“Every gun that is made, every warship launched,

every rocket fired signifies in the final sense, a

theft from those who hunger and are not fed,
those who are cold and are not clothed. This
world in arms is not spending money alone. It is
spending the sweat of its laborers, the genius of
its scientists, the hopes of its children. This is
not a way of life at all in any true sense. Under
the clouds of war, it is humanity hanging on a
cross of iron. ”

~Dwight D. Eisenhower, speech,

American Society of Newspaper Editors,
16 April 1953
And that is just how our fellow Filipinos had felt. For them,
they deserve more than peace, more than a chance to live.
But rather, the chance to seek the will to be free…
---------- BROUGHT TO YOU BY

 Luiza Artillero
 Jesselle Ann Bagadiong
 Karen See
 Rachel Frances Rodriguez
 Reynold Christian Zuniga

---------- HS 1- St. Agnes {Group # 7}

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
 The Prologue
 Fearing For The Worst
 Troublesome Times
 The Battle Continues
 A New Start
 The New Constitution
 Revenge Of The Filipinos
 The Epilogue
 Treaty of Versailles solved nothing
The loss of all that land to other countries simply made
Hitler's early aggression look justified. But, most of
all, the Treaty made the Germans angry, just
waiting their chance for revenge.
------------------------------
 League of Nations failed to keep the
peace
While Hitler kept the Treaty of Versailles, it failed to
achieve disarmament. Countries left the failing
League, and realized that they would have to fight a
war.
------------------------------
 Appeasement
Appeasement encouraged war. It made Hitler think no
one dare stop him, which encouraged him to go
further and further until in the end he went too far.
 Hitler
Many historians still think that the Second World War
was Hitler's personal war, and that he always
intended to fight a war - as a re-run of a First World
War he did not believe that German had lost fairly.
Each event created anger in the allies.
This anger grew until Chamberlain
declared war on Hitler on 3rd September
1939.  

--------------------
And as we go on further with this, we’ll
know that for some reason, Japan also had
something to do be blamed for all of this.
 Even before the war itself, Japan had already its
means of communication with the Philippines. In
fact, there are already several of them in the
country. Mostly, they were active at the Davao
region.

 It all started when the Japanese and the Philippines

met for the first time. They’re actually the last ones
whom our very forefathers have traded with in the
past. And until now, their influence is mainly on
industry, like for example, the breeding of ducks
and fishes.

To be honest, we were actually in good

terms with them, that is, until that
faithful day had come…
One of the ministers of Japan named Arita
had invited the Philippines to the “Greater
East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere” program.
But sadly for him, the Commonwealth had
denied his offer, knowing the
consequences.
--------------------

 The war warning of December 6 had then put US

Army General Douglas MacArthur into action. When
Pearl was being bombed, his planes were in the air,
his shore defense were manned,
and he thought the first
attack would come
his way, as the war
plans expected.
General Douglas MacArthur
right on duty…
 Unfortunately for McArthur and the War
Department, the Japanese had already written their
own war plans that called for the attack on the
Philippines on Clark Air Base in late morning of
December 7, 1941.

 The Americans and Filipinos were truly stunned

when the attack came as the planes were on the
ground and refueling. By that time, Manila was
bombed next on December 9.

 MacArthur had spent twelve years in the

Philippines, and had recently returned to the US
Army after commanding the Filipino Armies wearing
an elaborate gold braided uniform. He failed to
provide the needed training, but was also hampered
by a corrupt Filipino government and little
assistance from the United States.
Most of the US Army Air Corps was
destroyed on the ground. Bombers hit
Cavite Navy Yard very hard, and the
bleeding of the US Asiatic Fleet began.

 His army in December 1941 was made up of many

different units that were not coordinated or had
trained together on any useful basis. He had a huge
force of almost 130,000 men, but the majorities
were Filipino units, only one of which was
considered combat-ready.

 Macarthur planned for the expected Japanese

attack using standard military doctrine for defense
of the Philippines: retreat into prepared fortifications
on Bataan peninsula and Corregidor, expecting a
landing in Manila Bay
Here lies the mighty stronghold of
Corregidor…
But the speed of the Japanese advance
prevented that mode of defense.

 Because by then, Imperial Army General Masaharu

Homma landed on northern Luzon on December 9
and moved quickly through little resistance.
Essentially, Homma landed behind the Allies,
leaving their supplies between the Japanese and
Macarthur's men.

 By December 20, Homma was landing on Mindanao

and driving for Manila. The Philippine Government
declared Manila an open city, but the Japanese
bombed it anyway.

