ACI Committees prepare standards and reports in the general areas of materials and properties of concrete, construction practices and inspection, pavements and slabs, structural design and analysis, structural specifications, and special products and processes. ACI Certification Programs identify craftsmen, technicians and inspectors who have demonstrated their qualifications.
Original Description:
Original Title
ACI 214-77 Recomended Practice for Evaluation of Strangth Test Results of Concrete 1997
ACI Committees prepare standards and reports in the general areas of materials and properties of concrete, construction practices and inspection, pavements and slabs, structural design and analysis, structural specifications, and special products and processes. ACI Certification Programs identify craftsmen, technicians and inspectors who have demonstrated their qualifications.
ACI Committees prepare standards and reports in the general areas of materials and properties of concrete, construction practices and inspection, pavements and slabs, structural design and analysis, structural specifications, and special products and processes. ACI Certification Programs identify craftsmen, technicians and inspectors who have demonstrated their qualifications.
ACI 214-77
(Reapproved 1989)
Recommended Practice for Evaluation of
Strength Test Results of Concrete
(ACI 214-77)
Reported by ACI Committee 214
american concrete institute
P.O. BOX 9094
FARMINGTON HILLS, MI 48333Fourth Printing, February 1997
ACI Manual of Concrete Practice
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‘ACI Committees prepare standards and
reports in the general areas of materials and
properties of concrete, construction practices
and inspection, pavements and slabs, struc-
tural design and analysis, structural specifica-
tions, and special products and processes.
‘A complete catalog of all ACI publications is
available without charge
American Concrete Institute
P.O. Box 9094
Farmington Hills, MI 48333
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Qualified people to construct it. ACI certifcation pro-
grams identify craftsmen, technicians and inspectors
‘who have demonstrated their qualifications. The follow-
ing programs are administered by ACI to fulfil the grow-
ing demand in the industry for certified workers:
Concrete Flatwork Finisher
Concrete Flatwork Technician
Conerete Field Testing Technician—Grade !
Concrete Laboratory Testing Technician—Grade |
Concrete Laboratory Testing Technician—Grade i
Concrete Construction Inspector-In-Training
Conerete Construction inspector
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Inspector-In-Training
Concrete Transportation Construction Inspector
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tute are encouraged to assist in enhancing the accuracy
and usefulness of ACI documents,ERRATA
ACI 214-77 (Reapproved 1989)
On p. 5, Eq. (3-2a) should read:This document nas been approved for usa by agen
cles ofthe Departmentof Dslenaean foristino nie
DoD index ol Spectications ane Standards
Recommended Practice for Evaluation of
Strength Test Results of Concrete (ACI 214-77)*
(Reapproved 1989)
Reported by ACI Committee 214
V. M. MALHOTRA,
‘Chairmen
EDWARD A. ABDUN-NUR RICHARD J. DOERMANN —_V. RAMAKRISHNAN
HOWARD T. ARNI RICHARD D. GAYNOR HUBERT RUSCH
JOSEPH F. ARTUSO ARNOLD R. KLINE ROBERTO SANCHEZ-TREJO
ROBERT M. BARNOFF KR. LAVERY ROBERT G. SEXSMITH
T. 6. CLENDENNING ALM. NEVILLE V. D. SKIPPER
HERBERT K. COOK ROBERT E. PHILLEO ERLE THORPE
FRANCIS J. PRINCIPE
Statistical procedures provide valuable tools for assessing
and such an approach is also of value in refining design criteria and specifications,
The report discusses briefly the numerous variations that occur in the strength of
concrete and presents statistical procedures which are useful in interpreting these
variations.
Is of strongth tests,
Keywords: coofficiant of
ion; compresion tart: comprestve strength; concrete constuction
ty contol sampling: ondord.davinton, sttsial onal
CONTENTS
Chapter 1—Introduction . Soonconeec0 2
Chapter 2—Variations in strength oe : 2
2.1—General 2.3—Testing methods
2.2-Properties of concrete
Chapter 3—Analysis of strength data . aaoeconssseseonece ee
3.1Notation 34Strength variations
3.2General 3.5—Standards of control
3.3—Statistical functions
Chapter 4—Criteria - ee beeaa 7
41General 44—Quality control charts
42—Criteria for strength 45—Tests and specimens required
requirements 4.8—Rejection of doubtful specimens
4.3—Additional information
Chapter 5—References . 4
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"Chaman dng eclpcet ofthe ein PorcCHAPTER I—INTRODUCTION
‘The purposes of strength tests of concrete are
to determine compliance with a strength specifica-
tion and to measure the variability of concrete.
