Flowchart of Palm Oil Mill Processing

Flow chart of the production chain of palm oil and palm kernel oil products
for food application in the EU
(1) Cultivation of palm fruits

Characters between brackets refer to those on the following sheets
Palm fruits
Refining
RBD oil Fractionation
Production of RBD oil
Transport to the oil mill
Palm kernels RBD fractions

(2) Production of crude oil RBD oil
Processing of fruit bunches

Storage and transport
Drying and processing of Crude oil (A) Transport Storage
palm kernels
(D) Transport by
OUTSIDE EU
ocean going vessel
(B) Transport
(C) Storage INSIDE EU
(4) Modification
(4.1) Fractionation Fractionated oil products
(4.2) Hydrogenation Hydrogenated oil products
(4.3) Interesterification Interesterified oil products
(C) Storage
(3) Refining (5) Loading of EU FOOD

Refined oil products (B) Transport INDUSTRY
refined products
25 February 2009 09SAF056

Food
Risk analysis of the chain of palm and palm kernel oil products
1. Cultivation of palm fruits*

LEGISLATION, INDUSTRY
RISK
HAZARD CAT. CHANCE SERIOUSNESS* PRP or CCP JUSTIFICATION STANDARDS AND/OR CONTROL MEASURE REMARKS
CLASS.
CONTRACT TERMS
Pesticide residues above C The countries of export of EC Regulation 396/2005

the MRL, i.e. residues of palm oil (Indonesia, Malaysia prohibits putting into
herbicides, insecticides, and others) work with positive circulation commodities that
fungicides or rodenticides lists for the use of pesticides do not comply with the MRLs
above the MRL. during cultivation which, for set in the annexes.
some substances, may
conflict with European
pesticide residue legislation.
Hitherto no residues of
pesticides have been
detected in palm and palm
kernel oil.
* Assessment of risks outside the EU is out of the scope of this document. See the methodology document paragraph 2.3 for more information.
25 February, 2009 09SAF056

Food
2. Production of crude oil*

RISK
HAZARD CAT. CHANCE SERIOUSNESS PRP or CCP JUSTIFICATION STANDARDS AND/OR CONTROL MEASURE REMARKS
CLASS.
CONTRACT TERMS
Boiler chemicals C Increased risk at plants Steam (using boiler chemicals) that
without good manufacturing directly comes into contact with the
practices. product must be suitable for use in the
food industry.
Recycling of contaminated C Effluent water may be Fat from fat traps in effluent water must
fat from fat traps in effluent chemically contaminated. not be recycled for food application.
water.
Hydraulic oil or lubricants C Hydraulic oils and lubricants The prerequisite programme should
from equipment may contain toxic assure that the contamination of the
compounds. product with non-food grade hydraulic oils
or lubricants is avoided and that the risk of
contamination of the product with food
grade hydraulic oils and lubricants is
minimised. The prerequisite programme
could involve recording of the quantities
used.
Foreign bodies P Foreign bodies may be A system should be in place that removes
present. any foreign material.
PAHs C BaP may be found in crude JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert

(only for palm kernels) palm kernel oil due to bad Committee on Food Additives)
drying practices. recommends replacing direct smoking by
indirect smoking. In case of direct heating,
Good Manufacturing Practices for the
smoking process, recommend not to use
waste products as a fuel for direct drying
and to use hard wood rather than
softwood. Temperature and time should be
controlled to avoid PAH formation. The
equipment has to be kept clean and well
maintained.
EC Regulation No. 1881/2006 sets a 2.0
µg/kg limit for BaP in oils and fats intended
for direct human consumption or use as an
ingredient in foods.
* Assessment of risks outside the EU is out of the scope of this document. See the methodology document paragraph 2.3 for more information.