 MacArthur retreated to Corregidor and Bataan

without telling his Navy counterpart in Manila Bay.
His men called him “Dugout Doug.”
The one and only
Imperial Army
General Masaharu Homma!!!
 Homma moved to occupy Manila, giving the Allies
time to set up some sort of defensive line.

President Roosevelt of US
 Roosevelt could see that the Philippines could not
hold, because there was no relief available.
MacArthur was ordered to evacuate to Australia in
March; he left via PT boat, creating a romantic myth
about the plywood craft, to a remote airfield and
flew to Darwin.
Upon arrival, he remarked to reporters

which became his battle cry.

 Homma surrounded US Army General Jonathan
Wainwright and 100,000 Americans and Filipinos
on Bataan and Corregidor.

 They were able to hold out until May 7, 1942, when

Wainwright tried to separate his command so that
his Southern subordinate, Army General King,
could continue resistance.

 Soldiers who were caught, surrendered, and had

been injured, were all then asked to partake in the
Death March.
 King complied, but he had little fight to offer anyway.
He was surrounded and continued resistance would
have resulted in thousands of deaths.

 However, thousands died anyway. King’s and

Wainwright’s forces in Bataan were forced to march
several miles in four columns to Camp O’Donnell,
which the Japanese were using as a POW camp.
That was none other than the Death March. And
apparently, 3,000 Americans and 10,000 Filipinos
died within days, and thousands more died during
the course of their captivity.

There was even one time when Japan made

continuous bombings just in honor for the
birthday of their own emperor; bullets and
canyons were raining everywhere at that
time.
 Seeing their enemies’ suffering, Homma then
insisted on complete surrender, and Wainwright
decided he had no choice since the loss was
humongous. Via radio, he ordered all Allied troops
to surrender on May 8.

Here, Douglas MacArthur is signing his

formal surrender…
 Some Americans and Filipinos retreated into the
mountains to begin the kind of warfare that was so
infuriating to the Spanish and Americans during
their colonial occupations.

They were known as the “guerrillas”. And

indeed, the battle still had continued
on…
 If only if only the Filipinos could have
things according to their will... Then maybe
the Philippines would not be the puppet-
state of Japan.

 The Second Philippine Republic, officially the

Republic of the Philippines was the government of
the Japanese-occupied Philippines during World
War II.

 If once can remember correctly, Japan invaded

other countries in the 1930s and 1940s, long before
World War II. It annexed Manchuria in 1932,
attacked China in 1937 and then added North
French Indochina to its sphere in 1940.
The invasion of Manchuria, China, and
North French Indochina as follows…
 Like what’s said before, Hachiro Arita, Minister of
Foreign Affairs of Japan, invited the Philippines to
cooperate with the Greater East Asia Co-prosperity
Sphere. However, the Philippines declined the
invitation.

 President Manuel Quezon declared Manila, the

capital, an "open city" and left it under the rule of
Jorge B. Vargas, as mayor. The Japanese entered
the city on January 2, 1942 and established it as the
capital. Japan fully captured the Philippines on May
6, 1942, after the fall of Corregidor.

 After the Japanese had full control of the

Philippines, Homma then stated that the country will
be led by a general director.
 General Masaharu Homma dissolved the
commonwealth and established the Philippine
Executive Commission, caretaker of the
government, with Vargas as its first chairman.

 All political parties were banned, with the exception

of the KALIBAPI – Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa
Bagong Pilipinas (Filipino for the "Organization in
the Service of the New Philippines").

 A constitution was formed by the Preparatory

Commission for Independence, consisting of 20
members from the KALIBAPI. The Preparatory
Commission, led by Jose P. Laurel presented its
draft Constitution on September 4, 1943 and three
days later, the KALIBAPI general assembly ratified
the draft Constitution.
All hail the
Republic Of
The Philippines!!!

By September 20, 1943, the KALIBAPI's

representative groups in the country's provinces and
cities elected from among themselves fifty-four
members of the Philippine National Assembly, the
legislature of the country, with fifty four governors and
city mayors as ex-officio members.
Together with the change in society…
---------------------

A constitution was formed by the Preparatory

Commission for Independence, consisting of 20
members from the KALIBAPI. The Preparatory
Commission, led by Jose P. Laurel, presented its draft
Constitution on September 4, 1943 and three days
later, the KALIBAPI general assembly ratified the draft
Constitution.

