Bi s 14. iu ch cc h keo v kho st mt s tnh cht ca chng PGS. TS.

V Ngc Ban
Gio trnh thc tp ha l NXB i hc quc gia H Ni 2007. Tr 73 78. Ti liu trong Th vin in t H Khoa hc T nhin c th c s dng cho mc ch hc tp v nghin cu c nhn. Nghim cm mi hnh thc sao chp, in n phc v cc mc ch khc nu khng c s chp thun ca nh xut bn v tc gi.

Bi s 14 IU CH CC H KEO V KHO ST MT S TNH CHT CA CHNG

Mc ch
iu ch mt s h keo bng phng php phn tn, phng php ngng t v kho st tnh cht ca chng. Xc nh ngng keo t ca h keo.

L thuyt
Ho hc cht keo - hay chnh xc hn, ho hc cc h phn tn - nghin cu cc h bao gm mt pha phn tn dng chia nh thnh ht, phn b trong mt mi trng phn tn lin tc. Cc ht c kch thc quy c t 1 m 100 m (107 105 cm), ngha l ln hn kch thc phn t, nn h l d th nhng cha ln c th pht hin bng knh hin vi nn h l siu vi d th. Nhng h cha cc ht nh th c tn l SON. Ho hc cht keo cn nghin cu cc h cha cc ht c kch thc ln hn 100 m, c gi l cc h phn tn vi d th hoc cc h phn tn th. Cc h th c gi l huyn ph nu cc ht l pha rn, c gi l nh tng nu cc ht l pha lng v gi l bt nu ht l kh c phn b trong cc mi trng lng. Do cc ht keo c kch thc nh nn chng c b mt ring rt ln. V vy, h keo c nng lng b mt rt ln v khng bn vng nhit ng hc. Cc ht c xu hng lin kt li vi nhau thnh nhng ht ln hn (lm cho b mt ring nh i v nng lng b mt gim) ri lng xung. Qu trnh c gi l s keo t. gi cho cc h keo c bn vng mt mc no ngi ta phi thm vo h cc cht n nh (hay cht lm bn). C ch ca s lm bn trong i a s trng hp l do ht keo hp ph mt loi ion ca cht lm bn, lm tng in tch ca ht keo, khin cho lc y tnh in gia cc ht keo tng ln, ngn cn s lin kt ca cc ht. C hai cch ch to cc h phn tn. Cch th nht l chia nh vt cht cho n khi thu c cc ht c kch thc c ht keo, cc phng php theo cch ny gi l phng php phn tn.V d, ngi ta xay lu hunh ri phn b vo nc, lu hunh l pha phn tn v nc l mi trng phn tn. Cch th hai l tp hp cc phn t, nguyn t hay ion c sn trong mi trng li thnh cc ht c kch thc c ht keo. Cc phng php theo cch ny gi l phng php ngng t. V d, son AgI c ch to bng cch cho AgNO3 phn ng vi KI. Cc ion Ag+ v I trong mi trng s tp hp li thnh cc ht keo AgI. Mt iu kin thit yu cho c hai phng php trn l pha phn tn phi thc t khng tan trong mi trng phn tn hay ni cch khc pha phn tn khng c tng tc vi mi trng. Chnh v th m cc h keo ch to bng hai cch trn c gi l h keo k lu. Ngoi ra cn c cc h keo a lu, in hnh l dung dch cc cht cao phn t, trong cc phn t c tng tc vi mi trng v to thnh dung dch tht. V vy, ch to chng ngi ta ch cn cho cht CPT vo mi trng thch hp, cht ny s t ho tan vo mi

