 69-72
Griesbach, Johann Jakob, 38, 40, 46, 48
H
H (Codex), 17, 21, 30, 32-33, 59
Hades, 6, 36, 48
Haplography, 17, 32, 48
Hate, 5
Harclean (Harc., or Harklean), 4-7, 9-18, 20-27, 30, 34, 36, 48, 59
Heaven (s, -ly), 6, 9-10, 14, 16, 18-19, 22, 26, 32-33, 36, 48, 52,
67-68
Hebrew (s, s), 2, 10, 28, 32-34, 38, 41, 44-48, 51-52, 54, 60-61
Hell, 6, 13, 30, 36, 48
Heresy (-ies), 2, 22, 29, 44, 46, 71
Heretic (s), 2, 23, 39, 48
Heretical, 4, 46-47, 52, 72
Hexapla, 52, 54
Holy (un-), 2, 4, 10, 12, 16, 29, 36-37, 41, 44, 48-49, 53-54, 56,
67-68, 71
Hodges, Zane C. (Hodges-Farstad), 17, 41, 48
Hort, Fenton John Anthony (F. J. A.), 38-41, 46, 48, 51, 71
Hoskier, Herman C., 2, 38, 43, 53, 65
Hymenaeus, 2
Hypocrite (s), 6, 9
Hippolytus, 2
K (Codex), 9-10, 14, 17, 20-21, 25, 27, 29-31, 33-36, 38, 59
Kai (Gk.), 5, 12, 15-16, 20, 22, 29, 33-34, 37, 49
Kairos (Gk.), 15
Kardias (Gk.), 35
Kata (Gk.), 6, 9, 25
Katabolen (Gk.), 33
Katharas (Gk.), 35
Kathgts (Gk.), 9
Ken (Gk.), 30, 49
Kingdom, 8-9, 11, 14, 18, 29, 51, 54
King James Version (KJV), 3-4, 6, 12, 14-16, 19-23, 25, 27, 29,
31-36, 46, 48-49, 55, 71
Kittel, Rudolph, 45
Gerhard , 55
Kriseos (Gk.), 12
L (Codex), 4-24, 27, 30, 33-35, 38, 40, 53, 59
Lachmann, Karl, 40, 49, 56
Lamb, 38
Lamentations, 10
Language (s), 25, 31-32, 35, 40, 42-43, 45-46, 48-50, 52, 54-56, 72
Latin, 45-47, 49, 51-53, 55-56, 59-61, 63
Old Latin, 4-15, 18-21, 24-26, 29-32, 34, 49-50, 52, 57, 59,
63-64
Latin Vulgate (common), 4-11, 13-26, 28-36, 38-39, 46, 4950, 52, 56, 59, 62-63
Vulgate (common), 49, 56
Law (s, -less), 15, 26, 28, 69
Lection, 26, 29, 49
Lectionary ( , -ies), 8, 11, 14, 35, 45-46, 49-50, 57, 64
Leningradensis (Codex), 45
Levite, 45
Liberal, 4, 13, 20, 40, 45, 47, 71
Life, 2, 8, 18, 23, 29, 33, 35, 37-38, 47-48, 51, 53, 56
Light, 24, 29, 37, 39, 52
Lord, 2, 5, 16-17, 19, 23, 26-27, 30-32, 35-37, 42, 66-69, 72
Love, 5, 35
Lowring, 6, 49
Lucian (Lucianic), 41
Luke
The apostle, 42
The gospel (book) of, 5, 7-10, 13-22, 24, 31, 48, 61-62, 65, 67
Luminosity, 29, 52
Luther, Martin, 43
M
M (Codex), 21, 40, 53, 59
Magus, Simon, 2
Majority (text), 4-6, 8-12, 14-39, 41-45, 48, 50-53, 55-56, 59, 7172
Majuscules (uncials), 16, 20, 35, 50, 56
Man, Son of, 7, 10, 17, 19, 22, 67
Manuscripts (MS/MSS, ms/mss), 2, 4-57, 59-65, 69-72
Marcionism, 46
Marginalia, 45, 50, 55, 61-62
Mark, the gospel (book of), 5, 7, 9-15, 20, 42, 48, 55, 61-63, 65, 67
Mary
the mother of Jesus, 4, 16
Magdelene (of Magdela), 15
Marry (-ies, -ieth), 7, 26
Masoretic, 41, 45
Master, 8-9, 67
Matthew
The apostle, 9
