hmange \ eBook provides reaiers with 9 unique, Integrated approach to alcraft ‘and desig Intended as a text for the fit couree in. aiplane Dr. Anderson coverage of design philosophy and methodology conveys \englneersacleve performance standards, ook protides the needed background mater Inciting overviews of 1d propulsion, and histotcal information. Part It deal with static and Siccall performance and equations of motion, wi beth graphical and ton techniques. “Design Cabs are ined Inthe fst two past he fle and importance of engneeting design techniques. Pat Il overs ‘Scogies, Msttted by histone! examples throughout. ant ean be used pat of senior design course, denon ner nesting ios in arom ennering PERFORMANCE AND DESH a or ks les enanging tng (al examples and outstanding homework problems, Ragland, Combustion Engineering she Seabity and Conor + Analysis of fiber Kelnforcea Composite Materits cavancea Strenth and Applied Stress Analysis, 2/e sceflght Dynamics, 2)e ‘a Structural Analysis (& Carscalen, Compressible Mui Pow 1SeN 0-07¢003973-3, _ il Ae HAELUT | 3 1430 ow7essso a | : pertmance and designAIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE AND DESIGNAIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE AND DESIGN John D. Anderson, Jr. University of Maryland fe MeGraw-Hil Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque,1A._ Madison, WI [New York” San Francisco St Louis Banghok Bogess Carat Lisbon London Madrid Mexico Cty Milan New Delhi Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei TorontoWCB/McGraw-Hill ADs Tae ein Cope eee ©1999 The Mca Conpss Al gh ened Pies se Ue ‘Stero enc. Exc rm ode be Unie Sats pyre Ate 175 pao abso ay beret or stated form ry ny me eed nt ‘seas, tnt he pr ites esse pier Sr poet rape De Sr i Seta pre apres Dre Frese ign orn Jotne Scop ‘pont cman arctan ‘Spear Ter ne ‘pen onan pe Bowl & Sons ompany bear Congres Caeegngso-Puiaton Data Aotenh Ds ‘Aint pedomice nd deseo, Adenine a geil en _jpbtioe inmece 2 Agate Degen eonecaa, . nase, oP pt theca To Sarah-Alle, Katherine, and Elizabeth ‘for allt love and understanding “ohn D. Anderson,ABOUT THE AUTHOR John D. Anderson, Jr, was bom in Lancaster, Penasylvania, om October 1, 1937. He ‘mendes the Univesity of Florida, graduating in 1989 with high honors and Bache lor of Aeronautical Engineering Depree. From 1959 to 1962, he wassliutenat and las seenist athe Aerospace Research Laboatory at Wright-Paltrion Air Force Base, From 1962 to 1966, he atended the Ohio State University under the National Science Foundation and NASA Fellowsigs, graduating with «PhD. inacronutcl and asronautical engineering. In 1966, he joined the U.S. Naval Ordnance Lab ‘ratory a8 Chet of the Hypersonic Group. In 1973 he became Chairman ofthe Department of Aerospace Engineering 3 the University of Maryland, and since 1980 Ins teen profesor of Aerospace Eapnering at Marylin. Tn 1982 he was desi ated a Distinguished ScholaTescher by the University. During 1986-1987, while on sabbatical from he university, Dr. Anderson ocupied the Chatles Lindbergh chair 1 the National Air and Space Moscum ofthe Smithsonian Institution. He contioes With te Muscum in a parttime appoinunent as special assistant for aerodynamics. 