trng . Song nu mi trng l mt dung mi ti i vi cht CPT th ngi ta vn c th ch to dung dch keo ca cht CPT bng phng php phn tn hay ngng t v thu c cc h keo k lu. Ht keo ch to trong mi trng lng thng c cu to phc tp, tu thuc vo iu kin ch to n. Ngy nay, ngi ta quan nim ht keo l mt mixen trung ho in bao gm mt nhn, thng c cu to tinh th, gia v mt lp in kp bao quanh n. Lp kp gm hai bn. Bn trong gm cc ion cng mt du in nm trn b mt ht keo, to cho ht c mt in tch no nn c gi l cc ion quyt nh th hiu. Bn ngoi gm cc ion in tch ngc du va trung ho in tch ca ht keo - l cc ion nghch. Cc ion nghch chu tc dng ca lc ht tnh in, lc hp ph vo b mt ht v lc khuch tn do chuyn ng nhit gy ra, nn c phn b thnh hai lp. Lp trong gm mt s ion nm st b mt ht keo gi l lp hp ph, lp ngoi bao gm s ion nghch cn li, l lp khuch tn. lp ny nng cc ion nghch gim dn t trong ra ngoi v khi lp kp kt thc th nng bng nng cc ion nghch trong dung dch. Ngi ta thng biu din cu to ht keo bng s hay bng cng thc. V d ht keo AgI hnh thnh do phn ng: AgNO3 + KI
nIion

AgI + KNO3

vi gi thit KI ly d lm cht lm bn, c s v cng thc c ch ra hnh 1.

{mAgI
nhn

(n-x)K +} xK +
ion nghch lp hp ph lp kh.tn

Q..T.H
nhn mixen granun (ht ion

mixen

Hnh 1 S v cng thc cu to ca mixen ca son AgI trong dung dch KI long

Tu thuc vo nng cc ion trong dung dch m lp kp c th dy hay mng. Khi lp kp c chiu dy ln th ht keo bn vng, khi lp kp mng th ht keo tin st li gn nhau khong cch m lc ht tc dng mnh khin cho cc ht lin kt li vi nhau thnh nhng ht ln - l s keo t. Chnh v vy m khi thm cht in li vo h keo thng xy ra s keo t. S keo t bt u xy ra mt nng cht in li ti thiu gi l ngng keo t, c tnh bng s mili mol hoc mili ng lng cht in li trn mt lt dung dch keo. S keo t bi cht in li tun theo quy tc Schultze Hardy. Tc dng keo t ca mt cht in li l do ion ngc du vi du in ca ht keo v tc dng tng ln rt nhanh theo s tng ho tr ca ion . L thuyt cng nh thc nghim ch ra rng ngng keo t t l nghch vi ho tr Z lu tha 6. = K6
Z

S c mt ca mt cht cao phn t thch hp trong mt h keo k lu c th lm tng bn vng ca h keo . Tc dng c gi l tc dng bo v ca cht cao phn t i vi h keo k lu. C ch ca tc dng bo v l do cht cao phn t hp ph ln b mt ht keo, lm thnh mt mng bo v ngn cn s lin kt ca cc ht khi chng n gn nhau.

Nh trn, ta bit ht keo thng c in tch nht nh, tu thuc vo bn cht ion quyt nh th hiu. Do , khi t h keo vo mt in trng th cc ht keo tch in s di chuyn v mt cc, l hin tng in di (phn ht di chuyn bao gm: nhn cng lp ion quyt nh th hiu v lp hp ph ca ion nghch); mi trng vi phn ion nghch cn li l lp khuch tn s di chuyn v cc khc, l hin tng in thm. Nhng h keo k lu sau khi ch to thng cha cc cht ln, thng l cht in li. Khi nng cht in li ln, chiu dy lp kp gim lm cho bn vng ca h gim i. Mun cho h keo bn vng ngi ta phi loi bt cht in li bng phng php thm tch, ngha l cho h keo vo mt ti mng bn thm, cht in li lt qua mng thot dn khi h, cn cc ht keo c kch thc ln nn khng lt qua mng v gi li trong h. Cng v kch thc ht ln m cc h keo cn c c im l khuch tn rt chm so vi dung dch thc. ch to cc nh tng ngi ta dng phng php phn tn v thng phi thm cht lm bn gi l cht nh ho. C hai loi nh tng: a) b) Nh tng loi I hay nh tng thun, c pha phn tn l cht lng khng phn cc, mi trng phn tn l nc. Nh tng loi II hay nh tng nghch, c pha phn tn l nc, mi trng phn tn l cht lng khng phn cc (thng gi l du).

Nh tng loi I c k hiu l D/N (du trong nc), nh tng loi II c k hiu l N/D (nc trong du). Cht nh ho thng l cht hot ng b mt, th d kali oleat, canxi oleat, nhm stearat v.v...

