The Principles of Scientific Management - 9781606801123

EASY IR.
EADING SERIES

THE PRINCIPLES ,OF SCIENTIFIC

MANAGEMENT

BY

FREDERICK WINSLOW TAYLO'R

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ISBN 9781606801123

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The PriJ1cil'les of Scirntific Ma"a5~

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[original title page]

The Principles of Scienti · c Management

by

FREDERICK WINSLOW TAYL R, M.E., Sc.D.

1911




First published 1911

Republished 2008 by Forgotten Books

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PUBLISHER'S PREFACE

"T e Principles of Scientific Management is a monograph pu lished by Frederick Winslow Taylor in 1911. This influential m nograph is the basis of modern organization and decision th ory and has motivated administrators and students of m nagerial technique, Taylor was an American mechanical

ineer and a management consultant in his later years, He is

o n called "The Father of Scientific Management," His roach is also often referred to, as Taylor's Principles, or

(Quote from wikipedia.org)

"F ederick Winslow Taylor (March 20, 1856 - March 21, 1915), wi ely known as F, W, Taylor, was an American mechanical en ineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency, A m nagement consultant in his later years, he is sometimes cal ed "the father of scientific management," He was one of the int lIectual leaders of the Efficiency Movement and his ideas, br adly conceived, were highly influential in the Progressive E ,

Ta lor was also an accomplished tennis player, He won the first do bles tournament in the 1881 U,S, National Championships (Ia er called the US Open), with Clarence Clark,"

(Quote from wikipedia.org)




viII ""t

10 2010 Forgotten Books I



PUBLISHER'S PREFACE Vll

INTRODUCTION .. 1

FUNDAMENTALS OF CIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT 4

THE PRINCIPLES OF IENTIFIC MANAGEMENT 22

ENDNOTES 115

ONTENTS







The PrInciples of Sclentrfic Management

INTRODUCTION

PRESIDENT Roosevelt in his address to the Governors the White House, prophetically remarked that "T e conservation of our national resources is only prelimina

to the la rger question of nationa I efficie ncy."

The whole country at once recognized the importance conserving our material resources and a large movement h s been started which will be effective in accomplishing t is object. As yet, however, we have but vaguely appreciated t e importance of "the larger question of increasing our nation I efficiency."

We can see our forests vanishing, our water-powers going waste, our soil being carried by floods into the sea; a nd the e of our coal and our iron is in sight. But our larger wastes human effort, which go on every day through such of our acts s are blundering, ill-directed, or inefficient, and which r. Roosevelt refers to as a, lack of "national efficiency," are Ie s visible, less tangible, and are but vaguely appreciated.

We can see and feel the waste of material things. Awkwa r inefficient, or ill-directed movements of men, however, lea e nothing visible or tangible behind them. Their appreciation ca Is for an act of memory, an effort of the imagination. And for t is reason, even though our daily loss from this source is great r than from our waste of material things, the one has stirred s deeply, while the other has moved us but little.




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As yet there has been no public agitation for "greater national efficiency." no meetin s have been called to consider how this is to be brought about. nd still there are signs that the need for greater efficiency is wi ely felt.

The search for better, for more competent men, from the presidents of our gr at companies down to our household servants, was never ore vigorous than it is now. And more than ever before is th demand for competent men in excess of the supply.

What we are king for, however, is the readymade, competent man; the an whom some one else has trained. It is only when we fully realize that our duty, as well as our opportunity, lies in s stematically cooperating to train and to make this competent man, instead of in hunting for a man whom some one else as trained, that we shall be on the road to national efficiency.

In the past the prevailing idea has been well expressed in the saying that "Captains f industry are born, not made"; and the theory has been that if one could get the right man, methods could be safely left to him. In the future it will be appreciated that our leaders must be trained right as well as born right, and that no great man an (with the old system of personal management) hope to compete with a number of ordinary men who have been prop rly organized so as efficiently to cooperate.

In the past the man as been first; in the future the system must be first. This in n sense, however, implies that great men are not needed. On t e contrary, the first object of any good system must be that f developing first-class men; and under systematic managem nt the best man rises to the top more certainly and more ra idly than ever before.





This paper has been written:

First. To point out, through a series 0 simple illustrations, the great loss which the whole count is suffering through inefficiency in almost all of our daily a s.

Second. To try to convince the reader that the remedy for this inefficiency lies in systematic mana ement, rather than in searching for some unusual or extraordinary man.

Third. To prove that the best manag ment is a true science, resting upon clearly defined laws, ru es, and principles, as a foundation. And further to show that the fundamental principles of scientific management ar applicable to all kinds of human activities, from our simplest in ividual acts to the work of our great corporations, which call for the most elaborate cooperation. And, briefly, through a eries of illustrations, to convince the reader that whenev r these principles are correctly applied, results must follow hich are truly astounding.

This paper was originally prepared or presentation to the American Society of Mechanical En ineers. The illustrations chosen are such as, it is believed, ill especially appeal to engineers and to managers of indu rial and manufacturing establishments, and also quite as mu h to all of the men who are working in these establishments. I is hoped, however, that it will be clear to other readers that the same principles can be applied with equal force to all social ctivities: to the management of our homes; the manage ent of our farms; the management of the business of our tradesmen, large and small; of our churches, our philanthropic in itutions our universities, and our governmental departments.




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FUNDAMEN

LS OF SCIENTIFIC

THE principal object f management should be to secure the maximum prosp rity for the employer, coupled with the maximum prosp rity for each employee.

The words "maximum pr sperity" are used, in their broad sense, to mean not only I rge dividends for the company or owner, but the developme of every branch of the business to its highest state of excelle ee, so that the prosperity may be permanent. In the same ay maximum prosperity for each employee means not onl higher wages than are usually received by men of his cia s, but, of more importance still, it also means the developm nt of each man to his state of maximum efficiency, so th t he may be able to do, generally speaking, the highest gra e of work for which his natural abilities fit him, and it furth r means giving him, when possible, this class of work to do.

It would seem to be so se -evident that maximum prosperity for the employer, coupled with maximum prosperity for the employee, ought to be the wo leading objects of management, that even to state this fa should be unnecessary. And yet there is no question that, throughout the industrial world, a large part of the organiza ion of employers, as well as employees, is for war rather t an for peace, and that perhaps the majority on either side do ot believe that it is possible so to arrange their mutual rela ions that their interests become identical.





The majority of these men believe that the fundamental interests of employees and employers are nee ssarily antagonistic. Scientific management, on the contrary, has for its very foundation the firm conviction that the true interests of the two are one and the same; that prosperity for the e ployer cannot exist through a long term of years unless it is ccompanied by prosperity for the employee, and vice versa; and that it is possible to give the workman what he most wan s--high wages-and the employer what he wants--a low lab r cost--for his ma n ufactu res.

It is hoped that some at least of those who do not sympathize with each of these objects may be led to mo ify their views; that some employers, whose attitude toward their workmen has been that of trying to get the largest amoun of work out of them for the smallest possible wages, may be I d to see that a more liberal policy toward their men will pay t em better; and that some of those workmen who begrudge a air and even a large profit to their employers, and who feel tha all of the fruits of their labor should belong to them, and that hose for whom they work and the capital invested in the busin ss are entitled to little or nothing, may be led to mod ify these vews.

No one can be found who will deny that in the c se of any single individual the greatest prosperity can exist nly when that individual has reached his highest state of eft ciency; that is, when he is turning out his largest daily output.

The truth of this fact is also perfectly clear in he case of two men working together. To illustrate: if you and your workman have become so skilful that you and he together are making two pairs of, shoes in a day, while your competitor a d his workman are making only one pair, it is clear that after elling your two pairs of shoes you can pay your workman mu h higher wages



;}.._

'- .. ~.-

tv 0 ne pair of

still enough money comp

great

whe

!! sama t in.g in a n ~xist nly as of the m n and

turn. g (1 LIt he Ia rgest pc me n nd yo r mach lnes a r othe arc un you, it Is; elea payi nigh e wages to your you r ornpat r. And what i h igh W31!:e~ n the ease 0 besid one not her is also

me time payi h 19h r wage to their im m late tv ('(I Lin d them. in co petru.,. Thes;e illu~t -work from t e most e Ie me",

.a bov reason ing is ru. 0 - ect of both t

rrect, it follows that 1: h workme evelopme

e sta b lish me nt so ttl at he ea n de (at his fas wit ttl I!!! rnaximu m of @fficil!!!nt:y) th!! h ig st c las wt1- h hi's natu ral ab ilit es ftt him-

d rkm

n

e facts, as t ney a ua Ily exist in th is e

h@ ngl is h an d Al"Iler- n ~p 1@5 .a re the

e orld. Whenever n America n work n pia ba eball, CI r

an E gli~h workm an p I yo; cricket. it is- safe to "S;ay t at ., e rve to 'Secure ieterv for hi'S sid e I e does

.a b! the largest ossiblf! numbs r me nt is so stron th at any ma n wh

ls in him In spo is branded as a II d

co nte mpt by tho who a re a rou nd hi

n the sa me work ad .of u-s-I ng eve nt of work, in a pia n to do as littl@ ;iI a he- is well able to hird to one-be If to do tl is best

mo wor i ng, t nat is, deli a f ... I day'S work. ~

itUt@5 the gJ"@;ilt@ @vil wit" which t !! we rki gr lea are now afflicte ,

;}.._

'- .. ~"-

It wi I be sh own wo "ng an d ~"SO

rei at ens betwe-e Ii;; to his

r such

lim in anen 0 we lng wou Id s he m a nd forei

compete

~'5iotdieri"g" a lowe: r the co ma rket!; WOli more than

of the funda

5 of slow

(I- (110 F~~ ~ 'INW'rN"r~~jJ(I~-II'i-

I I I I I

e d ''5 'lNCrk, ttl itt t h d in.g ju ~ the opp b st .of intent 10M t

ny is it. then, in the face of sxlst only an to turn

ei r 1NOrk is i

i!!! detsrm in i!!!d rgest pw.;ib Ie deliber.at@ Iy en have the

m effie Ie nt?

T @(@ are th rl!@ ca 5!!S for th is 5 mma riled as:

y be bri@tly

F rst. Tne fallacy.

materia in raasa in the

o tp LIt of e acl'l ma or ea ch m i e in tI'I e trad WOU kI resu It

the end in th row ng a la rge nub 'WO rk,

m mon u'Se . .and Id ler, er 'WOrk '3. b st interests-

it ill our

rkrnen waste a

T i~ paper will a U lei resu It from

u ga in'S wi'! icl'l n of scientific

jority of "NO r@ to work at t ir best 5Pf! i justice to the w 0 Ie trade

rk, an d yet the h lstc ry .of t

eaeh t rs de

(I- 2010 [)ft~ ~

II "1 I

new rssul trade work

er it be tl1 e i nve nbon of a

uctic n .i! batter method. wh H:: h

e p u ctive apa city of ttl e me n in the

om, inst ad of th rowi ng men out of for more en.

use a Imost im medemand for that .a rtjcla. ceo The int rod Llct:ion of of the work wI'1ich was din mak ing shoes at a r cost. i3I d in SI! II ing the m so chas p

ma • woman a nd chi Id in the workingc ir.o of '5 ce s per yea r, and -wea rs

e as. 10 rme aaeh workma n boyght )i'@.iI rs • .iI nd 'W@nt ba retoot e. w~ ring hoes on I as a luxu ry or as .3 matter nees s ity. n 'Spite of the e normou.,;1'y I nereased wo kman r w jch has come wit h shoe d r s hoes h '50 i ncreased that 'th@re rkl ng in t e shoe ind u'!!t rv now 1: ha n

@ach

ry trade .av@ before th I! man objf!n . beca Lis thev a re ignora nt of the \len, ttl ey $till fl rmly believe, a s the ir

• t at it is ag i nst the i r best i nterests for m out ach ay.as m u h work .a S po!i!i iblf!,

rt Ion of tl1 e work men of ark '&Iowly 50 (Is. to CIJ rta il OOf un ia hOI'§. rnada, or is contemh ave for heir obj ect I c urta iling the n d those en who have t he greate-st ric in -pecple, tela boor leade rs as well as

hila nth rop ic fee tings wh 0 are helping ne m. t his Ia lIacy an d at the sarna tim!!!! of! Iling I"W"Orked I

n an d is being (en ~an tty sa id a bout· we at-

co d ttion~. The writer has great ~vmpiJt with

who a r (I Morked, but 0" the wnole a

nv for wno dIre under pa id. For @VEry ind' id ua],

tM"I~r. who i s cverwc rked r there a re a hu nd re who

n aUy u e r ol1<~~greatly u nd er work~-every day thel r

• nd who for h is rea son deliberate Iv aid in esta b is ni"g

w ich in the ~n d i nevita bly rI!!!-s.J It in low @os.

