Chap 09

Measurement
9
An architect who designs a
building must work within
certain constraints or
specifications, such as the
area the building will cover.
If a one-bedroom unit is to
cover an area of 60 m2, draw
three possible floor plans for
this unit, showing the outline
of the outer walls and their
dimensions.
In this chapter we find out
how to measure perimeter,
area and volume.
Kitchen Dining Lounge
WC
Bedroom Bathroom
Scale 1: 200
areyou 382 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria
Are you ready? READY?

Try the questions below. If you have difficulty with any of them, extra help can be
obtained by completing the matching SkillSHEET. Either click on the SkillSHEET icon
next to the question on the Maths Quest 8 CD-ROM or ask your teacher for a copy.
9.1 Rounding to one decimal place

1 Round each of the following to 1 decimal place.
a 26.321 56 b 0.7264 c 59.338 017
Measuring angles with a protractor
9.2 2 Measure the size of each angle with a protractor.
a b c
9.3 Measuring the length of a line

3 a Measure the length of this line to the nearest mm.
b Measure the length of this line in cm.
9.4 Multiplying and dividing by powers of 10
4 Calculate each of the following.
a 32 ÷ 100 b 0.04 × 1000.
Converting units of length
9.5
5 Convert each of the following measurements.
a 34 mm to cm b 1.6 m to mm c 4500 cm to km
Area of squares, rectangles and triangles
9.8 6 Find the area of each of the following shapes.
a 1.3 cm b 4.6 cm
4.5 cm 3.4 cm
9.14 Volume of cubes and rectangular prisms

7 Find the volume of the following solid.
3 cm
3 cm
12.5 cm
Chapter 9 Measurement 383
Introduction
The concept of measurement is
encountered by all of us every day.
We start off every morning thinking
what time is it? and how long is it
before we have to leave home? We
also hear of comments such as how
much milk is there? how much sugar
do you take? how heavy is this? what
size are these shoes? and so on.
There is an infinite number of ques-
tions that have to do with quantities
such as distance, volume, area,
height, mass, angle, time, speed and
so on.
Accuracy of measurement
When an architect draws a plan or when an engineer designs a structure, the measure-
ments have to be very accurate. Similarly, when athletic tracks or swimming pools are
designed, the measurements have to be accurate as some races are won or lost by hun-
dredths of a second. The instruments used to measure these times also need to be
extremely accurate. When following a recipe for cooking, accuracy is important, but we
do not need to be accurate to the hundredth of the required mass or volume.
In practical situations where measurements are taken, accuracy depends on the
appropriateness of the instrument used, the accuracy of the instrument and the accuracy
with which a person reads the measurements.
The appropriateness of the instrument

The proper choice of measuring instrument is very important.
For example, if 20 g of butter is needed for cooking, you will
obviously not use bathroom scales calibrated in kilograms.
You need kitchen scales. But if a 40 kg bag of mulch is
delivered to your place and you have a suspicion that the bag
is under weight, you will most likely use the bathroom scales.
If you are required to measure the thickness of your hair for
a science experiment, you will obviously not use a ruler, or
even a calliper. You could use a micrometer or a microscope.
The accuracy of an instrument

Some instruments are more accurate than others. For
instance, to measure 20.0 mL of a liquid accurately, a beaker
is very inaccurate. A measuring cylinder is better than a
beaker but may not be accurate enough for a chemist who is
preparing a cough mixture for a baby. A burette or a pipette is
A micrometer
a more accurate instrument to use.
384 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria
Pipettes being used to make accurate measurements
COMMUNICATION Measuring distance

You are required to measure the distance between the front door of your classroom
and the door to the principal’s office. The instruments available are: a metre ruler,
a 30-metre measuring tape and a trundle wheel.
1 Comment on the accuracy (or inaccuracy) of the three instruments being used.
2 Working in groups of three, measure the distance between a point in your
classroom and the principal’s office (or any other agreed distance) using a metre
ruler, a measuring tape and a trundle wheel.
3 Compare and comment on the results.
Accuracy of reading
To obtain the most accurate reading, the eye level of the person reading the measurement
should be placed at the appropriate point. Consider the diagrams below, showing dif-
ferent positions of the person’s eye while reading the liquid level in a measuring cylinder.
Value may
be read
as 22 mL.
Value may
Actual be read
value as 18 mL.
= 20 mL
1. 2. 3.
In diagram 1, the person’s eye is below the liquid level and so a higher (than real)
value will be recorded. In diagram 3, a viewer is looking at the liquid from above; thus
a lower value will be recorded. These incorrect values are the result of parallax error.
The reading shown in diagram 2 should give the most accurate result, as the eye is level
with the surface of the liquid.
THINKING Judging the winning result
Comment on the accuracy of the results recorded by the three judges positioned at
points A, B and C relative to the finish line for a race, as shown below.
B
A C
Finish line
Accuracy of measurement is also assured if several measurements are done, where

possible, and an average value worked out instead of a one-off measurement.
9.1 SkillS
COMMUNICATION Measuring height
HEET
Rounding
to one
To do this activity you will need to work in a group of five. decimal
place
1 Each person in the group is to independently measure the height of every other L Spre
XCE ad
member of the group. Do not discuss your answers with any other person in the
sheet
E
group. Rounding
and
significant
2 Complete the table below using all of the results obtained. digits
(DIY)
Greatest height Least height Average of the
Name measured measured four results
3 Discuss the reasons why different results were obtained.

Estimation and approximation

in measurement
Approximation and estimation are commonly used in
expressing values for quantities in measurement. For
instance, we often hear people saying ‘the super-
market is 10 minutes away’. It does not neces-
sarily mean that we would require exactly
10 minutes to get there. Lots of factors, such as
the speed at which we drive, road conditions,
traffic conditions, and so on, can influence the
duration of the journey.
Similarly, many distances are estimated or
approximated. The ability to approximate or esti-
mate is a useful skill to develop. Approximations
usually involve rounding values to a certain
number of decimal places.
Distance, time, angles, height, mass, etc. are
commonly estimated. Sports commentators always
estimate the distance to the posts and the angle at
which the kick has to be taken during a football match.
Estimation of the speed at which vehicles are driven is
also fairly common. All these estimations are based on some
previous experience or knowledge or a reference point. For
example, to estimate a mass, an idea of 1 kg mass is used as a comparison or reference
point. An understanding of the size of the basic units, such as kilograms and metres, is
essential to enable successful estimation. When estimating, the purpose is to get an
approximate idea of a measurement; we are not expected to be overly accurate. For
example, when estimating the height of a house we may be expected to be within a
metre of the actual height and not within 1 millimetre.
COMMUNICATION Estimating measurements

1 Working with a friend, make the following estimations:
a height of a door
b width of your desk or table
c mass of a stone
d the distance a football has been kicked
e the diameter of a clock
f length of your classroom
g length of your pen.
2 Find the actual value for each item above by taking an appropriate measurement.
3 Compare the actual measurements with your estimations and comment on the
result.
WORKED Example 1
Estimate the angle labelled x in the diagram below. Measure the angle and comment on
the accuracy of your estimation.
THINK WRITE
1 A 90° angle is easy to imagine. Estimation: x ≈ 45°
The angle marked x is about half
of 90°.
2 Measure angle x, using a Measurement: x = 41°

protractor.
3 Compare the actual size of angle x 45° closely estimates the size of the angle
with your estimation and comment shown (the exact value is 41°) with an error
on the result. of 4°.
remember
1. Approximations are usually done in measurement by rounding numbers to a
certain number of decimal places.
2. Estimation of measurements is needed in real-life situations and is often based
on previous experience or knowledge.
3. In some cases, a certain level of accuracy is expected.
Estimation and
9A approximation in
measurement
WORKED 1 Estimate the angle labelled x in each of the following diagrams. Measure the angle and
Example
1
comment on the accuracy of your estimation.
a b c 9.2 SkillS
x
HEET
Measuring
x angles with
x a protractor
d e
x x Math
cad
Estimation and
approximation
9.3 2 Estimate the lengths of each of the following. Measure the lengths using a ruler and a
HEET piece of cotton or thread. Discuss the accuracy of your estimation in each case.
SkillS
Measuring a b c d
the length
of a line
3 Without actual measuring, draw lines with the following lengths:

a 10 cm b 30 cm.
Now measure the lengths of the lines, using a ruler to check your estimation.
4 multiple choice
Which of the following is the best estimation for the width of a normal classroom door?
A 20 cm B 98 cm C 50 cm D 220 cm E 150 cm
5 Estimate the body measurements of two friends and yourself and complete the table
below. Take measurements to check your estimation skills.
My own Friend A Friend B

Measurement Estimated Actual Estimated Actual Estimated Actual
Handspan
Height
Mass
Arm length
Shoulder length
6 Estimate each of the following household expenses for your home. Verify your esti-
mations by asking to see the bills.
Money spent over a month on:
a electricity
b the telephone
c groceries
d buying clothes
e petrol.
7 Estimate the number of reams of photocopy paper used in your school per week. Your
maths teacher or office staff can help verify your estimation.
8 Estimate the petrol consumption of your family car or a friend’s car for a 100 km
journey (or any other distance that suits you). Check the actual petrol consumption of
the car and compare it with your estimation.
Error
When estimating, as seen in the previous section, we notice differences between the
measurement and the actual values. This difference is called the error. For example, if
a line is estimated to have a length of 5 cm when the actual length is 4.8 cm, there is an
error of 0.2 cm.
The significance of the error depends upon the actual length involved. For instance,
an error of 0.2 cm is very significant if the actual length is only 2 cm while it may not
be significant when the actual length is 5 m. The significance of the error is seen when
the error is compared with the actual value.
Absolute relative error = estimated value – actual value

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
actual value
Absolute percentage error = estimated value – actual value
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- × 100%
actual value
= absolute relative error ¥ 100%
Note: The calculation for the absolute relative error is performed in a pair of vertical
bars. This absolute value is also called the modulus and means that you ignore the sign
of the number. For example, |–7| = 7 and |7| = 7.
As mentioned earlier, the error involved in measurement is due to:
• inappropriateness of measuring instruments
• human error in reading or measuring
• inaccuracy of instruments.
Errors can be minimised by using the right instrument and taking a lot of care when
making any measurement.
WORKED Example 2
Maya measured the distance from the doorway of the classroom to the centre of the
netball court. Her measurement was 58.5 m. If the actual distance is 59.4 m, find:
a Maya’s error
b the absolute relative error, correct to 3 decimal places
c the absolute percentage error.
THINK WRITE
a Calculate the error. This is the a Error = estimated value − actual value
difference between the value obtained Error = 58.5 − 59.4
as a result of measurement and the Error = −0.9
actual value. Error = 0.9 m
Note: −0.9 indicates the estimated value
was below the actual value. The error
however is recorded as 0.9 m.
Continued over page