The gospel (book) of, 4-10, 12-14, 17-18, 20, 42-43, 48, 6063, 65
Matthews Bible, 39, 41, 43
Melchisedec (Melchisedek), 32, 50
Mesrob, 44
Messenger, 11
Messiah, 24, 32, 37
Metzger, Bruce M., 43, 53-54, 57, 70
Miller, Edward, 2, 43, 50, 71
Millstone, 13
Minority (text), 2, 4-10, 12-14, 16, 18-19, 21-22, 24-27, 29, 31, 3435, 37, 42
Minuscule (s [cursive]), 9, 12-14, 18, 20, 23, 32, 34-35, 38, 45-46,
49-51, 56, 62-63
Modern (s, s), 2, 4-40, 42, 44-48, 51, 53-55, 57, 59-60, 62-63, 65,
70, 72
Modernism (s), 23, 44, 51, 72
Modernist (-ic, -ically), 5-6, 8-9, 12, 14-20, 23, 37-41, 43, 45-48,
51-57, 71-72
Moichatai (Gk.), 7
Monastery, 2, 40, 44, 46-47, 55, 62
Monogenes (Gk.), 22, 51
Moorman, J. A., 21, 35, 38, 41, 51-52, 65, 70-71
Mother, 6, 16, 45
Mounce
Robert, 42, 57
William (Bill), 15, 37, 57
N
N (Codex), 5, 19, 55
Name, 4, 18, 22, 37, 40
Nation (s), 9, 22, 31
Naturalistic (-ally), 4, 6, 20, 39-45, 51
Nestle-Aland (NA), 3-9, 11-27, 29-30, 33-36, 38-42, 48, 51, 55,
59, 65
Never, 2, 12, 36, 40, 43, 55, 60
New Testament, 2, 4-5, 8, 13-16, 20-22, 25, 27, 29, 34, 36, 39-42,
44-49, 51-57, 65-66, 69-72
NT, 7, 9-12, 14-15, 17-19, 21, 24, 27, 31, 35, 44-45, 47-57,
60, 65, 69
Nile River, 46, 52
Nineteenth (19th: century), 2, 12, 15, 20, 37, 39-40, 43, 46, 51, 5354, 56, 72
NU (NA-UBS text), 6-18, 20-33, 35-39, 42, 51, 53, 71
Number (s, -ed, -ing) , 6-7, 9, 15, 24, 37, 41, 45, 47, 52-53, 56-57,
64
Numerous, 4-5, 17, 21, 24, 40-41, 46-47, 51-52, 54-55
O
Oath, 24, 32
Obedience, 14, 35
Oinon (Gk.), 10
Oldest, 4, 9, 14-15, 17, 19, 23, 35, 44, 51
Old Testament, 10, 35, 40-41, 45-46, 47, 49, 54, 72
OT, 11, 15-17, 22, 29, 41, 44-50, 56
Omission, 4-5, 8, 12-14, 16-17, 20-21, 23-24, 26-30, 35, 42, 47
Omit (s, -ted, -ting), 5-15, 17, 19-21, 23-24, 26-28, 30-36, 38, 47
Onikos (Gk.), 13
One (s), 2, 5-6, 8-10, 12-25, 27-28, 31, 35, 37-45, 47
Only (Son, God), 22, 67
Oppose (s, -ing ), 7-8, 10-13, 18, 20-30, 37-38, 52
Osei (Gk.), 19
Outnumber (-ed, -ing), 7-8, 10, 24, 26, 31, 33, 38-39, 56
Oxos (Gk.), 10
P
P (Codex), 17, 24-25, 27-30, 32-38, 59
Pagan, 2, 47
Paleography, 72
Panta (Gk., -es), 18, 27, 37
Papyrus (-ri)
Papyri, 15, 17, 23-24, 34, 50, 52, 59-60, 64
Papyrus, 4, 19, 21-22, 35, 46-47, 50, 52-53, 59-60
Parable, 8, 45
Paradidomi (Gk.), 11
Paradothenai (Gk.), 11
Paradothomai (Gk.), 11
Parakupsas (Gk.), 21
Parallel (-ed, -ism, -ization), 5, 12, 20, 25, 40-41, 44, 46, 48, 52
Parchment, 47, 60-63
Parents, 16
Partial (-ly), 8, 13-15, 21, 35-37, 44, 46, 50, 52, 66
Pass (-ed, -ing), 19, 21, 24, 27, 36, 42, 67
