CH 01

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1.1 A stainless steel tube with an outside diameter of 60 mm and a wall thickness of 5 mm is used as a
compression member. If the normal stress in the member must be limited to 200 MPa, determine the
maximum load P that the member can support.

Solution
The cross-sectional area of the stainless steel tube is

2 2 2 2 2
( ) [(60 mm) (50 mm) ] 863.938 mm
4 4
A D d
t t
= = =
The normal stress in the tube can be expressed as
P
A
o =
The maximum normal stress in the tube must be limited to 200 MPa. Using 200 MPa as the allowable
normal stress, rearrange this expression to solve for the maximum load P

2 2
max allow
(200 N/mm )(863.938 mm ) 172, 788 172.8 k N N P A o s = = = Ans.

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1.2 A 2024-T4 aluminum tube with an outside diameter of 2.50 in. will be used to support a 27-kip
load. If the normal stress in the member must be limited to 18 ksi, determine the wall thickness
required for the tube.

Solution
From the definition of normal stress, solve for the minimum area required to support a 27-kip load
without exceeding a stress of 18 ksi
2
min
27 kips
1.500 in.
18 ksi
P P
A
A
o
o
= > = =
The cross-sectional area of the aluminum tube is given by

2 2
( )
4
A D d
t
=
Set this expression equal to the minimum area and solve for the maximum inside diameter d

2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
max
[(2.50 in.) ] 1.500 in.
4
4
(2.50 in.) (1.500 in. )
4
(2.50 in.) (1.500 in. )
2.08330 in.
d
d
d
d
t
t
t
>
>
>
s

The outside diameter D, the inside diameter d, and the wall thickness t are related by
2 D d t = +
Therefore, the minimum wall thickness required for the aluminum tube is

min
2.50 in. 2.08330 in.
0.20835 in. 0.208 in.
2 2
D d
t

> = = = Ans.

1.3 Two solid cylindrical rods (1) and (2) are
joined together at flange B and loaded, as shown in
Fig. P1.3. The diameter of rod (1) is d
1
= 24 mm
and the diameter of rod (2) is d
2
= 42 mm.
Determine the normal stresses in rods (1) and (2).

Fig. P1.3
Solution
Cut a FBD through rod (1) that includes the free end of the rod at A.
Assume that the internal force in rod (1) is tension. From equilibrium,

1 1
80 kN 0 80 kN (T)
x
F F F E = = =

Next, cut a FBD through rod (2) that includes the free
end of the rod A. Assume that the internal force in rod
(2) is tension. Equilibrium of this FBD reveals the
internal force in rod (2):

2 2
140 kN 140 kN 80 kN 0 200 kN 200 kN (C)
x
F F F E = + + = = =

From the given diameter of rod (1), the cross-sectional area of rod (1) is

2 2
1
(24 mm) 452.3893 mm
4
A
t
= =
and thus, the normal stress in rod (1) is

1
1 2
1
(80 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
176.8388 MPa
452.389
176
3 m
.8 M )
m
Pa (T
F
A
o = = = = Ans.


2 2
2
(42 mm) 1, 385.4424 mm
4
A
t
= =
Accordingly, the normal stress in rod (2) is

2
2 2
2
( 200 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
144.3582 MPa
1, 385.4
144.4 MPa (
424
C)
mm
F
A
o

= = = = Ans.

joined together at flange B and loaded, as shown in
Fig. P1.4. If the normal stress in each rod must be
limited to 120 MPa, determine the minimum
diameter required for each rod.

Fig. P1.4
Solution
Cut a FBD through rod (1) that includes the free end of the rod at A.
Assume that the internal force in rod (1) is tension. From equilibrium,

1 1
80 kN 0 80 kN (T)
x
F F F E = = =

Next, cut a FBD through rod (2) that includes the free
end of the rod A. Assume that the internal force in rod
(2) is tension. Equilibrium of this FBD reveals the
internal force in rod (2):

2 2
140 kN 140 kN 80 kN 0 200 kN 200 kN (C)
x
F F F E = + + = = =

If the normal stress in rod (1) must be limited to 120 MPa, then the minimum cross-sectional area that
can be used for rod (1) is

2 1
1,min 2
(80 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
666.6667 mm
120 N/mm
F
A
o
> = =
The minimum rod diameter is therefore

2 2
1,min 1 1
666.6667 mm 29.1346 mm 29. mm
4
1 A d d
t
= > > = Ans.

Similarly, the normal stress in rod (2) must be limited to 120 MPa. Notice that rod (2) is in
compression. In this situation, we are concerned only with the magnitude of the stress; therefore, we
will use the magnitude of F
2
in the calculations for the minimum required cross-sectional area.

2 2
2,min 2
(200 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
1, 666.6667 mm
120 N/mm
F
A
o
> = =
The minimum diameter for rod (2) is therefore

2 2
2,min 2 2
1, 666.6667 mm 46.0659 mm 46. mm
4
1 A d d
t
= > > = Ans.

joined together at flange B and loaded, as
shown in Fig. P1.5. If the normal stress in
each rod must be limited to 40 ksi,
determine the minimum diameter required
for each rod.
Fig. P1.5
Solution
Cut a FBD through rod (1). The FBD should include the free end of the rod at A. As a
matter of course, we will assume that the internal force in rod (1) is tension (even
though it obviously will be in compression). From equilibrium,

1
1
15 kips 0
15 kips 15 kips (C)
y
F F
F
E = =
= =

Next, cut a FBD through rod (2) that includes the free end of the rod at A. Again, we
will assume that the internal force in rod (2) is tension. Equilibrium of this FBD reveals
the internal force in rod (2):

2
2
30 kips 30 kips 15 kips 0
75 kips 75 kips (C)
y
F F
F
E = =
= =

Notice that rods (1) and (2) are in compression. In this situation, we are
concerned only with the stress magnitude; therefore, we will use the force
magnitudes to determine the minimum required cross-sectional areas. If the
normal stress in rod (1) must be limited to 40 ksi, then the minimum cross-
sectional area that can be used for rod (1) is

2 1
1,min
15 kips
0.375 in.
40 ksi
F
A
o
> = =

2 2
1,min 1 1
0.375 in. 0.6909 0.691 9 i
4
in n. . A d d
t
= > > = Ans.
Similarly, the normal stress in rod (2) must be limited to 40 ksi, which requires a minimum area of

2 2
2,min
75 kips
1.875 in.
40 ksi
F
A
o
> = =
The minimum diameter for rod (2) is therefore

2 2
2, min 2 2
1.875 in. 1.54509 1.545 in. 7 in.
4
A d d
t
= > > = Ans.
1.6 Two solid cylindrical rods (1) and (2) are joined
together at flange B and loaded, as shown in Fig.
P1.6. The diameter of rod (1) is 1.75 in. and the
diameter of rod (2) is 2.50 in. Determine the normal
stresses in rods (1) and (2).
Fig. P1.6
Solution
Cut a FBD through rod (1). The FBD should include the free end of the rod at A. We
will assume that the internal force in rod (1) is tension (even though it obviously will
be in compression). From equilibrium,

1
1
15 kips 0
15 kips 15 kips (C)
y
F F
F
E = =
= =

Next, cut a FBD through rod (2) that includes the free end of the rod at A. Again, we
will assume that the internal force in rod (2) is tension. Equilibrium of this FBD
reveals the internal force in rod (2):

2
2
30 kips 30 kips 15 kips 0
75 kips 75 kips (C)
y
F F
F
E = =
= =


2 2
1
(1.75 in.) 2.4053 in.
4
A
t
= =
and thus, the normal stress in rod (1) is

1
1
2
1
15 kips
6.23627 ksi
2.4053 in
6.24 ksi )
.
(C
F
A
o

= = = = Ans.