THINK WRITE
b Find the absolute relative error. This is b Absolute relative error
the ratio of the error to the actual value.
= estimated value – actual value
------------------------------------------------------------------------
acual value
= –---------
0.9
-
59.4
= 0.015 151 515 …
= 0.015 (correct to 3 decimal places)
c To calculate the absolute percentage c Absolute percentage error
error, multiply the absolute relative = absolute relative error × 100%
error obtained in part b by 100%. = 0.015 × 100%
= 1.5 %
When a measurement is taken it will be taken to a certain degree of accuracy. A

rounding error will be a part of every measurement. For example, if measuring a
person’s height, we usually take the measurement to the nearest centimetre. The
maximum error in a measurement is half of the degree of accuracy. That means, if a
measurement is given correct to the nearest centimetre the maximum error is 0.5 cm. If
a person’s height is given as 167 cm, the actual height of the person will be between
166.5 cm and 167.5 cm.
1
Maximum error in a measurement = --- of the degree of accuracy.
2
WORKED Example 3
The height of a building is given as 64 metres
correct to the nearest metre. Find:
a the maximum error
b the limits between which the actual height of
the building will lie.
THINK WRITE
a Determine the degree of accuracy and a The degree of accuracy is 1 m.
calculate the maximum error. Maximum error = 1
--- ×1m
Note: The maximum error is half the 2
degree of accuracy (nearest metre). Maximum error = 0.5 m
b 1 Calculate the lower limit; that is, b Lower limit

subtract the maximum error from the = measurement – the maximum error
given measurement. = 64 − 0.5
= 63.5 m
THINK WRITE
2 Calculate the upper limit; that is, add Upper limit

the maximum error to the given = measurement + the maximum error
measurement. = 64 + 0.5
= 64.5 m
3 Answer the question. The actual height of the building is between
63.5 m and 64.5 m.
WORKED Example 4
Ashleigh completed a 100 m sprint in 12.25 s, correct to 2 decimal places. What limits does
this measurement actually lie between?
THINK WRITE
1 Determine the degree of accuracy and The measurement has been given correct to
calculate the maximum error. 2 decimal places. Therefore, the degree of
Note: The maximum error is half the accuracy is 0.01 s.
degree of accuracy. Maximum error = 1--- × 0.01 s
2
Maximum error = 0.005 s
2 Calculate the lower limit; that is, Lower limit
subtract the maximum error from the = measurement − the maximum error
given measurement. = 12.25 – 0.005
= 12.245 s
3 Calculate the upper limit; that is, add Upper limit
the maximum error from the given = measurement + the maximum error
measurement. = 12.25 + 0.005
= 12.255 s
4 Answer the question. The actual measurement lies between 12.245 s
and 12.255 s.
Tolerance
Tolerance of a quantity is the amount by which a quantity may vary from its normal
value. It provides a socially and legally acceptable level of measurement. A measure-
ment is accepted if it is within normal measurement ± tolerance, otherwise it is
rejected. If a supermarket is selling 500 g of sugar, it does not necessarily mean that
all the bags are exactly 500 g. Consumer Affairs Victoria will not prosecute
businesses for a slight variation, provided the variation is within the national standard
tolerance limits.
WORKED Example 5
A supermarket advertises 500 g bags of garlic
with a tolerance of 5 g.
a What is the range of the accepted mass of a bag
of garlic?
b Two particular bags have a mass of 496 g and
492 g respectively. Will these bags of garlic be
accepted or rejected?
THINK WRITE
a 1 State what the accepted mass is. a Accepted mass = 500 g ± 5 g
Note: With a tolerance of 5 g, the 500 g
bags can be 500 ± 5 g.
2 Calculate the lowest accepted mass by Lowest accepted mass = 500 g − 5 g
subtracting tolerance from the normal mass. = 495 g
3 Calculate the highest accepted mass by Highest accepted mass = 500 g + 5 g
adding tolerance to the normal mass. = 505 g
4 State the limits of the acceptable mass. 495 g ≤ accepted mass ≤ 505 g
b Compare each given mass with the accepted b

mass range and answer the question.
ii 496 g is within the limits of the accepted ii The 496 g bag is accepted as it lies
mass. within the accepted mass range.
ii 492 g is below the limits of the accepted ii The 492 g bag is rejected as it falls
mass. below the accepted mass range.
remember
1. The difference between the measurement and the actual value is called the error.
2. Error involved in measurement can be due to inappropriateness of the
instrument, human error or inaccuracy of the instrument.
3. Absolute relative error = estimated value – actual value

------------------------------------------------------------------------
actual value
4. Absolute percentage error = estimated value – actual value

------------------------------------------------------------------------ × 100%
actual value
Absolute percentage error = absolute relative error × 100%
1
5. Maximum error in a measurement = --- of the degree of accuracy
2
6. Actual measurement = measurement ± the maximum error

7. Tolerance of a quantity is the amount by which a quantity may vary from its
normal value.
9B Error
WORKED 1 Sima took five measurements, as shown in the following table. Alongside Sima’s Math
Example
results the actual values of the measurements are given. For each measurement,
cad
2
calculate: Error
i Sima’s error
ii the absolute relative error
iii the absolute percentage error.
Sima’s measurement a 16.5 cm b 26 mL c 28.76 cm d 2.7 kg e 30 s

Actual value 16 cm 25 mL 30 cm 2.5 kg 32 s
2 The studs in a building are supposed to be 1.5 m apart. The distance between two
studs is 1.7 m. Calculate:
a the absolute relative error b the absolute percentage error.
3 Elena, playing golf, estimated that she has a 2 m putt. She actually has a 2.3 m putt.
What is the absolute percentage error involved in Elena’s estimation?
4 A measurement is taken to the nearest centimetre. What is the maximum error in the
measurement?
5 State the maximum error when a measurement is taken:
a to the nearest metre
b to the nearest 10 millimetres
c in centimetres, correct to 1 decimal place
d in metres, correct to 2 decimal places.
WORKED 6 Jodie is measured as being 156 cm tall, correct to the nearest centimetre. Find:
Example
3
a the maximum error
b the limits between which her height actually lies.
WORKED 7 Zdenka completed a 100-m
Example
4
sprint in 15.36 s, correct to
2 decimal places. Between
what limits does this
measurement actually lie?
8 Between what limits does a
measurement actually lie
when a measurement is
given as:
a 45 m, correct to the
nearest metre?
b 18.5 cm, correct to
1 decimal place?
c 480 km, correct to the
nearest 10 km?
d 29.36 m, correct to
2 decimal places?
9 multiple choice
The absolute relative error in the measurement of a height is 0.25. If the measured
height is 70 cm the actual height is:
A 14 cm B 350 cm C 87.5 cm D 17.5 cm E 70.5 cm
WORKED 10 A wholefood shop advertises 1 kg bags of lentils with a tolerance of 10 g.

Example
5 a What is the range of the accepted mass of a bag of lentils?
b Two particular bags have a mass of 992 g and 890 g respectively. Will these bags
of lentils be accepted or rejected?
11 multiple choice
Note: There may be more than one correct answer.
Boxes of matches are accepted if they have a minimum of 47 sticks. The advertised
number of sticks is 50. Which of the following statements is correct?
A The maximum number of sticks accepted is 55.
B The tolerance is 5 sticks.
C The tolerance is 3 sticks.
D A box containing 54 sticks is rejected.
E The tolerance is 6 sticks.
12 A family pizza has a normal diameter of 30 cm. Find the minimum and maximum
accepted diameters for the pizza if the tolerance is 2 cm.
13 A chocolate factory has a tolerance of 2 mm on the

length of chocolate bars it makes. None of
the chocolate bars may be less than 198 mm.
a What is the normal length of a chocolate
bar produced by this factory?
b What is the longest bar of chocolate
expected from this factory?
14 Fill in the missing values in this table:
Minimum size Maximum size Normal size Tolerance
20 g ±2g
35 mm 40 mm
100 mL ± 5 mL
28 m ±3m
Perimeter
Units of length
When we wish to find out how long something is
or to measure the distance between two points,
metric units of length are used. These units are
based on the metre (symbol m).
The metric units of length are shown below:
÷ 10 ÷ 100 ÷ 1000
millimetres centimetres metres kilometres

(mm) (cm) (m) (km)
× 10 × 100 × 1000
When converting to a larger unit, divide.

When converting to a smaller unit, multiply.
The ability to work confidently with metric units

is an essential skill in many trades and professions
such as architecture, fashion design, carpentry,
interior design, engineering and the retail trade.
WORKED Example 6
Complete the following metric length conversions.
a 1.027 m = cm b 0.0034 km = m
c 76 500 m = km d 3.069 m = mm
THINK WRITE
a Look at the conversion table. To convert a 1.027 × 100 = 102.7 cm

metres to centimetres, we need to
multiply by 100. So, move the decimal
point two places to the right.
b To convert kilometres to metres, we b 0.0034 × 1000 = 3.4 m
need to multiply by 1000. So, move the
decimal point three places to the right.
c To convert metres to kilometres, divide c 76 500 ÷ 1000 = 76.5 km
by 1000. This can be done by moving
the decimal point three places to the left.
d Look at the conversion table. To convert d 3.069 × 100 × 10 = 3069 mm
metres to millimetres, we need to multiply
by 100 and then by 10. This is the same as
multiplying by 1000, so move the decimal
point three places to the right.
Finding the perimeter