4 ation to his appointment in aerospace engineering. i 1993 he was elected to the faculty of the Committe on the History and Philosopty of Science at Mary ed and is an aflite facity member inthe Deparment of Hisery Tr Anderson ha pabed seven Rooker Gasdnamic Lasers Av utc tion, Academic Press (1976), A History of Aerodynamics and Is impact on Flying ‘Machines, Cambidge University Pree (1997), and with McGraw-Hill Irmucton 10 Flight, 34 edition (1989), Modern Compressible Flew, 24 Eaton (1990), Fu damentals of Aerodynamics, 24 edition (1991), Hypersonic and High Temperature Gas Dynamics (1983), and Compuactional Furd Donamcs: The Basics with Ap plications (1995). He isthe avr of over 120 papers on radiative gasdynamics, re-entry aerothermodynamics, ens dynamic and chemical lasers, compuatona id Snamics, applied aerodynamics, hypesonic Rw, andthe history of aerodynamics. Dr. Anderson isin Who's Who in America, and is Flow of the American fs tute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) He is also a Fellow ofthe Washington ‘Academy of Sciences, and a member of Tau Beta P, Sigma Tau, Phi Keppe Phi, PS ia Sigma. The American Secety for Engineering Education (ASEE), The Society for the History of Technology, and the History of Science Society. He hs received the Lee Atwood Award for excellence in Aerospace Engineering Edvation fom the AIAA and the ASEE, andthe Pendray Award for Aerospace Literature from the AAA,PREFACE ‘Thereareanamtes of took on iplanepefomanceamfamumberofbooksollate dein. heston: Where doeshe reverb nn therchemeof things? Anewer: Overlapping and Inepang btn subjexs. On onehand, ibook snes presntion ef ple perforce ecole level. rovers sta and celts perfomance topes. One eer, ‘is toakalso ges presentation of alae cexgn, with an epson te pio and ‘ethology of eign. Some emphasis pic on histo] wate td dei ne Sis nro iret plop ad aly “Tis book nota andook for ape dein need tobe wed in core ia silane performance atin et, an couse! i siplane desig ssn nducton "he lilo of esi, and ence in conjunction wih an exit ete et on ile sign. To paraphrse poplar eis commer tok ent nerd o ke care in antbook eginig design rater ti rensed to make» cou n Rabo Engineering desig Deter Tas sur hopes sch mentions sender hen ne presen Book "The mar features of his ok 8 flows, 1. This book nique ntti to ove net itedutry eset fh sia perfrmance and aca design ~wo sujet a 0 ley comeced Uattbey canbe viewed ar tectolopal Sire wi. 2 Thishookicinteomlly writen ra comerctonal ye, mach ite he aha’ 5. Thebook ale into re pars. Par {oie radio) mei ats Important fran andentanding of aera pestormanc and design Chutes dee with be try fara den Iss imponant rset a actos of wa desig so ‘nde hs toy bate te design of en lane lly eatery. spin regucnly a evluonry excision uf ne or mere previo design Even te mot evcatonary ef et alae designs ana some of he en of smell previ Scat. Hence, Chapt saben pat of Os book Otter hse! ntes appar Chewhere inte book. Chpers 2 an tre overviews of comer ad rope respectively These capes econ cl hose pects of erafyramic and poplin le mcs for an undentaning and applicsin of eh area performance (Pa 298 ‘taf desige (at ID). Homer, they serve second onto hey provide ‘scone overview of tere and applied aspects of erodymarics and ropabon that el the readerobin a rower persperve of tse subec So Chaps 2 a3, don being esta oe mater ia Pas a Il have nis educational ae Inand oftoemsles no mater wat may beh ele bickgrond 4 Pal dels with sat and acest sal perfrmance, Te bai equations of neon ate dived in Chapter 4. These euation ae then seize forthe td of ae peciormance (a0 seclertion) in Chapter, ng sein Chapter in howe Stet Fe for pestormunce roblens nvoling aceon, The mater resected into pall ck: (1) ppc sltons and (2) close orm analytical siwions. The vale of ‘achaproach emphases,5. Pass and it provide be materi for complet one seme couse on ara performance te