تأثير عملية اللحام

‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ‪،‬اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‪،28‬اﻟﻌﺪد ‪2010 ،7‬‬
‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ‪ MIG‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل ﻟﻠﻔﻭﻻﺫ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻭﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻴﺴﺭﻯ ﺘﻭﻤﺎ ﻤﺭﻭﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻥ *‬

‫ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ‪2008 /7/2:‬‬
‫ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻭل‪2009/3/5:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺼﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜـﻼل‬
‫ﻟﻔﻭﻻﺫ ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﻲ ‪ A1SI1020‬ﻗﺒل ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺕ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻲ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻐﺎﺯ )‪.(MIG‬‬
‫ﺃﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﻨﺤﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺃﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﺼﻔﺭ‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺃﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ _ ﻭﺍﻁﺊ ﺇﺫ ﺍﻥ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺭﻴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺃﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺸﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺃﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺃﺠﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ 400 MPa‬ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻟﺤﺎﻡ ﻭ ‪ 450 MPa‬ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺊ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺃﻨﺘﺨﺏ ﺒﻨﺴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل‬
‫ﻟﻸﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪ 10-15-20%‬ﻤﻥ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل‪.‬‬
‫‪The Effect of Welding Process by MIG on The Fatigue‬‬

‫‪Resistance For Steel At Constant And Variable Capacity‬‬
‫‪Stresses‬‬
‫‪Abstract‬‬
‫‪This paper aims to study the effect of loading constant and variable‬‬
‫‪capacity on the fatigue resistance of carbon steel AISI 1020 which welded by‬‬
‫‪metal inert gas and comparing it with metal without welding process .‬‬
‫‪All the fatigue tests for constant capacity were done by rotating bending‬‬
‫‪of mean stress estimated to be zero. The test for variable capacity stress was done‬‬
‫‪at high-low stress, so the amount of high stress was near the maximum ultimate‬‬
‫‪tensile stress for metal before welding which is obtained from tensile test which‬‬
‫‪was done for the metal before and after welding. It has been found equal to 400‬‬
‫‪MPa for the metal without welding and 450 MPa for welding metal. Low stress‬‬
‫‪which is selected as percent from fatigue resistance for constant capacity stress‬‬
‫‪which is 10-15-20% from fatigue limit.‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺸﻜل ﻭﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬ ‫ـﺎﻡ‬
‫ـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤـ‬‫ـﻥ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘـ‬‫ـﺩ ﻤـ‬‫ـﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴـ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻌـ‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺃﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﻲ ﻤﺜل ﻫﻴﺎﻜل‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨـﺎﻙ ﻋﻭﺍﻤـل ﺃﺨـﺭﻯ ﺘﺘﻌﻠـﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻭﺭ ﻭﺨﺯﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﻗـﻭﺩ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺃﺠﻬـﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺒﺎ ﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬـﺭﻱ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ )ﺸﺩ‪ ،‬ﻀـﻐﻁ‪ ،‬ﺤﻨـﻲ‪ ،‬ﻜـﻼل(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﺂﻜل ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ]‪ .[1‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻤﺘﺎﻨﺔ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻭﻡ ﻟﻠﻔﺸل‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻭ ﻜﻼﻫﻤﺎ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫*ﻗﺴﻢ ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﺎج واﻟﻤﻌﺎدن‪،‬اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﮫ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﮫ‪/‬ﺑﻐﺪاد‬