The perimeter of a shape is the total distance around that shape.
For example, the perimeter of a football field would be found by measuring the
distance around the boundary fence. The perimeter of a basketball court could be found
by measuring the length of each side of the court and adding all the side lengths.
WORKED Example 7
Find the perimeter of each of the shapes below.
a 21 mm 15 mm b 17 mm c 15 mm 18 mm
45 mm 28 mm 11 mm
34 mm
15 mm 45 mm
7.3 cm
40 mm
THINK WRITE
a 1 Make sure that all the measurements a P = 21 + 15 + 34
are in the same units and add them = 70
together.
2 Write the answer in words, including The perimeter of the shape shown is 70 mm.
the units.
b 1 Notice that the measurements are not b 7.3 cm = 73 mm
all in the same metric units. Convert
to the smaller unit (in this case
convert 7.3 cm to mm).
2 Add the measurements. P = 45 + 17 + 28 + 73
= 163
3 Write the answer in words, including The perimeter of the shape shown is
the units. 163 mm.
c 1 Make sure that given measurements c 15 mm 18 mm
are in the same units.
11 mm
2 Determine the lengths of the
unknown sides and label them on the 15 mm
45 mm
diagram. 40 – (18 + 11)
45 – (15 + 15)
40 mm
3 Add the measurements. P = 45 + 18 + 15 + 11 +15 + [40
− (18 + 11)] + [45 − (15 + 15)] + 40
P = 45 + 18 + 15 + 11 +15 + 11 + 15 + 40
P = 170 mm
4 Write the answer in words, including The perimeter of the shape shown is
the units. 170 mm.
Some basic shapes have a formula for perimeter.
l
The perimeter of a rectangle is given by the formula
P = 2(l + w), where l is the length of the rectangle and w w
w is its width.
l
l
The perimeter of a square is given by the formula P = 4l,
where l is the side length of the square. l l
WORKED Example 8
Find the perimeter of a rectangular block of land that is 20.5 m long and 9.8 m wide.
THINK WRITE
1 Draw a diagram of the block of land 20.5 m
and write in the measurements.
9.8 m 9.8m
20.5 m
2 Write the formula for the perimeter of a P = 2(l + w)
rectangle.
3 Substitute the values of l and w into the P = 2 × (20.5 + 9.8)
formula, and calculate. P = 2 × 30.3
P = 60.6 m
4 Write the worded answer with the The perimeter of the block of land is 60.6 m
correct units.
WORKED Example 9
A rectangular billboard advertising country Victoria has a perimeter of 16 m. Calculate its
width if the length is 4.5 m.
THINK WRITE
1 Draw a diagram of the rectangular
billboard and write in the w w
measurements.
4.5 m
P = 16 m
2 Write the formula for the perimeter of a P = 2(l + w)
rectangle. = 2l + 2w
Continued over page
THINK WRITE
3 Substitute the values of P and l into 16 = 2 × 4.5 + 2w
the formula, and solve the equation: 16 = 9 + 2w
(a) subtract 9 from both sides 16 − 9 = 9 − 9 + 2w
(b) divide both sides by 2 7 = 2w
(c) simplify if appropriate. 7 2w
--- = -------
2 2
3.5 = w
w = 3.5
4 Write the worded answer with the The width of the rectangular billboard is 3.5 m.
correct units.
remember
1. The metric units of length are millimetres (mm), centimetres (cm), metres (m)
and kilometres (km).
2. Use the table below to convert metric units of length.
÷ 10 ÷ 100 ÷ 1000
millimetres centimetres metres kilometres

(mm) (cm) (m) (km)
× 10 × 100 × 1000
3. When converting to a larger unit, divide.
4. When converting to a smaller unit, multiply.
5. The perimeter of a shape is the total distance around that shape.
6. The perimeter of a rectangle is given by the rule P = 2(l + w).
7. The perimeter of a square is given by the rule P = 4l.
HEET
9.4
9C Perimeter
SkillS
Multiplying
and
dividing WORKED 1 Fill in the gaps for each of the following.
Example
by powers a 20 mm = cm b 13 mm = cm
of 10 6
c 130 mm = cm d 1.5 cm = mm
HEET
9.5 e 0.03 cm = mm f 2.8 km = m
SkillS
g 0.034 m = cm h 2400 mm = cm = m
Converting
units of i 1375 mm = cm = m j 2.7 m = cm = mm
length k 0.08 m = mm l 6.071 km = m
m 670 cm = m n 0.0051 km = m
2 Chipboard sheets are sold in three sizes. Convert each of the measurements below into L Spre
XCE ad
sheet
E
centimetres and then into metres:
a 1800 mm × 900 mm Length
conversions
b 2400 mm × 900 mm
c 2700 mm × 1200 mm.
3 A particular type of chain is sold for $2.25 per metre. What is the cost of 2.4 m of this Math
chain?
cad
Length
4 Fabric is sold for $7.95 per metre. How much will 4.8 m of this fabric cost? conversions
5 The standard marathon distance is 42.2 km. If a marathon

race starts and finishes with one lap of Stadium Australia,
seen at right, which is 400 m in length, what distance is
run on the road outside the stadium?
6 Maria needs 3 pieces of timber of lengths 2100 mm,

65 cm and 4250 mm to construct a clothes rack.
a What is the total length of timber required, in metres?
b How much will the timber cost at $3.80 per metre?
c
WORKED 7 Find the perimeter of the shapes below.

Example
7
a 4 cm b 5 cm c 40 mm
1 cm Cabri Geo
met
ry
3 cm Perimeter
31 mm 35 mm of a
rectangle
program
d e f GC
2 cm 60 mm
–TI
1 cm Measurement
5 mm
3 cm 2 cm 11 mm
1.5 cm
am
6 cm progr –C
GC
asio
Measurement
g h 9 mm i 14 mm
1.5 cm
5.0 cm
4.5 cm 29 mm 9.6 SkillS
HEET
2.0 cm 2.4 m Substitution

j k l into a
0.6 m formula
530 cm 36 cm
4m
346 cm
330 cm
WORKED 8 Find the perimeter of a basketball court, which is 28 m long and 15 m wide.
Example
8 9 A woven rectangular rug is 175 cm wide and 315 cm long. Find the perimeter of the
rug.
10 A line is drawn to form a border 2 cm from each edge of a piece of A4 paper. If the
paper is 30 cm long and 21 cm wide, what is the length of the border line?
11 A rectangular paddock 144 m long and 111 m wide requires a new three-strand wire
fence.
a What length of fencing wire is required to complete the fence?
b How much will it cost to rewire the fence if the wire cost $1.47 per metre.
12 A computer desk needs to have table edging.
If the edging cost $1.89 per metre, find the cost of the 1250 mm
2.1 m
table edging required for the desk.
134 cm
2.1 m
9.7 13 Calculate the unknown side lengths in each of the given shapes.
HEET a b c 4.9 m
SkillS
xc
m
Solving x cm
equations 5.8 m
8 cm
STOP
Perimeter = 30 cm Perimeter = 176 cm Perimeter = 23.4 m
WORKED 14 The rectangular billboard has a perimeter of 25 m. Calculate its width if the length is
Example
9
7 m.
15 The ticket at right has a perimeter of 42 cm.
a Calculate the unknown side length.
b Olivia wishes to decorate the ticket by placing a gold line
SHEE
T 9.1 along the slanted 11 cm
Work
sides. How long is the line on each ticket?

c A bottle of gold ink will supply enough ink to draw 20 m of line. How many
bottles of ink should be purchased if 200 tickets are to be decorated?
Circumference
The circumference is the length of the outer boundary of a circle.
COMMUNICATION The diameter of a circle and its

circumference — any connection?
The purpose of this activity is to establish a relationship ence
fer
(if it exists) between the diameter of a circle and its
um
Circ
circumference.
You will need: Diameter
Ra
Chalk, a 20 m length of string and a measuring tape.

d iu
s
What to do:
1 Working with a partner in a flat area such as
an outdoor basketball court, draw 4 large
circles with different diameters. Keep the
string taut and walk around your partner,
drawing a chalk line as you go.
2 Record the length of the diameter of each Chalk in
circle into a table, like the one below. loop
3 Now take the string and lay it carefully around the circumference of the circle.
4 Stretch this length of string into a straight line and use the measuring tape to
find the circumference of each circle. Record your results in the table.
5 Add more values to your table, by drawing four smaller circles in your
workbook with a pair of compasses or a template. Measure the circumference
using a piece of string and a ruler.
C
6 Calculate the ratio ---- for each circle.
D
7 Do you observe any patterns? Can you describe the relationship between the
diameter of a circle and its circumference? Write a short statement that will
summarise your findings.
C
Circle Diameter (D) Circumference (C) ----
D
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Finding the circumference

As a result of the previous activity, you should have found that the ratio of the circum-
ference to the diameter is about 3 for any circle. That is, the length of the circumfer-
ence is about 3 times the length of the diameter.
In fact, the circumference or perimeter of any circle is always about 3.141 59 times
its diameter. The ancient Greeks discovered this ratio and the Greek letter π
(pronounced ‘pie’) is used to represent the number.
The circumference of a circle is given by the formula C = π D, where C is the
circumference and D is the diameter of a circle.
The diameter of any circle is twice as long as its radius; that is, D = 2r, so another
way to write the formula for the circumference of a circle is C = 2πr, where C is the
circumference and r is the radius.
Note: π cannot be expressed as an exact fraction. It is somewhere between 3 1--- and

7
3 10
------ .
Expressed as a decimal, it begins 3.141 592 6535 . . . and goes on forever, with no
71
repeating pattern of numbers.
For problem solving purposes, 3.14 is a good approximation of the value of π. Alter-
natively, a calculator can be used. (Scientific or graphics calculators usually have a
button, labelled π, which gives a more accurate approximation of this special number.)
WORKED Example 10
Find the circumference of each of the following circles, giving answers i in terms of π
ii correct to 2 decimal places.
a b
24 cm
5m
THINK WRITE
a ii 1 Write the formula for the circumference a ii C = π D
of a circle.
Note: Since the diameter of the circle is
given, use the formula that relates the
circumference to the diameter.
2 Substitute the value D = 24 into the C = π × 24
formula.
3 Write the answer and include the C = 24π cm
correct units.
ii 1 Write the formula for the circumference ii C = π D
of a circle.
2 Substitute the values D = 24 and C = 3.14 × 24
π = 3.14 into the formula.
3 Evaluate and include the correct units. C = 75.36 cm
b ii 1 Write the formula for the circumference b ii C = 2π r
of a circle.
Note: Since the radius of the circle is
given, use the formula that relates the
circumference to the radius.
2 Substitute the value r = 5 into the C=2×π×5
formula.
3 Write the answer and include the C = 10π m
correct units.
ii 1 Write the formula for the circumference ii C = 2π r
of a circle.
2 Substitute the values r = 5 and π = 3.14 C = 2 × 3.14 × 5
into the formula.
3 Evaluate and include the correct units. C = 31.40 m
History of mathematics
A R C H I M E D E S O F S Y R AC U S E ( c . 2 8 7 – 2 1 2 BC)
One of his most important discoveries,

