Professional Documents
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Energy Conversion Systems
Week 1
Chapters 1&6
Course Outline
• Alternative Energy Systems
– Solar
– Geothermal
• Nuclear Power Systems
– Nuclear reactions and fuels
– Nuclear power plant design
• Fossil Fuel Power Systems
– Combustion
– Power plant design
Figures and Equations from AlternativeEnergy Systems, by B.K. Hodge
The Sun
• A nuclear reactor
– 40,000,000 K at its core!
– ~5800 K in the outer ‘convective’ zone
• Approximates a black body
Figures and Equations from AlternativeEnergy Systems, by B.K. Hodge
The Sun
• Sun to earth…
– Total energy constant through
concentric spheres
– Energy per unit area decreases with
increasing radius
Figures and Equations from AlternativeEnergy Systems, by B.K. Hodge
Solar Radiation
• ‘Extraterrestrial’ solar radiation
approximates blackbody
• Atmosphere scatters and absorbs
Figures and Equations from AlternativeEnergy Systems, by B.K. Hodge
Solar Radiation
• ‘direct’ and ‘diffuse'
θ is the angle between the ‘outward normal’ to the horizontal
surface and the line of sight to the sun
Figures and Equations from AlternativeEnergy Systems, by B.K. Hodge
Solar Radiation
• Total solar radiation on a horizontal
surface:
• At the outer edge of the atmosphere GD
is a constant, GS
• Two problems:
– We need a ‘sky model’ to find GD
– We need ‘sun position’ model to find cos θ
Figures and Equations from AlternativeEnergy Systems, by B.K. Hodge
Sky Model
• ASHRAE Sky Model
Figures and Equations from AlternativeEnergy Systems, by B.K. Hodge
Calculating Cosθ
• ‘Azimuth’ angle: measured from
south (+clockwise)
• ‘Altitude’ angle: measured up from
horizon (complement of the ‘zenith
angle)
Figures and Equations from AlternativeEnergy Systems, by B.K. Hodge
‘Azimuth’ & ‘Altitude’ angles
• Calculated from:
– Location (Latitude)
– Time (solar hour angle)
– ‘declination’ tilt of the earth relative to
the sun.
• From ‐23.45° to +23.45°
• = latitude for which sun is directly
overhead at solar noon for that day
Where ‘n’ is the
‘Julian day’ (1‐365)
Figures and Equations from AlternativeEnergy Systems, by B.K. Hodge
‘Declination’
Figures and Equations from AlternativeEnergy Systems, by B.K. Hodge
Solar ‘hour angle’
• 15° per hour
• ‘south’ = 0 ° hour angle (noon)
• Morning = negative hour angle
• Afternoon = positive hour angle
Figures and Equations from AlternativeEnergy Systems, by B.K. Hodge
Solar ‘altitude’ angle
• Solar ‘altitude’ angle
• Solar ‘azimuth’ angle
Figures and Equations from AlternativeEnergy Systems, by B.K. Hodge
Calculating ‘Solar Time’
Where E is the ‘equation of time’
Figures and Equations from AlternativeEnergy Systems, by B.K. Hodge