Passage, 5, 15, 18-19, 31, 38-39, 42-43, 46, 50
Passion, 29
Patristic, 50
Paul, the apostle, 2, 26, 28, 30-31, 47
Pauline (s, Paul.), 29, 44, 47, 49-50, 60-63
Peace, 16, 25, 30
Pen (-ned, -ning), 2, 30, 51-56
Pentateuch, 46, 54
People (s, s), 2, 5, 12, 15-17, 26-28, 31-32, 34, 39, 43, 45, 47, 50,
52, 56
Percent (%), 2, 5-16, 18-28, 31, 38-45, 50, 53-54, 56, 60, 64
Perfect (-ed, -ion), 12, 27, 33, 35
Pericope (Latin), 45
Perish, 23
Perpetual, 4
Persecute (-d, -ing, -ion), 5, 19, 31, 34, 45, 52
Persia (s), 54
Person (s), 2, 9, 20, 28, 32, 34, 38, 42, 44-45, 47, 49, 51, 56, 67-68
Peshitta, Syriac, 4-7, 9-18, 20-24, 26, 29-30, 34-37, 39, 48, 50, 52,
59
Pestilence (s), 9
Peter
The apostle, 2, 18, 21, 35
1 Peter, 17, 31, 35-36, 60, 68
2 Peter, 2, 36, 60, 62, 68
Phantom, 38, 41, 46
Pharisees, 8-9
Phr (Gk.), 36
Philetus, 2
Philoxenian, Syriac, 36, 48, 52, 59
Philological, 40, 44, 49
Philosophy, 2, 54
Phos (Gk.), 29, 52
Physician, 12, 42
Pieces, 8
Pisteuon (Gk.), 23
Pit (s), 36
Plenary (-ily), 43, 55-56
Pneuma (Gk.), 29, 53
Polyglot, 47
Complutensian, 17, 41, 46
Poor (-ly), 14, 26, 35, 38, 53, 61-62
Popularity, 4
Popularized, 40
Popularly, 41, 54
Population, 54
Porneia (Gk.) 7
Portion (s), 4, 6-8, 12, 14, 17, 20, 22-25, 41, 44, 47, 49, 51, 63
Positivism, 39
Possession (s), 18, 33, 40, 45
Pour (-ed), 10
Powder, 8
Power (-full, -less), 12-13, 19, 23-25, 27, 32-33, 40, 45
Pratensis, Rabbi Felix, 45
Prepare, 11, 49
Preservation, 43, 56
Preserve (-d), 43, 45, 53, 56
Preside (-d), 44-45, 50
Pretense, 9
Priest (s, -ly), 32-33, 40, 50, 54
Print (-ed, -er), 41, 43, 46-47, 51, 55
Prison (-ers), 11, 33
Pray (-ing, -er), 5, 9, 13, 15, 18-19, 52
Preach (-ed, -ing), 11, 22, 25, 31, 42
Process, 29, 39-40, 43-44, 46, 48, 53, 55
Prodigy, 40
Produce (-d, -ing, -tion), 2, 4, 21, 29-30, 36, 40-44, 46-49, 52-53,
55-56, 72
Pregraph (Gk.), 27
Profane, 2
Profit, 39, 57
Promise (s, -d), 10, 18, 24, 28, 33, 69
Prophecy, 10, 15, 36
Prophet (s), 2, 11, 24, 38, 56
Propheteuson (Gk.), 20
Proponent, 40
Proseuchesth, 5, 15
Prosopon (Gk.), 20
Protestant, 39, 47, 53, 56
Prove (s, -d, -n), 2, 4, 8, 12, 39, 45-46, 48
Proverbs, 14, 43
Provide (s, -ing), 8-9, 16, 23, 25, 32, 36, 41-43, 51, 72
Providentially, 43
Psalm (s), 10, 43, 63
Pseudo-, 2, 4, 49, 52, 72
Psi (Y), 13-20, 22-36, 38, 58-59, 61
Public (-ly), 8, 18, 27, 39, 43-44, 47, 72
Publication (s), 39, 41, 55, 70-72
Publish (-ed, -ing, -er, -ers), 2, 16, 39, 41, 46-49, 51, 53-59, 70-72
Pulp, 52
Pure (-r), 27, 34-35, 39, 41, 46, 49, 52, 55, 64
Purgatory, 52
Purged, 32
Purified (-ies), 35, 37