Archimedes’ Principle, is said to have been
made while he was having a bath. As
Archimedes got into the tub one day, he
noticed that the water rose higher up the
sides. He got out of the bath and ran through
the streets shouting ‘Eureka!’ which is Greek
for ‘I have found it!’ Archimedes’ Principle
(or the buoyancy principle) states that the
apparent loss in weight of a body totally or
partially immersed in a fluid is equal to the
weight of the fluid displaced.
When the Romans attacked Syracuse,
Archimedes helped develop machines such as
catapults to defend the city. After three years
the Romans eventually won the war. It is said
During his life . . . that Archimedes was concentrating on a
Lighthouse of Alexandria built. problem and sketching geometric figures
Hannibal crosses the Alps. when interrupted by a Roman soldier. ‘Don’t
disturb my circles!’ he exclaimed. The soldier
drew out his sword and killed him.
Archimedes was a Greek mathematician.
He lived in the city of Syracuse in Sicily and A large crater on the moon, more than
devoted his entire life to research and 80 kilometres wide, is named after him.
experiment. He wrote books about Questions
mathematics and mechanics and was a great 1. What range of values did Archimedes
inventor. One of his most famous find for π ?
achievements was to determine that the value 2. What did Archimedes claim he could
of π (the ratio between the diameter and move if he had a lever long enough?
circumference of a circle) is between 3 10 ------ and
3. What is the device known as
70
3 10
------ . He did this by using a large circle that Archimedes’ screw used for?
71
he cut into 96 sections. 4. What was Archimedes doing just
He was the first to realise the enormous before he was killed?
power that can be exerted by levers and 5. Where is the crater Archimedes and
pulleys. Archimedes said that if he had a lever how big is it?
long enough he could move the Earth. He
would, however, need to stand somewhere else Research
other than on the Earth to do it. One of his 1. Look on the Internet for information
inventions, the hydraulic screw, is still used in about π and decide how accurate
parts of the world today. This simple pump is Archimedes’ value was compared to
used to lift water from a lower to a higher the values known now and the values
level. It consists of a large screw inside a known then.
cylinder. One end is placed in water and the 2. What are levers and pulleys used for
screw is turned. As it revolves, water rises up now? Is there a limit to how big they
the spiral threads of the screw. can be made?
Sometimes the outside boundary of a shape includes straight and curved sections. The
curved section may represent a fraction of a full circumference, for example, a half-
circle. In such cases, break the outside boundary up into its curved and straight sec-
tions. The length of each individual part can be calculated, and the length of all the
parts can be added together to give the perimeter.
WORKED Example 11
Find the perimeter of the shape below, correct to 2 decimal places.
12 cm
THINK WRITE
1
1 Identify the parts that constitute the P= --- circumference + straight-line section
2
perimeter of the given shape.
2 Write the formula for the circumference P = 1--- π D + straight-line section
2
of a circle.
Note: If the circle were complete, the
straight-line segment shown would be its
diameter. So the formula that relates the
circumference to the diameter is used.
1
3 Substitute the values D = 12 and π = P= --- × 3.14 × 12 + 12
2
3.14 into the formula.
4 To find the perimeter of the given P = 18.84 + 12
shape, halve the value of the
circumference and add the length of the
straight section.
5 Evaluate and include the correct units. P = 30.84 cm
Graphics Calculator tip! Calculations

involving π
To enter the value of π, find the button marked Ÿ. First
O
CASI
press the button marked 2 nd and then press Ÿ ; that

Calculations is, 2 nd [ p ]. This gives you π. To find the circumfer-
involving π
ence of the circle with radius 4 cm, press 2 × 2 nd [ p ]
× 4 and then press ENTER . You should obtain the result
as shown in the screen opposite. Round your answer to
a sensible number of decimal places. The circumference
of a circle with a radius of 4 cm is approximately
25.13 cm.
remember
1. The radius (r), diameter (D) and circumference (C)
ence
of a circle are shown at right. fer
um
2. The circumference of a circle, C, is given by the
Circ
formula C = π D, or C = 2π r, where D is the Diameter
diameter and r is the radius of a circle.
Ra
3. π represents the ratio of the circumference of a
d iu
s
C
circle to its diameter, that is, ---- .
D
4. The numerical approximation for π is 3.14.
9D Circumference
WORKED 1 Find the circumference of each of these circles, giving answers i in terms of π Cabri Geo
Example
met
10a
ry
a b c Circumference
10 cm
2 cm 7 mm
Math
cad
Circumference
d e f
program
0.82 m 7.4 km 34 m GC
–TI
Measurement
WORKED 2 Find the circumference of each of the following circles, giving answers i in terms of π am
progr –C
Example GC
asio
10b
Measurement
a b c
17 mm
4m 8 cm
d e f
0.4 m 10.6 m
1.43 km
3 Choose the appropriate formula and find the circumference of these circles.
a b c
77 km 6m 48 mm
d e f
31 mm
400 m
1.07 m
WORKED 4 Find the perimeter of each of the shapes below. (Remember to add the lengths of the
Example
11
straight sections.)
a b c 24 m
16 mm
10 cm
d e f
11 mm 18 cm
20 cm
g h i 75 cm
48 m 30 cm
50 m
1.4 m
1.2 m
5 multiple choice
The circumference of a circle with a radius of 12 cm is:
A π × 12 cm B 2 × π × 12 cm C 2 × π × 24 cm
D π × 6 cm E π × 18 cm
6 multiple choice
The circumference of a circle with a diameter of 55 m is:
A 2 × π × 55 m B π × 55
------ m C π × 55 m
2
D π × 110 × 2 m E 2 × π × 110 m
Nylon thread
r = 0.88 m
7 In a Physics experiment, students spin a metal weight around on the end of
a nylon thread. How far does the metal weight travel if it completes 10
Weight revolutions on the end of a 0.88 m thread?
8 A scooter tyre has a diameter of 32 cm. What is the circumference of the tyre?
9 Find the circumference of the seaweed 10 Find the circumference of the Ferris
around the outside of this sushi roll. wheel shown below.
8m
11 Calculate the diameter of a circle (correct to 2 decimal places where appropriate) with
a circumference of:
a 18.84 m b 64.81 cm c 74.62 mm.
12 Calculate the radius of a circle (correct to 2 decimal places where appropriate) with a
circumference of:
a 12.62 cm b 47.35 m c 157 mm.
13 Calculate the radius of a tyre with a circumference of
135.56 cm. 40 cm
14 Calculate the total length of metal pipe needed to assemble
the wading pool frame shown at right.
r = 1.4 m
15 Nathan runs around the inside lane of a circular track that has a radius of 29 m. Rachel
runs in the outer lane, which is 2.5 m further from the centre of the track. How much
longer is the distance Rachel runs each lap?
QU EST
S
M AT H
1 In Around the world in eighty days by Jules Verne, Phileas Fogg boasts that
NG
he can travel around the world in 80 days or fewer. This was in the 1800s,
E
CH LL so he couldn’t take a plane. What average speed is needed to go around

A
the Earth at the equator in 80 days? Assume you travel for 12 hours each
day and that the radius of the Earth is approximately 6390 km.
2 Liesel’s bicycle covers 19 m in 10 revolutions of her bicycle wheel while
Jared’s bicycle covers 20 m in 8 revolutions of his bicycle wheel. What
is the difference between the radii of the two bicycle wheels?
Calculate the perimeters (circumferences) of all the

circles using the values of π given. Each answer and the letter
inside the circle gives part of the puzzle code.
7m N
3 7
L W 1
m
A T 14 m
8
m 4
2m
π= 22 π= 22
7 π= 22
π= 22
7
π= 22
7
7 7
22 m 2.75 m 44 m 2.512 m 31.4 m 2.75 m 1—47 m 0.628 m 2.75 m 22 m 37.68 m 31.4 m
1
7m 2
m B 1
O 14 m 4
m
S 3
m
D 8
Y
π= 22
7
π= 22
7
π= 22 π= 22
7
π= 22
7
7
9.42 m 44 m 4.71 m 3—71 m 31.4 m 44 m 11

—m
14
5.5 m 9.42 m 31.4 m
3—71 m 15.7 m 88 m 31.4 m 44 m 5.652 m 22 m 9.42 m 15.7 m 2.75 m 2.75 m
3m
5m 1.5 m
4
F 6m
V m P
H I U 5
0.9 m C
0.1 m π = 3.14
π = 3.14 π = 3.14 π = 3.14 π = 3.14
π = 3.14
10 m 7
m π = 3.14
10 K 8m
E R π = 3.14 π = 3.14
π = 3.14
5.5 m 9.42 m 31.4 m 3—71 m 31.4 m 22 m 22 m 5.5 m
5
5.5 m 9.42 m 31.4 m 214
— m 22 m 37.68 m 50.24 m 44 m 5.652 m 5.5 m 9.42 m 31.4m
6—27 m 44 m 4.396 m 2.75 m 88 m

Area of rectangles and triangles
Many buildings we see around us are constructed from
rectangles and triangles. For such shapes, we often need to
calculate their surface area.
The area of a shape is the amount of flat surface
enclosed by the shape.
For example, the frame of a window goes around its
perimeter, while the glass represents its area.
Area is measured in units based on the square metre, as
shown in this conversion chart.
× 10002 × 1002 × 102
square square square square

kilometres metres centimetres millimetres
2 (mm2)
(km ) 2 2
(m ) (cm )
2 2 2
1000 = 1 000 000 100 = 1 0 000 10 = 1 00
÷ 10002 ÷ 1002 ÷ 102

2
Recall 10 000 m = 1 hectare
Recall 10 000 m2 = 1 ha
Note: The conversion is the square of the equivalent linear conversion.
WORKED Example 12
Complete the following metric conversions.
a 0.081 km2 = ______ m2 b 19 645 mm2 = ______ m2
THINK WRITE
a Look at the metric conversion chart. To a 0.081 km2 = 0.081 × 1 000 000 m2
2 2
convert square kilometres to square 0.081 km = 81 000 m
metres, multiply by 1 000 000; that is,
move the decimal point 6 places to the
right.
b Look at the metric conversion chart. To b 19 645 mm2 = 19 645 ÷ 1 000 000 m2
convert square millimetres to square 19 645 mm2 = 0.019 645 m2
metres, divide by 1 000 000; that is,
move the decimal point 6 places to the
left.
Area of a rectangle
The area of a rectangle can be found using the formula A = l × w, where l is the
length and w is the width of the rectangle.
A special case of a rectangle is a square. Since l = w for a square, the formula
becomes A = l × l or A = l 2.
WORKED Example 13
Find the area of a rectangle with dimensions shown below.
8 cm
5.6 cm
THINK WRITE
1 Write the formula for the area of a A=l×w
rectangle.
2 Identify the values of l and w. l = 8 and w = 5.6
3 Substitute the values of l and w into the A = 8 × 5.6
formula and evaluate. Include the A = 44.8 cm2
appropriate units.
Area of a triangle
The area of a triangle, A, is given by the formula: A = --1- bh,
2
where b is the base and h is the height of the triangle. h
The base and the height of the triangle are
perpendicular (at right angles) to each other.
b
WORKED Example 14
Find the area of each of these triangles, in the smaller unit.
a b
55 cm
2.8 cm
1.8 m
7.5 cm
THINK WRITE
a 1 Write the formula for the area of a a A = 1--- bh
2
triangle.
2 Identify the values of b and h. b = 7.5, h = 2.8
3 Substitute the values of b and h into A = 1--- × 7.5 × 2.8
2
the formula.
4 Evaluate. Remember to include the A = 3.75 × 2.8
correct units (cm2). A = 10.5 cm2
THINK WRITE
b 1 Write the formula for the area of a b A = 1--- bh

2
triangle.
2 Convert measurements to cm. 1.8 m = 1.8 × 100 cm
1.8 m = 180 cm
3 Identify the values of b and h. b = 180, h = 55
4 Substitute the values of b and h into A = 1--- × 180 × 55
2
the formula.
5 Evaluate. Remember to include the A = 90 × 55
correct units (cm2). A = 4950 cm2
remember
1. The area of a shape is the amount of flat surface enclosed by the shape.
2. Area is measured in units based on the square metre, as shown in this
conversion chart.
× 10002 × 1002 × 102
square square square square

kilometres metres centimetres millimetres
2 (mm2)
(km ) 2 2
(m ) (cm )
10002 = 1 000 000 1002 = 1 0 000 102 = 1 00
÷ 10002 ÷ 1002 ÷ 102

Recall 10 000 m2 = 1 hectare
Recall 10 000 m2 = 1 ha
Note: The conversion is the square of the equivalent linear conversion.
3. The area of a rectangle is given by the formula A = l × w, where l is the length
and w is the width of a rectangle.
4. The area of a square is given by the formula A = l 2.
5. The area of a triangle may be found using the rule A = 1--- bh, where b is the base
2
and h is the height of a triangle.
Area of rectangles and 9.8

9E
SkillS
HEET
triangles Area
of squares,
WORKED 1 Complete the following metric conversions. rectangles and
Example triangles
12 a 0.53 km2 = ______ m2 b 235 mm2 = ______ cm2
c 2540 cm2 = ______ mm2 d 542 000 cm2 = ______ m2 Cabri Geo
met
e 74 000 mm2 = ______ m2 f 3 000 000 m2 = ______ km2

ry
Area of
g 98 563 m2 = ______ ha h 1.78 ha = ______ m2 a rectangle
2 2
i 0.987 m = ______ mm j 0.000 127 5 km2 = ______ cm2
WORKED 2 Find the area of each of the rectangles below.