'Si te yO ice i'§: being ra i s:ed in an end e er to

nears a d na&!!:~, we a ra more intimat!!:lv acqu intad ese fact tha a ny other (lay; in the comm u n itv. a d are re best f d to lead In a movement to com t this;

by ucati"8 not 0" Iv the workmen b t the

un ry as to t ha true facts. A nd yet n hi n.s in th is direction. and are leavi

he a nds .of the la be r a8itato~ (m.a ny of

a d misgu id ed], a"d (If sent imental i

sy!item!i a nagem@ nt wh ich dir@ in rom mon us rrjt is

"""' .... ~~ible in a fe 'WCI rd'§: to make it clear to one not mil ia r

I~ probl m y it is th at the igno rs nee of e mpl

i me i" w hlch work of va rieus kinds she int!!:r@!it of th!!: workman to "sold i@r.

u ..... *:-.

'- .. ~-

writer tt1 erefore quotes. Am arjcan Soci!!ty of M cha n ell E en it led M Sho p Ma nagementr I wh i h it - t ki COl use for scldiaring:

read before rs, in June, 1903r wil expla in fu Ify

u se . First, fro m S<e i easv, wt1 it:: h m m re int ricate e ir r lati ons wit h

~ @ r@ is; no q uestion 'ttl at t

all alks of I ife) i~ to ward w only afte r a good de al or (IS a res ult of exa mp he- t.a k@s a more ra pid

@ man (in it, a nd that Ion on his

rgy, ita I tty, and .wh set up their n hcug it may be

om n men only

ten ency of the

is common te ndencv to ' bri ging a n IJ mbe r of men rm sta nda rd rate of pay

ls g arty nc reased by i a r IN rk a nd at a

eer t hi~ plan the better en g ad ua Iy b t h ir ga tt to that of the p rest a nd least

na u ra Ily erle rgetic marl wo r for a da

t h logic of the situation is; u a ns ra bl I'

suoe s low dow n I ci nt. When a

~ hy sheu lei I 'WOrk t1 ard w en t at I.a

pa that I do and does only h If as

02(1 OFI)ft~

I Y I I

nd er tnese condrt ion s ~ I .. 50 pitia ble, I'

i Ie a n hou r, improving @very ua Ily s tt ing down, In orde r to tV ne - h bor, he wo uld act\J ally

an of good re putrtion 0, whe n his- atte mion red: IWel1 rica n keep n't rna k@ them get .a

rious, but by far tf1 e greatest 1oYf!r5. are sufferi ng. is Lin iy~r;a I under all of d wh icl'1 resu Its from .a

ut ell: pe rie ddy, wn

~ce§;§;ity going I

me ~p to the bal s

n rerte re cen tv in hearl ng one ~maU d y boy f twe expla i ni ng to a gre en oil nd interest, the

il'lg b~ ind hts man when he that In ce d1 ey were pa I d by

02(110F~~~

I I

"e faster rh V went tne less mo e tney g him t kat if he we nt too fast the t er b

ematk -;oldie-ring. h

n wit h ttl e deliberate object ignora nt of h w fast work can be d " ..

I is sold ie- . ng for t his pu rpo e that h rd tv workman n be to und in a la e esta bll hrnent, wo rks by th day or on piece wo k. contra wo ric,

nv of thi!!! 0 ina ry syst@ rns, who not d @

le part of h ls ime to studying j u'St h ~Iow h e ca n

ill convl nee is; em ploye r that tl e ojng at a goCiod

all em Ioye I it is r ht fo e day, hett1 e

or pi@c!!. I'

s out about what t lse real ize"S t nat w h n capable of doing m

has do e. he- will fin d s ener or later some with I tttle or no increa"e of pay. i,

d@rive their nowledge of how rnu h of a gi c n be- done in day from e-it he r thei a freq LIe ntJy g own nazy with age. ti C ebservane (If their men, or at e

(I- 201 0 F~~ B-o-ob

I I

· ~d@ntly baco job is don e fa die...,..., e >: perie n 5i b Ie persuasjc !! 8 r!!@dy and sa cords wh lch res ile a II t hese wh

a n's intarest, then, s@@ that

r tha n it ha been in the past. Th YOLI n,ge r re t ugh t ttl is by their eld rs, an d aU ia I ressu re is brought to ear upon n t k@@p tham from m kine: new m p ra ri t¥ i ncre.a-s;ing th ir wage~r

fter t he m are made to rk harde r

ord i nary type, whe of wo rk done by eac

rk that the a rt of @mOltit:

d; aft.e r a work rna e is doi ng ICMIe red

0201 F~~~

I I

Ui ..... *:-.

'- .. ~-

F

time s as a result of nis 1'1 aVi"g worke output, he is likely enti elv to 10'5f! s ig the case and become i bued witn a no more cuts if 'Sordi!! ng ca n pr@W' cha raeter of the- wor man" so Id ieat'tempt to mislead and ecei\le his e

[l"d st rai,gtrtForwa rd w rkrns n are or less hypccritica I. T @ e-mploye r is 500 n I antagon lst. if not an e e-my" .a nd the m L.JtLl she uld exirt between a leader and hi fee Ii n.g that they are al worki"8 10 r in the ["@'5.U Its rs. entire lacking.

creased hts Ver''S sida of rmin - on to have nun t@1v fur the

\I'e'S d e libe rate-

and bu s upright to b come more ked upon 01'5. .a n cenf eon ce wh it h

ent usasm, the n cI a d will sha re

~The feell ng of a nt ttl e

'SYStem be comes in "y cases so

ma n that a nv pro posi ion mada by reasona ble" i'!i 10 oked u pen with u s:pi become s such a fl >led a bit that me n will f to rest rict the prod u of mach i ne

wh@n @'It!!: n a Ia rg@ in a'5@ in outp

work on their pa rt. II

plece~rk part of the flloy rs, how@'It!!:r r an sokliering ue nt take pa i ns hey are ru nn ing .nvo ve no more

use for slow wo rk will lat@ r in th is pa fl@r @ de-vot!!:d to II ust both to employe rs a d employees: wh i '5U b~titution of sete ntifl for ru le·of~t m b 'Smallest deta ils of th work of rv t

ns: cI ra ble space nc. th graat gain, from the-

in even the

'Savin,c of tim@ a nd t n@ @tor@ in t: rEi1S

pcss ible tc effect th ro gh e I im inati n '5U b~tituting fast for s wand ineffi nt -worki"g in a"v of ou r t des ea n be f Ily re hOI'S pe-rsonally s@@n t thorough motion an d t

encrmeus which it i'5. otion'!t and r the men Iv after one -., re ults from a

by.a mp nt man.

02(110F~~

I I II

And

aeeu • min gradu l s ubsti mech nit arts,

the the

now th t tt'u~ un der

the

iel'lloo

The

(.3 nd he rope es to ct Iner in ttl is a per) id'l

unde SCI mu h that t e work tl1e rk is j capabl

02(110F~~~

I I

l' ..... *:-.

'- .. ~-

i anee and" p of th

him or <We r ni . eittl!!r ttl gh lack ed uea ion

ins uffic ie"t e., I capacity. I orde r tnt tne w

ssome a an under

ccording perform every act reparato-

his w-ork aeh man ndly help

th@ one her I~ft

@n the ~ci~ntifj(

It will be by

through thi

equally In e

dese ribed l t 0

ns that, shanng I s (above man and @\~O par men are type of ulder to

nt .H@ WE!: pt oil ent merea s in wag~'S h lch t

able to ea r ond wtl at t ey recei

man age men J u pled with ttl e da i

r contact wittl

n tire Iv removes aU ye.U'!i, un ar th is '5yst!!mr the object les n of see ir18 that a in giving @mpiaVr n out of work. thu s er output for ea d1

, creas@ in the ou ut m ore men. in"§:t d of I tely era d lcating t e fa lIa

II t nrow ethe r me 0 ut

ork,

writer'§; j udgme t t he that wh i I mcc h ca n be done

u Id be d one by w . I ng a d ta Iking t rd ed ueat In8 not

rkrnen, but a II lasses in the co munity, as to the nee: of obta i ning h@ rna im u mot of aach rna n a nd ach ine, it is on t hr h the a option of modem

I ic man age-me nt t at th I great pro Ie m ca n be fin ally P reba b Iv most of ttl e re de 1"5 of tt,i p.a pe r will say th at

h is is m@r!!!! the ry. 0 tn@ contr ry. the th@{lry, (] r

phy. of sc ientifi c ma n ment is j st b~gin ning to be

u nd Clod. whereas t he ma n ment itse has bee n a grad~ al

evol t n, exte"d i ng ov d of nea V tni rty years. And

d u ri t his t im@ t ha arn ny after an otha r,

a la tl!:e ra n ind ustnes. have

lIy cha nged from ina ry to e "5clentifl c type of

me nt, At Ie a sr 5 rkrns n in t e Un ited States are

; and t ha are rece ivi ng from r wage s d ily tha n are p.3 id to

m ttl ey a su rrou ndoo, wh lie re more p spereus than ever ~ output. per m.a n an d p@ r en doubl ,During all these single 'Strl e among the men te of the u spic:ious watchfulrfa re wh h cha racte rizas the there is u n iv~ rsa Ily frie nd tv ment a nd he me n,

In th@'5.@ comp n las e. has on an a rage he re has never u nd er th is syste

d the me r@ or If! tvpeo; of man ation between th

0201 ~~

II

20 ..... *:-.

'- .. ~-

Sev-e ral pa pe whit:h hava developed u takan in dia u nfortu nate mi~aken th

principles sh t kem!ielve!i ,

consists. of certa n broad gen ra I p nv r wh ich ca n bl! a pplied in m ny

wh.at .3 nv one y

ha ni~m for applyi these gen ra I

y be confu sed w· h the princi

It 1"-' not here t roubles of t e

V single pan aeea e ists for a II of he op Ie or of em pi rs, As long as

far more p and d issen s;i 0 ,A .and the su

me n, a ny state. in poE!: ( ds will in~vita bty I'Ilf! wht:m b h m re less, It i'!!i claime r however, t at na em nt the intermed iat periods will be s, fa r ppier, a"d mo re f e from cI isc rd ;iI 0, t at the p@ricds will f@wer, sho I! r An th ls IN i II be ea n lc la rIy true in ny ctlo of the cou ntry. the pri"tiples of seien

are certa in to co me t ne cil.til ized war Id r

to ge ne ral se e r or later. he

SC ENTIFIC

u ..... *:-.

'- .. ~-

THEPR

HE writer ha Iou nd tha t ere a re three que io M uppertrJ ost in the mind.,; of men wnen they come interested il'l ie ntific man

, Wherein do th ntl ally from t nos;

ma nage me nt diff~r ent?

nd. Why CI rf! age ment th.a n u

under

r 1'5- not the m t i mperta rig t mil n at th i!!! haa of th e com ma cannot the chol e of the typ 1m?

that of gett i the if you h.a\l'e th right ement be s Iy left

of t ha prjncipa] objects of t @ 1:1 s:atist.actory a n wer to thes q

THE FINEST

.a 5 ha be'5t typf! of nagament do e So that th e g eat diff~re or ina rv rna nage me t and sdent ap reciated.

is; i corn mon usa. is is;

een the best the

fu ltv

fl

0210 ~~~

I I I

m 500 to

o them by irtrad~ has leh our farof many

d GrowinG

tra it- na I knowl@dg@ m.ay be:

p s ion of eve rv trade sma n.

tv es ma nagems nt t he man

in @ nu ity of @ach gene rati n has d!!v@ loped

ethod s fer doing eve rv ele t of the

h us the method", wh leh re no said to be an evolut ien

u ickar and rk in every in a broad i\fal of tne cpsd since in a broad

itt1 each of hardly any hods which s ge ne rally • ftfty or .a

work, And ably b!! the om man to en almc"'t . Pra cti cally matirally ce of each

bt haneee

al asset or ~ .ordinary kly the fact

24 ..... *:-.