Food
3. Refining
RISK
CLASS.
CONTRACT TERMS
Hydraulic oils or lubricants C low high 3 PRP Hydraulic oils and The prerequisite programme should
from equipment lubricants may contain assure that the contamination of the
toxic compounds. product with non-food grade hydraulic
oils or lubricants is avoided and that the
risk of contamination of the product with
food grade hydraulic oils and lubricants
is minimised. The prerequisite
programme could involve recording of
the quantities used.
Cleaning agents and boiler C medium medium 3 PRP Cleaning agents and Cleaning agents used in the production
chemicals steam (using boiler system should be flushed. Cleaning
chemicals) may come into agents and boiler chemicals must be
contact with the product. suitable for use in the food industry.
Quality of water C low high 3 PRP Water is used for the Apply potable water.
refining process.
Processing aids C medium medium 3 PRP Processing aids come into Processing aids that directly come into
contact with the product. contact with the oil must be of food
grade quality or for food use.
Thermal heating fluids C medium high 4 CCP THF may still be used by According to the FEDIOL Use hot water or steam heating.
(THF) from equipment non-FEDIOL members. Code of Practice on the Otherwise, a control measure should
Heating of Edible Oils assure that the contamination of
during Processing, the use product with thermal heating fluids is
of THF is not allowed. avoided.

Food
3. Refining (continued)
RISK
HAZARD CAT. CHANCE SERIOUSNESS PRP or CCP JUSTIFICATION STANDARDS AND/OR CONTRACT CONTROL MEASURE REMARKS
CLASS.
TERMS
Dioxin from bleaching earth C low high 3 PRP A potential source of dioxin EC Regulation No. 1881/2006, for Source fresh bleaching earth
contamination during refining is vegetable fats and oils sets a dioxin from suppliers that fulfil the
bleaching earth. Nevertheless, limit of 0.75 ng/kg (WHO-PCDD/F- FEDIOL specifications on fresh
the dosage level of bleaching TEQ) and one for the sum of dioxin bleaching earth.
earth during refining is only 1- and dioxin-like PCBs of 1,5 ng/kg
3%. (WHO-PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ).
FEDIOL has developed a Code of

Practice on the purchase conditions
of fresh bleaching earth for oil
refining, which includes a maximum
limit for dioxin and dioxin-like PCBs
of 1,5 ng/kg (WHO-PCDD/F-PCB-
TEQ) as upperbound value.
Pesticide residues above C very low medium 1 Hitherto no residues of pesticides Regulation 396/2005 sets limits for
the MRL, i.e. residues of have been detected in palm or residues of pesticides. This
herbicides, insecticides, palm kernel oil. regulation allows to use a transfer
fungicides or rodenticides factor for authorised pesticides into
above the MRL. processed products, providing food
safety is assured.
Microbiological B low medium 2 Moisture content (i.e. water

contamination activity) in refined oils is too low
for bacteria to grow.
Adventitious presence of C low high 3 PRP Potential cross contamination. Directive 2000/13/EC as amended Prerequisite programme to
allergens (from lecithin, Allergic reactions may occur at by Directive 2003/89/EC requires prevent cross contamination.
peanuts, nuts, sesame very low levels. the mandatory labelling of
seeds and products thereof) ingredients known to trigger
allergies or intolerances.
FEDIOL Code of Practice on the

production and labelling of certain
oils in connection with allergy.
PAHs C medium high 4 CCP BaP levels may be found in EC Regulation No. 1881/2006 sets Use of active carbon to verify
(only for palm kernel oil) crude palm kernel oil .due to bad a 2.0 µg/kg limit for BaP in oils and compliance with EU legislation.
drying practices. BaP is an fats intended for direct human
indicator for PAHs. consumption or use as an ingredient
in foods.

Food
4. Modification (general)
RISK
CLASS.
CONTRACT TERMS
Hydraulic oils or lubricants C low high 3 PRP Hydraulic oils and lubricants The prerequisite programme
from equipment may contain toxic compounds. should assure that the
contamination of the product
with non-food grade hydraulic
oils or lubricants is avoided
and that the risk of
contamination of the product
with food grade hydraulic oils
and lubricants is minimised.
The prerequisite programme
could involve recording of the
quantities used.
Cleaning agents and boiler C medium medium 3 PRP Cleaning agents and steam Cleaning agents used in the
chemicals (using boiler chemicals) may production system should be
come into contact with the flushed. Cleaning agents and
product. boiler chemicals must be
suitable for use in the food
industry.
Quality of water C low high 3 PRP Water is used in the process. Apply potable water.
Foreign materials P medium medium 3 PRP Foreign materials may be Filter before loading.
present.
Processing aids C medium medium 3 PRP Processing aids come into Processing aids that directly
contact with the product. come into contact with the oil
must be for food use or of
food grade quality.