Purpose (s), 10, 29, 33, 36-37, 46, 49, 54-55
Purrazi (Gk.), 6
Q
Quarto, 46
Quenched, 13
Quote (-ation [s]), 11, 17, 23, 25, 35, 39, 50, 57
R
R (Codex), 17, 59
Rabbi, 9, 45
Rabbinic,
First (Bible), 45
Second (Bible), 45
Radiance, 32
Raise (-d), 24, 67
Rapture, 19
Ratified, 29
Rationalism, 40, 48, 53
Reader (s, s), 8, 12, 14, 17-18, 21, 25-26, 30, 36-37, 39, 44, 51,
55, 65, 69
Readership, 11, 39
Reading (s), 3-5, 8-9, 11-42, 44, 46, 50, 53-54, 56, 59-61, 64-65,
69, 72
Real, 2, 16, 46
Rebuke (s), 31
Receive (-d), 9, 28, 31, 33, 47, 55
Receptacle, 48
Receptor (decoding), 42
Receptus, Textus, 4, 6, 10, 15-17, 22-24, 29-33, 35-39, 41-43, 4649, 51, 55-56
Records, 16, 52
Redeem (-ed), 4, 19, 27
Rheims-Duoay (Bible), 52
Rhoizedon (Gk.), 36
Rich (-es), 14, 39
Righteous (-ness), 5, 29, 33, 35
Rise, 9
Roar (-ing), 36
Robbery, 30
Robes, 38
Rodgers, John, 39, 41
Roman Catholic (-ism), 2, 29, 32, 39-40, 43, 47, 52, 54
Roman Empire, Eastern, 45
Romans, the book of, 25-26, 28, 67-69
Rome (s), 44, 47, 52, 54, 69
Rose, 21
S
S (Codex), 17, 21, 59
Sacred, 2, 11-12
Sacrifice (s), 5, 28, 32, 42
Saducees, 8
Sahidic, 5-11, 13-17, 19-21, 23-24, 30, 32, 34-35, 37-38, 53, 59
Saint Catherines Monastery/Convent, 2, 40, 44, 47, 55, 60
Salem, 50
Salvation, 8, 14, 22, 28, 32-33, 35, 42, 48, 52
Samaritan Pentateuch, 39
Samuel, II, the Book of, 24
Sanctify (-ied), 19
Sara (Sarah), 33
Satan (s), 13, 24, 27, 31, 52
Save (s, -d), 7-8, 17, 19, 26, 35, 37, 52
Savior (or Saviour), 13, 19, 35
Sawn (sawed), 34
Say (s, -ing), 4-5, 7-9, 12, 15, 17-18, 20, 23, 28, 32-33
Saxony, 46
Scandinavia, 47
Science, 2, 23, 40, 55
Scholar (s, s, -ly, -ship), 2, 4, 6-9, 13, 15, 17-18, 23-25, 37, 39-43,
44-56, 65, 72
Scribe (s, -al), 2, 4-6, 8-13, 15, 17, 23, 25-27, 29-32, 34-35, 37-38,
40-41, 44, 46-48, 53-54
Scripture (s, -al), 2, 9, 12, 14-15, 17, 19-20, 28, 32, 34-35, 37, 39,
41-42, 44, 46-49, 52-53, 57
Scrivener, F. H. A., 2, 43, 53, 70-71
Scrolls, Dead Sea, 39
Seat, 26, 68
Second Coming, 26
Spare (-d), 36
Speak (s, -ing), 6, 8, 11, 35-36, 42, 45 ,49, 54
Special, 2, 31, 47, 58
Specific (-ally, -ity), 11, 15, 17-18, 22, 24-26, 28, 30, 33, 44, 46,
48-51, 54, 57
Specified, 20-22, 24-26, 29-32, 35-38
Spirit, 8, 10, 12, 16, 19, 25, 29, 31, 35-38, 44, 53, 56, 68
Spiritual (-ly, -ized), 2, 4, 8, 26-27, 29, 35, 37, 39, 42, 44, 47-49,
52, 55
Spoiling, 33
Spoke (-n, spake), 2, 21, 28, 32, 36, 38, 54
Stand (s, -ing), 6, 8, 10, 19, 26, 33-34, 38, 41
Status, 2, 5, 22, 44
Stauron (Gk.), 14
Stephanus (Stephens), Robert, 35, 41, 51
Stepped, 23