Example
a 9 cm b 45 mm c 1.5 m
13
4 cm 25 mm
3m
d 45 km e 5m f 16 mm
50 cm
27 km
2.1 cm
am – 3 Find the area of each of the squares below.

rogr TI
a b c
GC p
Measurement
am – 5 mm
rogr Ca
16 cm
sio
GC p
Measurement
2.3 m
Questions 4 and 5 relate to the diagram at right. 62 mm 134 mm

32 mm
4 multiple choice 187 mm
The height and base respectively of the triangle are:
A 32 mm and 62 mm B 32 mm and 134 mm C 32 mm and 187 mm
D 62 mm and 187 mm E 134 mm and 187 mm
5 multiple choice
The area of the triangle is:
A 2992 mm B 2992 mm2 C 5984 mm D 5984 mm2 E 6128 mm2
omet WORKED 6 Find the area of the following triangles in smaller units.
i Ge ry Example
a b
Cabr
14a
Area of
a triangle
37 mm 40.4 m
reads
L Sp he
et
EXCE
Area of 68 mm 87.7 m
a triangle c d
231.8 mm
d
hca
85.7 mm
Mat
1.9 m
Area of
a triangle
184.6 cm
e 142.8 mm f
22.7 m
0.162 m
WORKED 7 Zorko has divided his vegetable patch, which is in

Example
14b
the shape of a regular (all sides equal) pentagon,
13.68 m
into 3 sections as shown in the diagram at right. 8.89 m
16.3
a Calculate the area of each individual section,
1m
correct to 2 decimal places.
b Calculate the area of the vegetable patch, correct 5.23 m
to 2 decimal places.
8 Find the area of the triangle used to rack up the 28.5 cm

billiard balls at right.
24.7 cm
9 The pyramid at right has 4 identical triangular faces

with the dimensions shown. Calculate:
a the area of one of the triangular faces
b the total area of the 4 faces. 150 m
10 Georgia is planning to create a feature wall in her

lounge room by painting it a different colour. The 200 m
wall is 4.6 m wide and 3.4 m high.
a Calculate the area of the wall to be painted.
b Georgia knows that a 4 litre can of paint is sufficient to cover 12 square metres of
wall. How many cans must she purchase if she needs to apply two coats of paint?
GAME
11 Calculate the base length of the give-way sign at
time
right. Measurement
— 001
12 a Calculate the width of a rectangular sportsground
45 cm
if it has an area of 30 ha and a length of 750 m.
b The watering system at the sportsground covers
8000 square metres in 10 minutes. How long
does it take to water the sportsground? A = 945cm2
1
Use π = 3.14 in the following questions.
1 True or false? The conversion of 10 cm to millimetres is 100 mm.
2 multiple choice
The rule for finding the circumference of a circle is:
Aπ×r B π×2 Cπ×D D π × r2 E 2 × π × r2
Use the diagram at right for questions 3 and 4. 13 cm
3 What is the perimeter? 4 cm
4 What is the area?
5 Calculate the circumference of a circle with radius 3 cm.
6 Calculate the perimeter of the shape at right.

5m
2
7 Draw a triangle with an area of 6 cm .
8 Calculate the area of a rectangle with length 8 cm and width 6 cm.
9 What is the total area of 2 square tiles each with a length of 4.5 cm?
10 Find the area of a triangle with base length of 6.5 cm and height 10 cm.
QUEST
S
M AT H
1 A square and an equilateral triangle have

NG
the same perimeter. The side of the triangle

E
CH LL is 3 cm longer than the side of the square.

A
How long is the side of the square?
2 One playing card is placed over another as
shown. Is the top card covering half, less
than half or more than half of the bottom
card? Explain your answer.
Area of a parallelogram
Although parallel lines appear to come together in the
distance, parallel lines never meet. In mathematical
figures parallel lines are marked with arrows.
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral (four-sided figure)
with two pairs of parallel sides.
THINKING Area of a parallelogram

There are a number
of methods we can
use to find the area
of a parallelogram.
Try both of these to
obtain a formula. h
Method 1
The parallelogram b
shown at right has
been drawn onto
1 cm grid paper.
1 Count the number of squares contained inside the parallelogram.
2 What is the area of each square?
3 Hence, what is the area of the parallelogram?
4 What is the length of the side marked b?
5 What is the height, marked h, of the parallelogram?
6 Calculate the value of h × b and compare this to the value obtained for the area
in part 3.
7 Write a formula for the area of a parallelogram.
Method 2
1 Trace the outline of the
parallelogram at right
onto a sheet
of plain paper. h
2 Using a set square or
ruler, draw in the line
labelled h. It must be
b
perpendicular
(at right angles) to the base of the parallelogram, which is labelled b.
3 Cut out the parallelogram.
4 Cut out the shaded triangle.
5 Fit the triangle onto the other end of the parallelogram to form a rectangle.
6 Explain how you can find the area of a parallelogram. Write a formula for the
area of a parallelogram.
omet You may like to investigate parallelograms further by opening the Cabri Geometry file
i Ge ry
‘Area of a parallelogram’ on the Maths Quest 8 CD-ROM.
Cabr
Area
of a Finding the area of a parallelogram
parallelogram
The area of a parallelogram, A, is given by the formula
h
A = bh, where b is the length of the base and h is the
height of the parallelogram.
b
Note: The base and the height of a parallelogram are always perpendicular to each
other.
WORKED Example 15
Find the area of the parallelogram shown.
6 cm
13 cm
THINK WRITE
1 Write the formula for the area of a parallelogram. A = bh
2 Identify the values of b and h. b = 13, h = 6
3 Substitute 6 for h and 13 for b. A = 13 × 6
4 Multiply the numbers together and include the = 78 cm2
correct units.
remember
1. A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides.
2. The area of a parallelogram is given by the formula A = bh, where b is the
length of the base of the parallelogram and h is its vertical height.
3. The base and the height of any parallelogram are perpendicular to each other.
9F Area of a parallelogram
WORKED 1 Find the area of the parallelograms shown below.
HEET
9.9 Example
a b c
15
SkillS
11 mm
Substitution 32 cm
into area 25 mm 120 m
formulas
20.5 cm
omet
i Ge ry 200 m
d e f
Cabr
Area of a 32
parallelogram 2.4 mm 75 mm m
1.8 m m
4.6 mm
1.5 m
g h i 5.3 m Math
72 m
cad
2.8 m
1.6 m Area
70 m 5.3 m of a
6.2 m parallelogram
68 m
program
GC
–TI
Measurement
2 Find the area of gold braid, needed to make the four military stripes shown.
6 cm am
progr –C
GC
asio
cm Measurement
2.1
3 What is the area of the block of land in the 76 m

figure at right?
27 m
4 multiple choice
Which statement about a parallelogram is false?
A The opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel.
B The height of the parallelogram is perpendicular to its base.
C The area of a parallelogram is equal to the area of the rectangle whose length is the
same as the base and whose width is the same as the height of the parallelogram.
D The perimeter of the parallelogram is given by the formula P = 2(b + h).
E The area of a parallelogram is given by the formula A = bh.
5 The base of a parallelogram is 3 times as long as its height. Find the area of the
parallelogram, given that its height is 2.4 cm long.
6 A designer vase has a square base of side length 12 cm and four identical sides, each of
which is a parallelogram. If the vertical height of the vase is 30 cm, find the total area
of the glass used to make this vase. (Assume no waste and do not forget to include the
base.)
7 a Find the length of the base of a parallelogram whose height is 5.2 cm and whose
area is 18.72 cm2.
b Find the height of a parallelogram whose base is 7.5 cm long and whose area is
69 cm2.
8 The length of the base of a parallelogram is equal to its height. If the area of the
parallelogram is 90.25 cm2, find its dimensions.
Area of a circle
DESIGN Area of a circle

1 Use a pair of compasses or template to draw a circle with a radius of about
8 cm.
2 Divide your circle into 20 sectors as shown in the diagram below. (Use your
protractor. Each sector makes an angle of 18° at the centre.)
3 Colour the sectors as shown. Since the circumference of the circle is given by
C = 2π r, the distance around the curved part of the coloured section is half of
this, or π r.
4 Cut out the sectors and arrange them as shown.
πr
5 The shape closely resembles a rectangle, so its approximate area can be found
using the formula A = lw. Since the length of this ‘rectangle’ is π r and the width
is r, the area of the rectangle and, hence, the circle, is given by the rule
A = πr × r
= πr2
Note: If the circle is divided into smaller sectors, the curved sides of the sectors
become straighter and, hence, the shape is closer to a perfect rectangle.
Finding the area of a circle

The area of a circle, A, can be found using the formula
A = π r 2, where π is a constant with a value of
r
approximately 3.14 and r is the radius of the circle.
WORKED Example 16
Find the area of each of the following circles.
a b
18 cm
20 cm
THINK WRITE
a 1 Write the formula for the area of a circle. a A = π r2
2 Substitute 20 for r and 3.14 for π. A = 3.14 × 202
3 Evaluate (square the radius first) and = 3.14 × 400
include the correct units. = 1256 cm2
b 1 Write the formula for the area of a circle. b A = π r2

2 We need radius, but are given the D = 18; r = D ÷ 2
diameter. State the relation between the
radius and the diameter.
3 Halve the value of the diameter to get the r = 18 ÷ 2
radius. =9
4 Substitute 9 for r and 3.14 for π. A = 3.14 × 92
= 3.14 × 81
5 Evaluate (square the radius first) and = 254.34 cm2
include the correct units.
Using a calculator to find the area of a circle