2 2
2
(2.50 in.) 4.9087 in.
4
A
t
= =
Accordingly, the normal stress in rod (2) is

2
2
2
2
75 kips
15.2789 ksi
2.4053 in.
15.28 ksi (C)
F
A
o

= = = = Ans.

1.7 Axial loads are applied with rigid bearing plates to the
solid cylindrical rods shown in Fig. P1.7. The diameter of
aluminum rod (1) is 2.00 in., the diameter of brass rod (2) is
1.50 in., and the diameter of steel rod (3) is 3.00 in.
Determine the normal stress in each of the three rods.
Fig. P1.7
Solution
Cut a FBD through rod (1). The FBD should include the free end A. We will assume that the internal
force in rod (1) is tension (even though it obviously will be in compression). From equilibrium,

1 1
8 kips 4 kips 4 kips 0 16 kips 16 kips (C)
y
F F F E = = = =

FBD through rod (1)

FBD through rod (2)

FBD through rod (3)

Next, cut a FBD through rod (2) that includes the free end A. Again, we will assume that the internal
force in rod (2) is tension. Equilibrium of this FBD reveals the internal force in rod (2):

2 2
8 kips 4 kips 4 kips 15 kips 15 kips 0 14 kips 14 kips (T)
y
F F F E = + + = = =

Similarly, cut a FBD through rod (3) that includes the free end A. From this FBD, the internal force in
rod (3) is:

3
3
8 kips 4 kips 4 kips 15 kips 15 kips 20 kips 20 kips 0
26 kips 26 kips (C)
y
F F
F
E = + + =
= =



2 2
1
(2.00 in.) 3.1416 in.
4
A
t
= =
and thus, the normal stress in aluminum rod (1) is

1
1
2
1
16 kips
5.0930 ksi
3.1416 in
5.09 ksi (C)
.
F
A
o

= = = = Ans.


2 2
2
(1.50 in.) 1.7671 in.
4
A
t
= =
Accordingly, the normal stress in brass rod (2) is

2
2
2
2
14 kips
7.9224 ksi
1.7671 in.
7.92 ksi (T)
F
A
o = = = = Ans.

Finally, the cross-sectional area of rod (3) is

2 2
3
(3.00 in.) 7.0686 in.
4
A
t
= =
and the normal stress in the steel rod is

3
3
2
3
26 kips
3.6782 ksi
7.0686 in
3.68 ksi (C)
.
F
A
o

= = = = Ans.

1.8 Axial loads are applied with rigid bearing plates to the solid
cylindrical rods shown in Fig. P1.8. The normal stress in
aluminum rod (1) must be limited to 18 ksi, the normal stress in
brass rod (2) must be limited to 25 ksi, and the normal stress in
steel rod (3) must be limited to 15 ksi. Determine the minimum
diameter required for each of the three rods.
Fig. P1.8

Solution
The internal forces in the three rods must be determined. Begin with a FBD cut through rod (1) that
includes the free end A. We will assume that the internal force in rod (1) is tension (even though it
obviously will be in compression). From equilibrium,

1 1
8 kips 4 kips 4 kips 0 16 kips 16 kips (C)
y
F F F E = = = =

FBD through rod (1)

FBD through rod (2)

FBD through rod (3)

Next, cut a FBD through rod (2) that includes the free end A. Again, we will assume that the internal
force in rod (2) is tension. Equilibrium of this FBD reveals the internal force in rod (2):

2 2
8 kips 4 kips 4 kips 15 kips 15 kips 0 14 kips 14 kips (T)
y
F F F E = + + = = =

Similarly, cut a FBD through rod (3) that includes the free end A. From this FBD, the internal force in
rod (3) is:

3
3
8 kips 4 kips 4 kips 15 kips 15 kips 20 kips 20 kips 0
26 kips 26 kips (C)
y
F F
F
E = + + =
= =

Notice that two of the three rods are in compression. In these situations, we are concerned only with the
stress magnitude; therefore, we will use the force magnitudes to determine the minimum required cross-
sectional areas, and in turn, the minimum rod diameters. The normal stress in aluminum rod (1) must be
limited to 18 ksi; therefore, the minimum cross-sectional area required for rod (1) is

2 1
1, min
1
16 kips
0.8889 in.
18 ksi
F
A
o
> = =

2 2
1,min 1 1
0.8889 in. 1.0638 in 1.064 in. .
4
A d d
t
= > > = Ans.

The normal stress in brass rod (2) must be limited to 25 ksi, which requires a minimum area of

2 2
2, min
2
14 kips
0.5600 in.
25 ksi
F
A
o
> = =
which requires a minimum diameter for rod (2) of

2 2
2,min 2 2
0.5600 in. 0.8444 in 0.844 in. .
4
A d d
t
= > > = Ans.

The normal stress in steel rod (3) must be limited to 15 ksi. The minimum cross-sectional area required
for this rod is:

2 3
3, min
3
26 kips
1.7333 in.
15 ksi
F
A
o
> = =

2 2
3,min 3 3
1.7333 in. 1.4856 in 1.486 in. .
4
A d d
t
= > > = Ans.

1.9 Two solid cylindrical rods support
a load of P = 50 kN, as shown in Fig.
P1.9. If the normal stress in each rod
must be limited to 130 MPa, determine
the minimum diameter required for
each rod.
Fig. P1.10
Solution
Consider a FBD of joint B. Determine the angle o between
rod (1) and the horizontal axis:

4.0 m
tan 1.600 57.9946
2.5 m
o o = = =
and the angle | between rod (2) and the horizontal axis:

2.3 m
tan 0.7188 35.7067
3.2 m
| | = = =

Write equilibrium equations for the sum of forces in the
horizontal and vertical directions. Note: Rods (1) and (2)
are two-force members.

2 1
cos(35.7067 ) cos(57.9946 ) 0
x
F F F E = = (a)

2 1
sin(35.7067 ) sin(57.9946 ) 0
y
F F F P E = + = (b)

Unknown forces F
1
and F
2
can be found from the simultaneous solution of Eqs. (a) and (b). Using the
substitution method, Eq. (b) can be solved for F
2
in terms of F
1
:

2 1
cos(57.9946 )
cos(35.7067 )
F F

=
(c)
Substituting Eq. (c) into Eq. (b) gives

| |
1 1
1
1
cos(57.9946 )
sin(35.7067 ) sin(57.9946 )
cos(35.6553 )
cos(57.9946 ) tan(35.7067 ) sin(57.9946 )
cos(57.9946 ) tan(35.7067 ) sin(57.9946 ) 1.2289
F F P
F P
P P
F
+ =
+ =
= =
+

For the given load of P = 50 kN, the internal force in rod (1) is therefore:

1
50 kN
40.6856 kN
1.2289
F = =
Backsubstituting this result into Eq. (c) gives force F
2
:
2 1
cos(57.9946 ) cos(57.9946 )
(40.6856 kN) 26.5553 kN
cos(35.7067 ) cos(35.7067 )
F F

= = =

The normal stress in rod (1) must be limited to 130 MPa; therefore, the minimum cross-sectional area
required for rod (1) is

2 1
1, min
2
1
(40.6856 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
312.9664 mm
130 N/mm
F
A
o
> = =

2 2
1, min 1 1
312.9664 mm 19.9620 19.
4
96 mm mm A d d
t
= > > = Ans.

The minimum area required for rod (2) is

2 2
2, min
2
2
(26.5553 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
204.2718 mm
130 N/mm
F
A
o
> = =

2 2
2,min 2 2
204.2718 mm 16.1272 16.
4
13 mm mm A d d
t
= > > = Ans.