'- .. ~-

that the 5 trades, wt1 knowled8e mana.g@m .and s Llp~ri first~da~~

n

sk lM!for@ them as st end eavers, his h i~ skill. tI~s ingenui J and J .' '50 as to yield the

On d1 e 0 €or ha nd • no • rna nager 'WOuld t1 p to

obta in ina y full mea su rs itia ive of his work men Ie ss

he f!! tt th t he wa'5. &n.ri n the ~ i ng mer@ tha hey

uSLIa I III re We from their e mp ye ,On Pi those a me the

readers. of ttl is p.a per wt1 0 have be n ma nags rs or wh -worked th mselves at a rads rea .ze hew fa r the a workma nils she rt ot givin well withi the mark to st

aga in st t h ir interests to gi in itiativ@, nd that instaad of P05~ ible a Lint of work a d th be

employel"5 dley deliberate wo k a

(I- (110 ~~~

I I

these (1'1,1

type- a nagement in

t In which the

incentiv@ rom th ir arn 'II be rete red to s the

of nuoag@r nageme t "i n itiative and

02010 ~~~

I I I

fl

agement. 0 task p:ilri!!!d.

incent ive I in centrad istin ct ion

upon a the two

0pE!'S th at the II be re cogn ized a nd in fact he

I prej udice in

i nce"tive II is so h ict! C;aI n ba poin ad ou

nage r th at any her

of pra ctlcal III u ratio n ems that the w( er wil

prove th t s i@ntific man.age m nt is 5 type§;. C a elem enta rv pri n i pie's;. howeve r be re<:o,gn ired as; t h e",..,;,e ill ustrate i a II of t he pratt. I exa An d the r d principles in w ic h t from the CI r ina ry .0 r • rule-of- h Lim b t he.r nat re ttl at It see ms de Ira ble it h t ne i llust ration s.

i!!! nt I' in iti.atiVf! oil nd

nting the best t in

that will be ha d to

r e:w:ists i

mer has b rein a there of manage better tha

the rna nageme hat no me re theor

of

Id type of ma na SI.ICCE!$§; depends a

enbrefy po getting ttl e II in iti t he IN rkmen, a n It.s

inde ed a ra e case i., wh i ch nis." iatwe _ rea Ily ana ned.

Un der 5C!! n ific m ana&@l"Ilent (th at ls, ei ha rd we rk, th ~ ir obta ined wi a b",olute un ifor nder t ne old s

i:ative" of the wo r I1l@n II, a nd heir inge nu y) i~ to a gr ater extent tha n m; .,d in a tid ition to ti'l is

2(110F~~~

II I

d unas, nd rasponsi bi I iti nev

;(II llaEe a'5iSU me, for inst nee, t eo bu en of r .ilil oft ssessed

ma n s 'WCI rk,

tral tea 1'1, and he c ose I"" own

hea ily coop ate with the me so a to i u re aU

bein 0:0 rda nee wrt n ne pri ciple of the

h. "a eloped.

the

nd the

men.

@ i nitiatil.r!! of ttl work rk d one by the man

rna nagement so m ueh m effitient t ha

fl

@Iements @xist in man caI'5f!S, U nds the "in itiat ive and in,enti'V r II in a sma I and

rudi ntary w v. but they are, under t I", manageme t of

r impona ceo whe reas u nd e r seie ntrF rna ",age men they ence of t ne whol~ syst@m.

wor plan his i .actLi othe for

ese eleme nes, "a n almost qua I d iv ..... ion ...... u ..... en the mar1.age ment nd t ne work e", •. rsqu r s fu rt ha axpla nation. Th@ ph lloso hV of the rna age--

in itiat a nd in ce ntive make'S it necessa ry for eac h

a n to be r a Imost the e nt I re I'e"'pons bilrty for the g n era I well as r ea ch d eta il of h is 'WOrk, a din rna ny cas for II! me nts as wei Lin add ition to th is !!! rnu 5t do all the phV~ic.a I Ia be r. Th e deve Iopment a sclence, 0 the lves the ~abl""'hme nt of any ru Ies. Ia ,a nd replace the ju dgment of the i nd - . d ua I h ich ca n bl! ~ct ivl! tv us d on Iv afte.r Ily recorded, inde>l:ed. etc The practical o ca lis for a room in wh le to keep the

d a desk for the plan ner to rk at.

Ia n ning whic h under th e Id o;ystem was done

by t e work rna ,a",.a resu It .of 1'1 ..... persona st of

u nde the r1ew syste m be done

I!ca use E!'IoIen ttl !!!

a n was we II 0; Llited to the deve pm em .a nd LI e of "WOuld be pl'1y",jca lIy 1m pes I ble fo .. him to ~ rk n d at a de sk at the sa me - me- It is also tlea r

and

t kat n mast cal s one type of man is need .an e t rely d' e nt type to execute the w

To

i tty u nde r sc ientific nds that th!!! work a s ubd ivis ien of mpi@, s hou ld, be: other men. And eq us I d i'IIislon of

rna nage ment and

10 in itl atj'l,!le and is II up to the workt Ily one-h diH of the

PI! r cent to 1 carefiJ IIv pia n e for in their

par c@ to his • 'SO th both erma n e, bil.lt

is tne rkma

o onlv whdlt is to be: a ti me allowed to r e 5 In doing n Is task cs ives a" add ition rd na ry wagt!'S. Th@'5@ o .3 nd ea reful work s 0 uld be d Irtinctly c lied upon to wo rk

wh ic., wou kI regu latec:l th while worki

02(110F~~~

I I I

iO ..... *:-.

'- .. ~-

rand me re pros ro U'5-,. instead of t me I'I\i3 nagamant consists ve ry la rge arryi"8 out t new t sks,

. t"e resu

than thos~ s

ement of i nit ative n

ratl n is that of hOI ndlin pig iron, and t i'5. '1'110 k s is typi cal of perh po; the eN dest an d la bor wh I cI'I is pe rmed by man Th I~ en w h no otner imple-m nts tha n tneir a nds, pig- iron" n ler oops dow n, picks u a pig WE!: ighin a bou po unds. a I s for a few feet .0 r y.a rds 1'1 d the n d raps' on to t ~ gro~ nd 0 u on a pile. Th 1'5 work Is s crude and €ole enta

e wrtter firmly lieves t nat it weu Id

n intell iC,@nt, go rill andler than any n can be. y~ len c€o of t1 and I ing pig iro n is 90 eh t hat it is i mpo sible for tne t hi ty:p.@ of 'WOrk to u @ rstan d the P t hi§; sc ie n r et.J n to work in accor nee with the s pnnci witl1 out tea Id .a man bette r ed u ated t ha n he j . An d

fu rt ne rill io s to be give n wiU

workma n IS.i! is so great a nd a mou

workma n wh is t suited acrua IIV to d tne wer . incap (@fther th rou h la k of sducation or th ro gh i nsuffl i nt me

ea pacitvl of nde a nding thio; o;ei~ nee. h is s a n n nee d ge neral prin Iple, he t rutt1 of wh Ich wi I become

one jilt.! st rat- n r a nether is give n- A er st1 owi"

@ I@ msnts in a h n d I i nc. of pig iron, !iev ra I iIIU'51:r.a i ns wi II

given of thei a p p ication to diff~ re nt ki 0; of v.IO r i the f' Id

of the mec h nic 1t'5. at I nterva Is in a isl ng seal .. begin g

lsst and endj ng with rhe for of

aU of the

un e Ijes. e d1

labor.

One of the

writer sta to

B!tth I@ hem S i!!@ I

The 0 pen ing th

iron placed j s Prices for pprofit, and i th~ Spani~h accu mu latio to snow the

prod !.let of w lch years.. 111 is; s ng. were good, furemanwh W3o; done. 0 anvwhereel

i ntrod uea scie ntific rnpa ny, w.a 5 to ha nd I Spanis h War feu nd II plles In an 0 P€'n fie ad bee" so low that .

@!! I Com pa nv had f !! blast f r acas • a d been ha ndled by.a t th is ti me, co n5i~ed e pig- iron ha ndlers, If h ad been .a pig- iro hole. a be LIt as fast a ae tlme,

'INW'rN. r~~jJ(I~-II'i-

I I II

!ill ..... *:-.

'- .. ~-

fl

of tha pil 'Side of a

WI! ighing and

dropped '

nat this ga & and a hOI long tons ar find, afte r eughe to of 12 and

tens at further 0

bringing the men, centa "ted when load WI! re whe loadinG.at

a nd a half tens.

O~r fl~t dealing w infle x ibl!!

of management rt is an on Iy (l ne man .at a ime, clal abilitieo; and I ita-

time we h d picked 0

02(110F~~~

I I

abl e to ha ndle pig iron at "e rate of 47 ton pe r daystu dV was then made of c h of th se men, e looke

t1 istory a'S fa r back as pra itable "d tho t1 inq ui

mads as to th@ cha ra rtsr hOI b its, n d the bition

th e m. Fin.a Ily we se leeted ne frc .a meng 1 e fOLir as likely rna n to sta rt with. H wa'S a itt Ie Pe n 9ilva n la wt1 0 ha d been ebse rvecl t trot ba k home r a mile h is work in the @v@ninc. ab ut as f h .a 5 he trctt ing down to work in the m rn i n~, W wag€'$ of $1,15 a day he h d sue ded In. b

grou nd, a n.d that he wa 5 ngaged in putti up th e

littI@ house for h imse If in !! mo n ing beto @ starnn and at night aft~ r leavl ng. H ~ al had the putatio

e)(ceed ingly "dose," that'S, of pi cing a ntgt1 v

d olla r - As 0 ne- man whom talke to a be hi m sa id, looks .a be ut the size of a ea II 5th mi dt.

The task before us, the , n arre ed itse 5c:: hrnldt to ha nd Ie 47 ton of pig n poE!: r d y and m glad to do it. This: was do e as fol OW'i, Sch idt W3,§;

fro m a me n.g the ga n.g pig~i n t1 an d I"'S and

so mewhat in t" is way:

"Se hm id t. .3 re yo~ a h igh-p iced ma

jlVell. I don I t know vat you ean _ II

"Oh ye'§;. you do. What I a nt to k now is hethe r LI a

t1igh~priced man or net."

2(110F~~~

I I

~On, come "OW, yo out is wnethe r fellows nern, W @arn $1.85 .a da 0 t he same as all

~Djd I vant $1,

'Sake a Mwer m time. Now co

~Welt If you ar .a on that (:(1 r tom

not."

~ 'Ve II, did I got

morrow?"

~ Ve'5. of cou rse t nat ellery day man doe s, and

~ Ve II, dot''5 a II morrow for $1.

q uestic ns, iced man or 0 e of thasa chaa p nd out is weer you want to u .a ["@ satisf e with $1.15, just s are gettl g ,

COiIJl"Se YOiIJ erfectly we ein& a igh~p riced ns, a n don't wa re. "j'ou see ttl at pile

nt $1.85 a day~at that t1 as Viii! ry • For good ness' ny more: of my pig iron?·

an. VOU wi II d mat pig iron . Now do up and ar1'Swer 'I/O u .a ["@ a - h- priced ma n or

on dot ca r to-

get $l,gs r ading a pile like yea r - That i hat a nigh-priced '5 WE!: II i31S I d , ..