 And by September 20, 1943, the KALIBAPI's

representative groups in the country's provinces
and cities elected from among themselves fifty-four
members of the Philippine National Assembly, the
legislature of the country, with fifty four governors
and city mayors as ex-officio members.
 Three days after establishing the National
Assembly, its inaugural session was held at the pre-
war Legislative Building and elected Benigno
Aquino, Sr. as its first Speaker and Jose P. Laurel
as President of the New Philippine Republic.

 On October 15, 1943, the Second Philippine

Republic was inaugurated. Laurel took his oath as
president, but he ruled in name only, as the
government was still.....

…..a puppet state

of Japan
In March 1942, U.S. General Douglas MacArthur and
President Quezon fled the country.

--------------------
The cruelty of the Japanese military
occupation of the Philippines is legendary.

 And it just so happens that the guerrilla units

harassed the Japanese when they could, and on
Luzon, native resistance was strong enough that
the Japanese never did get control of a large part of
the island.

 And on the other hand, The HUKBALAHAP was the

military arm of the Communist Party of the
Philippines (CPP), formed in 1942 to fight the
Japanese Empire's occupation of the Philippines
during World War II.
Commonly known as “Huks”, it fought a
second war from 1946 to 1954 against the
pro-Western leaders of their newly
independent country.

The term is a contraction of the Filipino term "Hukbong

Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon", which means "People's
Army Against the Japanese."

 Just to make things clear…

The HUKBALAHAP Campaign was a series of battles
and confrontations between Philippine Government
forces and HUKBALAHAP forces.
The HUKBALAHAPS were mainly supported (in
fighting) by the NPA, CCP and the PKP and they
were also supported with both weapons and
economically by the Asian Countries as well as of
the US, UK and Australia.
And finally… In October 1944…

 McArthur had gathered enough additional troops

and supplies to begin the retaking of the
Philippines, landing with Sergio Osmena who had
assumed the Presidency after Quezon's death.

 After their landing, Filipino and American forces

also undertook measures to suppress the Huk
movement, which was originally founded to fight the
Japanese Occupation. The Filipino and American
forces removed local Huk governments and
imprisoned many high-ranking members of the
Philippine Communist Party. While these incidents
happened, there was still fighting against the
Japanese forces.
 And despite the American and Philippine measures
against the Huks, they still supported American and
Filipino soldiers in the fight against the Japanese.

 The Filipino and American forces removed local

Huk governments and imprisoned many high-
ranking members of the Philippine Communist
Party.

 While these incidents happened, however, there

was still fighting against the Japanese forces and,
despite the American and Philippine measures
against the Huk, they still supported American and
Filipino soldiers in the fight against the Japanese.

The battles entailed long fierce fighting…

Some of the Japanese continued to fight until…

The official surrender

of the Empire of Japan
took place on September 2, 1945…
 The Philippines suffered great loss of life and
tremendous physical destruction by the time the war
was over.

 The Japanese committed widespread abuse of the

Filipino people, including murder, rape, theft, forced
labor, and punishment for having been under US
rule. And an estimated 1 million Filipinos had been
killed, and Manila was extensively damaged as the
Japanese did not declare it an open city as the
Americans had done in 1942.

The years 1942 to 1945 proved to be the

darkest moments of the country as this
was known by the citizens as the
“TIME OF DARKNESS”.
And after years of connection with the
Japanese, it seems they have influenced us
one way or another by the following…

 The systems of cooperatives. During a

Filipino’s travel to Japan, he saw how the Japanese
work in cooperation. So when he was exiled to
Dapitan, the first cooperative was formed there
which was inspired from his Japan travel.

 Pottery-making is one of the influences

because a lot of people here in the Philippines like
to do some potteries.

 Many Filipinos loves watching animes or the

so-called Japanese cartoons.
 Decapitation of Men, women, and children
with a Katana sword. Hundreds of thousands dead.

 Taking off one’s slippers or shoes when entering

other's houses as well as using miso as for
ingredient.

 Pottery-making and Karaoke as well…

 The use of Bonsai.

 Showing respect especially through the use of

suffixes like “san” and “chan” at the end of one’s
name.

 Massive addiction/liking to video games.

 The use of “Kampai” which is related to alcohol

drinking.
REFERENCES
 http://worldwar2database.com/html/philip42.htm
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines#Worl
d_War_II
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines
#World_War_II_and_Japanese_occupation
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukbalahap
 http://www.johndclare.net/RoadtoWWII7a.htm
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_constitution#Second_Republic
_.281943.29
 http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070711052938AA6j
2Eo
 http://images.search.yahoo.com/images;_ylt=A0oGkmqfIsVIH6EAtB
Kl87UF?ei=UTF-8&fr2=tab-web&fr=&p=