Stereo (Gk.), 31
Stone (s, -d), 8, 24, 34, 69
Strength (-ening), 19, 25, 27, 33, 40, 44
Strongs, 6, 22, 24-25, 32, 37, 41, 48, 57, 72
Struck, 20
Stugnazo (Gk.), 6
Stuttgartensia, Biblia Hebraica, 45
Stylist (s, -ic), 10, 26, 28-29, 39
Stylized, 39
Subject (s), 4, 68
Subjective, 18, 34
Substance, 10, 33
Substitute (-d, -ing, -ion), 6, 11, 28, 34-36
Suffer (-ed), 31, 34, 36, 46
Sufficient, 27, 30
Sugklronomai (Gk.), 28
Support (s, -ed, -ing, -ive), 4-14, 16-24, 26-39, 41, 43-47, 51, 5657, 59, 63
Sware, 32
Sweat, 19
Swiss, 45
Sword, 34
Sworn (sware), 24, 32
Synagogue, 49, 69
Synaxaria, 49
Syncretism, 2, 47
Synoptic (gospels), 42, 48, 64
Syria, 44, 54, 64
Syriac, 4-23, 25-28, 30-32, 33-39, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 59
Syrian, 52, 54
T
T (Codex), 19-20, 22-23
Ta (Gk.), 27
Tabernacle, 33
Take (s, -n, -ing), 11, 14-15, 19, 26-27, 31, 39, 47
Tarried, 16
Tartarus, 36, 48
Tartarosas (Gk.), 36
Tas (Gk.), 12, 16
Tatian, 24
Taverners Bible, 39
Teacher (s), 2, 8-9, 31, 37, 56
Teaching (s), 2, 42, 51
Teleiosanton (Gk.), 16
Teleioteras (Gk.), 33
Tell, 4-5, 7, 20, 23-24
Temple, 8, 24, 54
Tempt (-ed), 34
Tent, 33, 47
Tertullian, 2, 24, 45, 50, 52
Testament, 10 (covenant)
New (NT), 2, 4-5, 7-22, 25, 27, 29, 31, 34-36, 39-42, 44-46,
51-54, 56-57, 60, 65-66, 69-72
Old (OT), 10-11, 15-17, 22, 29, 35, 40-41, 45-47, 49, 52, 5455, 72
Testamentum, Novum (Graece), 16, 41-42
Testimony, 5-7, 9-12, 18, 20, 23, 26-31, 33-34, 36, 41, 50
Text (s), 2, 4-13, 16-17, 19, 25, 27-29, 37-38, 40-42, 44-52, 54-57
Alexandrian (s, Alex.), 5, 7, 9-10, 16-17, 19, 22-23, 25, 28-29,
31, 33-34, 37-38, 40-41, 43-45, 47, 49, 53-56, 60, 62-64
Byzantine (Byz.), 4-12, 14-41, 44-50, 52-55, 59-64
Caesarean (Caes.), 5, 8-10, 20, 22, 28, 37, 45, 47, 49, 54, 6061, 63-64
Critical (edition), 2, 4, 10-11, 13, 15, 18, 20-22, 26-27, 33-35,
37, 39-40, 44-49, 51, 53, 55, 59, 63, 65
Majority (Maj., ), 4-39, 41-45, 48, 50-53, 55-56, 59, 71-72
Masoretic, 41, 45
Mixed (eclectic), 10, 29, 37, 49, 52, 60-64
Old Latin (OL), 4-34, 36-37, 49-50, 52, 57, 59, 63-64
Received, 47, 55
Western, 8, 28, 41, 45, 49, 52, 54, 57, 60, 62, 64
Text-type (s), 3, 28, 40-41, 44-47, 49-50, 52-57, 60, 63-64
Textual, 4, 15, 23, 26, 29, 35, 42, 47-48, 52, 54, 56-57, 65, 71
Textual criticism, 3, 23, 39-40, 42, 51-52, 55, 57, 64, 70-72
Textus Receptus, 4, 6, 10, 15-17, 22-24, 29-33, 35-39, 41-43, 4649, 51, 55-56
Thanks, 26
Thelemate (Gk.), 36
Theologian (s), 23, 40, 44-46, 49, 51, 53, 55-56
Theological (-ly), 4, 22-23, 26-29, 32, 40, 43-44, 48, 51-52, 55-56,