Tin hnh th nghim

1.
a)

Ch to Son S v Son clphan (nha thng rn) bng phng php th dung mi
Ch to mt dung dch bo ho lu hunh trong ru etylic bng cch lc mnh cho S ho tan n bo ho ri lng phn S cn tha. Ly 5 ml dung dch ny nh chm (va nh va khuy) vo 20 ml nc ct. S khng tan trong nc, nn khi phn tn vo nc, cc phn t lu hunh s ngng t li thnh nhng ht c kch thc c ht keo. Cht lm bn l mt sn phm oxi ho ru v nhng tp cht vi lng c sn trong lu hunh. Ht keo lu hunh tch in m v rt d keo t bng cc cht in li (dng dung dch mt cht in li no , th xem!). Ch to mt dung dch 2% clphan trong ru. Nh t t 2 ml dung dch ny (va nh va khuy mnh) vo 20 ml nc ct, ta s c Son clphan trong nc. Ht keo clphan tch in m.

b)

Phng php ch tao Son S v Son clphan nh trn gi l phng php thay th dung mi, trong nc thay th cho ru lm dung mi cho Son hnh thnh. Phng php thay th dung mi thuc loi phng php ngng t.

2.

Ch to Son AgI bng phn ng trao i

AgNO3 + KI AgI + KNO3

Son AgI trong nc c ch to bng phn ng sau:

Cht n nh c th l AgNO3 hoc KI. Khi dng d AgNO3, ht keo s tch in dng do vic hp ph cc ion Ag+ lm ion quyt nh th hiu v khi dng d KI, ht keo s tch in m do vic hp ph cc ion I lm ion quyt nh th hiu. Ly vo bnh tam gic (c dung tch 50 100 ml) 20 ml dung dch AgNO3 0,01N. Nh t t vo bnh (va nh va lc) 2 ml dung dch KI 0,01N. Ly vo bnh tam gic (c trn) 20 ml dung dch KI 0,01N. Nh t t vo 2 ml dung dch AgNO3 0,01N, va nh va lc. Li ly vo hai bnh, mt bnh ng 20 ml dung dch AgNO3 0,01N, mt bnh ng 20 ml dung dch KI 0,01N. Trn t t vo nhau.

Nhn xt hin tng trong c ba trng hp? Dng que d in xc nh du ca cc Son to thnh. Que d in: Ly 2 tm Zn v Cu (kch thc c 1 cm 5 cm) t cch nhau t 5 10 mm. Ni hai tm vi nhau bng dy dn (hnh 2). Khi mun d in tch ca ht keo th nhng hai tm vo dung dch keo. Khi ta s c mt pin vi cc dng l Cu v cc m l Zn. Cc ht keo tch in s di chuyn v cc cc. Sau khong 15 pht, rt ln quan st xem ht keo bm vo cc no. Xc nh du in ca ht keo.

Cu

Zn

Hnh 2 S que d in

3.

Ch to keo Fe(OH)3 bng phn ng thu phn

Da vo phn ng: FeCl3 + 3 H2O
o

to

Fe(OH)3 + 3 HCl

un nng (n khong 90 C) 120 ml nc ct trong mt cc 250 ml, nh vo cc tng git cho n ht 45 ml dung dch FeCl3 2%. un thm vi pht trn bp (khng un si mnh trnh nc b bc hi nhiu lm nng h keo thay i), nhc ra, ta c son Fe(OH)3 c mu nu m. H keo c hnh thnh c cng thc cu to nh sau: {[mFe(OH)3]nFeO+ (n x)Cl}X+ xCl H keo c quan st bng hp chiu sng thy hnh nn Tin-an. Hy d du in ca ht keo. Hy thc hin s thm tch bng mng bn thm cellophan (giy bng knh) ngay sau khi Son iu ch c cn nng (khi lm ngui phn ng din ra theo chiu nghch).

4.