0., the car to-

2(110F~~~

I I

cu k.now just as well .3$ I d that a

o exa ctly as he's tol d from mo 1"8 till n he re befo rep have" 't you?

i, ell, if yo are a 1,- h p ice d rna n, you wi II do e:w:actl as this

m n t@11s m morning ti II night. When !!: t@lIs

yo to pick pap ig a .alk, you pick it up .a nd VOll w I k, and

en he te 1,,-, YOiIJ to own and rest, you $it down. YOiIJ do

th rigl'rt a ight ttl the day. A"d wnatls more, 0 back

tal . Now.a igh~p ric:::e n does just wt1 at he ''5 told to

n lui ek tal . Do you n and that? W he n th is rna n

to a Ik. yo wa I k; wt1 an you do It talk ba k

u are

ap ropriate a nd not ttle hig I'E' rail o;'iibly h

hank, or eV'Em an int@llig@nt borer. ltv 0; lugg ish type of 5th mi t it ls d, since it I~ effectlw in fi ing hls es wh ich he wa nts a nd a y from

his. :att!!nt ion, he proba bl wou Id rk.

nnar whi in Itti've II 7 av. as foil

rF ne we re talked 0 in a er the rna nagement of 4' in iti w@ and

handling p day's work if you real instead of

- t, you are a fir&t-cla-s.s s well. You nave bee n t ns per day. I have If ron, ;iI nd feel SUf@ th.at 0 n yo LJ have been do i n

ried you cou Id ha nd le 7 l nd a tlalftonsr

ndl i n,g t the rats of 12 CO nsi e rab study to could 0 a uch larger Ow do 't yo th .nk that ns of pig Ir

Sct, m idt ed to 'WOrk. a nd a II d y 10"8. an d at regu Ia r

int!!:rv.a Is, a told by t ha rna n 0 stood v!!:r im with a

w.atch. • N w P ick LIP a pig an d w.a . Now !;. dow a nd rest.

Now ws I k n rest II etc. He wor whe n he as told to

'WOrk. an cI ed wtl en tl e was told If-past fil.re

tons I ded n the car . at th ls pace nd do the ars tnt ttl e writer was e tle ve ra ed a little

The write r h ~ give n a bcve a briBf

four el em wh leh eenst itute

more than over $1.15 time In B wages tha taskwork, handle pig of tt'.e pig I receivjng 6 tharn,

mdina,gem seeene an and l1elpln mettlod,

e man after another n at the rate of 47 and n wa'3 ha nd led at th·

scientific - n of tn wor man, and, i d Llcing n d th n train ing ord In8 to t h scientific a d a boy tne seie nee of

t first, the carefu I s@1e!i rd. t he method of fi he work rna n to work ing tl as as yet bee n

t1 andl ing pig iron, The 1i!!!i1'1fi n.c ttl is ill ustration t h that tnere is a science of scl@ nee amo u nts to 50 handle pi,s iron can not p aeeerean ce witt1 t he law these wt10 are over t1im,

ho is su ite to or erJen '!NO k in out d1 e her of

The writer ea me into tI'I Compa nv in 1878. afte r pattern -ma ke-r an d a-s. a t:t1!! long poE!: roo of dspres into I

business was so poo r th at it

to get work at the ir trad sta rt a'S a day labore r " fortunate Iv for him, 500 n ar he of th e shop W.3$ fou nd ste Ii g. Th and so, havi ng more ed~ ti n tha t1 ad been pre pa red for I ge) h dark, Sho rtIy .afte r th is ~ was G n.J n n ing one of the lathe, nd, a he tu rn d out rather work th.a n other mach I ni ". were oi

seve ra I rnenths was made ng bes es.

AI mort a II of the we rk of t i sh op ad ee n fu r severa I yea rs, As. was u I the a n in f most of t he shops in this e

workm@n, a nd not by th 055@-S. Th wo r

car~fully planned jurt he st ea h bo;o

tt1 ey had set a pace for e ch rna hi e th

wt1 it: h W(lS lim it-ed to a one- hir of

f'lfi!!!ry o@'W wo rk ma n wtl 0 C by the other men exa C1

02(110F~~~

I I I I I

;}.._

'- .. ~.-

was

nd un ss he obeyed to be rive n out of th

ese inst UC1ior1,& t1 e la r"!! by

As

n as he w - !! r WoiI'5 made im an d talked

g-boss, na after oil n @ r of

~what as follows:

-we I re ery g lad to se now t e g.a rna .a n rig be a leee-work hog

will a II right, but i

n be m igl'rty su re t

'r!! '5oU r@ tha yo u' re a long with LIS, an d aking a flY t hese

h row you r the

ir dav's wo rk ar; in most ca ere u €or h 1m were

ar, w ict1 as time

wnich is g thi'5. kind tha wh i e is u ua IIv e ctive. Thev S in w lch the machl

o i ncre '5@ their out ut that bout a the rest did or else eKperi€o ce ea n 1'1 ave n Ide a aUy d ve loped in such a rkrnen hav@ one e ed i@ nt their i gen u ity to cnt rive wh Ic:h hey are run I ng are acc:tde t. or in tne regular

ys lay

rsrna n, who h s at rt is evsrst

the door of the

reed the m to d rive the mac i ne 50 ha rd d and is being ruined, d t ere are few .a ["@ dibk! to 5U d up :ilga nst t e combirtad m en in the sh p, In th is ase the proble m ttl e fact that he ~nop n oth day and

he wr' r h ad advaotages,

posse SiSie by tn 0 in ary 10 rem.a n enough, rom th et tt1 at he wa man,

ct tnat he nap (If the (ompa

it h .a re not e, c urleu s:1y a worki"g

to e of worki n.g tha ne nad the

as a pa rt piece-work

on, .a nd ha a .a Ilow@d t @ ite r to rna k@ 'iwer to thi'i V nda lis:m n th pa rt of the will be no me acclde n to ne mach I nes

Second. the IN· r had been on lived wh re th ed, they wou

workmen,·

n. and had such social

40

;}.._

'- .. ~.-

fl

walk hom had arri that ney

lin.c, thematenal toy i ncrea d r in t ne writer had b en prom (I the r u "til he be me fore

of

to cent !.IOU st r gg Ie wit other me n is ha Iy wont1 i" we a n ri~ n s cam@ 0" im rontin u.a Ily nd asked him, in a P€'r5 na I, ten hethe r he wou I d a vlse the m for he ir own best nte ~,to t rn out more wo And,.a s tru lUu I

man ne h d t tell the that if he we rs in 1'1 eir pi ace e uld

fight i1.g..iI i!it m i ng 0 t .a ny more work just as t r!!

do in ,b a Lis Linder e piece-work em th F!V

aile ed t wages tha n th t1 ad bee

i:l"d tie to work ha rde

of

500 a d

re rna n, therefore, he dec id e

ort in -.;0 me way ch nge the

t nat t e inte rests of th wo rkme

~. 41

Compa nv to 5 nd some- ney in ;iI (3 ref I, sc

th~ time qulr d to do vari U'S kindo; of wor .

m the write

the the f the

Lind ule, or law ho kind cf h :avy' bo ring wor :a m.a n who wsw II 5U ite job cugh 1:0 d in a d av; hat ls, to stu dV the iri ng e tl eavv ta b r up n a fi rst-ela s rna n, Our first e p was to a young liege ad uata to look up a II that ad

t:t1!! "5U bj in Eng.1 i-sh, G~ oil n, and Freon h.

experi me to; ha bee n ma e: one by ph 0.1 lsts w '.;til.ld~ng he en urance of he human anjm L.a d the

d this

navin to a

as fo reman of tting

n, than for an er rea n. He

not believe ttl any 'Sclentff 'Study of much value-

02(110F~~

I

re rs were selected, me n who had prove t kem!ielve!i t physi ltv pow@rful :a nd who 'W@'r@ also Goo steady work!"S. hese e n were paid dou ble wages during til experl ment'Si, a n were Id that they muse 'WO rk to ttl e be5t 0 t neir a b i Itty t al time s and that we s hou Id make eerta in tes

with tharn ti JIl@ to tilll@ to fi nd wh@t he r they WE!:

• s:oklienl'lgH , a n that the me ment either one of the

sta ned to t dece u.." tl e WOiIJ Id be d is-ctl arged. Ttl

-worked to tn of th ira bility th reugheut the ti me that th

we re 1M! i ng 0

.Ill ..... *:-.

'- .. ~-

engineers

Now it must 'We re net t ryi on .a short sp n lea rn what a I man; the b d i:l"d year 0 ki nds ot tas observation experl ment'Si, an watch tt1 e p pe tha men. Ev which we b ca refu IIv st u dete rmi ne W 5

determine wnat fraction of.a norse ar W s, Tne SI!!! experiments h ad been mad who re lifting loads by means of tu m in m wh ich w@ights Wi!!! re s usp!!!n d@d, .iI n ged in walking. ru n 1'1 ing, a nd lift in

ys. I-Iowever, the records of t hes ager that "0 la w of any value COY Id b @ th~ retor@ sta rted .a serias ot @x pe ri

rly iIJ derstcoc ttl at I., ttl ese experl ments w fi nd ne maxi mu m work ttl at a rna n co uld d r fur a f@w d ay!i, but that 0 ur en deavor w.a.s t const uted a full dav's work to r a fi rsr-clas 's -we k that a man COli I d prope rly do. ye ar i

still hrive under, Tnese me" were given al reo ca mad cut !!.ach day un d@ r the ckis vou college ma n who was condu ctl ng til who at t he sa me ti me noted wit h a see p r a II of the motions that 'We re rna de lsrnen in a nv way 00 nnectsd with the we r d co kI have a bea ring on the resu It wa

nd r corded. What we tl oped ultl mate Iv t at f ion of a norse-power a rna n was a bl

to exe rt hat is, how rna ny foot~ pou nds (I m a d:ilY.

, the refore, to find a ny law w he rna:w: im um day' 5 work for a fi

~. 4l

pleting this sarles of @xperim rk to r ea e h d.ay wa'S tra nslate nd to ou r ow rprlse we fou n or .. U1 iform relation between hkh the rna n exerted du ring i3I d k, On some ki nd'!t of work the ing perhs ps not more tha n 0 h ile in ethers, ne would be tired t .a ho rse- POW!! r of 'WOrk.

A la rge a ou nt of IJe ry va lu able data had e nabled ~ to know, for rna nv kind s of la b d at/s wo - It did net seem wise, noweve mo ney in tryinG to find th!!: @X;iI e v~ars rater. when more me ne pu rpose, a 'Second serle s of experlm ents th e firs,t ut 'S(I me what more thoroug h,

ever, resu Ired as the- firrt e:.: p informat Ion b~t not in the d

Aga in, yea rs later. a th i rei series of e

and this ime no trou bl@ W;iI'§. spared in th e 'Nor thoro LI1!: h. Eve rv mi n Lite ~I~ anyway ect t ne problem wa", ea refu I tv tw"o col ge men devoted a bout three rnents. r t his data was aga in tra nslat e nergy ~ erted for e ad'! rna n e ad'! dav. it th at t he is no direct relation between

(I- 201 0 F~~ ~ 'INW'rN. ~[llt~tI'UI(l~_II'i-

[. [ . [ [

a man exe t iri n.c effe quite as fi law e-xi5:te clay; labo

included s this taw fr to Mr. car the rest new way, through p bi rd 'o;-ey.e Mr.8ardl heavy la tkat it is ered and devel.oped

Th@ law is man's cap heavy lab rather tha ot a he-a str~ngth i he grasps push on t under loa example, pounds), -cent of tn per [@nt

P€'rc~ntag load lncre -weignjng

s (t nat is his foot-pou nds of ene rgy pray)

of the ork on the ma n The writerr h r, Wc.Si

Iv CO n "ted as eve r tn '50 m e d ., lea r-eut

as to w at constitutes .a full d ~ 's w r to .a first~ r. and 0 r data had bee se carefvl c lie ed and a t he fe t su re that the

onfined ity i~ re I.,g, cor espondi n.g to t that of t e trette r - P racti ally a II su c ull or.a ush on the ma ''50 arms, th xe ned v either lifting .0 push i n~ so t1 i$ t1 an s. And the law i t nat for e a

rna n's rrn s it is. pess: eo to r the r for 0 n a deti n ite p@ centag@ ot ttl hen plg i n i~ be ing han led [e ad'! p fl rst-elas '!NO rkrna n ca n n tv be u nd r day- He rnust be entire fm e from I

ths da . And as the of the d V Linder which he mar. ean re ai under s, So t at, If the 'WCI rk a n is t1 and ., po lJ"ds !'e ea n then be under loa d