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‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ‪ MIG‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ‪،‬اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‪،28‬اﻟﻌﺪد ‪2010 ،7‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻼل ﻟﻠﻔﻭﻻﺫ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻭﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﺩ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻨﺼﻬﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻁﺭﻴﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺱ ﺒﺎﻻﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺫﻟـﻙ ﻓـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤـﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻐـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨـﻭﻉ ﻭﺼـﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪ (metal inert gas) MIG‬ﻭﺘﻌﺘﺒـﺭ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻟﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺼـﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻜﺒﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺌﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟ ﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻴﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﻯ ﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﻤﺎﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺤﺩﻴﺩﻴﺔ ]‪ ،[2‬ﻭﺘﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺒﻤـﺎ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻙ ‪ -:‬ﺍﺫ ﻴﻌﺘﻤـﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼـﻤﻡ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺃﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﺠﺭﺍﺌﻬﺎ ﺒﺼـﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻭﺘﻭﻤﺎﺘﻴﻜﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻗل ﺴﻤﻙ ﻤﻭﺠـﻭﺩ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻌـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎﹰ ﺍﻭ ﻜﻠﻴﺎﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻟﺤﺎﻤﻬﺎ ]‪[5 ،4‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺴﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻁﻭل ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ‪ -:‬ﻭﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺒﻪ ﺨـﻁ‬ ‫ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺼﻴﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻪ‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒـﺎﺕ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﻟﺤـﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﻠﻁ ‪ -:‬ﺍﻥ ﺘــﺼﻤﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻜﺒﻴﺔ ﻴﺘﻌﻠـﻕ ﺒﺎﻻﺠﻬـﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﺍﻭ ﻤﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺼﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺠـﻬﺎﺩ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺨﻁ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻭﻟﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻬﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘـﻭﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻤـﺎ ﺍﺠﻬـﺎﺩ ﺸـﺩﻱ ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻼﻤﺱ ﻗﻁﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﻤـﻊ ﻗﻁﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﻀﻐﻁﻲ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻗﺼﻲ ﻤـﻭﺍﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻭﺘﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻜﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻴـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺤﻨﻲ ﻭﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻭﻟﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﻭﻴﻀﺦ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺨﺎﻤـل‬
‫ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺤﻴـﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻬﻠﻴﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻵﺭﻜﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﺎﺯ ﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻭﻜﺴـﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻭﻥ ﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺯل ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬
‫ـﺎ‬
‫ـﻰ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬـ‬ ‫ـﺩ ﺍﻻﻗﺼـ‬ ‫ـﺔ ﺍﻟﺸـ‬‫ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤـ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺘﺼﺎل ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺠﻬـﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜـﻼل ﻭﻤـﻨﻬﻡ ‪prof.ir‬‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻟـﺩ‬
‫ـﺩ‬
‫ـﺩ ﺍﻜـ‬ ‫‪ ,F,soetens and etal‬ﻭﻗـ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻔﻀل ﺃﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻵﺭﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﻏﺎﺯ ﺜـﺎﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻭﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻜﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺨـﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻤﻠﺤﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺤﻤﺎل ﺴـﺎﻜﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ) ‪ (1‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪[6] .‬‬ ‫ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ )‪.[3] (MIG‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﺒﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻭﻤﺔ ﻭﻁﻭل ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ)‪ (MIG‬ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻁ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﻭﺼﻰ ﺒﺎﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺴﻤﻙ ﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﺫ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎل ﻫﻭ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺌﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺤﺼل ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﺘﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﻻﻥ‬ ‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺘﻨﺎﻜﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻜﺒﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺩﻱ ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺫ ﺍﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ )‪ (HAZ‬ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻻﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﺘﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺠﻬـﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻗﺼـﻴﺔ ﻭﻗـﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠـﻲ ﻭﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺸﺎﺭﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻭﻤﺔ ﻭﻭﺠـﺩﻭﺍ ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺒـﺭ ﻜﻤﺘﻐﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﻭ ﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻔـﺽ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻠﻌﺒﻬـﺎ ﺘـﺎﺜﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺏ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ‬
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‫ﻀﺭﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل )‪ (Fatigue Damage‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺤﺼﻠﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻨﺨﻔـﺎﺽ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﺤﺎﻭﻟﻭﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻀـﺭﺭ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤـﺎﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨـﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌـﺩﻥ‬
‫ﻓﺸل ﺍﻟﻜﻼل ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘـﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤـل ﺍﻟﻤـﺅﺜﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺱ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴـﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﺜل ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﻭ ‪.‬ﻜﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺘﺠﺭﻱ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل ]‪ [9‬ﻭﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻜــﺩ ﺍﻟﺒــﺎﺤﺜﻭﻥ ‪V.M.Jsharma and‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻸﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺴـﻬﻴل ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ‬ ‫]‪etal[6‬ﺒﺎﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ ﺍﻻﻗﺼﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻌـﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺒﺄﻤـﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺭﻜـﺯ ﺒﻌـﺽ ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺎﺜﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴـﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘﺴـﺒﺒﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺘﺴﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻸﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴـﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﻫـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺃﺤﻤﺎل ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺒﻘﺔ ﻟﺨﺼـﺎﺌﺹ‬