71-72
Theopneustos (Gk.), 40
Theory (-ies), 4, 12, 15, 17-18, 20, 29, 40-41, 46, 48, 54-55, 56
Thessalonians
The books of (1, 2), 30
The church of the, 30
Theta (Codex, ), 4-20, 22-24, 36, 58
Thief, 36
Thing (s), 8, 14-15, 19, 25-32, 35, 37, 44, 67
Third (3rd: century), 2, 28, 34, 41, 44-45, 47, 52, 57
Throne, 10, 24, 26, 29
Great White, 26
Throw (thrown), 6, 13, 24
Time (s), 2, 5-6, 14-16, 19, 22-23, 25, 32-33, 35-36, 47, 66
Timothy (Timotheus)
The apostle, 2, 30
The books of (1, 2), 31, 39, 43
Tis (Gk.), 27
Tischendorf, Friedrich Constantine von, 2, 14, 16, 21-22, 38-40,
44, 46-47, 51, 55, 65-66
Titus (the book of), 2
Today, 32, 41-42, 51, 70-72
Toil (-ing), 31
Tomb (s), 21
Took, 24, 30, 33, 69
Torment (-ed), 5, 34
Touch, 31
Traditional (-ly), 16, 29, 41, 43, 45, 50-51, 54-55, 59, 65, 70
Translate (s, -d), 5-6, 10-11, 14, 20, 28-30, 34-35, 38-39, 41, 4647, 49, 52, 55, 57, 64
Translation (s, -al), 4-8, 11, 13, 15-27, 29-31, 33-35, 37-43, 46-47,
49, 51-52, 54-56, 65, 67, 71-72
Translator (s), 2, 5-8, 10-31, 34-38, 43, 47, 55
Transpose, 13-14, 31, 33
Tree (of life), 38
Tregelles, Samuel P., 21, 37-38, 40, 46, 56
Trespass (-es), 7, 14
Tribulation, the Great, 19
Trinitarian, 56
Trinitarian Bible Society (TBS), 41, 56
Triune, 56
Troubled, 23
Truly, 7, 23, 41
Truncate (-d), 17, 38
Truth (s), 2, 7, 13, 23, 27, 29, 31, 35, 37, 42, 46, 53, 68, 72
Turkey (the country), 54
Twentieth (20th [century]), 2, 20, 28, 48, 50, 54
Tyndale (s), 17, 30, 36, 39, 41, 43, 71
Unorthodox, 49, 71
Unproven, 18
Unregenerate, 26
Unrighteous, 38
Unseen, 48
Unsound, 2, 54
Unsubstantiated, 41
Unworthily, 27
Update (-d), 6, 39, 51
Uper (Gk.: [h]uper), 5, 26
Upholding, 32
Upper, 48
Uppercase, 50, 52, 58
URL, 71
Usable, 4-5, 15, 20, 45, 47
Useless, 34
U
U (Codex), 17, 59
Ulfilas, 47
Ultimately, 12, 39-40, 43, 55
Unadulterated, 41
Unanswered (-able), 2
Unbelief, 7
Unbeliever (s, -ing), 26, 30, 35, 39
Uncertainty, 11
Uncial (s [minuscule(s)]), 4-6, 8-9, 11-15, 18-23, 27-36, 40, 42,
45-46, 48, 50-53, 56, 59-64, 70-71
Uncircumcision, 29
Unclean, 31
Unction, 37
Underlying, 2, 4, 8, 18, 22, 29-30, 41, 44-45, 51-52, 54-56, 65
Undermine, 4, 40
Underneath, 5, 20
Understand (-ing), 7-8, 15, 34, 37, 39, 42
Understatement, 7, 17-18
Underwent, 39
Undignified, 29
Unfaithfulness, 7
Unfashionable, 13
Unfeigned, 35
Ungodly, 25
Unholy, 4, 71
Unification, 42, 46
Unique (-ly), 22, 27, 36, 51
Unitarian (s, -ism), 44, 47, 53, 56
United Bible Societies (UBS), 5, 7, 9, 13-14, 16, 18, 20-24, 30, 33,
35, 37, 39-40, 51, 53-55, 56-57
Unity, 46