(I- 2010 ~~ ~ 'INW'rN.r~~jJ(I~-II'i-

I I I I

th e day. and on Iv as to rest d uri ng 42 pe r ee nt. As th ,grows ligltte the rna n C".i3 n remai n un er load duri n.c ;jJ I @ r and ta rge r ree n age of ttl e day, until ina ltv a load is rea ed wt1 ic h n@ ca car in his h ands oil II day ng wit hout be ng - d out. Wh e n t at pint h as; been a rrived at this law cea t be i1.15efil.ll as a ide a la be re r's end urs ee, and some m u5t be lou d wh ctl i"d icates ttl e rna n I ca pa c: tty for

ca rrying a pie<:e

laboring wo

th~ tiring e in all work workman t

To retu rn n w to u r plg~ Iron ha ndlers at the Bettlleh m Compa ny- If h m dt had bee n allowed to attack the p Ie tons of pic; i n w- ., out ths gu idan[@ 0 d i R!ction of oil an U nderrtClod h ~ a ,or 5(i~n ce. of ha r.d I ng pig iron. in h s d

to ea rn h 1'5 h h w ges he would proba have tired hi

by 11 (I r 12 'doc in the day. He wou Id tl av-e kept so !it d work tnat h - mU5 @'5 wou Id not nave h d the prnpar re §;t absolut Iv n eded for recuperati n r an d he wO been comp tely }C hau ~ed ea rly in t h day. BV navin a

46 ..... *:-. F CII'IO 11:ter'18-0 fl
.- .. ~-
howeve r, who u nde
h is work, day ;ilft~f d th i!!! h abit of rest
proper i nterva Is, he an even gait aU da
witt1 out u nd u tv tiring
Now one of the very i req~i
handle pig iron as a re
and 50 p hlagmatk th resembk!:'50 innis
make- LIP the OJC tha n he man who is;
ale rt and inte lligent I
what wou!d. for him. e the crin
c ha rat:.'t@r. Th@refor@ t @ work
ha ndling pig i ron ~ n.a Ie to LI
do Ing th is class of '!NO k. !-Ie I", '50
tage t "as no mea n i him,
t ra ined bV a man mo
working in accord an
ca n be suceessfu I.
Th@ writ@r trusts that t@v@n in the casa
mcst ele mentary for own. there is a sc
and that IN hen the o this dass of wo
bee n ea refu Ily select • cie ce of doing the wo
bef! n dev@iopedr and n the c efu Y selsctad man has
t ra ined to wo rk in a c rc:iance itt! hi!; 5Cie nee r the r
obt.a ined must of ne '-";tv be hel mingly greater
t hese wnic" a re po i Ie unde pia n of II i nit iativ
inc!!nt ive ."
Let U"'. however, case of these p
handlers. and see the ordinary tv
man a,ge rnsnt, it wo n possible to in
practica IIv t he sa me ~LI 'S. 02 OF~~~

I I •

The write

bered tha par nun.

others fro to the job

r I n mere deta ii, no th me", it ls a fact th at j LIt ona man in !!!igtl wa!i p 2 ton'S pe r day. With he ve I'll out of eight men were p 113", Now the ol'lle ma" i eig'n tha ot t e gang. He merely ha pened n of h

U"der the ma nag m of the m na_g@m nt is workmen. What ike ih type of

II initiative and incent eM the hat of "putti n.g tha ork u d WOu Id there be, th e r Linde these men pro perly lectin

4, ',_~"_

r pig-iron ha nd i 87 Wou lei th y be likelv to get rid of

n out of eigltt m t t'H~jr own ng nd rata in on Iv the

eightl1 (I n 7 No I An d exped lent uld be devised wl1 it:: h

would pe:riV selsct

fu Ily li2:~d the ne.ceos.' of do ing in 0 e r to obtain high

wage'S ( nd they are n uffic le nt Iy In Uige t properly to 80m'S p

this n sity). t he fact at the-i r frien s or heir brothe-rs who

we re rking right a I wo ld tem pora rily be

thrown ut of a jo b bee se they we re ct 'S ited to th i-s k.ind of work ou Id ent lrely r ve nt them rom property 'Select Ing t hernse s, that is, fro removing th seve 0 IJt of eight me n uitad to pig-i n h ndlin,c,

e p0S5ibll tty. U manage ment, of

the-se pig. i ron ad bee n property

"S!!Ie-cte ~ to work in .a rt: sci ca of doing heavy

laborin namely. ha i g proper ient' 'cally determined

periods of re'St In do uence to eri 'S of work. As 11 as

bee n in icated before, e essenua I id a of he ordina ry types

ch workma n 01'5. come rna re skillE!:d

pO'S'Sib le for any e in the ma nage-

erefo re, the etai of how the ~rk e left to him. ne _ ea. the n, of taking n d tra i ning im u der a competent 'ng ha bits ... til h continuallv and a nee with s entif laws. wh eh have ne else, is d i ctly ntagen istic to the

a n can b!!'51: @gu I his own way of

~-s th is. the m n 'iLl 1:0 ha nd ling pig

to tra Inn 1m elf. hus it wi II be 'Soon es of m anag men tne development re place rula of th m b, the scia ntitic i ndu cin,g th me to 'WOrk in accorfie prl nciples are nt I rely out of the

the ph il phy f the old rna nage·

one OItt!!r a not ha teacher into new we hs bttua Iv we rk~ in ac

bee n d loped bV sern

that eac h we r e v.iCI rk. And be i stu p Id pro pe the ordi.,a ry ot sde ific kn ow"'~d&e setectic of th ~ men, a da nee Ith the'Se scie q uestio I And th is baca

With reade seven 0 t of elgin a job. ttu!m Steel

athlahem that the hieh they

stsp to fitted, a d at Id perms n ntly.a

n@y w@r@ prop r trai n lng, earn igher ages.

Althcug the read r mOl sc~e nee ack of th ha nd I g of pig iro ~ ill it i more tha n I ike tv tl1 at he s ~ In s kep a I .a s to tne existe ce of a for doing

othe r k ds of la ne of the i porta obie s of t nis

to convin e its @did!! rs ttl at very si gle.a of ev@ ry 1:0 a scl enc ,With he he e of fLilly

f th Is fa ther

re simple ill ustrat ns are t hand.

rage man wou Id uest Ion whet er t ne re is; any '5(ien in t e worlc of s ove Ii ng Vet t ere is bt.lt ubt, if a Y int Ilige nt read r of is p per were e tv to set ut t fi nd what y be lied 1: e fou ndahe scienc of s oveling, th wit h map 1S to 20 tho ugbt dan lysis ne weu be a I est s re to have the i!!!'S'S nee (] th i'5. scisn ,On th oths han d, so Iy are 1: h rLlI~ f-th u m b ide s ~ II d mina th at the

a ~i gle -s;hovel ntraeto to w om tt t1 ad

'50 ..... *:-.

, .. ~-

shcva i n,c. Th i'5. sos evide t,

F or a i rst-cla s:s: she will d his bi,gge"St d y'5

with shovel load

man cu lei shove I

load tan with a 24~

.a:Iw;il tdikf! a load of @X;iI nev~ h eless. alt hou h h is I or the em e r, eit he r his b-

The riter doe", not IN I", h - whole of the a rt or • whi(;h t wish P::! to in d icate t '5C lent lc knowledge

At the works ot the of t his: law,

tl andl ing a men to han th e shO\l"e I p!!!rf@ctlv @ - @ nt wh@n

shovel tool om 'IM1'S

shovels but refu ltv d

menu. of a II ki"ds, sue

Bri@fly to ill strate so make tip th sclence observaecns 'Were m ad to stu V just now prollided in aeh case w th t e p oper type

h is shO\l'@ I i m@ pil of

prop~rty loa ed. rhese pusl'1 ing the shove I in

shovel ing on a di rt bon nat is. at ttl e (I

pile:r .a nd n with a ode

bottom. Aga n a 0; im i Ia r a cc ra time rtudV time req IJ Ire to ..,wl ng t e s ave backwa rei .a

a shovel IN tass of mat • ora la~ whictl are h o the fan th st mate ria I~. !.an at the

to adapt become .A larg@ not onty or imple~ e. T is made rt i h uk! hold .a , I th 'i we re to for shes, I ron

slippery as found em Steel I. that he about 30

'S€'. he was so do fu II day'S !i'SO ridit:ul u tv u darloadad to even a p 3 day''§;

e>Ct wtlen ge of the ltv w h an iron de of the

(I- (110 ~~~

I I I I

'5l ..... *:-.

'- .. ~-

load for a 8- n t1 erne tal height, Ttl is ti d istan t:e and witt1 th~ ldiw ha ndle 1'"5, it i-s ca n fI rst tea them em p loyed to u e the ir can then 01'"' n the-m workma n ea n ach day

is. paid when r he su

Th@n:!! 'W@r@' a clay; in the va

The-se men rough tv. a beu @ach wcrkma proper mstru ion s for i n.s esta bllst1 a d aded ~ m place of th e 0 I pia" of an til u ndsr 01 fuw rd fore work!!i in the hole. with hls of wnjd'l st..ateo

tool room and

wh i eh gave t statement of earned ttle d and u na bl@ to

esse nee of th i

that he t1ad informed 1'1 im and that non perm an ~ntly that 11 e would

ing w all rig nt. and whe n ver the receiv d yellow

sli t ey re.illi ed that they must d r they wou Id ba

sh i to 50m od1 e r class of wo rk,

n!! ceas "5 to de.a I with ma n in larg

d s to Lldy each 'WCI rkma n

ldual i thi-s; way SiU pe . ntendent

tne rk. In tnis

02(110F~~

I

erat on of tne rna nagement,

ate rg.<I n ization ;jJ nd ~@ m f m n in large gangs. TIo! is

nsistad, in t h s C !i@, ona sat of rna n, who

t of th e sc ie nC€! of Ia be ring en scribed a bove: a notl1 e r

rers he rrselves, who were id@d tha men in thalr work; he rev ided them IN ith the

m 0 @ place to another, and ed eat h ma n' e n ing etc. And th ls fu rn ishes

III ustrat Ion at h s bee n referred to as

nd the wo rkrns n,

it'!!ielf is whethe ran made to pay for it~e If; e-h eavy. This q uesne n t n@ re su Its of th@ t hird

n !<I.baLl t.4O

pe r to n, the office and

85 a II la ber ~Llperlr.te n·

men etc., are jnt luded.

th n!!!w pia n ovar the old i ng t e six me nth'S following. was n task work. the s;al,illng (In $80,OCO per year,

(I- 2 10 F[)ft~ ~

II r

Perna s the most i mpo

@ffe

@n on Iv two were '501 id be- dri nking m n Tnis do os n ot,

of '10 e. im ply that m ny of hem did not tan ccc slon al d ri., k. T he fact is, tha t rte a y d rin ke r wou d find tt lmest im ible to keep u p w h the pa ce wt1 ith wa r 5iO th t they ractically .all 'SOb r. M ny, if not me men ~Y. a nd the all I' d better tha n men con~tlJted he fin st body of pi - er t1 as ever see toge her, ;(II nd they

ho we["@' ovar th rn, th ir bossas and tV be st fri ~l'Id'S; not as nigger drivers.