‫ـﻲ ‪Linear‬‬ ‫ـﺭﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻁـ‬‫ـﺔ ﺍﻟﻀـ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻨﻅﺭﻴـ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﻴﺠﻨﺒﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺸل ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ‬
‫‪ :Damage Rule‬ﻭﺘﻨﺹ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺠـﺯﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺭ )‪ (D‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺃﺠﻬﺎﺩ ) ( ﻫﻭ‬ ‫]‪ G.D.Janaki Ram and etal[7‬ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺨﻁﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟـﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﻌﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺨـﻼل ﺍﻀـﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻷﺠﻬـﺎﺩ ﻭﻴﺤﻘـﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺌﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﻭ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺭ )‪ (ni‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﺸل‬ ‫ﺍﺠل ﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺘﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﺩ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل‬
‫)‪ (Ni‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻷﺠﻬـﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻜـﺩﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴـﺎﻭﻱ ﻟﻤﻌـﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺅ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﺸـل ﻋﻨـﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﻭ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺩﺓ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ‬
‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺭ ﻟﻸﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﻤﺴـﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻁﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻨﻴـﺔ ﻤﺘﺴـﺎﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﻭﺒﺎﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻻﺴﻼﻙ ﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﻭ ﻴﺤﻘﻕ ﺘﻤﺎﺯﺝ‬
‫‪n1‬‬
‫= ‪D1‬‬ ‫)‪….…. (1‬‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل‬
‫‪N1‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺤﺎﻡ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺯ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻭﻥ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ‬
‫‪D1+D2+…….+Di-1+Di = 1‬‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻨﻌﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫)‪…..…… (2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻴﺒﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻬﺭ )‪ (HAZ‬ﻭﺤﺠﻡ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒـﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻨﻅﺭﻴــﺔ ﻤــﺎﺭﺵ ‪:March Theory‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﻴﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻬﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻨﺹ ﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺃﻗـل‬
‫ﻭﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺘﺤﺴـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل ﻻﻴﺴﺒﺏ ﻀﺭﺭﺍﹰ ﻓﻌﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (σL< σF< σH‬ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻫﻭ ﻓﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻱ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺄﻷﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (σH‬ﻭﻟﻠﺘﻭﻀـﺢ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻋﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل‬
‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﺏ ﻟﻠﻀﺭﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺠﻬـﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺊ ﻓﻠﻪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻷﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴـﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﺴـﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﻟﻤﺎﺭﺵ ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻁ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﺠﻌل ﺃﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺃﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺠﻬـﺎﺩ‪-‬ﻋـﺩﺩ ﺍﻟـﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ )‪(S-N curve‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (Nm‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﻷﻥ‬
‫‪σH − σF‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻭﺠﺩ ﻟﻸﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﺴـﻌﺔ ]‪[8‬‬
‫= ‪Nm‬‬ ‫)‪× Nf …… (3‬‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻨﺎﺀ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟـﻙ ﻓﻘـﺩ ﺃﻓﺘـﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﺤﺜﻭﻥ‬
‫‪σH − σL‬‬ ‫ﻓﺭﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺘﻌـﺭﺽ‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻷﻱ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺃﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺩﻭﺭﻱ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﻨـﺘﺞ‬
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‫ﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺤـﺩﺓ )‪،(1 hr‬‬ ‫‪ = Nm‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﻟﻤﺎﺭﺵ )‪(cycle‬‬
‫ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﺭﻜﺕ‬ ‫‪ = Nf‬ﻋﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻲ )‪(cycle‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﻟﺘﺒﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔـﺭﻥ ﺒﻬـﺩﻑ ﺇﺯﺍﻟـﺔ‬ ‫‪Mpa‬‬ ‫‪ = σH‬ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺒﻠﻭﺭ ﻟﻠﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Mpa‬‬ ‫‪ = σF‬ﺍﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Mpa‬‬ ‫‪ = σL‬ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺊ‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ‪ :‬ﺇﺫ ﺼـﻨﻌﺕ ﻭﻓـﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼـﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴـﻴﺔ ‪DIN 176000‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ‪:Experimental Work‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻗﻁﻌﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺼـﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠـﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺒﺄﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (3‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ‪Metal Selected‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل‪ :‬ﺼـﻨﻌﺕ ﻭﻓـﻕ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ ﺃﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻓﻭﻻﺫ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ‪ ASTM‬ﻟﻐـﺭﺽ‬ ‫)‪ A1SI(1020‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻷﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺜﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﻓﺤﺼﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻷﻨﺤﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺘﻭﺴـﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺨﺯﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺃﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﺼﻔﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﺃﺒﻌـﺎﺩ ﻋﻴﻨـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻴﺎﻜل ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻼل ﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪.(4‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗـﻡ ) ‪ .(1‬ﺘـﻡ‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ )‪:(X-Ray Fim‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻴﺎﻑ )‪ (Spectrometer‬ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺸـﺭﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﺃﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴـﻴﻨﻴﺔ ‪(X-Ray‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪ Film‬ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻠﻭ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ‪Welding Joint‬‬
‫ﻋﻴــﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﺤــﺎﻡ ﺨﺎﺼــﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴــﺎﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺼـﻠﺔ ﻟﺤـﺎﻡ‬
‫ـﻤﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻀـ‬ ‫ـﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸـ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺎﻜﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﻤل ﺯﺍﻭﻴـﺔ ﻟﺤـﺎﻡ ﺘﺤﻀـﻴﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ inclusion‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺯ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺩﺭﻫﺎ ‪ 45º‬ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬـﺔ ﻭﺍﺤـﺩﺓ ‪single V‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺹ ﺒﺄﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ـﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬‫ـﻭﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـ‬ ‫ـﻥ ﺍﻟﻔـ‬‫ـﻔﺎﺌﺢ ﻤـ‬‫ـﻰ ﺼـ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـ‬