Universal (-ly, -ism), 2, 52, 55
Universe, 32
Unofficial, 49, 52
V
V (Codex), 17, 21
Vacancy, 42
Vacillate (-ing), 39
Vain, 2, 34, 49
Validity, 14-15, 17, 23, 30, 50, 54
Variant (s), 9, 11, 15-16, 21-22, 24-25, 30, 32, 39, 47, 54, 65-66, 69
Variation (s), 12, 16-17, 37, 48, 53, 55, 64-65
Various (-ly), 2, 9, 23, 28, 44, 46, 50, 53, 56, 65, 69
Vast (-ly), 4-5, 8-11, 13-14, 18-20, 23-24, 26, 30-31, 33-34, 36-38,
40, 42, 45, 48, 50, 64-65
Vatican, 17 (Vaticanus), 40, 56, 69
Vaticanus (Codex B), 2, 4, 9, 11, 16, 31-32, 34, 38, 40, 42-44, 47,
52, 54, 56, 60-61 (codices S, 046, 048), 65, 69
Verbal (-ly), 2, 34, 37, 43, 55-56
Verily, 7, 12, 23
Verse (s), 3-4, 6-26, 28-30, 34, 37-38, 41-44, 47-49, 53, 64-65, 67,
72
Version (s), 2, 4-10, 12-15, 17-29, 31-33, 35-56, 65, 69-72
American Standard (ASV), 10, 16, 39-40, 44
English Revised (ERV), 2, 4, 10, 15-16, 36, 39-40, 44, 46-48,
55, 72
English Standard (ESV), 15, 21, 24, 36, 39-40, 44, 46, 51
King James (KJV), 4, 6, 12, 14-16, 19-22, 23-27, 29, 31-36,
38-44, 46, 49, 51, 55, 65, 70-71
Revised Standard (RSV), 5-6, 8, 10, 16, 19, 27, 29-30, 32, 39
Versional, 19, 35, 46, 72
Vessel (s), 12, 43
Vicarious, 28, 32, 48
W
W (Codex), 4-14, 16-24, 59
Waite, D. A., 2, 45, 51, 71-72
Waldenses, 52
Walk, 25, 37
Wallace, Daniel B., 43, 57
Wandered, 34
Wanton, 8, 39
Wash (-ed), 38
Watch (-ful, -fulness), 15, 19
Water, 23
Weak, 25-27, 44
Wealth (-y), 14
Weather, 6
Weight, 6, 18, 35, 37
Weiss, Bernhard, 16, 22, 39, 51
Westcott, B. F., 21-22, 24, 36, 38-41, 46, 48, 51, 71
Western (text-type), 8, 28, 41, 45, 49, 52, 54, 57, 60, 62, 64
Wettstein, Johann Jakob, 46
Weymouth, Richard, 51
Wheaton, 71
Whittingham (s), William, 41
Whole (-ly), 23, 37
Whosoever, 4, 7-8, 13, 23, 34
Wicked, 38
Widow (s), 9
Wife, 7, 26
Wind, 29, 53
Wine, 10
Wisdom, 2, 13, 37
Witness (-es), 7, 9-12, 15, 20, 22-26, 28-29, 38, 47, 51-52, 59-60,
64, 68
Woe, 9
Woman (en), 7, 16, 26
Word (of God, Christ), 2, 6, 14-15, 17, 29, 37, 39, 42-43, 56, 68,
71
Works (Gods, mans), 6, 32, 34-36, 42, 52
World (s, -ly), 9, 19, 26, 31, 34, 38-39, 42, 45, 48, 51, 54-55, 67,
70-71
Worm, 13
Worthy, 16, 19
Wrath, 19, 30, 38
Wretched, 37
Written, 2, 11, 17, 25, 27, 40, 42, 48-49, 51, 53, 56, 60-61
Wrong (-ful, -fully), 12, 20-22, 24-25, 27-31, 33-35, 37-38, 43
X
X (Codex), 6, 14, 17, 21
Y
Ye, 5-7, 9, 14-15, 18-19, 27, 31, 33-35, 37-38, 42
Year (s), 2, 4, 15, 28, 39-40, 43, 45, 47-49, 53, 56, 69, 72
Yield, 2
Yonder, 7
Z
Z (Codex), 4, 6, 8-10, 59
Zoen (Gk.), 23
Zondervan (s), 5, 8, 20-21, 33, 37, 39, 42, 57, 71
Zophou (Gk.), 36, 54