Concrete, being a hardened mass of heterogeneous
materials, is subject to the influence of numerous
variables. Characteristics of each of the ingredi-
ents of conerete, depending on their variability,
may cause variations in strength of concrete.
Variations may also be introduced by practices
used in proportioning, mixing, transporting, plac-
ing, and curing. In addition to the variations which
exist in concrete itself, test strength variations will
also be introduced by the fabrication, testing, and
treatment of test specimens. Variations in the
strength of concrete must be accepted, but con-
crete of adequate quality can be produced with
confidence if proper control is maintained, test
results are properly interpreted, and their limi-
tations are considered.
Proper control is achieved by the use of satis-
factory materials, correct batching and mixing of
these materials, correct batching and mixing of
sired quality, and good practices in transporting,
placing, curing, and testing. Although the com-
plex nature of concrete precludes complete
homogeneity, excessive variation of concrete
strength signifies inadequate concrete control.
Improvement in control may permit a reduetion
in the cost of concrete since the average strength
can be brought closer to specification require-
ments.
Strength is not necessarily the most critical fac-
tor in proportioning concrete mixes since other
factors, such as durability, may impose lower
water-cement ratios than are required to meet
strength requirements. In such cases, strength
will of necessity be in excess of structural de-
mands. Nevertheless, strength tests are valuable
in such circumstances since, with established
mix proportions, variations in strength are in
cative of variations in other properties.
‘Test specimens indicate the potential rather
than the actual strength of the concrete in a struc-
ture. To be meaningful, conclusions on strength of
concrete must be derived from a pattern of tests
from which the characteristics of the concrete can
be estimated with reasonable accuracy. Insuf-
ficient tests will result in unreliable conclusions.
Statistical procedures provide tools of consider-
able value in evaluating results of strength tests
and information derived from such procedures is
also of value in refining design criteria and speci-
fications. This report briefly discusses variations
that occur in the strength of concrete, and presents
statistical procedures that are useful in the inter-
pretation of these variations with respect to re-
quired criteria and specifications. For these sta-
tistical procedures to be valid, the data must be
derived from samples obtained by means of a
random sampling plan designed to reduce the
possibility that choice will be exercised by the
sampler. “Random sampling” means that each
possible sample has an equal chance of being
selected. To insure this condition, the choice must
be made by some objective mechanism such as
a table of random numbers. If sample batches are
selected by the sampler on the basis of his own
judgment, biases are likely to be introduced that
will invalidate results analyzed by the procedures
presented here. Reference 1 contains a discussion
of random sampling and a useful short table of
random numbers.
‘Additional information on the meaning and use
of this recommended practice is given in Realism
in the Application of ACI Standard 214-652 This
volume is a compilation of information on ACT
214.65 that was presented at a symposium held
at Buffalo, N. Y., in 1971. In addition to the papers
from the symposium, it includes reprints of some
pertinent papers that were published earlier in
the ACI Jourwat, and of discussion that resulted
from them. Although the information given was
based on ACT 21465, most of it is still relevant.
‘An additional source of material on evaluation of
strength tests is ACI Bibliography No. 2, published
in 19608
CHAPTER 2—VARIATIONS IN STRENGTH
2.1—General
The magnitude of variations in the strength of
concrete test specimens depends on how well the
materials, concrete manufacture, and testing are
controlled. Differences in strength can be traced
to two fundamentally different sources as shown
in Table 2.1: (a) differences in strength-produc-
2
ing properties of the concrete mixture and in-
gredients, and (b) apparent differences in
strength caused by variations inherent in the test-
ing.
2.2—Properties of concrete
It is well established that strength is governed
to a large extent by the water-cement ratio. The
‘ACI STANDARD