1.10 Two solid cylindrical rods
support a load of P = 27 kN, as
shown in Fig. P1.10. Rod (1) has a
diameter of 16 mm and the diameter
of rod (2) is 12 mm. Determine the
normal stress in each rod.
Fig. P1.10
Solution
Consider a FBD of joint B. Determine the angle o between
rod (1) and the horizontal axis:

4.0 m
tan 1.600 57.9946
2.5 m
o o = = =
and the angle | between rod (2) and the horizontal axis:

2.3 m
tan 0.7188 35.7067
3.2 m
| | = = =

Write equilibrium equations for the sum of forces in the
horizontal and vertical directions. Note: Rods (1) and (2)
are two-force members.

2 1
cos(35.7067 ) cos(57.9946 ) 0
x
F F F E = = (a)

2 1
sin(35.7067 ) sin(57.9946 ) 0
y
F F F P E = + = (b)

Unknown forces F
1
and F
2
can be found from the simultaneous solution of Eqs. (a) and (b). Using the
substitution method, Eq. (b) can be solved for F
2
in terms of F
1
:

2 1
cos(57.9946 )
cos(35.7067 )
F F

=
(c)
Substituting Eq. (c) into Eq. (b) gives

| |
1 1
1
1
cos(57.9946 )
sin(35.7067 ) sin(57.9946 )
cos(35.6553 )
cos(57.9946 ) tan(35.7067 ) sin(57.9946 )
cos(57.9946 ) tan(35.7067 ) sin(57.9946 ) 1.2289
F F P
F P
P P
F
+ =
+ =
= =
+

For the given load of P = 27 kN, the internal force in rod (1) is therefore:

1
27 kN
21.9702 kN
1.2289
F = =
Backsubstituting this result into Eq. (c) gives force F
2
:
2 1
cos(57.9946 ) cos(57.9946 )
(21.9702 kN) 14.3399 kN
cos(35.7067 ) cos(35.7067 )
F F

= = =

The diameter of rod (1) is 16 mm; therefore, its cross-sectional area is:

2 2
1
(16 mm) 201.0619 mm
4
A
t
= =
and the normal stress in rod (1) is:

2 1
1
2
1
(21.9702 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
109.2710 N/mm
201.0
109.3 MPa (T)
619 mm
F
A
o = = = = Ans.

The diameter of rod (2) is 12 mm; therefore, its cross-sectional area is:

2 2
2
(12 mm) 113.0973 mm
4
A
t
= =
and the normal stress in rod (2) is:

2 2
2
2
2
(14.3399 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
126.7924 N/mm
113.0
126.8 MPa (T)
973 mm
F
A
o = = = = Ans.


1.11 A simple pin-connected truss is loaded
and supported as shown in Fig. P1.11. All
members of the truss are aluminum pipes that
have an outside diameter of 4.00 in. and a wall
thickness of 0.226 in. Determine the normal
stress in each truss member.

Fig. P1.11
Solution
Overall equilibrium:
Begin the solution by determining the
external reaction forces acting on the
truss at supports A and B. Write
equilibrium equations that include all
external forces. Note that only the
external forces (i.e., loads and
reaction forces) are considered at this
time. The internal forces acting in the
truss members will be considered
after the external reactions have been
computed. The free-body diagram
(FBD) of the entire truss is shown.
The following equilibrium equations
can be written for this structure:

2 kips
2 ki
0
ps
x
x
x
F A
A
E = + =
=

(6 ft) (5 kips)(14 ft) (2 kips)(7 ft)
14 kips
0
y
A y
B
B
M E =
=
=

5 kips 0
9 kips
y y y
y
F A B
A =
E = + =

Method of joints:
Before beginning the process of determining the internal forces in the axial members, the geometry of
the truss will be used to determine the magnitude of the inclination angles of members AC and BC. Use
the definition of the tangent function to determine u
AC
and u
BC
:

7 ft
tan 0.50 26.565
14 ft
7 ft
tan 0.875 41.186
8 ft
AC AC
BC BC
u u
u u
= = =
= = =

Joint A:
Begin the solution process by considering a FBD of joint A. Consider
only those forces acting directly on joint A. In this instance, two axial
members, AB and AC, are connected at joint A. Additionally, two
reaction forces, A
x
and A
y
, act at joint A. Tension forces will be
assumed in each truss member.
cos(26.565 ) 0
x AC AB x
F F F A E = + + = (a)
sin(26.565 ) 0
y AC y
F F A E = + = (b)

Solve Eq. (b) for F
AC
:

9 kips
sin(26.565 ) sin(26.5
20.125 kip
65 )
s
y
AC
A
F

= = =

and then compute F
AB
using Eq. (a):

cos(26.565 )
(20.125 kips) cos(26.5 16.000 kips 65 ) ( 2 kips)
AB AC x
F F A =
= =

Joint B:
Next, consider a FBD of joint B. In this instance, the equilibrium
equations associated with joint B seem easier to solve than those that
would pertain to joint C. As before, tension forces will be assumed in
each truss member.
cos(41.186 ) 0
x AB BC
F F F E = + = (c)
sin(41.186 ) 0
y BC y
F F B E = + = (d)

Solve Eq. (d) for F
BC
:

14 kips
sin(41.186 ) sin(41.18
21.260 kip
6
s
)
y
BC
B
F = = =

Eq. (c) can be used as a check on our calculations:

cos(41.186 )
( 16.000 kips) ( 21.260 kips) cos(41.186 ) 0
x AB BC
F F F E = +
= + = Checks!

Section properties:
For each of the three truss members:

2 2 2
4.00 in. 2(0.226 in.) 3.548 in. (4.00 in.) (3.548 in.) 2.67954 in.
4
d A
t
= = = =

Normal stress in each truss member:

2
16.000 kips
5.971 ksi
2.67954
5.97 ksi (C)
in.
AB
AB
AB
F
A
o

= = = = Ans.

2
20.125 kips
7.510 ksi
2.67954
7.51 ksi (T)
in.
AC
AC
AC
F
A
o = = = = Ans.

2
21.260 kips
7.934 ksi
2.67954
7.93 ksi (C)
in.
BC
BC
BC
F
A
o

= = = = Ans.


have an outside diameter of 60 mm and a wall
thickness of 4 mm. Determine the normal

Fig. P1.12
Solution
external reaction forces acting on the truss at
supports A and B. Write equilibrium
equations that include all external forces.
Note that only the external forces (i.e., loads
and reaction forces) are considered at this
time. The internal forces acting in the truss
members will be considered after the external
reactions have been computed. The free-
body diagram (FBD) of the entire truss is
shown. The following equilibrium equations
can be written for this structure:

12 k
12
N 0
kN
x
x x
F A
A
E = + =
=

(1 m) (15 kN)(4.3 m) 0
64.5 kN
y
A y
B
B
M E = =
=

15 kN
49.5 kN
0
y
y y y
F
A
A B
=
E = + =

Method of joints:
the truss will be used to determine the magnitude of the inclination angles of members AB and BC. Use
AB
and u
BC
:

1.5 m
tan 1.50 56.310
1.0 m
1.5 m
tan 0.454545 24.444
3.3 m
AB AB
BC BC
u u
u u
= = =
= = =

Joint A:
reaction forces, A
x
and A
y
, act at joint A. Tension forces will be assumed
in each truss member.
cos(56.310 ) 0
x AC AB x
F F F A E = + + = (a)
sin(56.310 ) 0
y y AB
F A F E = = (b)

Solve Eq. (b) for F
AB
:

49.5 kN
sin(56.310 ) sin(56.310 )
59.492 kN
y
AB
A
F

= = =

and then compute F
AC
using Eq. (a):

cos(56.310 )
( 59.492 kN)cos(56.3 45.000 10 ) ( 12 kN) kN
AC AB x
F F A =
= =

Joint C:
Next, consider a FBD of joint C. In this instance, the equilibrium
equations associated with joint C seem easier to solve than those that
would pertain to joint B. As before, tension forces will be assumed in
each truss member.
cos(24.444 ) 12 kN 0
x AC BC
F F F E = + = (c)
sin(24.444 ) 15 kN 0
y BC
F F E = = (d)

Solve Eq. (d) for F
BC
:

15 kN
sin(24.444 )
36.249 kN
BC
F

= =

Eq. (c) can be used as a check on our calculations:

cos(24.444 ) 12 kN 0
(45.000 kN) ( 36.249 kN) cos(24.444 ) 12 kN 0
x AC BC
F F F E = + =
= + = Checks!