‫ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ )‪(X-Ray Film Test‬‬ ‫ـﺎ ‪(250x200x14‬‬ ‫‪ A1SI1020‬ﻭﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩﻫـ‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺃﺴﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘﺤﺘـﻭﻱ‬ ‫)‪ mm‬ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﺤـﺎﻡ ﻨـﻭﻉ ‪Miller‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻭﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،Beltu Weld 602 USA‬ﻭﻗﻁﺏ ﻟﺤـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺏ‪-‬ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻗﻁﺭﻩ ‪ 1.2‬ﻤﻠﻡ ﻨـﻭﻉ ‪AWSER705-6E‬‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﺃﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺃﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗـﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﻭﻭﺼـﻠﺔ‬ ‫)‪ (2‬ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻭﻟﺘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻟﺤﺎﻡ ﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗـﻡ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺨﻀﻭﻉ ﻭﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺃﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺸـﺩﻱ‬ ‫)‪ (3‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺼـﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻗﺒل ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤـﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻨﺘـﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (2‬ﺘـﻡ ﻓﺤﺼـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ) ‪.(4‬‬ ‫ﻋﻴﺎﻨﻴﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻠﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻭﺏ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺠـ‪ -‬ﺃﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل‪:‬‬ ‫ﻋﺩﻡ ﺃﻨﺘﻅﺎﻡ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺠﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜـﻼل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ )‪ (X-Ray Film‬ﻭﻗﺩ‬
‫ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﺠﺎﻤﻴﻊ ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺃﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻀﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻭﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺤﻨـﻰ )‪(S-N‬‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺹ‪ ،‬ﺘﻡ ﺃﺠـﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺨﻤﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤـﺎﻡ ﺤﻴـﺙ‬
‫) ‪(5‬‬ ‫ﺴﺨﻨﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪650 oC‬‬
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‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻻﹰ‪ :‬ﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻓﺤﺹ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ )‪(A‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺃﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﺠﻬـﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺜﺎﺒﺘـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ )‪ (B‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴـﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻷﻨﺤﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﺜﻡ ﺭﺴﻡ ﻋﻼﻗـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤـﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻐـﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻴﺠـﺎﺩ‬
‫‪ MIG‬ﻤﻊ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺃﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل ﻟﻠﻔﻭﻻﺫ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل ﻟﻠﻔﻭﻻﺫ ﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻤﺒﻴﻨـﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺤﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ)‪ (5‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪(5‬‬
‫ﺭﻗﻡ ) ‪ (7‬ﻭﺠﺩ ﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪ ،‬ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل‬
‫ﺍﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺤـﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻼل ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ )‪ (B‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺩﻨﺎﻩ‪:‬‬
‫‪σ F = 1035.76 N F‬‬
‫‪−0.09985‬‬
‫)‪ (5‬ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ‪A‬‬
‫)‪ (A‬ﻤﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺜـل ﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ‪B‬‬
‫‪σ F = 1181.66 N F‬‬
‫‪−0.09974‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼــﻭﻯ)‪ ( u‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﺠــﺎﺀﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠــﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻭﻤـﺔ ﺍﺫ‬
‫ﺴﺎﻫﻤﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬ ‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎﹰ‪ :‬ﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﺽ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ‪C,D,E‬‬
‫ﺘﻭﻟﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺤﻴـﺙ ﺍﻨﺘﺨﺒـﺕ‬
‫]‪.[12,11,10‬ﻭﺤﺼﻭﻟﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺸـﺠﻴﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ 10%‬ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (6‬ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ )‪(W.Z‬‬ ‫‪ C‬ﻭ ‪ 15%‬ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـــــﺔ ‪ D‬ﻭ ‪20%‬‬
‫ﺴﺎﻫﻤﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺨﺭ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ‪ E‬ﻤﻥ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل ﻟﻼﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺸﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل ﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل ﺘﺒـﺩﺍ ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺇﺫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ‪200 A‬‬
‫ﻨﺸﻭﺀ ﺸﻕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻴﺕ ﻭﻴﻨﻤـﻭ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻨﻴــﻭﺘﻥ‪/‬ﻤﻠــﻡ ‪ 2‬ﻭ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋــﺔ ‪225 B‬‬
‫ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻻﻴﺕ ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‪/‬ﻤﻡ ‪ .2‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺃﻨﺘﺨﺏ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻴﺤﺼل ﻫﺫﺍ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺒﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﺸـﻕ ﻓـﻲ ﺤﺒﻴﺒـﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻻﻴﺕ ]‪. [9‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺩ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ‪ 460‬ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‪/‬ﻤﻠﻡ ‪ 2‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﺨﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜـﻼل ﻋﻨـﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻗﺭﻴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴـﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺍﺠﺭﻴـﺕ‬ ‫‪ 400‬ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‪/‬ﻤﻡ‪ 2‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﻤـﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴـﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻠﺤﻭﻤﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ) ﻭﺍﻁﻲﺀ‪ -‬ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠـﺩﻭل ﺭﻗـﻡ‬
‫( ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺒﻌﻴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻤﻴﻊ ) ‪ (C,D,E‬ﻓﻲ‬ ‫)‪.(6‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (7‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻨﺘﺨﺒـﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺕ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل ﻭﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻫـﺎ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀـﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (7‬ﻭﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻋـﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺒﻨﺴﺏ ) ‪ (10-15-20 %‬ﻤﻥ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻔﺸل ﻭﻓﻕ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺘﻲ ﻤﺎﺭﺵ ﻭﻤﺎﻴﻨﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜـﻼل ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺤﻤـﺎل‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻫﺎﺘﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﺫ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻨﻪ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺘﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻓﻀل ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل‬ ‫ﺀ‪ -‬ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺭﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻨﻐﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺹ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻀـﻭﺌﻲ‬
‫ﻴﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘـﺎل ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻜﺒﻴﺭ ‪ 40X‬ﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺭﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﻲﺀ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﻓﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺸﺠﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ‬
‫]‪ [13,12‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗـﻡ )‪ (6‬ﻴﻅﻬـﺭ ﺼـﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻋﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻋـﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺭﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻁﻲﺀ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪295‬‬