Food
4.1 Fractionation (dry or wet)

RISK
CLASS.
CONTRACT TERMS
Contaminantion of the P/C/B low high 3 PRP Open stearin collection tank. High-care zone and filtering.
stearin
Toxic compounds from C low high 3 PRP Solvents are used for wet Directive 88/344/EEC sets Use food grade solvents.
solvent fractionation. Probable use of purity criteria for the use of
solvents that are not of food- solvents for food production.
grade quality.

Food
4.2 Hydrogenation
RISK
CLASS.
CONTRACT TERMS
Contamination with high C medium medium 3 PRP Nickel used as a catalyst may Proper post-refining or post-
nickel levels be incompletely removed after bleaching.
filtration.

Food
4.3 Interesterification
RISK
CLASS.
TERMS
No hazards in addition to those listed

under 5. Modification (general)

Food
5. Loading of refined products

RISK
CLASS.
CONTRACT TERMS
Foreign matter P low high 3 PRP Foreign bodies may be FEDIOL Code of working Filter before loading.
present. practice for bulk road and tank
container transport of fats and A quality plan should require
oils for direct food use. the loading of tank cars with
refined oils under a roof.
Microbiological B low medium 2 Moisture content (i.e. water

contamination activity) in refined oils is too
low for bacteria to grow.
Misuse of additives C low medium 2 Misuse or overdosing of Directive 89/107/EEC.

additives may occur.
Adventitious presence of C low high 3 PRP Potential cross contamination. Directive 2000/13/EC as Prerequisite programme to
allergens (from lecithin, Allergic reactions may occur amended by Directive prevent cross contamination.
peanuts, nuts, sesame at very low levels. 2003/89/EC requires the
seeds and products thereof) mandatory labelling of
ingredients known to trigger
allergies or intolerances.
FEDIOL Code of Practice on

the Production and Labelling
of certain oils in connection
with allergy.

Food
A. Transport outside EU*

RISK
CLASS.
CONTRACT TERMS
Contamination by previous C Tank cars and barges may have been Tank cars and barges that are not
cargo used for non-food grade approved dedicated to the transport of foodstuff
products such as petrochemicals. should have undergone a proper
cleaning procedure.
Contamination by cleaning C Increased risk at cleaning stations that Cleaning agents must be suitable for
agents clean both food and chemical tanks at use in the food industry.
one site.
In Indonesia and Malaysia few cleaning

stations exist. However, those that
exist may have limited facilities and
may also be used for cleaning non-food
tank cars. Used cleaning water may be
re-used.
Heating or cooling fluids
from equipment
- Tank cars C The tanks are heated with cooling Use of tank cars that use coils for heat
water from the motor through a system transfer should be banned. Instead
of double walls (and not internal coils). tanks that are equipped with double
walls have to be used.
- Barges C Toxic thermal heating fluids may still be If thermal heating fluids have been
used. However, due to the relatively used, the transporter of the oil must
low heating temperatures applied provide for documentation on possible
during transport, the chance of leakage nett losses and analyse accordingly if
of thermal heating fluids into the necessary.
product is low. The use of hot water or steam heating
is recommended.
Adulteration C/P/B Adulteration can cause harm. Fediol Code of Practice on Proper sealing system should be
Sampling and Analysis of all applied.
imported crude vegetable oils
in bulk by ship into the EU.
* Assessment of risks in this part of the chain is out of the scope of this document. See the methodology document paragraph 2.3 for more information.