Section properties:

2 2 2
60 mm 2(4 mm) 52 mm (60 mm) (52 mm) 703.7168 mm
4
d A
t
= = = =


2
( 59.492 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
84.539 MPa
70
84.5 MPa (C)
3.7168 mm
AB
AB
AB
F
A
o

= = = = Ans.

2
(45.000 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
63.946 MPa
70
63.9 MPa
3.7168
)
mm
(T
AC
AC
AC
F
A
o = = = = Ans.

2
( 36.249 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
51.511 MPa
70
51.5 MPa (C)
3.7168 mm
BC
BC
BC
F
A
o

= = = = Ans.

have an outside diameter of 42 mm and a wall
thickness of 3.5 mm. Determine the normal

Fig. P1.13
Solution
Begin the solution by determining the external
reaction forces acting on the truss at supports A
and B. Write equilibrium equations that include all
external forces. Note that only the external forces
(i.e., loads and reaction forces) are considered at
this time. The internal forces acting in the truss
members will be considered after the external
reactions have been computed. The free-body
diagram (FBD) of the entire truss is shown. The
following equilibrium equations can be written for
this structure:

30 kN
30 kN
0
y
y
y
F A
A =
E = =

(30 kN)(4.5 m) (15 kN)(1.6 m) (5.6 m)
19.821 kN
0
x
A x
B
M B E = =

+
=

15 kN 0
15 kN 15 kN ( 19.821 kN 34.821 ) kN
x x
x x
x
x
F A B
A A B
E = + =
= = =

Method of joints:
the truss will be used to determine the magnitude of the inclination angles of members AC and BC. Use
AC
and u
BC
:

1.6 m
tan 0.355556 19.573
4.5 m
4 m
tan 0.888889 41.634
4.5 m
AC AC
BC BC
u u
u u
= = =
= = =

Joint A:
reaction forces, A
x
and A
y
cos(19.573 ) 0
x x AC
F A F E = = (a)
sin(19.573 ) 0
y y AC AB
F A F F E = = (b)

Solve Eq. (a) for F
AC
:

34.821 kN
cos(19.573 ) cos(19.573 )
36.957 kN
x
AC
A
F = = =

and then compute F
AB
using Eq. (b):

sin(19.573 )
(30.000 kN) (36.957 kN)sin(19. 17.619 573 ) kN
AB y AC
F A F =
= =
Joint B:
each truss member.
cos(41.634 ) 0
x x BC
F B F E = = (c)
sin(41.634 ) 0
y BC AB
F F F E = + = (d)

Solve Eq. (c) for F
BC
:

( 19.821 kN)
cos(41.634 ) cos(41.634 )
26.520 kN
x
BC
B
F

= = =

Eq. (d) can be used as a check on our calculations:

sin(41.634 )
( 26.520 kN)sin(41.634 ) (17.619 kN) 0
y BC AB
F F F E = +
= + = Checks!

Section properties:

2 2 2
42 mm 2(3.5 mm) 35 mm (42 mm) (35 mm) 423.3296 mm
4
d A
t
= = = =


2
(17.619 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
41.620 MPa
42
41.6 MPa
3.3296
)
mm
(T
AB
AB
AB
F
A
o = = = = Ans.

2
(36.957 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
87.301 MPa
42
87.3 MPa
3.3296
)
mm
(T
AC
AC
AC
F
A
o = = = = Ans.

2
( 26.520 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
62.647 MPa
42
62.6 MPa (C)
3.3296 mm
BC
BC
BC
F
A
o

= = = = Ans.

1.14 The members of the truss shown in Fig.
P1.14 are aluminum pipes that have an outside
diameter of 4.50 in. and a wall thickness of
0.237 in. Determine the normal stress in each
truss member.

Fig. P1.14
Solution
external reaction forces acting on the truss at
supports A and B. Write equilibrium
equations that include all external forces.
Note that only the external forces (i.e., loads
and reaction forces) are considered at this
time. The internal forces acting in the truss
members will be considered after the
external reactions have been computed. The
free-body diagram (FBD) of the entire truss
is shown. The following equilibrium
equations can be written for this structure:

(15 kips)cos5
9.642 k
0
ip
0
s
x
x x
F A
A
E = + =
=

(4 ft) (15 kips)(4 ft)cos50 (15 kips)(18 ft)sin50 0
61.350 kips
(15 kips)sin50
49.859 kips
0
A y
y y y
y
y
M B
F A B
B
A
=
=
E = =
E = +
=

Method of joints:
the truss will be used to determine the magnitude of the inclination angles of members AB, AC, and BC.
Use the definition of the tangent function to determine u
AB
, u
AC
, and u
BC
:

6 ft
tan 1.5 56.3099
4 ft
4 ft
tan 0.222222 12.5288
18 ft
10 ft
tan 0.714286 35.5377
14 ft
AB AB
AC AC
BC BC
u u
u u
u u
= = =
= = =
= = =

Joint A:
reaction forces, A
x
and A
y
cos(12.5288 ) cos(56.3099 ) 0
x AC AB x
F F F A E = + + = (a)
sin(12.5288 ) sin(56.3099 ) 0
y AC AB y
F F F A E = + = (b)

Solve Eqs. (a) and (b) simultaneously to obtain:

49.948 kips
38.259 kips
AB
AC
F
F
=
=

Joint B:
each truss member.
cos(35.5377 ) cos(56.3099 ) 0
x BC AB
F F F E = = (c)
sin(35.5377 ) sin(56.3099 ) 0
y BC AB y
F F F B E = + + = (d)

Solve Eq. (c) for F
BC
:

cos(56.3099 ) cos(56.3099 )
( 49.9484)
cos(35.5377 ) cos(35.5377
34.048 k s
)
ip
BC AB
F F

= = =

Eq. (d) can be used as a check on our calculations:

sin(35.5377 ) sin(56.3099 )
( 34.0485 kips)sin(35.5377 ) ( 49.9484 kips)sin(56.3099 ) 61.350 kips 0
y BC AB y
F F F B E = + +
= + + = Checks!

Section properties:

2 2 2
4.50 in. 2(0.237 in.) 4.026 in. (4.50 in.) (4.026 in.) 3.17405 in.
4
d A
t
= = = =


2
49.948 kips
15.736 ksi
3.17405
15.74 ksi (C
in
)
.
AB
AB
AB
F
A
o

= = = = Ans.

2
38.259 kips
12.054 ksi
3.17405
12.05 ksi (T
n
)
i .
AC
AC
AC
F
A
o = = = = Ans.

2
34.048 kips
10.727 ksi
3.17405
10.73 ksi (C
in
)
.
BC
BC
BC
F
A
o

= = = = Ans.

1.15 Bar (1) in Fig. P1.15 has a cross-
sectional area of 0.75 in.
2
. If the stress in bar
(1) must be limited to 30 ksi, determine the
maximum load P that may be supported by
the structure.