:<t ra t1 ard for CI r Ina ry ages, but a'S: 8 tt1em and hel i"g tn m to earn m ey ha d @'It!!r aarn d bet ra,

1 utelv jmpO'i'S:ible for

u p strife betwee the me" and ttle i sants .a very '§oi m I@ tho gh @ft!!ctiv@ ill

nt by the word-s pros: rity for th e e Ioy~e. u pled

~pe rity for the mplo r, II the two pr., I pa 1 CI bj ets of

me nt, It is ellid eta I'SO hat tn is result a boon b ught

of th I pri nei Ies of

the

mot '5 wh ich i nflu!!!n t:e work am bit 1'1 a nd initiative will work

as sepa rate i",d

t ha tact t kat an rk JIl@ n an! he

each ma n in tI'I gal'lg becomes; fa r I~ persona 1 a mb 10 n is Im~ lated; ttl at

(I- 201 0 F~~ ~ 'INW'rN. ~[llt~tI'UI(l~_II'i-

[ [ [ [

'56

;}.._

'- .. ~.-

gs. the ir i d ivid u

to below the k!'llE1

rh y are all pul ed do

he d togillth@. For

iso; e in the Be hie he

aU

fal k a tmost irlvariab dow n d that being been

n four "8 wrt out a nsral S uperi tende"t of the • ttl is !iP~C I pI! it to @ and for one -!!k only. It was ed 1: hat a fa r as possib Ie ach la bo rer 0; OU lei be lven a te individ a I tas Ao;. t he r W€'re a bout 5 men t 'WO rk est] b lish nt, e Gen er I Su pe rinte nd nt had smut h as btl ittl~ ti @ Ie-ft for sign g these P!!!CLa I

g(I"8 WO t1ad been

s alh,r fi n@ 'Sf! ot 0 I selection .and in

loped, t , each . a.,d hi who u

aid tha highe mcnstrat ing t ueh of tni~ 0

an nts.a n for

a me 0 with 1:he sa 'Shovel • fro m

re un 10 d ed in Bett11e em for 2110 ... Uy co sideri"8 this itu at len, it was unwise: to pay more din:) 2/1 cents n for un 10 ding t e Beth Ie em car'S. beca se, at th s rate.

hie hem bore were ea ins: a Ittt le r $1.85 p r rna n

(I- (I10F~~

I

hOI nd, they r!!Cf!iI.r!! mu h i w.agP::!'S. ma r.y of the mill me more or I ess "-' nih le s, ri men ts snowed, in ot n to gt!t rich toe fast.

ra lse the wages of ou r o t ne office Or1'!! at a ti

'Now, Patrick, you nave p

a n, You ha bee n ea rning

nd you iU@ j 51: t n@ 'Sort of re-shcve ling I'Ig. A rna n h

ring 4 9/1 cents per to n nty 39/10 ce ts perton. I

pplV to th is n for a job,

rry to. have 0'-1 teave LIS, b rieed man, a d we .a re ve ry am il"g more oney. J !.1st re n ths futu r@, ha n you &!!t 'ght back to u ,Ther~ will al ike yo u In 01,1 r ng here. 4,

s that you are a hlgh~prlc d ay a littl-e more than $1. 5,

n t at WE!: want to have in he re from Pitts:bu tl!:hr h or a dling ere wh lie we can nk, h refere. tnat you had b r5!!, you know 'W@ are v ry a\l'~ proved yo urse If a h' h'SOO yo u get ttl i$ cha nee of , however. that at any ti job, you (3 n :ill wiIYs ro @ a jo b for a high -priced m n

(I- 1110 I~~ B-o-ob

On! ha ndla I"!i too k h is .. dvi ..iI nd Wf!nt to about six weelc5 st of t m were agai n t ~ 2/10 cants of these men

a ton. after

you doing ba c k @r!!!? I t ought w@ had

u now it was. Wh ., we got

o to a car witn ei&nt ar me

ou ju ~ the same as d I) here .

.a jttle devil alo.,gs,ide of me d aid 0 t1 im, IWhy den't th is ca r we won't g any mo nd sa id, 'Who in -- - are YOLI

ut tnere Jimmy

w@ started to fter a bout ha If ng pretty nea r orlc7 Un less we y on pay-d~.'

In t's none of yCl~r bu mess': an rhe little devil d said, 'You'll be m n d in.g yo own bus i ness, tbls carl' 'We I tic uld have pit on him and

the rese of the m n put do n their shovels

back ni up; so I went

hole .cOl t:C'I.I1d hea r it)r

hove I fu wtJ en ever th i!;

ther she el full.' So we d-

drown [l"d I

v c me a round, though we had B h Ie he m. After that immy an d im 10 r a car to au h.res, tne ,b he told us to min our 0 y-day ca me aroun d we ha cI nlehe m, .,;0 Jimmy.a d I got all bad here to we k again."

§;§; money th a n I went in to the ame as we got

bus lnass, And 55 mcnev than ga ng together

02(110F~~

I II

For hundreds; of years made in th e i pie me" bet i n ths od of

Wn@n worki

prin [i plas it i n !!C@'5.'5.a of the work i ccope rna nags rs kn w JUst Bet" Ie hem. b t they

and @x p@ n'Sf! qui red t

each shove Ie a nd the work. and pa him jurt

Brid::1 aying is

int@ns@ Iv in th e bricklav~ movements; mented wit h ve ry min te 113'1 ernent speed and th tiring of he bric klaver

at improrJe • the n. at lea Ie tf1 rough sc • a I"n@ mba r

02(110F~~~

I I I

60

He d wloped t e exa ct positio n bri kl yer SiI'1OU I ocr upy with re I boo, nd the p il of bricks. and 50 two towa rd the is laid.

t he ight for th an t @ n design d a scaffold, witn a ta bla n it, upon w k of h mate rials: re placed r sO as t kee pte bric Its, the I) r.

than. and t wa II in the I r p er re I lve pcr.;ition~, T e~e

'Sea !d'5i (I re ad sted, a s the 'INa n he ig ht. for al 0 th e

bri kl yers bV.a abora r esp!!d.a Ily or thls pu r nd

by s mea ns e bric:kl.aye r is sa xertlon of

to the lev I of h ls feet for e and each tr

Ita rand t n stra ighte ni ng u again. hin k of the

th.at has gon!! on th rough all t h e yea.-s, wit bri kl yer lowe ng hi~ body, weig i ng,. sa . 1 SO pou nd s n t et and r ~i.,g it up aga in ry ti e.a brick (w Ig I.,g

5 potU1ds is Ia id i" th e wall And t" s each brlckl did

e r rt\J dV. afte r e brit s are u., load

e rs, an cI b to re bringing the to th brick laye r, are

IIV so ned .a I.a borar • .a nd p ce d w h the ir best e g im pie we de n fra me, constr ct~d 'S as to enable i

old of ea h brick In the qu 0::5t t and in th

geou'5i p sition, I., tl1 is wa the br

take in cI isentangl

affokl This I' pack" b leks

ood~n rames] is pia I per in it~ rc pe r position on the adJ sta b le '5Caffol to h mortar b ,

brick y ~ t.<! P f!ach briLk I im es wtth the e

he right th ickn fo r

ring 1: he morta r juo;t

c tne prope r dept by itn du~y are lal .He sho uld If @ speci al attant i

save t e time consu me in

otions to be: mad by dare:! conditioM, Mr. eightee n motio n pe r

w as two motio n pe r th is oil n:alysi!i to the

ed "M n Study. II of his; 1<

~ P ublis e by Myron C. and i go; E. F. N, Spo

An a nafy~ I~ of th th e motions of hi

First.. He has e no tv th e bricklaye rs in ne G1 rafu I study oil nd

seee nd. He ha

ing hat

a in move-me rrts idl

eeessarv, but wh tl a wn to ba U 51!!@ss.

parat us, s ucb a hls old j.,g the brlc by u t of eocpsrat ion rom lot of ti resc me and

(I- (I OF~~

I I I I

Eil ..... ~

I. _

time - nsum ing motions wn i who b ks tha scaffold an d th

e brick-I aye r

Th ird. He t@.ach!!s his brickl both h nds at th e sa me ti with the n,ght ha n d hand.

otions witn mpleted a h one from

m pie, Mr. Gilbreth 1: t he left tl and at t he

t n@ 'Sa e ti I"Il@' isr of COU rsa de€: P na r box for t he old spread 0 ut ".;0 t nin ttl at a ste i:l"d t en placi"g the me togath r, oil nd at the proper h

ib Ie b 50 bstit Llti n.c a (0 n hi the mona r

o be to reac h it)

t ne rj pile close

ff ld,

hree klnd5 of impr.........,· ..... .., eedless motions can

f move I"I'1E'nt5o su bst-

$C lentl it mot ion 'Study, 35 '5t udy. 5 t he writer has cal trade-

the ways. in and quicker nts wh@n alysi§;, 1: ime a plied I n any

actical me n wou Id (k en to rnaklng any ch r, be ske ptica I as te any ta res uhs from .a 'Stud t hat a few mont hs ago, in erecte ,he demonstrated 0

wh i eh pess ible fro m p

Witn u ion b ricklay@f'5, in Ia t hic k, ith two kind'j. of bri

sides the ws II. he average

beeern skilful in h ts new

rkmen nad

ou r; w nereas the average -s. kI met" ods W.iI'5r in that sactio

a n per h OU r - His bncklavers rid;; layi n.c by thei r fore-rna n. Th sa wh 0 .act! ing were dro pped. and ea c nder th e new metho d, recei crease in nis wages. Wit" rkrnen an d sti mu l.ating e.ac h

Iso deve 10 pe d .a n i ngen lous he

cord Ing the nu moor of brlcks I id by e c aeh work rna n at freq uent inte Is h ucceedsd in lay.n&.

wo .. k with the , 120 brick p@r is new met nod of profit by tha i r

b came proficient ntl I (not a sma II) ivid ua lizi.,g nis st. Mr, Gilbred1 easu ring and

, .a nd for te Iling an bricks he had

is. on Iv whe n th ..... work ~ s com reva il u nde r the tyra nny of 50 n ion s t nat t ne 8 rast wast!! of U

'II be rea li:ted. I n one foreign ~ neted t he I.. men to 27S b I

araeter wile n work i ng for th

rki n.c for priv.at@ ownef'5. T em e

robably smcere in the i r belief t at hi~ en efit to the I r trade, It shou Id b pia I

at t" is delibe-raw loafing is a I Iv res ulB. in rna king @'\I'@ry work oil 's fa

e i r he LI'Si ng • a nd alse in th ~ e d

om their c ltv. I nstead of b ringin

e nd Itions wh ich . u ded brick"laye-rs' id1 is goi ng on la ers' Lin io n have V n work of thls 7 per day when

nigh!!r rent fo r nd tra de away

nv is it, in .a trade wh ich has efore the Chri ~ian era, .a nd me as they now are, that tnis; ove rnents. th is great ga in, has

.a I P racticed '5.i net! nt era ctka I tv the the bricklayer' s ore?

i~ high Iv lik.ely that rna nv ti e

d Ividu.a I bncklaye~ nave r c

all of these yea rs he pess IbilitV of

02010 ~~

I I I I I

un neeessa ry mot ion . But tha ast, n~ di in\l'ent e.u::h on@ of Mr. Gil reth's imp

me n , no brlc layer Id a lone increase h - spee t h ug h

t kei ad option ;iI use will b~ ra I'Il@mb@red that i

seve I bri ckla rs work ther in a row a nd hat th

srou d a bu ild i must w at the 'Sa me rate

brtc ayer, t ne n ca n k much fa~-e r rha n

him. Nor has a y one me n cooperate with hi enfo ced stan d rdizat 10 best and

;}.._

'- .. ~.-

this fa adopti

(00 ration re with

me n must sup Iv eent @ach new rna n he n me n must be c nsta nt rise to their roper 5 tsae ing, either will not nEM methods a d at th

the nageme t. The

bros fact tha workm

AU

to m k@

to do faste r work. is; on t h

of methods, enforced adopt n worki ng condfticn 5, an d en r work CiI n ba ass ur d. An t"@ d ury n of rtand.a rds and fen rc in -th i!;

h ighar spaad mu it anageme nt must als re will not 5ubmlt to this

id ual -s-tudy of an d t r atmen for ac h

have bee" tl an d led larg-e go

a nageme t m List 150 see that t hose he pr pa the and the mortar nd ad] u~ the -s.caffo d, etc, 10 ttl e h them by doing ttl ei work jU!it right hE!V must .a lso inter @ach rk ay!! r the progress he is m king, t h t he II off In his. pace. Th s It. wi I be seen ttl e rna nagem-e nt

b rid< layi ng fu m ish e a sim ivf! mop!!: ration. Not the tyP!! of of WCI rkme n on on e 'S e toget e r

h t e manage ent: but t nat In wl'1 ich ra I .,

m nt (each 0 e j" h ~ own pa rtteul r way) h Ip d ivid ual tv. on ths one ha nd r by nertee mi 0; a nd teaching him better a d e odl e r ha nd, by se ing that aU he comes in eenta nelp a d ttl !!ir pa rt of the w k right a d

::..

'- .. ~.