Food
B. Transport inside EU
RISK
CLASS.
CONTRACT TERMS
Contamination by previous
cargo
- Tank cars, rail tanks and barges C Low high 3 PRP Transport of oils is foodstuff dedicated. EC Regulation No. 852/2004 Check previous cargoes via
implies the transport of liquid food FEDIOL practical guide to
stuffs by tank cars, rail tanks and previous cargo(es) for means of
barges to be dedicated. transport and tank lining.
FEDIOL code of working practice

for bulk road and tank container
transport of fats and oils for direct
food use.
- Tank coasters C low high 3 PRP Tank coasters carrying oils and fats during FEDIOL Code of Practice for the Check previous cargoes via
short sea voyages in the EU must have as transport in bulk of oils and fats FEDIOL practical guide to
an absolute minimum as the immediate into or within the European Union. previous cargo(es) for means of
previous cargoes a product that is either a transport and tank lining.
foodstuff or a product appearing on the EU
list of accepted immediate cargoes of
Directive 96/3/EC.
Contamination by cleaning
agents
- Tank cars, rail tanks and barges C medium medium 3 PRP Increased risk at cleaning stations that clean
both food and chemical tanks on one site. FEDIOL Code of Practice for the Include safeguards to preclude FEDIOL code of working practice
transport in bulk of oils and fats contamination of the food grade for bulk road and tank container
into or within the European Union. cargo tanks and equipment by transport of fats and oils for direct
steam, water and cleaning agents food use includes good practices
FEDIOL code of working practice used in the cleaning of non-food for cleaning of tanks.
for bulk road and tank container grade cargo tanks.
transport of fats and oils for direct
food use.
- Tank coasters C medium medium 3 PRP Increased risk in case coaster is not Selected cleaning stations must
dedicated to foodstuff. have an implemented HACCP-
system. Demand a signed
cleaning certificate before loading.

Food
B. Transport inside EU (continued)

RISK
CLASS.
CONTRACT TERMS
Heating or cooling fluids from
equipment
- Tank cars C low little 1 Stainless steel tanks are used which are FEDIOL Code of Practice for the
heated with cooling water from the motor transport in bulk of oils and fats
through a system of double walls (and not into or within the European Union.
coils).
- Rail tanks, tank barges and C low high 3 PRP Toxic thermal heating fluids may still be FEDIOL code of working practice Heating coils of rail tanks must be
coasters used. However, due to the relatively low for bulk road and tank container of stainless steel (FEDIOL).
heating temperatures applied during transport of fats and oils for direct If thermal heating fluids have been
transport, the chance of leakage of thermal food use. used, the transporter of the oil
heating fluids into the product is low. must provide for documentation on
possible nett losses and analyse
accordingly if necessary.
Foreign bodies P low high 3 PRP FEDIOL code of working practice A quality plan should require the FEDIOL code of working practice
for bulk road and tank container loading of tank cars with refined for bulk road and tank container
transport of fats and oils for direct oils under a roof. transport of fats and oils for direct
food use. food use includes good practices
for loading and unloading.
Aldulteration C/P/B low high 3 PRP Adulteration can cause harm. FEDIOL code of working practice Application of minimum mandatory
for bulk road and tank container requirements in FEDIOL code of
transport of fats and oils for direct working practice for bulk road and
food use. tank container transport of fats
and oils for direct food use.

Food
C. Storage
RISK
CLASS.
CONTRACT TERMS
Contamination due to lack C low high 3 PRP This risk classification applies Terminals in the EU that store Storage companies must at
of segregation to terminals that store both oils and fats for food least adhere to the EU rules
(contamination from previous chemicals and vegetable oils. application are obliged to on previous cargoes that have
cargoes, use of incorrect Less risk is involved when the apply HACCP (EC Regulation been set up for sea transport
joinings) tank terminal applies the EU No. 852/2004). in Directive 96/3/EC.
list of acceptable previous
cargoes during sea transport
to the storage of vegetable
oils. Least risk is involved
when the vegetable oils are
stored in tanks that are
dedicated to the storage of
foodstuffs.
Contamination by cleaning C low high 3 PRP This risk classification applies Cleaning agents must be
agents to terminals that store both suitable for use in the food
chemicals and vegetable oils. industry.
They may abstain from using
cleaning agents that are
suitable for use in the food
industry. For tank terminals in
the EU that apply HACCP and
that keep the storage of
vegetable oils and chemicals
separated, the chance of
using the wrong cleaning
agents is very low.
Thermal heating fluids from C low high 3 PRP Toxic thermal heating fluids If thermal heating fluids have The use of water and steam
equipment may still be used. However, been used, the storage heating is recommended.
due to the relatively low company must provide for
heating temperatures applied documentation on nett losses
during storage, the chance of and analyse accordingly, if
leakage of thermal heating necessary.
fluids into the product is low.