Fig. P1.15

Solution
Given that the cross-sectional area of bar (1) is 0.75 in.
2
and its normal stress must be limited to 30 ksi,
the maximum force that may be carried by bar (1) is

2
1,max 1 1
(30 ksi)(0.75 in. ) 22.5 kips F A o = = =

Consider a FBD of ABC. From the moment equilibrium
equation about joint A, the relationship between the force in
bar (1) and the load P is:

1
1
(6 ft) (10 ft) 0
6 ft
10 ft
A
M F P
P F
E = =
=

Substitute the maximum force F
1,max
= 22.5 kips into this relationship to obtain the maximum load that
may be applied to the structure:

1
6 ft 6 ft
(22.5 kips)
10 ft 10 ft
13.50 kips P F = = = Ans.

1.16 Two 6 in. wide wooden boards are to
be joined by splice plates that will be fully
glued on the contact surfaces. The glue to
be used can safely provide a shear strength
of 120 psi. Determine the smallest
allowable length L that can be used for the
splice plates for an applied load of P =
10,000 lb. Note that a gap of 0.5 in. is
required between boards (1) and (2).

Fig. P1.16
Solution
Consider a FBD of board (2). The glue on the splice plates provides resistance to the 10,000 lb applied
load on both the top and bottom surfaces of board (2). Denoting the shear resistance on a glue surface as
V, equilibrium in the horizontal direction requires

0
10, 000 lb
5, 000 lb
2
x
F P V V
V
E = =
= =

In other words, each glue surface must be large enough so that 5,000 lb of shear resistance can be
provided to board (2). Since the glue has a shear strength of 120 psi, the area of each glue surface on
board (2) must be at least

2
min
5, 000 lb
41.6667 in.
120 psi
A > =
The boards are 6-in. wide; therefore, glue must be spread along board (2) for a length of at least

2
glue joint
41.6667 in.
6.9444 in.
6 in.
L > =
Although weve discussed only board (2), the same rationale applies to board (1). For both boards (1)
and (2), the glue must be applied along a length of at least 6.9444 in. on both the top and bottom of the
boards in order to resist the 10,000 lb applied load.

The glue applied to boards (1) and (2) must be matched by glue applied to the splice plates. Therefore,
the splice plates must be at least 6.9444 in. + 6.9444 in. = 13.8889 in. long. However, we are told that a
0.5-in. gap is required between boards (1) and (2); therefore, the splice plates must be 0.5-in. longer.
Altogether, the length of the splice plates must be at least

min
6.9444 in. 6.9444 in. 0.5 in 14.39 in. . L = + + = Ans.

1.17 For the clevis connection shown in Fig. P1.17,
determine the shear stress in the 22-mm diameter bolt
for an applied load of P = 90 kN.

Fig. P1.17
Solution
Consider a FBD of the bar that is connected by the clevis,
including a portion of the bolt. If the shear force acting on each
exposed surface of the bolt is denoted by V, then the shear force
on each bolt surface is

90 kN
0 45 kN
2
x
F P V V V E = = = =

The area of the bolt surface exposed by the FBD is simply the cross-sectional area of the bolt:

2 2 2
bolt bolt
(22 mm) 380.1327 mm
4 4
A d
t t
= = =

Therefore, the shear stress in the bolt is

2
2
bolt
(45 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
118.3797 N/mm
380.1
118.4 MPa
327 mm
V
A
t = = = = Ans.

1.18 For the clevis connection shown in Fig.
P1.18, the shear stress in the 3/8 in. diameter
bolt must be limited to 36 ksi. Determine the
maximum load P that may be applied to the
connection.
Fig. P1.18
Solution
Consider a FBD of the bar that is connected by the clevis,
including a portion of the bolt. If the shear force acting on each
exposed surface of the bolt is denoted by V, then the shear force
on each bolt surface is related to the load P by:
0 2
x
F P V V P V E = = =

The area of the bolt surface exposed by the FBD is simply the cross-sectional area of the bolt:

2 2 2 2
bolt bolt
(3 / 8 in.) (0.3750 in.) 0.1104466 in.
4 4 4
A d
t t t
= = = =

If the shear stress in the bolt must be limited to 36 ksi, the maximum shear force V on a single cross-
sectional surface must be limited to

2
bolt
(36 ksi)(0.1104466 in. ) 3.976078 kips V A t = = =

Therefore, the maximum load P that may be applied to the connection is
2 2(3.976078 kips) 7.952156 k 7 ips .95 kips P V = = = = Ans.

1.19 For the connection shown in Fig. P1.19,
determine the average shear stress in the 7/8-in.
diameter bolts if the load is P = 45 kips.

Fig. P1.19
Solution
The bolts in this connection act in single shear. The cross-sectional area of a single bolt is

2 2 2 2
bolt bolt
(7 / 8 in.) (0.875 in.) 0.6013205 in.
4 4 4
A d
t t t
= = = =
Since there are five bolts, the total area that carries shear stress is

2 2
bolt
5 5(0.6013205 in. ) 3.006602 in.
V
A A = = =
Therefore, the shear stress in each bolt is

2
45 kips
14.96706 ksi
3.006602 in.
14.97 ksi
V
P
A
t = = = = Ans.

1.20 The five-bolt connection shown in Fig.
P1.20 must support an applied load of P = 300
kN. If the average shear stress in the bolts must
be limited to 225 MPa, determine the minimum
bolt diameter that may be used in the connection.

Fig P1.20
Solution
To support a load of 300 kN while not exceeding an average shear stress of 225 MPa, the total shear
area provided by the bolts must be at least

2
2
(300 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
1,333.3333 mm
225 N/mm
V
P
A
t
> = =
Since there are five single-shear bolts in this connection, five cross-sectional surfaces carry shear stress.
Consequently, each bolt must provide a minimum area of

2
2
bolt
1,333.3333 mm
266.6667 mm
5 5
V
A
A > = =
The minimum bolt diameter is therefore

2 2
bolt bolt bolt
18.43 266.6667 mm 18.42 mm 64 mm
4
A d d
t
> = > = Ans.

1.21 The three-bolt connection shown in Fig. P1.21
must support an applied load of P = 40 kips. If the
average shear stress in the bolts must be limited to
24 ksi, determine the minimum bolt diameter that
may be used in the connection.

Fig. P1.21
Solution
The shear force V that must be provided by the bolts equals the applied load of P = 40 kips. The total
shear area required is thus

2
40 kips
1.66667 in.
24 ksi
V
V
A
t
> = =
The three bolts in this connection act in double shear; therefore, six cross-sectional bolt surfaces are
available to transmit shear stress.

2
2
bolt
1.66667 in.
0.27778 in. per surface
(2 surfaces per bolt)(3 bolts) 6 surfaces
V
A
A = = =
The minimum bolt diameter must be

2 2
bolt bolt
0.27778 in. 0.59471 in. 0.595 i .
4
n d d
t
> > = Ans.

1.22 For the connection shown in Fig. P1.22,
the average shear stress in the 12-mm-diameter
bolts must be limited to 160 MPa. Determine
the maximum load P that may be applied to the
connection.

Fig. P1.22
Solution
The cross-sectional area of a 12-mm-diameter bolt is

2 2 2
bolt bolt
(12 mm) 113.097355 mm
4 4
A d
t t
= = =
This is a double-shear connection. Therefore, the three bolts provide a total shear area of

2 2
bolt
2(3 bolts) 2(3 bolts)(113.097355 mm ) 678.58401 mm
V
A A = = =
Since the shear stress must be limited to 160 MPa, the total shear force that can be resisted by the three
bolts is

2 2
max
(160 N/mm )(678.58401 mm ) 108,573.442 N
V
V A t = = =
In this connection, the shear force in the bolts is equal to the applied load P; therefore,

max
108.6 kN P = Ans.