F

first-cla~s b ricklaye r nd th science th rough th e eenstan help a d watchf I· ness of t e rna age ent, and th rough pay g each rna n a la e i n.c fast .a nd doing w h h@ .s to d to do.

fo~ r ele nts, th e flNt (t he ellelop ent of t e

f brle layi g) is the most j"te re-s, "g and speeta c ul r. h@ t re@ thers is, howe'll!! r, q u 't@ .a s

thar lead

en thilt ba ck (If all ls, an

t ne optim lstjc, d!!t@ rmine r an d wa' patiently.a s we II as we k.

ses ( ani ularly when the work t

n re) h@' d !!wlop I"I'l@nt of t ha

of e to r great elements of th new however. in which rh

nts 10 r more tha nan ing el

pe we II illustrated in th

Ins eeti ng bicycle b.a lis.

t"e bicyc m illio '5.m .. II b .. Is rna de h .. rdan d ste!!1 w!!re us; in bile bea ri - An d a ong th-e twenty or more used n making @!!I balls, pI:!: rh aps !! mast importa of in aing th m after nal po li'!i 'ng so a'S to rem

ers ck d or othe - se Imp ct ba II before bOi< I.,g.

given t task ball fa ory in th 5 COU nt eig ht to n yea r; reorga n· ation, s "tIN@n 0 r me rl:!: ,g iris wh wef@ in band II and s;kil d at the ir cbs,

'5oy5t1:!: mat izing . This; compan n ordi na ry day tl1 at tne 0 ns h

It is i pcss: ble rapid fro m th

sc~e n ific coop~

I-ementary wo of individual d

In m st cases,

t eerea in impe be im prcvad

in

i nsta nee it was fund that t"e inspectol"5i

on a-ha tf hou rs day {with a Sa

Their wo rk co n sred brie tv in pia "8 a row of sm staal a 115 on th back of t1@ left nd, in ttl I:!: crea tw"O the fi nge pre sse toget he r a nd while they over nd over, hey were min ute Iv exa mined ina

and tth the id of a agnet h Id in d1 e right

d!!fu re pic ke out a nd h rown i nto @"S

FOur ind'S of d ects w~ look.ed r-de nted, 'Soft

a rw::I reo crac ke ~~a nd th were ost Iv so m I., u

6' ..... *:-.

'- .. ~-

invis ible t a" eye not es eciaUy t ained

t k~ close attention an tension of ttl e inspe ° t kat t n@V WE!: rl!! tired.

conca t ration r 5 that t Ii:! nervo us was CO sidera b r in spite of the fact physically

'5erl-s.e to ~workwhi

the t'WO.

Before the a rrfval of

The old

rlsiderable

common carl really plav r~' nd not m Dc

• who nde-rtook a

speeti room for

ona er ano her of tha

more nfl uenti I gi ris an persuade

uc h I n ten hOIJ rs eac h

• a If hou ,Eactl,g irl

to 5 no the d 'I§. work to

he sa me day' 5 p hey we e rece iv ing

In .a be ut 'W@@ ks t e f pc ned t at al I ofthe girls he had ta I ked to ag reed h a tI'I ey co Id do t e r prese t work ju'St as 'We II in ten no u a in te n an d on ~ .a If an thae they approved f the chan

espeel ltv no d for his tact 50 he I~ for im to is 'aya I" Ie more of

on the n pro p sit jon , Ti'I is

tnis quall

0210F~~~

I I I

r, for when t e vote was 10 1/2 hcu was good i" nevat ion of !'IIY ki"d I

r for he time be ing. A few

I !'lid 5 a!'lld t he worki!'llg eu rs were e"&sive s eps to 10 t1 ou ,9 1/2, 9, rna in in t ha S.ilI'l"M!); a n with @.iI d1 av the .0 put incre3s:e i nstea d of

to tha sci@ntific met cd in t his e r the d rectlc n of M r Sa nford E. 'St e >: per need man In ot Ion a !'lid unt ry, un der t h gen e ra I su pe inte nde!'llce

IU:S of 0 r u nNe rs;itje-s; >: peri ments

determ i e what is kn wn as the .,!! man t@'5t@d. Tnis s dona by ect, the ette r A or B f r instance, t he su ject wno, tn I nsta nt he do som defin tte tl1 in 'Such as to tton, Th tilll@ which !! dlPS!!'5- from in ~iew nti I the $1.1 bje ct presses the by a de lcate .,;c~e nttfic nstru ment.

that th re is .a great !!r@nee in f d iffe nt men, Som~ ind ividu als k powe of pe res ptio .a ccompa ~ ction, it h some the

02(110F~~~

I I

10 ..... *:-.

'- .. ~-

Men of ttl is type a wh i k! those of s 10

nave

Mr. rhompscn see

for bicycle ball ins eeu rse ttl e erdlna ry q u also callad for.

F or the ultimate s hoW'ew r, it became

as well a the com nv, luda, all gi Is whe tae ed a fortun atel ttl is in'll lve:d ent. harde -working and

they did not pes the

V quid: a on.

Wh ilp::! th e grad ua 1 5 we re also being ma

Ona of the da n.gers

in st, wtl!! the pOly

ny way de pe nd 0 the q ua nt

effo rt t 1 nerea s;e he qua nti

in

Th@ first ste P. ther 'Slight thel r work pll'St1 ed th rough wh four of the most tr

it imp

nd Cut. T ls was a m-

r-in spectl n, Ea en 0 e of s gwen e eh day a t of

I I

non exa in Ing. I n ad fu u r l,IIeHnspe d1 ie inspector, and' @,grity.

rk they wer@ this CI ne of t he lots: n p~cted by the examine on t he foil ing day by the

on acto nt of her cia I accuracy

". ado

guis ing this pre 0; wav all t

-i nspeete had a ny (I ns of dist in-

t from tn@ regu I.a r 00 rt ~ l kns. And

n to "ilig their wo k or make take

or lass, A car wi'! it each girl s und rtaken, thro

I @x min ati!on r time an th use of a

n in qu.ality, the output. ok:! ~Ijp'-"hod h as to the gua rd .aga in st a and to lnsure

spector. In .a efurernanto the wagt!'S of quality. wh i Ie o did jnd Iffurent i corri8ibly slow d of the w.ay in

a n act u rat im ~ study w.a s op~w.atc:h a d record blan ks,

(I- 201 0 F~~ ~ 'INW'rN. r~~jJ(I~-II'i-

I I I

n ..... *:-.

'- .. ~-

wh@n t ha g.r s h.aw lH!!! n p such preca u ion5. have be pcss Ibi Itty 0 over-drfvl ng t temptat ion -s.1 ight thei r w

orga njzatio n is reached ed and on the cna han s to gua rei agai nst til • 0 n the other ha nd, th n removed iiU1d the JnO'5.

guarding danger fro $howed tha

hsh the ex .. q uie ke!it an tI lnst givi n.c ha ever fat lgue the gl rls. spe ia I jd Ie ness, ta

pectic n st1 ou Id be done

s under whicn eacn gir wnile at t he sa me tim s 5e''II!! re that thera wa

r ex ~ ion. Th is inve-stigatio

a con id ra ble p.a It of the I r tim ng an If wo rki ng, or i" act ua I

e hOUN of lab r had a dos-e obse about .a n ho rand one- ha get nervou-s Thev evlde nt she rt of t ne point at w hie for them to' ave a te n min ot !!.ach hou .a nd 0 n@ qua rt

of te n min LI s ea eh in the

t hey were 0 IIgOO to ~op t heir seats a d get a comp arou nd and Ik in,g. etc.

e n st1 one ned from 10 1/ e girls showe d that afte ti'll!! we rk tht!Y began t rest, It i~ wi§;~ to ste begin s, so we a rrs ngOO for re creatie n at the en hes@ re eass pariods (tw

nd tw(I in 1: he aft~ rn OQ n re en co uraged to lea of ceeu pation by wa Ik in

I., 0., e res ct no doubt s 'We re bruta I treated - Tney cou Id not co v@ n i@ ntty talk

e peo I will s.ay that these g Ir a d so far apart tt1at tl1 rk,

Shorte n 1"8 t eir he urs of lor, ho er, and provld ing ~o fa

as we len the most fa 0 Ici"g cond itjons mad e -

rk 51 .a i Iy instead of pretandin

02(110F~~~

I I

favera ble 'INOrk g cond iti n s 11 fi nal '51:e p shou be ta ke n h k wa nt, na me tv. igh Wil8e'5" a"d Wi] nt, namely, which means a

This step is to wt1 ic h derna nd and alsc to g' accomplishes t

aaeh gi i3I tull d.ay' her a la task,

com !!t@ nt pe:ratiw'e. r be s wh~ ever she

Tnis was don e t:t1 i5 case due as r:I ~rential te pi~ce rk, each girl was i crea sed j

outp IJt a nd a still more n p

work.

As will be she n late r, th d iffe eters fo

same thne in a

Before they fi" b!!! nec~'5.a ry t 1"Ile.a su ra once eve ry hou . an d to 'S was found to e fa !ling stra ighten he r , a nd to

The(e is a ge appreciated by rna nage me nt 0 men.

A r~w.a rd, if it i to be cti'Ve bert wo rk. mu co me '500 afte

2010 ~~

II I

blished that the wl1:i1t ney most wnat ney most ual ity work. r

wha is known em e pay of quant y of her aceu r cv of ne r

e lots In s;pected the d ere"tial) nd at the

14 ..... *:-.

'- .. ~-

perh aps at m 0'5t rnonthv a nd t ney a re to receive at t ne end of

The average work a n mu'St be a ceo mphsned ill nd lea rly see hi"

if he is to do" is ~, And more e

t ke you nc. girls in s rtlng bicyt: Ie she Llld have pro. r encou rage e persons I attentio n rom tn ose 'Sight as ofte n as 0 es an nou r,

at he h s each d y

n dlaraa ~,such s

hi ldren, r instan c r

er in th 'Shape

I reward n

Th is ls on e of the rincipa I reaso sha ling" either trough "ell ing t nrou,gtl d Mdends on wages re @Ie., hava b@@n at the best on Iy me n to. work. ha rd. e nice ti me day jf they ta ke th ings ea s;ity

attractive tha n dV ha ni work

sha red wit" othe n for t e

ineff .. c ie ncy of pl'CI t-sha ring sche had bee n that .0 form

cooperation ha s t bee n devlse i wt1 en each I d Ivid ua I is

aile wed free sco p 10 r tl is person always h as bee: n a d will re I'I\iI in exe rtion tha n.a e-sire for 1: h g ner I we If a re The mispl ace d drones, no do t he 10 fl

profits. wrth the ion are '54.l re

better m!!n down

I n the path of operat

sc he rnes (I ra, the q u rtable divi 5- n tn profits. a d tne fa t hat, wh ill! workm n.a re a Iw.ays a to hOI re tha of its , th are neither able r willi ng to sna th I OSS~§;. F nhe r 1: h n

t nis;. in ma ny case , it i~ ne Ither tl nor j ust th at ev shcu d

sha re e rther ttl e p fits. or the I inc til ese rna be due n

back to the iris; insp f n.a I ou eme of all th ch ange work to merly done one hu of the work t du~ h ig he fo rme r slo speed.

ing bi ycle: ba lis. ho @v@ r the 3'S th t t hirtv-five oS rls d i the red a d twe.,ty. All ttl the wa s two-tni s gate r

that ca me the girl

to 100 per cent hi

seee nd. Their hou rs l/2 per ay. with a fu u r r@ raation p@ric s prope wi'! it h ad ~ eve rwor n.s impo

re she ened from 1

hoi id y - And t ney d istr uted th mug ible to a h ~althv girl.

Tnird. as paeia I ca rE and int@ st 0 n t th at if nyt hing went wrong IN tl elpe r a d teacher in he rna n

I rha sh e was tne obj

pa rt f tn@ mdlnage n a nd

h her he could .aMi ys h 'lie a olean u pen.