‫‪[6]-V.m.Jsharma,‬‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺨـﺹ ﻨﺘـﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻀـﺭﺭ‬

‫‪V.DIWAKAR,S,Arumugham,‬‬ ‫‪and‬‬ ‫ـﺔ )‪(C,D,E‬‬ ‫ـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـ‬ ‫ـﺭﺍﻜﻡ ﻟﻌﻴﻴﻨـ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘـ‬
‫‪T.S.Lak shmanan "residual strength‬‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺘـﺭﺍﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﻀـﺭﺭ ﻟﻤـﺎﻴﻨﺭ‬
‫" ‪of Alminum alloy Afnor 7020‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﺎﺭﺵ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻤـﻥ ﻨـﻭﻉ )‬
‫‪science of echnology of welding‬‬
‫‪and joining ,1999, vol .4.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻁﻲﺀ – ﻋﺎﻟﻲ( ﺍﻋﻁﺕ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﺍ ﺍﻤﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﻤـﺭ‬
‫‪[7]-G.D. Janaki Ram, T.K. Mitra,‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻼل ﺤﻴﺙ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ‬
‫‪V.Shankar‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪S.‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪Sundareasan;"Microstructural‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫‪Refinement Through Inoculation of‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﺤـﺎﻡ‬
‫‪type 7020Al-Zn-Mg. Alloy welds‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺸﺩ ﻭﺃﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺨﻀﻭﻉ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁ‬
‫‪and it effect on Hot cracking and‬‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩﺓ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﻤﻨﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺭﻴـﺔ‬
‫‪Tensile properties "Journal of‬‬ ‫ـﺄﺜﺭﺓ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘـ‬‫ـﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘـ‬‫ـﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤـ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘـ‬
‫‪materials processing Technology‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ‬
‫)‪142 (2003‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﺔ ﻭﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻫـﺎ‬
‫]‪-[8‬ﺍﺴﻴل ﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺩﺍﻭﻱ" ﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺴﺎﻫﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻤ ﺎﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺴـﻠﻭﻜﺎﻟﻜﻼل" ﺍﻁﺭﻭﺤـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻼل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ‪.‬ﻗﺴﻡ ﻫﻨﺩﺴـﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺘـﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺎﺩﻥ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻥ ﺸﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل ﻴﻨﻤﻭ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬
‫‪ ,,‬ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ‪1999‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻴﺕ ﻭﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺒﻴﺒـﺔ‬
‫‪-‬ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺴـﻌﻴﺩ ﻭﺤﻴـﺩ "ﺘـﺎﺜﻴﺭ ﺒﻌـﺽ ]‪[9‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻻﻴﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻭﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ‬
‫ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل" ﺍﻁﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭﺍﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺸﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل ﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ‪,‬ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠـﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴـﺔ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌـﺔ‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺃﻋﻁﺕ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜـﻼل ﻋﻤـﺭ ﺁﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴـــــــــــــﺔ ‪1995‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﻴﻨﺭ ﻭﻤﺎﺭﺵ ﺤﻴـﺙ ﺃﻜـﺩﺕ‬
‫ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺎﺭﺵ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻗل ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺩ‬
‫‪[10]-Resistance‬‬ ‫‪Welding‬‬ ‫‪and‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻼل ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭ ﺃﻓﻀل‬
‫‪Manufacturing,‬‬ ‫‪Internet,‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪:‬‬
‫‪2004www.tw.co.uk/professional/re‬‬ ‫‪[1]-Augur, B., Glen, 2004, J. of‬‬
‫‪searchcore2103.html.‬‬ ‫‪Metallurgy, vol.1, No.43, PP.35-40.‬‬
‫‪[11]-Stwart, W.G., MSC, DME,‬‬ ‫‪[2]-Bed does, J., and Bibby, M.J.,‬‬
‫‪Gerted,‬‬ ‫‪1997,‬‬ ‫‪"Advanced‬‬ ‫‪"Principles Processes of Metal‬‬
‫‪Welding", McMillan Press IPT.‬‬ ‫‪Manufacturing", 1999‬‬
‫‪[12]-Meyers, M.A and Chawla,‬‬ ‫‪[3]-Escher, J.A., "Introduction to‬‬
‫‪K.K, "Mechanical Behavior of‬‬ ‫‪Manufacturing‬‬ ‫‪Processes",‬‬ ‫‪Third‬‬
‫‪Edition.1999‬‬
‫‪Materials", Prentice Hall Inc.1999‬‬
‫‪[4]Prof.ir,Soetens,Ir.B.W,E,VanHove‬‬
‫‪[13]-Jan‬‬ ‫‪A.‬‬ ‫‪Scher,‬‬ ‫‪2000,‬‬ ‫‪"Design of‬‬ ‫‪welded‬‬ ‫‪Aluminum‬‬
‫‪"Introduction to M anufacturing‬‬ ‫‪connections" Eindhoven university of‬‬
‫‪Process", Edition Department of‬‬ ‫‪Technology2001‬‬
‫‪Mechanical‬‬ ‫‪Engineering,‬‬ ‫"‪[5]-Lincoln,‬‬ ‫‪The‬‬ ‫‪procedure‬‬
‫‪University of Water Ontario.‬‬ ‫"‪Handbook of arc welding,‬‬
‫‪TWELEFTH EDITION, The Lincoln‬‬
‫‪electric company, 1973‬‬
‫‪296‬‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻱ ﻟﻠﻔﻭﻻﺫ )‪AISI (1020‬‬