1.23 A hydraulic punch press is used to
punch a slot in a 0.50-in. thick plate, as
illustrated in Fig. P1.23. If the plate shears
at a stress of 30 ksi, determine the
minimum force P required to punch the
slot.

Fig. P1.23
Solution
The shear stress associated with removal of the slug exists on its perimeter. The perimeter of the slug is
given by
perimeter 2(3.00 in.) + (0.75 in.) 8.35619 in. t = =
Thus, the area subjected to shear stress is

2
perimeter plate thickness (8.35619 in.)(0.50 in.) 4.17810 in.
V
A = = =
Given that the plate shears at t = 30 ksi, the force required to remove the slug is therefore

2
min
(30 ksi)(4.17810 in. ) 125.343 kips 125.3 kips
V
P A t = = = = Ans.

1.24 A coupling is used to connect a 2 in. diameter
plastic pipe (1) to a 1.5 in. diameter pipe (2), as
shown in Fig. P1.24. If the average shear stress in
the adhesive must be limited to 400 psi, determine
the minimum lengths L
1
and L
2
required for the joint
if the applied load P is 5,000 lb.

Fig. P1.24
Solution
To resist a shear force of 5,000 lb, the area of adhesive required on each pipe is

2
adhesive
5, 000 lb
12.5 in.
400 psi
V
V
A
t
= = =

Consider the coupling on pipe (1). The adhesive is applied to the circumference of the pipe, and the
circumference C
1
of pipe (1) is

1 1
(2.0 in.) 6.2832 in. C D t t = = =
The minimum length L
1
is therefore

2
1
1
12.5 in.
1.9894 in.
6.2832 i
1.989 i
n
n.
.
V
A
L
C
> = = = Ans.

Consider the coupling on pipe (2). The circumference C
2
of pipe (2) is

2 2
(1.5 in.) 4.7124 in. C D t t = = =
The minimum length L
2
is therefore

2
2
2
12.5 in.
2.6526 in.
4.7124
2.65 in.
in.
V
A
L
C
> = = = Ans.

1.25 A lever is attached to a shaft with a
square shear key, as shown in Fig. P1.25.
The force applied to the lever is P = 400 N.
If the shear stress in the key must not exceed
90 MPa, determine the minimum dimension
a that must be used if the key is 15 mm
long.

Fig. P1.25
Solution
To determine the shear force V that must be resisted by the shear key, sum moments about the center of
the shaft (which will be denoted O):

50 mm
(400 N)(750 mm) 0 12, 000 N
2
O
M V V
| |
E = + = =
|
\ .

Since the shear stress in the key must not exceed 90 MPa, the shear area required is

2
2
12, 000 N
133.3333 mm
90 N/mm
V
V
A
t
> = =
The shear area in the key is given by the product of its length L (i.e., 15 mm) and its width a. Therefore,
the minimum key width a is

2
133.3333 mm
8.8889 mm
15
8.89 mm
mm
V
A
a
L
> = = = Ans.

1.26 A common trailer hitch connection is shown in
Fig. P1.26. The shear stress in the pin must be limited
to 30,000 psi. If the applied load is P = 4,000 lb,
determine the minimum diameter that must be used
for the pin.

Fig. P1.26
Solution
The shear force V acting in the hitch pin is equal to the applied load; therefore, V = P = 4,000 lb. The
shear area required to support a 4,000 lb shear force is

2
4, 000 lb
0.1333 in.
30, 000 psi
V
V
A
t
> = =
The hitch pin is used in a double-shear connection; therefore, two cross-sectional areas of the pin are
subjected to shear stress. Thus, the cross-sectional area of the pin is given by

2
2
pin pin
0.1333 in.
2 0.0667 in.
2 2
V
V
A
A A A = = = =
and the minimum pin diameter is

2 2
pin pin
0.0667 in. 0.2913 in. 0.291 n.
4
i d d
t
> > = Ans.

1.27 An axial load P is supported by a short steel
column, which has a cross-sectional area of
11,400 mm
2
. If the average normal stress in the steel
column must not exceed 110 MPa, determine the
minimum required dimension a so that the bearing
stress between the base plate and the concrete slab does
not exceed 8 MPa.

Fig. P1.27
Solution
Since the normal stress in the steel column must not exceed 110 MPa, the maximum column load is

2 2
max
(110 N/mm )(11, 400 mm ) 1, 254, 000 N P A o = = =
The maximum column load must be distributed over a large enough area so that the bearing stress
between the base plate and the concrete slab does not exceed 8 MPa; therefore, the minimum plate area
is

2
min 2
1, 254, 000 N
156, 750 mm
8 N/mm
b
P
A
o
= = =
Since the plate is square, the minimum plate dimension a must be

2
min
396
156,
mm
750 mm
395.9167 mm
A a a
a
= =
> = Ans.

1.28 The steel pipe column shown in Fig. P1.28 has an
outside diameter of 8.625 in. and a wall thickness of 0.25
in. The timber beam is 10.75 in wide, and the upper plate
has the same width. The load imposed on the column by
the timber beam is 80 kips. Determine
(a) The average bearing stress at the surfaces between the
pipe column and the upper and lower steel bearing
plates.
(b) The length L of the rectangular upper bearing plate if
its width is 10.75 in. and the average bearing stress
between the steel plate and the wood beam is not to
exceed 500 psi.
(c) The dimension a of the square lower bearing plate if
the average bearing stress between the lower bearing
plate and the concrete slab is not to exceed 900 psi.

Fig. P1.28
Solution
(a) The area of contact between the pipe column and one of the bearing plates is simply the cross-
sectional area of the pipe. To calculate the pipe area, we must first calculate the pipe inside diameter d:
2 2 8.625 in. 2(0.25 in.) 8.125 in. D d t d D t = + = = =
The pipe cross-sectional area is

2 2 2 2 2
pipe
(8.625 in.) (8.125 in.) 6.5777 in.
4 4
A D d
t t
= = =

Therefore, the bearing stress between the pipe and one of the bearing plates is

2
80 kips
12.1623 ksi
6.5777 in.
12.16 ksi
b
b
P
A
o = = = = Ans.

(b) The bearing stress between the timber beam and the upper bearing plate must not exceed 500 psi
(i.e., 0.5 ksi). To support a load of 80 kips, the contact area must be at least

2
80 kips
160 in.
0.5 ksi
b
b
P
A
o
> = =
If the width of the timber beam is 10.75 in., then the length L of the upper bearing plate must be

2
160 in.
14.8837 in.
beam width 10.75
14.88 in

.
in.
b
A
L > = = = Ans.

(c) The bearing stress between the concrete slab and the lower bearing plate must not exceed 900 psi
(i.e., 0.9 ksi). To support the 80-kip pipe load, the contact area must be at least

2
80 kips
88.8889 in.
0.9 ksi
b
b
P
A
o
> = =
Since the lower bearing plate is square, its dimension a must be

2
88.8889 in. 9.4 9.43 in 281 n. . i
b
A a a a = = > = Ans.

1.29 A vertical shaft is supported by a thrust
collar and bearing plate, as shown in Fig.
P1.29. The average shear stress in the collar
must be limited to 18 ksi. The average bearing
stress between the collar and the plate must be
limited to 24 ksi. Based on these limits,
determine the maximum axial load P that can
be applied to the shaft.