A scientific calculator can make your working out simpler. For example, to find the
area of a circle with a radius of 3.1 m, follow this calculator sequence:
p × 3 . 1 x2 =
Check this sequence, using your calculator. Your calcu-
lator display should show the number 30.1907054.
(This answer needs to be rounded to a reasonable
number of decimal places, say, 2.)
On a TI-graphics calculator, you would press 2nd
[p], enter 3.1, press x2 and then press ENTER to obtain
the value of the area which can be seen in the screen at
right.
remember
1. The area of a circle is given by the formula A = π r2, where r is the radius of a
circle and π has an approximate value of 3.14.
D
2. The radius of a circle, r, is equal to a half of its diameter, D: r = ---- .
2
9G Area of a circle
WORKED 1 Find the area of each of the following circles.
HEET
9.9 Example
16
SkillS
a b c
Substitution
into area
formulas
12 cm
reads 1.7 m
L Sp he
et
EXCE
2.5 km
Area of
a circle
d
hca
Mat
Area of d e f
a circle
omet
i Ge ry
58 cm
Cabr
Area of
a circle
0.7 cm
8.1 mm
am –
rogr TI
GC p
Measurement
2 Find the area of:
a a circle of radius 5 cm b a circle of radius 12.4 mm
am –
rogr Ca c a circle of diameter 28 m d a circle of diameter 18 cm.
sio
GC p
Measurement
3 Annulus is the Latin word for ring. An annulus is the shape formed between two
circles with a common centre (called concentric circles). To find the area of an annulus,
calculate the area of the smaller circle and subtract it from the area of the larger circle.
Find the area of the annulus for the following sets of concentric circles.
r2
r1 = radius of smaller circle
r1 r2 = radius of larger circle
Areaannulus = π r22 – π r12
An annulus is the shaded area between

the concentric circles.
a b c
4 cm
41 cm
2 cm
7 cm
50 m
81 m
4 Find the area of the following shapes.

a b c
16 mm
1 cm
20 cm
d e f
4.2 m
42 cm
10 cm
g h i
6 cm
7.5 cm 2.5 cm
5 cm
3 cm
5 Find the minimum area of aluminium foil that could be used to cover the top of the
circular tray with diameter 38 cm.
6 What is the area of material in a circular mat of diameter 2.4 m?
7 How many packets of lawn seed should Joanne buy to sow a circular bed of diameter
27 m, if each packet of seed covers 23 m2?
SHEE
T 9.2
8 A landscape gardener wishes to spread fertiliser on a semicircular garden bed that has
Work
a diameter of 4.7 m. How much fertiliser is required, if the fertiliser is applied at the
rate of 20 g per square metre?
Area of a trapezium
A trapezium is a quadrilateral (a four-sided figure) with one pair of parallel sides.
The following figures are all trapeziums.
THINKING Area of a trapezium

1 Trace two copies of the trapezium below onto plain paper.
a
2 Cut out the two trapeziums carefully and then paste them together to form a
parallelogram as shown.
b a
a b
a+b
3 Recall that the area of a parallelogram is given by the formula: A = bh. So the
area, A, of this parallelogram is: A = (a + b) × h.
4 This parallelogram is made of two trapeziums, so the area of each trapezium is
half the area of the parallelogram; that is, the area, A, of each trapezium is:
A = 1--- (a + b) × h.
2
omet 5 You can investigate whether this relationship holds for different trapeziums by
i Ge ry
Cabr
opening the Cabri Geometry file ‘Area of a trapezium’ on the Maths Quest 8
Area CD-ROM.
of a
trapezium
Generally:
The area of a trapezium, A, is given by the formula A = 1--- (a + b) × h, where a and
2
b are the lengths of the parallel sides and h is the height of the trapezium.
Note: The height of the trapezium is always perpendicular to each of its parallel sides.
WORKED Example 17
Find the area of the trapezium at right. 6 cm
4 cm
10 cm
THINK WRITE
1 Write the formula for the area of the A = --1- (a + b) × h

2
trapezium.
2 Identify the values of a, b and h. a = 10, b = 6 and h = 4
Note: It does not matter which of the
parallel sides is a and which one is b,
since we will need to add them
together.
1
3 Substitute the values of a, b and h into A= --- × (10 + 6) × 4
2
the formula.
1
4 Evaluate (work out the brackets first) A= --- × 16 × 4
2
and include the correct units. A = 32 cm2
remember
The area of a trapezium is given by the formula A = 1--- (a + b) × h, where a and b
2
are parallel sides and h is the height of a trapezium.
The height of the trapezium is always perpendicular to the parallel sides.

9H Area of a trapezium
WORKED 1 Find the area of each of the following trapeziums.
HEET
9.9 Example
a b c
17 3 cm 9m 5.0 m
SkillS
Substitution
into area 2 cm
4.5 m 3.0 m
formulas
6 cm
d
hca 6m
Mat
3.5 m
Area
of a d 14 mm e 8.0 cm f
trapezium 0.9 cm
48 m
18 mm 2.4 cm 50 m
am –
rogr TI 80 m
GC p
25 mm
Measurement
2 multiple choice
am –
rogr Ca
sio
GC p
Which of the following is the correct way to calculate the area of the trapezium shown?
Measurement 1 1
A --- × (3 + 5) × 11 B --- × (3 + 5 + 11) 3 cm
2 2
1 1
C --- × (11 − 3) × 5 D --- × (11 + 5) × 3
2 2 5 cm
1
E --- × (3 + 11) × 5
2
11 cm
3 A dress pattern contains these two pieces.
30 cm 60 cm
30 cm 32 cm
60 cm 47 cm
Find the total area of material needed to make both pieces.
4 A science laboratory has four benches with 0.84
m
the dimensions shown at right. 9 m
0 .3
What would be the cost of covering all four
benches with a protective coating which costs 2.1 m
$38.50 per square metre?
5 Stavros has accepted a contract to concrete and edge the yard,
12.4 m
the dimensions of which are shown in the figure at right.
a What will be the cost of concreting the yard if concrete
costs $28.00 per square metre? 10 m 9.2 m
b The yard must be surrounded by edging strips, which cost
$8.25 per metre. Find: 8.8 m
ii the cost of the edging strips
ii the total cost of materials for the job.
6 The side wall of this shed is in the
shape of a trapezium and has an area
of 4.6 m2. Find the perpendicular dis-
h
tance between the parallel sides if one
side of the wall is 2.6 m high and the 2m
2.6 m
other 2 m high. 2.6 m
7 multiple choice
Two trapeziums have corresponding parallel sides of equal length. The height of the
first trapezium is twice as large as the height of the second. The area of the second
trapezium is:
A twice the area of the first trapezium
B half the area of the first trapezium
C quarter of the area of the first trapezium
D four times the area of the first trapezium
E impossible to say
QUEST
S
M AT H
1 A region at right consists of seven

NG
identical squares enclosing a total

E
CH LL
A area of 252 m2. What is the perimeter
of the region?
2 A 20-cm pizza sells for $7.50. At this rate, what will be the price of a
28-cm pizza?
3 A Ferris wheel in London called the London Eye has a radius of 65 m.
It takes 30 minutes for one complete revolution of the wheel. If you
were riding on this Ferris wheel, what distance would you have trav-
elled in 10 minutes?
Composite shapes
Breaking the shape up into simple shapes and using
the appropriate formulas can assist in finding the
areas of composite shapes. For example, the shape
at right can be found using the formulas for two cir-
cles and a square.
WORKED Example 18
Find the shaded area for this shape.
2.5 m
THINK WRITE
1 The shaded area can be found by subtracting Shaded area = Asquare − Acircle
the area of the circle from the area of the
square.
2 Write the formula for the area of a square. Asquare = l 2
3 Identify the value of l. l = 2.5
4 Substitute 2.5 for l and evaluate. Asquare = 2.52
= 6.25 m2
5 Write the formula for the area of a circle. Acircle = π r2
6 Calculate the radius from the diameter given r=D÷2
in the question. = 2.5 ÷ 2
= 1.25
7 Substitute 1.25 for r and evaluate. (Use 3.14 Acircle = 3.14 × 1.252
as an approximate value for π.) = 4.906 25 m2
8 Subtract the area of the circle from the area Shaded area = 6.25 − 4.906 25
of the square to find the shaded area. = 1.343 75
9 Round the answer to 2 decimal places and ≈ 1.34 m2
include the units.
Note: The sign ≈, used in worked example 18, means ‘approximately equals’.
WORKED Example 19
Find the area of this shape.
1.8 cm 4.2 cm
3 cm
1.7 cm
THINK WRITE
1 The dotted line divides the figure into a Total area = Arectangle + Atrapezium
rectangle and a trapezium. To find the total
area, find the area of the rectangle and the
area of the trapezium and add them together.
THINK WRITE
2 Write the formula for the area of a Arectangle = lw
rectangle.
3 Identify the values of l and w. l = 3, w = 1.8
4 Substitute 3 for l and 1.8 for w into the Arectangle = 3 × 1.8
formula and evaluate. = 5.4 cm2
5 Write the formula for the area of a Atrapezium = 1--- (a + b) × h
2
trapezium.
6 Identify the values of the a = 1.8, b = 4.2, h = 1.7
pronumerals.
Substitute 1.8 for a, 4.2 for b and Atrapezium = 1--- (1.8 + 4.2) × 1.7
7 2
1
1.7 for h into the formula and evaluate. = --- × 6 × 1.7
2
= 3 × 1.7
= 5.1 cm2
8 Add the two areas together to get the Total area = 5.4 + 5.1
total area. Include the correct area = 10.5 cm2
units.
remember
1. Many problems, such as finding a shaded area, can be solved by subtracting
one area from another.
2. Many composite shapes can be divided into two or more simpler shapes with
simple area formulas.
9I Composite shapes
WORKED 1 Find the shaded area for each of the following shapes.
Example L Spre
a b c XCE ad
18 sheet
E
13 m
Area
52 m
m
2 8m GC
program
–TI
4 cm Measurement
40 mm
d e 50 mm f
am
3.8 m progr –C
GC
asio
16 mm 88 m
6.0 m Measurement
g 30 cm h
18 cm 12 cm
16 cm
15 cm
WORKED 2 Find the area of each of the following shapes.
Example
19 a 20 cm b c 60 m
15 cm
m
15 c
9 cm 40 m
6 cm
60 cm
36 cm
d 30 m e f
25 cm 10 cm
13 m
22 cm 28 cm
14 m 10.5 cm
g 17.5 cm h i
50 cm 30 m
15 cm 7.5 cm 60 m
30 cm
24 m
3 Michael is paving a rectangular yard, which is 15.5 m long and 8.7 m wide. A circular
fishpond with a diameter of 3.4 m is to be placed in the centre of the yard. What will be
the cost of paving Michael’s yard if the paving material costs $17.50 per square metre?
4 A farmer wishes to sow the paddocks with three different types of seed with different
costs as shown. What will be the total cost (to the nearest dollar) of the seed for the
three paddocks with the dimensions shown below?
400 m
16
Barley 0m
120 m
2m
0.4 cents per m2
15
Oats
Corn $1.05 per m2 0.65 cents
108 m per m2
5 Find the area of the theatre stage shown at right.

