HOMEWORK-1

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTING
PART-A

Q1. Draw a flowchart to produce a printed list of all the students over the
age of 20 in a class .The input records contains the name and age of
students. Assume a sentinel value of 99 for the age field of the trailer
record.

Ans. Flowchart to print names of all the students above the age of 20 in a class

START

INPUT NAME, AGE

READ NAME, AGE

IS
AGE>20
&&
AGE<=
99

DO NOT PRINT THE

PRINT THE NAME NAME

PRINT ALL THE

NAMES HAVING
AGE ABOVE 20 AND
BELOW 99

STOP

STOP
Q2. Write a algorithm for multiplication table for an integer?

Ans. An algorithm is a logical sequence of discrete steps that describe a complete

solution to a given problem in a finite amount of time.

integer number, increment, multiple;

print ‘enter the number’;
read number;
while (increment<=required multiple)
{
output=number*multiple;
increment;
}
print ‘output’;
}

Q3. Each paper in a set of examination papers includes a grade of A, B, C, D

or E. A count is to be of how many papers have grade of A and how
many have grade of E. The total of both types have to be printed at the
end. Assume 50 as sentinel value. Write a Pseudo Code to perform this
function.

Ans.
1. Enter the grade.
2. Read the grade.
3. Scan and count paper with grade A, A=i;
4. Scan and count paper with grade E, E=j;
5. Add count of A and B, n=i+j;
6. Print the total count of A and B, print n;
7. End.
Q4. Company X sells merchandise to wholesale and outlets .Wholesale
customers receives a 5% discount on all orders. The company also
encourages both wholesale and retail customers to pay the cash on
delivery by offering a 3% discount for this method of payment .Another
2% discount is given on orders of 500 or more units’. Each column
represents a certain type of order? Draw the decision table?

Ans.
New wholesale Y Y Y N N Y
order
Cash on delivery N Y Y Y N N
500 or more units N N Y Y Y Y

5% discount X X X X
3% discount X X X
2% discount X X X X

PART-B

Q5. How a Source Program converted to an executable program in C?

Ans. First a file is created in which the program is written. The program is written
and if needed edited under the editor. After editing the file is saved. The program
which was entered into the file is called source program. When the program is
ready for compilation the instructions in the program are translated into suitable
execution form by the compiler. After the translation the program is stored in
another file and it is called object code. Now the object code is linked. Linking is
the process of putting together other program files and functions that are required
by the program. After compiling and linking the program the program is called
executable object code and saved as a executable file with file extension ‘.exe’. this
whole process is done with the help of compiler.

Q6. Write down the basic structure of c program. And draw the flow chart
 for same? Also elaborate the each section?

Ans. // my first program in C

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main ()
{
printf ("Hello World!");
getch();
}

// my first program in C (DOCUMENTATION SECTION)

This is a comment line. All the lines beginning with two slash signs (//) are
considered comments and do not have any effect on the behavior of the
program. They can be used by the programmer to include short explanations
or observations within the source itself. In this case, the line is a brief
description of what our program does.

#include <stdio.h> (LINK SECTION)

Sentences that begin with a pound sign (#) are directives for the
preprocessor. They are not executable code lines but indications for the
compiler. In this case the sentence #include <stdio.h> tells the compiler's
preprocessor to include the stdio standard header file. This specific file
includes the declarations of the basic standard input-output library in C, and
it is included because its functionality is used later in the program.

void main () (MAIN() FUNCTION SECTION)

This line corresponds to the beginning of the main function declaration.
The main function is the point where all C programs begin their execution. It
is independent of whether it is at the beginning, at the end or in the middle
of the code - its content is always the first to be executed when a program
starts. In addition, for that same reason, it is essential that all C programs
have a main function. Main is followed by a pair of parenthesis () because it
is a function. In C all functions are followed by a pair of parenthesis () that,
optionally, can include arguments within them.

printf ("Hello World"); (EXECUTABLE PART)

 This instruction does the most important thing in this program. printf is the
standard output stream in C. Semicolon character (;) at the end signifies the
end of the instruction and must be included after every instruction in any C
program.

getch ();
The return instruction causes the main() function finish and return the code
that the instruction is followed by. This it is most usual way to terminate a
program that has not found any errors during its execution.