Fig. P1.29
Solution
Consider collar shear stress: The area subjected to shear stress in the collar is equal to the product of
the shaft circumference and the collar thickness; therefore,

2
shaft circumference collar thickness (1.0 in.)(0.5 in.) 1.5708 in.
V
A t = = =
If the shear stress must not exceed 18 ksi, the maximum load that can be supported by the vertical shaft
is:

2
(18 ksi)(1.5708 in. ) 28.2743 kips
V
P A t s = =

Consider collar bearing stress: We must determine the area of contact between the collar and the
plate. The overall cross-sectional area of the collar is

2 2
collar
(1.5 in.) 1.7671 in.
4
A
t
= =
is reduced by the area taken up by the shaft

2 2
shaft
(1.0 in.) 0.7854 in.
4
A
t
= =
Therefore, the area of the collar that actually contacts the plate is

2 2 2
collar shaft
1.7671 in. 0.7854 in. 0.9817 in.
b
A A A = = =
If the bearing stress must not exceed 24 ksi, the maximum load that can be supported by the vertical
shaft is:

2
(24 ksi)(0.9817 in. ) 23.5619 kips
b b
P A o s = =

Controlling P: Considering both shear stress in the collar and bearing stress between the collar and the
plate, the maximum load that can be supported by the shaft is

max
23.6 kips P = Ans.

1.30 A structural steel bar with a 25 mm 75 mm rectangular cross section is subjected to an axial
load of 150 kN. Determine the maximum normal and shear stresses in the bar.

Solution
The maximum normal stress in the steel bar is

max
(150 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
(25 mm)(75 mm)
80 MPa
F
A
o = = = Ans.
The maximum shear stress is one-half of the maximum normal stress

max
max
2
40 MPa
o
t = = Ans.

1.31 A steel rod of circular cross section will be used to carry an axial load of 92 kips. The maximum
stresses in the rod must be limited to 30 ksi in tension and 12 ksi in shear. Determine the required
diameter for the rod.

Solution
Based on the allowable 30 ksi tension stress limit, the minimum cross-sectional area of the rod is

2
min
max
92 kips
3.0667 in.
30 ksi
F
A
o
= = =
For the 12-ksi shear stress limit, the minimum cross-sectional area of the rod must be

2
min
max
92 kips
3.8333 in.
2 2(12 ksi)
F
A
t
= = =
Therefore, the rod must have a cross-sectional area of at least 3.8333 in.
2
in order to satisfy both the
normal and shear stress limits.

The minimum rod diameter D is therefore

2 2
min min
3.8333 in. 2.2092 in. 2.21 in.
4
d d
t
> = = Ans.

1.32 An axial load P is applied to the
rectangular bar shown in Fig. P1.32. The
cross-sectional area of the bar is 400 mm
2
.
Determine the normal stress perpendicular to
plane AB and the shear stress parallel to
plane AB if the bar is subjected to an axial
load of P = 70 kN.

Fig. P1.32
Solution
The angle u for the inclined plane is 35. The
normal force N perpendicular to plane AB is
found from
cos (40 kN)cos35 57.3406 kN N P u = = =

and the shear force V parallel to plane AB is
sin (70 kN)sin35 40.1504 kN V P u = = =

The cross-sectional area of the bar is 400 mm
2
, but the area along inclined plane AB is

2
2
400 mm
488.3098 mm
cos cos35
n
A
A
u
= = =

The normal stress o
n
perpendicular to plane AB is

2
(57.3406 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
117.4268 MPa
488
117.4 MP
.3098 mm
a
n
n
N
A
o = = = = Ans.

The shear stress t
nt
parallel to plane AB is

2
(40.1504 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
82.2231 MPa
4
82.2 MP
88.309
a
8 mm
nt
n
V
A
t = = = = Ans.

1.33 An axial load P is applied to the 1.75 in.
by 0.75 in. rectangular bar shown in Fig.
P1.33. Determine the normal stress
perpendicular to plane AB and the shear stress
parallel to plane AB if the bar is subjected to
an axial load of P = 18 kips.

Fig. P1.33
Solution
The angle u for the inclined plane is 60. The
normal force N perpendicular to plane AB is
found from
cos (18 kips)cos60 9.0 kips N P u = = =

sin (18 kips)sin60 15.5885 kips V P u = = =

The cross-sectional area of the bar is (1.75 in.)(0.75 in.) = 1.3125 in.
2
, but the area along inclined plane
AB is

2
2
1.3125 in.
/ cos 2.6250 in.
cos60
n
A A u = = =

The normal stress o
n

2
9.0 kips
3.4286 ksi
2.6250 in
3.43 ks
.
i
n
n
N
A
o = = = = Ans.

The shear stress t
nt

2
15.5885 kips
5.9385 ksi
2.6250
5.94 ks
i
i
n.
nt
n
V
A
t = = = = Ans.

1.34 A compression load of P = 80 kips is applied to a 4 in.
by 4 in. square post, as shown in Fig. P1.34. Determine the
normal stress perpendicular to plane AB and the shear stress
parallel to plane AB.
Fig. P1.34

Solution
The angle u for the inclined plane is 55. The normal force N
perpendicular to plane AB is found from
cos (80 kips)cos55 45.8861 kips N P u = = =

sin (80 kips)sin55 65.5322 kips V P u = = =

The cross-sectional area of the post is (4 in.)(4 in.) = 16 in.
2
, but the area
along inclined plane AB is

2
2
16 in.
/ cos 27.8951 in.
cos55
n
A A u = = =

The normal stress o
n

2
45.8861 kips
1.6449 ksi
27.8951
1.645 ksi
in.
n
n
N
A
o = = = = Ans.

The shear stress t
nt

2
65.5322 kips
2.3492 ksi
27.8951
2.35 ks
i
i
n.
nt
n
V
A
t = = = = Ans.

1.35 Specifications for the 50 mm 50 mm square bar
shown in Fig. P1.35 require that the normal and shear
stresses on plane AB not exceed 120 MPa and 90 MPa,
respectively. Determine the maximum load P that can be
applied without exceeding the specifications.
Fig. P1.35
Solution
The general equations for normal and shear stresses on an inclined plane in terms of the angle u are
(1 cos 2 )
2
n
P
A
o u = + (a)
and
sin 2
2
nt
P
A
t u = (b)
The cross-sectional area of the square bar is A = (50 mm)
2
= 2,500 mm
2
, and the angle u for plane AB is
55.

The normal stress on plane AB is limited to 120 MPa; therefore, the maximum load P that can be
supported by the square bar is found from Eq. (a):

2 2
2 2(2,500 mm )(120 N/mm )
911,882 N
1 cos 2 1 cos 2(55 )
n
A
P
o
u
s = =
+ +

The shear stress on plane AB is limited to 90 MPa. From Eq. (b), the maximum load P based the shear
stress limit is

2 2
2 2(2,500 mm )(90 N/mm )
478,880 N
sin 2 sin 2(55 )
nt
A
P
t
u
s = =

Thus, the maximum load that can be supported by the bar is

max
479 kN P = Ans.

1.36 Specifications for the 6 in. 6 in. square post shown in
Fig. P1.36 require that the normal and shear stresses on plane
AB not exceed 800 psi and 400 psi, respectively. Determine
the maximum load P that can be applied without exceeding
the specifications.
Fig. P1.36
Solution
(1 cos 2 )
2
n
P
A
o u = + (a)
and
sin 2
2
nt
P
A
t u = (b)
The cross-sectional area of the square post is A = (6 in.)
2
= 36 in.
2
, and the angle u for plane AB is 40.

The normal stress on plane AB is limited to 800 psi; therefore, the maximum load P that can be
supported by the square post is found from Eq. (a):

2
2 2(36 in. )(800 psi)
49, 078 lb
1 cos2 1 cos2(40 )
n
A
P
o
u
s = =
+ +

The shear stress on plane AB is limited to 400 psi. From Eq. (b), the maximum load P based the shear
stress limit is

2
2 2(36 in. )(400 psi)
29, 244 lb
sin2 sin2(40 )
nt
A
P
t
u
s = =

Thus, the maximum load that can be supported by the post is

max
29, 200 l 29.2 ip b k s P = = Ans.