8m
6m
6m 2m
22 m
6 What will be the cost of carpeting all three rooms 19.0 m

shown, if the carpet costs $28.00 per square metre?
5.0 m
(Assume that there is no wastage or overlap.) 8.0 m 7.4 m
6.0 m
5.0 m
DESIGN Designing a one-bedroom unit

At the start of the chapter, did you try drawing
three different floor plans for a Minimum room areas
one-bedroom unit that is to cover an area of Living room 30 m2
60 m2? If not, try it now.
Let’s design this one-bedroom unit in more Bedroom 9 m2
detail. The unit should have two entrance
doors and at least four rooms as described in Kitchen 6 m2
the table. Any hallways you include should be Bathroom 5 m2
between 1.0 and 1.2 m wide.
1 For each of the three possible floor plans you drew, make a rough sketch
showing the locations of the rooms. Think creatively about a unit you would
like.
2 Select one of your rough sketches and make a detailed plan of the one-bedroom
unit using graph paper. Determine the exact dimensions and placement of the
rooms. (Remember to keep the specifications in mind.) Label each room with its
name, dimensions and area.
3 Finish your plan by showing the locations of windows and doors.
4 Take measurements of the rooms where you live or at school. How do they
compare to those in your plan?
2
Use π = 3.14 in the following questions. Where appropriate, state your answer correct to 2
decimal places.
1 True or false? The conversion of 5 km to metres is 5000 m.
2 Calculate the circumference of a circle with diameter of 5 cm.
3 Find the area of a rectangle with length 11 cm and width 6 cm.
4 Calculate the area of a triangle with base length of 12.5 m and height of 7 m.
5 Calculate the area of a photograph frame constructed

from 2 identical parallelograms as shown at right. 11 cm
6 Find the area of a circle with a radius of 13 mm.

8 cm
7 Calculate the area of the trapezium shown below.
13 cm
4 cm
17 cm
8 Find the total area of the following shape.
5m
2m 2.5 m
9 Find the shaded area in the figure below.
5m
1m 3 cm
7 cm
10 What is the area of icing

needed to cover the annulus
as marked on the donut at
right?
Total surface area
The area formulas we have discussed in this chapter can also be used for finding the
total surface area of 3-dimensional objects.
Total surface area is the area of all outside faces of a 3-dimensional object.
To find the total surface area of an object, we need to identify the shapes of the outside
faces of the object first. We then need to find the area of each face separately (using
formulas discussed earlier in the chapter) and add them all together.
Consider, for example, a cube. It is a 3-dimensional object. Its surface area can be
thought of as the area to be painted, if we were to paint the cube all over.
The total surface area of the cube consists of six square faces. The area of each face
is given by the formula A = l 2, so the total surface area (or TSA) of the cube can be
found by adding the areas of the six faces, or using the formula: TSAcube = 6l 2.
WORKED Example 20
Find the total surface area (TSA) of the solid shapes below.
a b
5 cm 6 cm
5 cm 5 cm
4 cm
4 cm
THINK WRITE
a 1 Write the formula for the TSA of a a TSAcube = 6l 2

cube.
2 Identify the value of l. l=5
3 Substitute 5 for l. TSA = 6 × 52
4 Evaluate (square 5 first, and then = 6 × 25
multiply by 6) and include the = 150 cm2
correct units.
Continued over page
THINK WRITE
b 1 The total surface area of a square b TSApyramid = 4 × Atriangle + Asquare
pyramid consists of four identical
triangles and a square (at the base).
Write a brief statement about what is
to be found.
2 Write the formula for the area of a Atriangle = 1--- bh
2
triangle.
3 Identify the values of the b = 4, h = 6
pronumerals.
1
4 Substitute 4 for b and 6 for h. Atriangle = --- ×4×6
2
5 Evaluate. = 12 cm2
6 Write the formula for the area of a Asquare = l 2
square.
7 Identify the value of l. l=4
8 Substitute 4 for l. Asquare = 42
9 Evaluate. = 16 cm2
10 Since there are 4 identical triangular TSA = 4 × 12 + 16
faces, multiply the area of one
triangle by 4 and then add the area of
the square to get the total surface
area of the pyramid.
11 Evaluate and include the correct = 48 + 16
units. = 64 cm2
remember
1. The total surface area of a 3-dimensional object is the area on the outside of the
object. It is the sum of the areas of each of the individual faces.
2. The total surface area of a cube is given by the formula TSAcube = 6l 2.
9J Total surface area
9.10 WORKED 1 Find the total surface area of the solid shapes below.
HEET Example
a b c
SkillS
20a
Total
surface
area of
cubes
and 87 m
rectangular
prisms 4.5 m
40 cm
WORKED 2 Find the total surface area of the solid figures below. The base of each shape is square. 9.11 SkillS
Example
a b c
HEET
20b
8 cm Total
3.7 cm surface
82 m area of
triangular
prisms
80 m
5 cm
1.5 cm program
GC
–TI
3 A baby stacks up two building blocks as shown at right. Measurement
What is the surface area of the stack?
4 A rectangular piece of cheese is cut in half diagonally. What is
am
the surface area of a piece of cheese shown in the diagram below? progr –C
GC
asio
8 cm Measurement
17 cm
12 cm Hint: Use the formula for the area

of a triangle to find the area of
each triangular face.
5 The roof of a typical beach hut is constructed from two rectangular sections. Its walls
are made from four rectangular sections and two triangular sections at the ends of the
roof as shown below. What would be the minimum cost of painting the external walls
and roofs of 3 typical beach huts with the same paint which costs $49.95 for a 4 litre
can? (One 4 litre can covers 55 m2.)
4.5 m
2m
1.5 m
2.5 m
2.5 m
6 An open, cylindrical water tank is made from

two pieces of corrugated iron as shown at right. 3m
Calculate the area of iron required to make the 2m
tank. Base
6.28 m
Walls 2m
Volume of prisms and

other shapes
Volume is the amount of space inside a
3-dimensional object.
Volume is measured in units such as cubic
centimetres (cm3) and cubic metres (m3).
Dividing a 3-dimensional shape into small cubes
with sides of length 1 cm allows us to calculate its
volume. For example, the cube at right has a
volume of 27 cm3.
Often a formula can be used to calculate the
volume of a 3-dimensional object.
Prisms
Prisms are solid shapes with identical opposite ends joined by
straight edges. They are 3-dimensional objects that can be cut
into identical ‘slices’, called cross-sections.
For example, the cube consists of layers or slices that are all squares of equal size.
The figures below are all prisms. They are named according to the shape of their
base (or cross-section).
Hexagonal prism
Rectangular prism
Triangular prism
These figures are not prisms. Can you see why?
Sphere Cone Square pyramid

The volume of a rectangular prism (cuboid) can be found using the formula V = lwh
where l, w and h are the length, width and height of the rectangular prism respectively.
Another way of stating this formula is:
V = area of base × height (where area of the base = lw).
The following rule applies to any prism.
The volume of a prism is given by the formula: V = A × H, where A is the
cross-sectional area of a prism and H is the height of a prism.
Note: A prism might be positioned in
different ways; that is, it may stand on
the face that represents the shape of
the identical layers, or it may not. In
other words, the base of the prism (the
face on which it stands) may or may
not be its cross-section. This is why we
use the expression ‘cross-sectional
area’, rather than ‘area of the base’.
Also note that the dimension to
which we refer as the ‘height of a
prism, H’, is not necessarily the height
of the prism in the true sense of this
word. It is just a dimension that is per-
pendicular to the cross-section. If, for
example, a prism does not stand on its
cross-section, this dimension would
physically represent the depth (width
or length) rather than the height of the
prism.
V=A×H H
The base of this prism is The base of this prism is not its
its cross-section; H is cross-section; H represents the
the height of the prism. depth (or length) of the prism.
The formula V = AH works whatever the shape of each end of the object is, as long
as the object has a uniform cross-sectional area.
The following figures have a uniform cross-sectional area. However, their ends are
not joined by straight edges and therefore cannot be classed as prisms.
WORKED Example 21
Find the volume of each of the following.
a b c
7 cm
12 cm
5 cm
3 cm 8 cm A = 13 cm2
7 cm
THINK WRITE
a 1 Write the formula for the volume of the a V=A×H
given shape.
2 Identify the shape of the cross-section and, Acircle = π r2
hence, write the formula to find its area
3 State the value of r. r=3
4 Substitute the value of r into the formula A = 3.14 × 32
and evaluate. = 28.26 cm2
5 State the value of H. H=5
6 To find the volume, multiply the cross- V = 28.26 × 5
sectional area by the height and include the = 141.3 cm3
correct units.
b 1 Write the formula for the volume of a b V=A×H

prism.
2 Identify the shape of the cross-section and, Atriangle = 1--- bh
hence, write the formula to find its area. 2
3 State the values of the pronumerals. b = 7, h = 8

(Note: h is the height of the triangle, not of
the prism.)
1
4 Substitute the values of b and h into the A= --- ×7×8
2
formula and evaluate.
= 28 cm2
5 State the value of H, the height of the H = 12
prism.
6 To find the volume of the prism, multiply V = 28 × 12
the cross-sectional area by the height and = 336 cm3
include the correct units.
c 1 Write the formula for the volume of the c V=A×H

given shape.
2 State the values of the cross-sectional area A = 13, H = 7
and the height of the shape.
3 Multiply the cross-sectional area by the V = 13 × 7
height and include the correct units. = 91 cm3
remember
1. Volume is a measure of the amount of space inside a 3-dimensional object.
2. Volume is measured in cubic units, such as cubic centimetres (cm3) and cubic
metres (m3).
3. Prisms are solid shapes with identical opposite ends joined by straight edges.
They are 3-dimensional figures with identical layers or cross-sections.
4. The volume of a prism is given by the formula V = A × H, where A is the
cross-sectional area and H is the height of the prism (a dimension,
perpendicular to the cross-section).
5. Use an area formula appropriate to each object to find the cross-sectional area.
Volume of prisms and other

9K shapes
1 Which of the 3-dimensional shapes below are prisms? L Spre
XCE ad
sheet
E
a b c
Volume
of a
prism
Math
cad
Volume
d e of a
prism
program
GC
–TI
Measurement
WORKED 2 Find the volume of each of the following. am

progr –C
Example
GC
21 a b c Measurement asio
20 cm
6 cm 4.5 m
A = 14 cm2 15 cm
A = 18 m2
d e f 13 cm
9.12 SkillS
HEET
9m
9 cm Volume
25 cm 10.5 m of
40 cm cylinders
9.13 g h i
HEET
SkillS
8m
Volume of
triangular 6 cm 8 cm
prisms 4 cm 10 m
8m
6 cm
7 cm
5 cm
9.14 j k l
HEET
SkillS
7 cm
Volume of 2.5 cm
cubes and 1.25 m
rectangular 2.0 cm
prisms 6 cm 1.5 cm 1.5 m
6 cm 1.0 m
3 What volume of water will a rectangular swimming pool with dimensions shown in the
photograph below hold if it is completely filled? The pool has no shallow or deep end.
It is all the same depth.
2.4 m
25 m
20 m
4 How many cubic metres of cement will be needed to make 8m

the cylindrical foundation shown in the figure at right?
1.2 m
5 What are the volumes of these pieces of cheese?
a 5 cm b
6 cm
O
4.2 cm M O ES E
E
4 cm CH 8.0 cm
5.0 cm
8 cm
6 What is the volume of the bread 7 How much water will this pig trough, GAME
bin shown below? with dimensions shown in the figure
time
below, hold if it is completely filled? Measurement
— 002
AD29 cm 9.3
T
30 cm SHEE
E
Work
BR 15 cm 55 cm
18 cm 15 cm
THINKING Prize money