II young wo of rest ( ith pavl eae

d1 0QA;.e. It I~ rrry im priyil!!8 J a !though I a

n two conse Lltive days

ken wheneve th may

t the e gl rls. were ive t hls eerta i on th is pe int

were:

0201 F~~~

II I

of tha @:ar.i3 i!!!X @ nSi@ inv d in c Ie

st udy. ove r-ins ers, a" d n pay ing h·

Ttl ird. That th ~ most frie d Iv re latio man age ment a d the e ployee'.;. t roubles of any k nd 0 r a str e impossib

many cI'Ian rklng cond one eleme

ese perc~ pti personal c 5 h i,g n)--the

a very stro as to w eth@ r this k d of [OOpnlr':lll"lFIo de-sira ble in th ~ ase of m re i nte lIig~ t mec haoles, t

t he case of me wt1 0 a re ore capabl f ge nera li:za i

who wo u Id the r re be ore Ii kely".

c hooss the rna r sci@ntific a nd better thods, Th@ 0 I

ill uo;trations; wi II given the pu rpo e of d emonstr t

fa ct that in the ighe r c las of work scientific Ia

are developed re 50 intri te t nat t h h igtl-priced

needs {@v@n mo th:a n th chaap lab r] the COOJH!

me n better edu ted th an im-;elf in fi d ns, the laws. in selecti n.g. de loping. an t .. a in I ng n I work in a wit:t1 these la M- T!,es.e ill u rat lens she I rna ke perfe

ou r origina I pro sition tnt in practl I oil II of the arts the scle nee h ich u nd rlles ea c h

much t at the wor t ne worlc is inca pa b

and a rnou nts to to actually do i

edu-cati

nt me rna I ca pacity. (If under-

in .n thf! mind s pe rna s of most bl ishment which ma uta ct ures a r out, in Ia rge q lola tit les, and

e a nic repeats. the- S(I lim ited

r :ag.a in), whe'l:h@ r th i n.genu ity e he which he fro m ti e to ti me ill not develo p s uc S~ pe rio r e->.."te rity that no se ie tific study

and in ad of ins

th at an on e 'Sh

t1 crweve, re ad Iv S€! lset a y one of

forarnan ent wa~, average distinctly of task men and believed re bcasting, a bsel te Iv fa lse,

w' h 00 nfida nee, h~ w.a d ~ust!!d uch .a n i mpu de nt lai m. He, he proposition that e st1 ou Id hies whose (I utp IJt he con ide red as

th s hop, :a nd that w@ s ould than

t th rough ~cientific hod'§; its

led.

0201 F~~~

I I

l' ..... *:-.

'- .. ~-

she p. It h d i!!!n ru n for ten msehan it W 0 'Wa'5i mere tha workmen in the establ is" m@ 'Similar m cines a re made

necessa rl reatly su btl Ivld e

more t na compa rativefy

yea r. A [ U I record wa s t

both pa n 01( the time act:

p.a res wh I h U1 is. rna n worke him to fi is saeh piece, as whit:h ha 0 k. were noted which he 0 k in ~ing the it. After 0 in ing I., thi'S way fa ir avera e of the work do

cap:ilcity of P::!Yet"'i Ie hand. It'S

four quite eta ads fo r the pur @u l-cuttiag m ent of this rna Uing pCMl'er .at

its pro pe r spe t n@ slide-- u S,.a nd [hOI nges 'Shaft and d iying pu Ile'll'S -;0 Tool~. rna e of 11 igh~pood ~ property '5ised r t reated, a

tood, k~"""'"

heretofc

ind of work 00 U a rticula r lathe, 'S hou Id work a r, pieces of

fl

ate 'Sljde~ ru les. se of dete rmini g the in I:!!S, 01 ca reful a Iys is in ~ in it~ relatio to th

its. v.a rleus 'Spe ds, it s were deterrni d by erE t n@n m.a d@ in the oou ta rs to run it at it. prop r SI) ed. L and of the pro er ~h.a S.

ground. (It sh uld the h i.ch~'5.pe@d s:t!!:@1 in th ~ sh oJ) w.a s a 1-;0 u

I slice-ru Ie wa~ then eds a nd feeds be done in the e r prepa ri noS in ording to the n IN m ric were fi nishe

02(110F~~

I

t1ad

done in our through ru ning ranged fro two msta nee to n i n@

ials, and eeerd ing 0 seie ntific pri ncip'e times the speed in the slow!! in the 'ghe'St,

manage involves, OW@'ifE r, not on Iv a for doing h e work .and a rem me nts In he shop. but a k.o a itude et a I t ne men .n the she air amp V!! rs. The physica I i provements i the ary to i su re la r;se gain"§; . .3 n the mene n, udy min ute rt dy with a stop-wa h of the tie In work ma n sh ou Id do ., is wo k. tan be a de quickly, ut the change in t @ mental an: ude its; of the hree hu nd r~d or mo workmen n be

t on tv sle y and d1 rough .a 10 g ~e ries of 0 jeeth fi.,a Ity emo nstrate s to ea h man th e rs at hkh he'll g.a in by haa rtllv 00 paratmg i his rk. wit h th m ~n in the ma n.ag~ ent. With i n h ree er, In th I~ s nop, the output ha bee n mo re an ., an d p r math i .,e- The men 1'1 ad been ca fully in almost all CdiS@S; promoted

of work, n d sc i nstru cted by men, th t they were a ble to rs, T tle rage increase in t s about B p!! r cant, whil@,;n he sa I"Il@' tim

he wage-; paid for doing a gill n a mou nt of

n before. This increase in the peed of doi e, invo e q uidcest ha old in ep!!!n d@nt ru ls-of-t h mb methods a nd .3 na tvsi~ 0 the ha nd work d on by each ma . (By

meant ~ ch 'WCI rk as de pends upon the m nu al

80 ..... *:-.

'- .. ~-

dexterity and s €'d of a work an r an d wh i

tha work done .1 The ti

ha nd work wa'S mach i n~ -work.

mats Is, it Wi1S h.3d never beto worked CI I'll t n I..., n i l'IIe times as

man, who had never ne~half to a good to twehle

macha n ie who h d spent his yea rs in doing 1: is; very wort u n th is pa word. th is, wa.... possl ble be U~ t ne a invotves a true s ience of no sail magn it!.! 'So i ntrirat@ that it is impossib fo r a ny ma hi n i w o is '5.U it@d to running a lath year in and y .3r out ~rth r to u de to work accord I g to rt~ laws w heut the hlp of e made tnjs tl1ei speciatty, en whe a un fa mach i n~ -shop each piece as .3

of ma ch me ~wo

problems CO" n t ke especial stu engine-ma k ing d tffe rent from

2(110F~~~

I I

lat ne or pia ne @lel'llE!: nts wt1 i-c: h .a re pe:r ulia r @

p.a rts is; trifl i ng,. omp.a red wi '5C lence, of c uni g meta Is, U po a knowled abil itv to do real fast math ."e work of a II

The real pro ble is; how to re forging, and ho to ma ke th p ieee smo she rte-s,t time, a d rt: m alters b t little wh

or 01 n i1 Llta mcbi , fa m iliar with t e b~re saen is d irta nee the "ik.i le macnj ne hi.,; s pe -

. say. 0 a rna rin e e ngin e. a p or this r 01'5.0 n, the man wit!'. th tie nee cutting meta Is. whe

pOI rtic ula wa rk, 01'5. ablf! co plete to

mechan e who ha made the art!; 0 this: forye rs,

61

t:t1!! rJlS@1v!!s con r exist in e!Very t another. it is i problems into ,gt! neral laVlS or been pointed rna nags me nt of 'i ph ilosopny of t is of .all of thas

whole time is e h ands, '50 that, !! habit-; of g~n e Ii opponu nity for d even a simph~ I cooperation of othe r times hi we re to develo

in aetu all doing the his

had t ha acassa ry @d

g in h is hough..:. h lacks the t e an

ve 10 ping these la • beca U'S-e t e Situ

invow"g say ti e stu dV u i res the

!! one d lng the wor whil the atch. A d even if..: e wor man before e i~ed on IV nJ e--of.t umb

02(110F~~~

I I

u ..... *:-.

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02(110F~~~

II I

hts pet'S nal interest wou Id Ie ad inevitab t kaap his disceva rias secret, '50 ttl at th s ~pecial nowledge. pe l"5onaUy do mo in h igh@r wag@s.

ement, on t he other ha nd, lea-su re of those who a re en man a.g@ @ not (] nly 0 d@'lielop laVlS to r@pli31[.@ ru but a 1$0" a ch imp rti ally a II of th e work men wh t hem th q icke~t IN of working. The u~hJ I res u from the I ws are a ays '50 great that a ny camp afford y for ttl time a nd ths @xp@ril"n@nB dev~lop th m. Th~ U nd e r 'Scientific rna nage $C lentiflcc kn led ge n d methods are everywher rs place r I e of t hu mb, wnerea s u nd e r

ant wcrki gin accordance with sr i@ntThe de lopment of the .a11 or scie n pt i !lust Don of th I s fa ct. I n the fall of the writ r ~tarted to ma ke th e ~peri d !tt@r i ne what eo nstitutes i3I prnpe r he a 150 obta in ~d 1: he pe rm i55 ion of resident f the Midvale Steel Co mpan erime nts 0 d ete rmi ns what a Il8le-s an

h@ b@'5t r cutting stea I, a nd .a Iso to t 5 peed for 5t~e I. At. the ti ed tt was nis be lief that t n nths, a nd, in fact.. rF it "ad

referred for a lab Sellers, t e

peri 00 t n th is wou Id be rsqu i rad r t h n'Sid era Ie SU m of money in making I'll fonhco ing.

d meta r rtica I bori ng-m ill W:iI'§. ths fi

i ng these ex pe rlments . .a nd Ia rge loco hard ~ I of uniform quatlty. were d h ips; in gr d ua Ily lea rn i"8 how to make

so that they weu kI do fa !it

it h ceca ion dil in the urse re e-s,p dally

0,000 e peri-

w.a-s spent in tha i r'1iVf!

the help the

hese experi eats were made to e a b le U'S to a swe r tv the two q estions W n Idl face rv ach ir.ist each

time that he do such as a lathe, q uestions are;

of

In order to do t e work nth q it kest speed st1 alii ru n y mach ne? nd hat

Th@V '5O'I.Ind so '50' the tra ined judg

after work I ng 2 eve ry ca sa invo problem, in wh i h the mcst be determi ed.

Each of tf1 e !We fol ing

upon tha answ@ , Th@ fig

va ria b les re p res nt the speed,

For @xi3Imple, .aft

~The proportion 1$ as I i c nmed iron to 1 in tne Th@ 1'Il@.a n ing of times; as fast as are ~ve n, the n, ra 118e" of jud8 callad upon to

speed at wh ich t

or other q Hal itie-

is 3$ 1 in the ca in the case of ve

eh m - I composition of the eel from w hie h ne teel is n th heat traatment of th!!! 0 L Tne propo rt on is a 5 1 m de- rom tem pe re-d ea rben steel to 7 in t he est nigh-

th ckn ss of the shaving, or, the thickness of he s pi ral b nd f meta I wn ich is to b re moved by the tool, Tne aving 3/16 of oil n inch to :) n inch.

S (I pe or eenteu r of the eu ing ed8e of - 0 is 'S 1 in .a th read tool to 6 in a brnad-n

el, The cutting

pious strea m of wa r or ot her cooli n mediu m 01. ,..,!!! proportion i5. s 1 tor tool ru nn ng dry to oled by a c:opiou'!t stre m of w.ater.

n of the OJt, i.e .• the ime wnjch a tool must last

of the shavi"g wit out be ing re nd. The

5 1 whe-n tool is to grou nd ~e-ry 1

I is to be g rou nd eve 20 min utes,

de-a ranee a ngles of t h tool, Tne propo ion is a s I@ of 68 d~@s to .02:) with I ip an I!! of 61

of the work and

86 ..... *:-. F

'- .. ~-

(L) The pressure of ttl -r1g s urfate

of the tool,

(M) The pu Iling pow ed ch nges of the

machine.

It may seem prep" req~ i red .a pe riod of twelve varia b les u po ttl

hOW"ev@r, wh 0 hav@ d

it will be .a pprec:iated hat in the tact t nat tt co ta I

ny people that it hou kI have I.,w~gat the ect of the se ing speed

@xperi I"Il@nt was cau ad

va riab les constant a d wh lie t he effect of ttl t He Id i Il8 ths eleven a ria Ie'S co n~ant wa

t nan th~ investigation of t @ affth @lem@n .

nes, And in

ea c h 'Single ing elf!VoE!: n ex pe riment. nv~i,gate d. ore d ifficu It

A,;. one afte r anothe r the effe of t hase va riables w

tting ~ eed of eac h r that rar:tical use @t:@"S'5 ry to find a nel se f rm th ~ laws formulae

wh i eh were develope

p= 45,000 0

V· 90n 1/8

v = 11.9/ (F 0

0) 0.2373 + .41 (1 + 2401)

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