Food
D. Transport by ocean going vessel

RISK
CLASS.
TERMS
Transport contamination
- Contamination by previous C medium medium 3 PRP Ocean going vessels carrying oils and Directive 96/3/EC (Derogation to EC Before loading, FOSFA
cargoes present in tanks or pipes fats for edible use into the EU must have Regulation No. 852/2004) requires that recognised superintendents need
as an absolute minimum that the previous loads have to be checked. to check whether tanks are
immediate previous cargoes is a product sufficiently cleaned. Before
that is either a foodstuff or a product FOSFA contracts oblige the seller to unloading, FOSFA recognised
appearing on the EU list of accepted inform the buyer what the three preceding superintendents need to check the
immediate cargoes of Directive 96/3/EC. cargoes have been during the sea ship’s logbook on compliance with
transport of oils and fats. previous cargo lists.
FEDIOL Code of Practice for the

transport in bulk of oils and fats into or
within the European Union.
The use of dedicated pipe lines at
loading and unloading.
- Contamination by cleaning C low high 3 PRP Usually maritime business sticks to good Check ship log-book.
agents practice.
Thermal heating fluids (THF) C low high 3 PRP Toxic thermal heating fluids may still be If thermal heating fluids have been The use of water and steam
from equipment used. However, due to the relatively low used, the transporter of the oil heating is recommended.
heating temperatures applied during must provide for documentation on
transport, the chance of leakage of possible nett losses and analyse
thermal heating fluids into the product is accordingly if necessary.
low.
Hydraulic oils from portable C low high 3 PRP Hydraulic oils from portable pumps may The use of portable pumps with Hydraulic motors that are directly
pumps be toxic. clear separation of hydraulic motor linked to the pump allow for
from pump. If not, hydraulic oils of unwanted leakages of hydraulic oil
food grade quality must be used. into the vegetable oil in case of
seal failure.

Flowchart of Palm Oil Mill Processing

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Flowchart of Palm Oil Mill Processing

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Flow chart of the production chain of palm oil and palm kernel oil products

for food application in the EU

(1) Cultivation of palm fruits

Palm kernels RBD fractions

Processing of fruit bunches

(4.2) Hydrogenation Hydrogenated oil products

(4.3) Interesterification Interesterified oil products

(3) Refining (5) Loading of EU FOOD

25 February 2009 09SAF056

1. Cultivation of palm fruits*

Pesticide residues above C The countries of export of EC Regulation 396/2005

25 February, 2009 09SAF056

2. Production of crude oil*

PAHs C BaP may be found in crude JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert

25 February, 2009 09SAF056

25 February, 2009 09SAF056

FEDIOL has developed a Code of

Microbiological B low medium 2 Moisture content (i.e. water

FEDIOL Code of Practice on the

25 February, 2009 09SAF056

25 February, 2009 09SAF056

4.1 Fractionation (dry or wet)

25 February, 2009 09SAF056

25 February, 2009 09SAF056

No hazards in addition to those listed

25 February, 2009 09SAF056

5. Loading of refined products

Microbiological B low medium 2 Moisture content (i.e. water

Misuse of additives C low medium 2 Misuse or overdosing of Directive 89/107/EEC.

FEDIOL Code of Practice on

25 February, 2009 09SAF056

A. Transport outside EU*

In Indonesia and Malaysia few cleaning

25 February, 2009 09SAF056

FEDIOL code of working practice

25 February, 2009 09SAF056

B. Transport inside EU (continued)

25 February, 2009 09SAF056

25 February, 2009 09SAF056

D. Transport by ocean going vessel

FEDIOL Code of Practice for the

25 February, 2009 09SAF056

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