A radio station offers a choice of prizes for winning a competition. You are able to
win the value of a vertical stack of coins with a maximum volume of 500 cm3. The
decision to be made is whether to take the value of a stack of 5-cent, 10-cent or
20-cent coins.
Dimensions of the coins

Coin Diameter Approximate
height
5-cent coin 19 mm 1 mm
10-cent coin 23 mm 1.5 mm
20-cent coin 28 mm 2 mm
Which coin would you go for to win the most prize money? Show all your
working.
QUEST
S
M AT H
1 The areas of the three sides of a rectangular box are as

NG
shown in the figure. What is the volume of the box? 270 cm2
E
CH LL
A 2 A vase is shaped like a rectangular prism
with a square base of length 11 cm. It has 180 cm2
2 litres of water poured into it. To what 150 cm2
height does the water reach in the vase?
(Hint: 1 litre = 1000 cm3.)
summary
Copy the sentences below. Fill in the gaps by choosing the correct word or
expression from the word list that follows.
1 The accuracy of measurements in practical situations depends upon using
an appropriate instrument, the and the .
2 The difference between a measurement and the actual measurement is
called the .
3 Absolute relative error is .
4 Absolute percentage error is .
5 The of a shape is the distance around the outside boundaries
of the shape.
6 The units of length are millimetres (mm), centimetres (cm),
metres (m) and kilometres (km).
7 The of a circle is given by the formulae C = π D or C = 2πr.
8 The of a 2-dimensional object is measured in square units,
such as square millimetres (mm2), square centimetres (cm2), square
metres (m2) and square kilometres (km2).
l
9 The area of a rectangle is given by the formula: .
w
h
10 The area of a triangle is given by the formula: .
b
11 The area of a parallelogram h is given by the formula:

b
.
a
12 The area of a trapezium h is given by the formula: .
b
l
13 The area of a square is given by the formula: .
r
14 The area of a circle is given by the formula: .
15 The of a 3-dimensional object is the area on the outside of

the object. It is the sum of the areas of each of the individual faces.
16 The total surface area of a is given by the formula TSA = 6l 2.
17 Surface area is measured in the same as other areas, for
2
example, square centimetres (cm ).
18 Volume is a measure of the amount of inside a 3-dimensional
object.
19 Volume is measured in such as cubic centimetres (cm3) and
3
cubic metres (m ).
20 Prisms are solid shapes with identical opposite ends joined by
edges. They are 3-dimensional figures with identical or cross-
sections.
21 The volume of a is given by the formula V = A × H.
WORD LIST
cubic units A = bh A = l2 circumference
A = 1--2- (a + b) × h layers total surface area A = lw
metric perimeter (TSA) space
error area A = π r2 units
prism accuracy of the accuracy of the A = 1--2- bh
cube reading instrument straight
estimated value – actual value estimated value – actual value ¥ 100%
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
actual value actual value
CHAPTER
review
9A 1 Estimate the angle labelled x in each of the following figures. Measure the angle and discuss
the accuracy of your estimation.
a b c
x
x x
9A 2 Estimate and draw (without measuring) lines of lengths:

a 20 cm b 4 cm.
Now measure the lengths with the ruler to check your estimations.
9A 3 Estimate the length and the width of a desk in your classroom. Measure the dimensions and
discuss the accuracy of your estimate.
9B 4 Irene estimated her height to be 154 cm. If her actual height is 156 cm, calculate the:
a error b absolute relative error c absolute percentage error.
9B 5 A measurement is given as 25 ± 1 mm.
a What is the lower limit? b What is the upper limit?
9B 6 Michael sells 500 g bags of green beans. He is allowed a tolerance of 5 g.
a What are the accepted limits of mass for the bean packets?
b Lana buys a bag of beans from Michael and discovers that it has a mass of only 496 g.
She lodges a complaint. Will the bag of beans be accepted as a legitimate sale?
9B 7 A rectangle has its length and width given as 30 cm ± 2 cm and 20 cm ± 2 cm.
a What is the largest possible perimeter for this rectangle?
b What is the smallest possible perimeter for this rectangle?
9C 8 Convert each of the following to the units shown in brackets.
a 5.3 mm (cm) b 7.6 cm (mm) c 15 cm (m) d 4.6 m (cm)
e 250 m (km) f 6.5 km (m) g 1.5 m (mm) h 12 500 cm (km)
9C 9 Find the perimeter of the shapes below. Where necessary, change to the smaller unit.
a 3.6 m b 20 cm c 35 mm
2.4 cm
10 cm
2.2 m 18 cm 5.2 cm
9D 10 Find the circumference of each of these circles.

a b c c
44 mm
11 cm
18 m
11 Find the perimeter of these shapes.
a b 63 m
c 9D
42 m
8 cm
94 m
0.5 m
12 A give-way sign is in the shape of 9E
a triangle with a base of 0.5 m. If
the sign is 58 cm high, find the
amount (in m2) of aluminum
needed to make 20 such signs.
Assume no waste. 58 cm
13 Find the area of the following triangles. 9E

a b 16 m c
22 cm 42 cm
12 m
57 cm 64 cm
14 Restaurant owners want a dome like the one below over their new kitchen. Red glass is more 9E,H
expensive and they want to estimate how much red glass is needed for the dome. The small
sides of the red triangles are 40 cm, the longer sides are 54 cm and their heights are 50 cm.
The trapeziums around the central light are also 50 cm high. The lengths of their parallel
sides are 30 cm and 20 cm. Calculate the area of:
a the red triangles b the red trapeziums c the total area of red glass in m2.
30 cm 50 cm 20 cm
40 cm
50 cm
54 cm
15 Find the area of this parallelogram.

9F 20 m
50 m
9F 16 What area of cardboard would be required to make
the poster shown at right? Squash all
9G 17 Find the area of each of the circles in question 10.
9G 18 Find the area that the 12-mm-long minute hand of 80 cm

a watch sweeps out in one revolution.
9H 19 Find the area of these trapeziums.

a 37 cm b 38 m
19 m squares...
27 cm
65 m 88 cm
54 cm
9H 20 Of the two parallel sides of a trapezium, one is 5 cm longer than the other. Find the height
of the trapezium if the longer side is 12 cm and its area is 57 cm2.
9I 21 The diagram shows a design for a brooch.

a What is the total area of the brooch in square millimetres? 25 mm
b If the brooch were to be edged with gold, what length of
gold strip would be needed for the edge?
28 mm
9J 22 Find the total surface area (TSA) of the following 3-dimensional objects.
a b c
5.6 cm
8.5 cm
3 cm
2.5 cm
9J 23 A rectangular toy box with no lid is to be painted all over (inside and outside). If the box is
1.2 m long, 60 cm wide and 80 cm tall, find the total area that needs to be painted.
9K 24 Find the volume of each of the following.
a 64 cm b c
35 cm 28 cm
2.8 cm
A=
22 cm
26 cm 3 cm2
9K 25 A narrow cylindrical vase is 33 cm tall and has the volume of 2592 cm2. Find (to the nearest
cm) the radius of the base of the vase.
test
yourself
CHAPTER

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Chap 09

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Measurement

Kitchen Dining Lounge

Are you ready? READY?

9.1 Rounding to one decimal place

9.3 Measuring the length of a line

9.14 Volume of cubes and rectangular prisms

The appropriateness of the instrument

The accuracy of an instrument

Pipettes being used to make accurate measurements

COMMUNICATION Measuring distance

Accuracy of measurement is also assured if several measurements are done, where

3 Discuss the reasons why different results were obtained.

Estimation and approximation

COMMUNICATION Estimating measurements

2 Measure angle x, using a Measurement: x = 41°

3 Without actual measuring, draw lines with the following lengths:

My own Friend A Friend B

Absolute relative error = estimated value – actual value

Continued over page

When a measurement is taken it will be taken to a certain degree of accuracy. A

degree of accuracy (nearest metre). Maximum error = 0.5 m

b 1 Calculate the lower limit; that is, b Lower limit

2 Calculate the upper limit; that is, add Upper limit

b Compare each given mass with the accepted b

3. Absolute relative error = estimated value – actual value

4. Absolute percentage error = estimated value – actual value

6. Actual measurement = measurement ± the maximum error

Sima’s measurement a 16.5 cm b 26 mL c 28.76 cm d 2.7 kg e 30 s

WORKED 10 A wholefood shop advertises 1 kg bags of lentils with a tolerance of 10 g.

13 A chocolate factory has a tolerance of 2 mm on the

14 Fill in the missing values in this table:

Minimum size Maximum size Normal size Tolerance

millimetres centimetres metres kilometres

When converting to a larger unit, divide.

The ability to work confidently with metric units

a Look at the conversion table. To convert a 1.027 × 100 = 102.7 cm

Finding the perimeter

millimetres centimetres metres kilometres

5 The standard marathon distance is 42.2 km. If a marathon

6 Maria needs 3 pieces of timber of lengths 2100 mm,

WORKED 7 Find the perimeter of the shapes below.

2.0 cm 2.4 m Substitution

sides. How long is the line on each ticket?

COMMUNICATION The diameter of a circle and its

Chalk, a 20 m length of string and a measuring tape.

Finding the circumference

Note: π cannot be expressed as an exact fraction. It is somewhere between 3 1--- and

One of his most important discoveries,

Graphics Calculator tip! Calculations

press the button marked 2 nd and then press Ÿ ; that

CH LL so he couldn’t take a plane. What average speed is needed to go around

Calculate the perimeters (circumferences) of all the

9.42 m 44 m 4.71 m 3—71 m 31.4 m 44 m 11

3—71 m 15.7 m 88 m 31.4 m 44 m 5.652 m 22 m 9.42 m 15.7 m 2.75 m 2.75 m

6—27 m 44 m 4.396 m 2.75 m 88 m

× 10002 × 1002 × 102

square square square square

÷ 10002 ÷ 1002 ÷ 102

b 1 Write the formula for the area of a b A = 1--- bh

× 10002 × 1002 × 102

square square square square

÷ 10002 ÷ 1002 ÷ 102

Area of rectangles and 9.8

e 74 000 mm2 = m2 f 3 000 000 m2 = km2