Ch to nh tng v s o pha nh tng

Dng lc c hc (khuy, lc) ch to nh tng du ho (k hiu D) trong nc (k hiu N). Cht nh ho l natri oleat (tc x phng thng) C17H33COONa. Ly 10 ml dung

dch x phng vo mt bnh nn c 100 ml. Cho vo 10 ml du ho. Lc na ting lin tc, ta s c nh tng D/N (tc nh tng thun). Nu thay cho oleat Na, dng oleat Ca th ta s c nh tng N/D (tc nh tng nghch). Hy nh 20 ml dung dch CaCl2 0,2M vo nh tng thun mi ch to, nhm chuyn oleat Na thnh oleat Ca tan trong du, lc trong na gi lin tc, nh tng thu c s l nh tng N/D, cch lm trn gi l cch o pha nh tng. quan st xem nh tng l thun hay nghch ta dng mt trong hai cch sau y: a) b) Ly mt mt knh, nh ln mt git nh tng v mt git nc gn k nhau, dng que tm gt cho hai git tip xc vi nhau. Ta c nhn xt g? Nu c knh hin vi th ta dng mt cht mu ch tan trong mt cht lng (nc hoc du). Sudan III tan trong D m khng tan trong N. Trc khi lc hy thm 5 git Sudan III (ho tan sn trong ru). Khi thnh nh tng, ly mt git soi di knh hin vi s bit D b nhum l pha phn tn hay mi trng phn tn.

5.

Xc nh ngng keo t ca son Fe(OH)3 bng Na2SO4 (hoc K2SO4)

Ly 12 ng nghim nh s ng t 1 n 12, cho vo mi ng 5 ml dung dch Son Fe(OH)3. T dung dch Na2SO4 ban u c nng 0,01N pha thnh cc dung dch long dn theo th t sau:
ng s Dung dch S ml dd Na2SO4 0,01N S ml nc ct 1 11 2 10 3 9 4 8 5 7 6 6 7 5 8 4 9 3 10 2 11 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Ly 1 ml ca mi dung dch va pha cho vo tng ng nghim ng Son Fe(OH)3 theo th t t 1 n 11. ng th 12 thm 1 ml nc ct. Lc v yn 1 pht. Quan st. Dng ng th 12 so snh mc c. ng no c hn ng s 12 l c s keo t. Ghi du + vo ng no c v du vo ng no khng c, theo bng mu sau:
ng s 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (+) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +

V d: Bt u t ng s 8 c s c. C ngha l ngng keo t c tnh t ng s 8 c pha long 8/4. Lc nng dung dch Na2SO4 c tnh theo cng thc: C =
8.0,01 2 = .10 2 N 12 3

Ngng keo t c tnh theo cng thc:

C.V .1000mN / l VSon + V

V: s mililit dung dch cht in li cho vo dung dch keo. C: Nng dung dch cht in li cho vo. VSon: S mililit dung dch keo dng keo t. Kt qu s tt hn nu chng ta tm ngng keo t chnh xc hn. Cch tin hnh nh sau:

Pha khong 70 ml dung dch cht in li c nng m th nghim trc xc nh l nng bt u lm cho h keo c s keo t v gi l dung dch c hn. Cng ly khong 70 ml dung dch cht in li c nng lin ngay trc dung dch trn v gi l dung dch long hn. V d: Trong th nghim 1 ng s 8 bt u c. Do dung dch c hn tng ng vi ng s 8, c s pha long 8/4. Dung dch long hn tng ng vi ng s 7, c s pha long 7/5. Dng 2 dung dch trn pha thnh 12 dung dch c nng khc nhau nm trong khong 2 nng ca 2 dung dch trn theo bng sau:
ng s Dung dch S ml dd Na2SO4 c hn S ml dd Na2SO4 long hn 1 0 11 2 1 10 3 2 9 4 3 8 5 4 7 6 5 6 7 6 5 8 7 4 9 8 3 10 9 2 11 10 1 12 11 0

Nng dung dch c xc nh theo cng thc: C =

C 1 V1 + C 2 V 2 V1 + V 2

N/1

C1,V1: Nng v s ml dung dch c nng c hn. C2,V2: Nng v s ml dung dch c nng long hn. Ly 1 ml t mi dung dch va pha cho vo cc ng nghim cha 5 ml dung dch son Fe(OH)3, ging nh lm trong th nghim trn. Quan st v ghi kt qu nh lm trn (ghi du + vo ng c, du vo ng khng c). Tnh ngng keo t chnh xc ca Na2SO4 vi Son Fe(OH)3.