‫‪Element‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪Si‬‬ ‫‪Mn‬‬ ‫‪Ni‬‬ ‫‪Mo‬‬ ‫‪Ti‬‬ ‫‪Cu‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪Co‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪Al‬‬
‫‪Wt%‬‬
‫‪Nominal 0.2 0.009 0.5 0.027 0.005 0.44 0.009 0.001 0.009 0.007 0.05 0.04‬‬
‫‪value‬‬
‫‪Actual 0.18-‬‬ ‫‪0.3-‬‬
‫‪value‬‬ ‫‪0.01‬‬ ‫‪0.05 0.04‬‬
‫‪0.2‬‬ ‫‪0.6‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ ،(2‬ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻱ ﻟﺴﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬
‫‪Element‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪Si‬‬ ‫‪Mn‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪Al‬‬ ‫‪Ni‬‬ ‫‪Cr‬‬ ‫‪Cu‬‬ ‫‪Mo‬‬
‫‪Wt % 0.068 0.763 1.41 0.02 0.001 0.002 0.046 0.026 0.023 0.002‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ ،(3‬ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ‬

‫‪Voltage‬‬ ‫‪Current‬‬ ‫‪No. of Pass‬‬ ‫‪Wire Speed‬‬ ‫‪Wire Diameter‬‬
‫‪Volt‬‬ ‫‪Amper‬‬ ‫‪m/min‬‬ ‫‪mm‬‬
‫‪30.5‬‬ ‫‪185‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪29.6‬‬ ‫‪1.2‬‬
‫‪30.5‬‬ ‫‪195‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪28.8‬‬ ‫‪1.2‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ ،(4‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ‬