Documentation section

Link section

Definition section

Global declaration section

Declaration part

Executabl
e part

end

Q7. Why do we use qualifiers with data types and elaborate each qualifier
 with example?

Ans. Basic data types in C i.e. char, float, int, double has different range of values
and different storage size. In order to have some control over the range of numbers
and storage space, c has different types of qualifiers i.e. short, long, signed and
unsigned. They can be used to stop the wastage of memory. If only 8 bits of
memory is required qualifier ‘short’ can be used with a data type instead of using
the regular data type which would consume 16 bits of memory. Similarly, if more
memory is required than qualifier ‘long’ can be used.
e.g.
1). Data type ‘char’
a). signed char- 8 bits from -128 to 127
b). unsigned char- 8 bits from 0 to 255

2). Data type ‘int’

a). signed int- 16 bits from -32768 to 32767
b). unsigned int- 16 bits from 0 to 65535
c). signed short int- 8 bits from -128 to 127
d). unsigned short int- 8 bits from 0 to 255
e). signed long int- 32 bits from -2147483648 to 2147483647
f). unsigned long int- 32 bits from0 to 4294967295

3). Data type ‘float’- 32 bits from 3.4E –38 to 3.4E +38
4). Data type ‘double’- 64 bits from 1.7E -308 to 1.7E +308
a). long double- 80 bits from 3.4E -4932 to 1.1E +4932

Q8. Differentiate between the following

(a) Unary and Ternary operator.
Ans.
Unary operator
a).The unary operators take one
operand and use either prefix
notation (such as –-counter) or
postfix notation (such as counter+
+).
b).Acts on single operand and
produces a new value.
Ternary operator
a).Only one ternary operator, ?:,
exists; it takes three operands and
uses infix notation (condition? intX:
intY).
b).Acts on three operands and
produces a new value.

(b) Assignment and Equal To operator.

 Ans.
Assignment operator
a). It is represented as ‘=’.
b). It falls under the category of
assignment operators.
c). assignment operator is used to
assign a certain value to a variable.
e.g. int a=12;
here it shows that variable a has
been given a value 12.
(c) Expression and statement.
Ans.
Expression
a).Anything legally said in a spot
where a value is required. Typically
composed of literals, variables,
operators, functions.
b). An expression consists of one or
more operands and usually an
operator. Expressions are evaluated
to produce a result.
e.g. my_function()
(d) Identifiers and Keywords.
Ans.
Identifiers
Equal to operator
a). It is represented as ‘==’.
b). it falls under the category of
relational operators.
c). equal to operator is used to
equate two variables.
e.g. if (a==b)
here it shows that in order to satisfy
the condition variable a should be
equal to variable b.
Statement
a).A command to the computer
about what to do next.
b).The smallest independent unit in
a C program. It is analogous to a
sentence in a natural language.
Statements in C generally end in
semicolons.
e.g. my_function();
Keywords
 a). identifiers refer to the names of
variables, functions & arrays.
b). they are user-defined and consist
of letters and digits.
c). both uppercase and lowercase
are used for them but first character
should be a letter.
e.g. Area, Sum, Chaman etc.
(e) Signed and Unsigned integers
Ans.
Signed integers
a). signed integers use one bit for
sign and 15 bits for the magnitude
of the numbers.
b). as one bit is for sign they can be
positive as well as negative.
c).their range is from -32768 to
32767.
a).keywords serve as basic building
blocks for program statement.
b). all keywords have fixed
meanings and these cannot be
changed.
c). all the keywords are written in
lowercase only.
e.g. int, float, enum, break etc.
Unsigned integers
a). unsigned integers use all the bits
for the magnitude of the number.
b). unsigned integers are always
positive.
c). their range is from 0 to 65535