1.37 A 90 mm wide bar will be used to carry an axial
tension load of 280 kN. The normal and shear stresses
on plane AB must be limited to 150 MPa and 100 MPa,
respectively. Determine the minimum thickness t
required for the bar.

Fig. P1.37
Solution
(1 cos 2 )
2
n
P
A
o u = + (a)
and
sin 2
2
nt
P
A
t u = (b)
The angle u for plane AB is 50.

The normal stress on plane AB is limited to 150 MPa; therefore, the minimum cross-sectional area A
required to support P = 280 kN can be found from Eq. (a):

2
2
(280 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
(1 cos 2 ) (1 cos 2(50 )) 771.2617 mm
2 2(150 N/mm )
n
P
A u
o
> + = + =

The shear stress on plane AB is limited to 100 MPa; therefore, the minimum cross-sectional area A
required to support P = 280 kN can be found from Eq. (b):

2
2
(280 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
sin 2 sin 2(50 ) 1, 378.7309 mm
2 2(100 N/mm )
nt
P
A u
t
> = =

To satisfy both the normal and shear stress requirements, the cross-sectional area must be at least A
min
=
1,379.7309 mm
2
. Since the bar width is 90 mm, the minimum bar thickness t must be

2
min
1,378.7309 mm
15.3192 mm
90 m
15.3
m
2 mm t = = = Ans.

1.38 A rectangular bar having width w = 6.00
in. and thickness t = 1.50 in. is subjected to a
tension load P. The normal and shear stresses
on plane AB must not exceed 16 ksi and 8 ksi,
respectively. Determine the maximum load P
that can be applied without exceeding either
stress limit.
Fig. P1.38
Solution
(1 cos 2 )
2
n
P
A
o u = + (a)
and
sin 2
2
nt
P
A
t u = (b)
The angle u for inclined plane AB is calculated from

3
tan 3 71.5651
1
u u = = =
The cross-sectional area of the bar is A = wt = (6.00 in.)(1.50 in.) = 9.0 in.
2
.

The normal stress on plane AB is limited to 16 ksi; therefore, the maximum load P can be found from
Eq. (a):

2
2 2(9.0 in. )(16 ksi)
1, 440 ksi
1 cos 2 1 cos 2(71.5651 )
n
A
P
o
u
s = =
+ +

The shear stress on plane AB is limited to 8 ksi. From Eq. (b), the maximum load P based the shear
stress limit is

2
2 2(9.0 in. )(8 ksi)
240 kips
sin2 sin2(71.5651 )
nt
A
P
t
u
s = =

Thus, the maximum load that can be supported by the bar is

max
240 kips P = Ans.

1.39 In Fig. P1.39, a rectangular bar having width
w = 1.25 in. and thickness t is subjected to a
tension load of P = 30 kips. The normal and shear
stresses on plane AB must not exceed 12 ksi and 8
ksi, respectively. Determine the minimum bar
thickness t required for the bar.

Fig. P1.39
Solution
(1 cos 2 )
2
n
P
A
o u = + (a)
and
sin 2
2
nt
P
A
t u = (b)
The angle u for inclined plane AB is calculated from

3
tan 3 71.5651
1
u u = = =

The normal stress on plane AB is limited to 12 ksi; therefore, the minimum cross-sectional area A
required to support P = 30 kips can be found from Eq. (a):

2
30 kips
(1 cos 2 ) (1 cos 2(71.5651 )) 0.2500 in.
2 2(12 ksi)
n
P
A u
o
> + = + =

The shear stress on plane AB is limited to 8 ksi; therefore, the minimum cross-sectional area A required
to support P = 30 kips can be found from Eq. (b):

2
30 kips
sin 2 sin 2(71.5651 ) 1.1250 in.
2 2(8 ksi)
nt
P
A u
t
> = =

To satisfy both the normal and shear stress requirements, the cross-sectional area must be at least A
min
=
1.1250 in.
2
. Since the bar width is 1.25 in., the minimum bar thickness t must be

2
min
1.1250 in.
0.900 in.
1.25 in
0.900 .
.
in t = = = Ans.

1.40 The rectangular bar has a width of w = 3.00
in. and a thickness of t = 2.00 in. The normal
stress on plane AB of the rectangular block
shown in Fig. P1.40 is 6 ksi (C) when the load P
is applied. Determine:
(a) the magnitude of load P.
(b) the shear stress on plane AB.
(c) the maximum normal and shear stresses in
the block at any possible orientation.

Fig. P1.40
Solution
The general equation for normal stress on an inclined plane in terms of the angle u is
(1 cos 2 )
2
n
P
A
o u = + (a)
and the angle u for inclined plane AB is

3
tan 0.75 36.8699
4
u u = = =
The cross-sectional area of the rectangular bar is A = (3.00 in.)(2.00 in.) = 6.00 in.
2
.

(a) Since the normal stress on plane AB is given as 6 ksi, the magnitude of load P can be calculated from
Eq. (a):

2
2 2(6.0 in. )(6 ksi)
56.25 kips
1 cos 2 1 co
56.3 kip
s 2(36.8699 )
s
n
A
P
o
u
= = = =
+ +
Ans.

(b) The general equation for shear stress on an inclined plane in terms of the angle u is
sin 2
2
nt
P
A
t u =
therefore, the shear stress on plane AB is

2
56.25 kips
sin2(36.8699 )
2(6.00 in. )
4.50 ksi
nt
t = = Ans.

(c) The maximum normal stress at any possible orientation is

max 2
56.25 kips
9.3750 ksi
6.00 i
9.38 k
n
si
.
P
A
o = = = = Ans.
and the maximum shear stress at any possible orientation in the block is

max 2
56.25 kips
4.6875 ksi
2 2(6.00
4.69 ksi
in. )
P
A
t = = = = Ans.

1.41 The rectangular bar has a width of w = 100
mm and a thickness of t = 75 mm. The shear stress
on plane AB of the rectangular block shown in
Fig. P1.41 is 12 MPa when the load P is applied.
Determine:
(a) the magnitude of load P.
(b) the normal stress on plane AB.
(c) the maximum normal and shear stresses in the
block at any possible orientation.

Fig. P1.41
Solution
The general equation for shear stress on an inclined plane in terms of the angle u is
sin 2
2
nt
P
A
t u = (a)
and the angle u for inclined plane AB is

3
tan 0.75 36.8699
4
u u = = =
The cross-sectional area of the rectangular bar is A = (100 mm)(75 mm) = 7,500 mm
2
.

(a) Since the shear stress on plane AB is given as 12 MPa, the magnitude of load P can be calculated
from Eq. (a):

2 2
2 2(7,500 mm )(12 N/mm )
187,500 N
sin 2 sin 2(36.869
187.5 k
9
N
)
nt
A
P
t
u
= = = =
Ans.

(b) The general equation for normal stress on an inclined plane in terms of the angle u is
(1 cos 2 )
2
n
P
A
o u = +
therefore, the normal stress on plane AB is

2
187,500 N
(1 cos 2(36.8699 ))
2(7,500 mm
16.00 MPa
)
n
o = + = Ans.

(c) The maximum normal stress at any possible orientation is

max 2
187,500 N
7,500 mm
25.0 MPa
P
A
o = = = Ans.
and the maximum shear stress at any possible orientation in the block is

max 2
187,500 N
2 2(7,500 mm
12.50 MPa
)
P
A
t = = = Ans.

CH 01

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