‫ﺭﻤﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫‪σy Mpa‬‬ ‫‪σu Mpa‬‬ ‫‪δ mm‬‬ ‫‪HB kg/mm2‬‬
‫ﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻟﺤﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪290‬‬ ‫‪400‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪282‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫ﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪328‬‬ ‫‪460‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪286‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ ،(5‬ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل‬
‫ﺭﻤﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻟﺤﺎﻡ ‪As received‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺘﻌﺭﻀﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ 10%‬ﻤﻥ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل‬
‫‪D‬‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺘﻌﺭﻀﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ 15%‬ﻤﻥ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل‬
‫‪E‬‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺘﻌﺭﻀﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ 20%‬ﻤﻥ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل‬
‫‪297‬‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ ،(6‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬

‫ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ ‪Mpa‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪Mpa‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬ ‫‪400‬‬
‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪191‬‬ ‫‪400‬‬
‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪180‬‬ ‫‪400‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (7‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺃﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺭﻤﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺸل‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻕ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺎﺭﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺸل ﻭﻓﻕ‬ ‫ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺎﻴﻨﺭ‬
‫ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺎﻴﻨﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺭﺵ‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪61250‬‬ ‫‪89191‬‬ ‫‪0.935‬‬ ‫‪1.15‬‬
‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪83333‬‬ ‫‪136000‬‬ ‫‪1.1‬‬ ‫‪1.12‬‬
‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪119318‬‬ ‫‪243000‬‬ ‫‪1.33‬‬ ‫‪1.69‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (1‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ‪[2] MIG‬‬
‫‪298‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (2‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ‬
‫‪200mm‬‬
‫‪75mm‬‬ ‫‪50mm‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (3‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ‬
‫ﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (4‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل‬
‫‪299‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ ،(5‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ‪A,B‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (6‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫‪300‬‬

تأثير عملية اللحام

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تأثير عملية اللحام

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‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ‪،‬اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‪،28‬اﻟﻌﺪد ‪2010 ،7‬‬

‫ﻴﺴﺭﻯ ﺘﻭﻤﺎ ﻤﺭﻭﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻥ *‬

‫‪The Effect of Welding Process by MIG on The Fatigue‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺸﻜل ﻭﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬

‫*ﻗﺴﻢ ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﺎج واﻟﻤﻌﺎدن‪،‬اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﮫ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﮫ‪/‬ﺑﻐﺪاد‬

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‫‪[6]-V.m.Jsharma,‬‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺨـﺹ ﻨﺘـﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻀـﺭﺭ‬

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‫ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻱ ﻟﻠﻔﻭﻻﺫ )‪AISI (1020‬‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ ،(3‬ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ ،(4‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ‬

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‫ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ ،(6‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬

‫ﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (1‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ‪[2] MIG‬‬

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‫ﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (2‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (3‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ‬

‫ﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (4‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼل‬

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‫ﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (6‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺭﻴﺔ‬

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