nore level {6 Pars Tan ae srl wth "espn camens"—onedsuson of how te teal ing dosed at at ge relevant n ara Seven. Thee design cameo re & gue etre te preset ook. They apr of te oral meres ncn of ‘ifonance nd vign hat lina of is bok. nation, many worked examples ‘Sc iotoedn Pars and las means soppo an enhance the ede’ undead of ‘Su comf evel wi atrial Homework poten ar inlded athe end of ot of ‘techy at appropiate othe nate ofeach chop. 7. Pal sous design, bt wih a ifr st and prose han exeing spline dexgn ents: Chaptr 7 ys ot a nlc snot piri rod map fo {Ge acess craft desig Then the medodolgy is applied othe sign 2 ropelierrienaplnen Cher, ud jeropelied plane in Cape 9, aon {Chasers 8 ad ar eahanced by inporat ae Hsres of e Jsign of ever sod ‘pln noche Gose ofr, bt wis powetl purpose, aumel tv home be ‘ulwphy and mebodlogy of arf design. Pa He nota design handbook rater Froides an ictal pepe on designs pengectve tht al plane designer, pst nd preseat exvit, whether knowingly or sebeonicinny. Part I ied forthe est rf s see devgn coune, The complete bok —Par fT andi ened Provide aunque "pe dean expen forthe rear I wanted to cree Dok that weld ‘ok srs with exsing ma-ie design tex. As mentioned ex, tis Bok i ov nodal wo onc complete conten ara design ater is pup eo make ‘och couse beer and more roaring expen fr be Sea. 4. Alough “hia” is notte ie of us book ance nigue aspect she exensire tna ery fale design Caper a theese) researched ‘sca cuz sues peed in hat 8 and. In ven he preset Dok ais Sone of te hist aemch contsned in ator’ cet book The History of ‘eraynamis. and iat on Ping Machines (se Reference 9. Tete ne carly sels bomerotk pots athe end of max of he chagterr—nt sn ovsponcting umber, bt enough o propery enferce ie trl iat chapter. There ‘ee Solos Man forthe we of isto, Pema sted 0 copy aod at ‘tee soln to sadn tthe discret of he eset In ain, he users 0 ‘lected robes ae given a he no the book 10. Compu stare for seat perfomance an design clebsion intently ot proved with is book. Tis maybe seen ar bucking ce weds wih gnc {exoks Bot wan ks book to provides comfortable mela epeince fc the ‘ear unencumbered bythe ned ofa how tse someone e's stare. The eae's ‘xpesence wi software for ese sujet wl most ly come soon enoup inthe ‘hsteam. However och ofthe mater is book seal sited tote cretion of ‘np copter ogra nth ede sl ene he este experience of wong ‘och programs abe orate wishes. wish actnowledpe te ator Eso Angel and his wonder ook Alplanes From !he Dev of Plight the Pree Dy, polished a Engsh by McGrail 1973, The ‘plan deigs that pyar in Caper | fhe reset book ks mie bok ‘Twi otk he many coengues who hve provided sulting discussions uring ‘he cie ha hs took wasting propard a wll ar te eiewers fhe manueipt. Lain thank ue Conn, whois pied sone spe we acer be mam ‘edo ant Sn Aes hin henge ape and ces ‘hedge ng tin har en nes spre Seer iets megs wet aa efcrmace wn eg. Tyo er sz, ope ati fs ora an sas you wll it oes en ln te Wl Jobe D. Anderton J Sepemer 1998CONTENTS Preface ix Preliminary Considerations 1 Chapter 1 ‘The Evolution of the Airplane and Its Performance: A Short History 3 LA Introduction 3 12 Four Historical Peviods of Airplane Design Charctersies 6 121 PreWrightn 6 122 eatin ant Wie Bites 18 123 Erol the Mate, PopherDrven ‘mane 25 124 EraolbeJet Propet Airplane 33 13 Unconventional Designs Onnovatve Conceps) 3 14) Summary andthe Pure 47 Chapter 2 ‘Aerodynamics of the Airplane: The Drag Polar St 2 ntoction St 22 The Source of Aerodynamic Force 52 23 Aerodynamic Lit, Drag nd Moments 53 24 Avrodynamic Coetfciens 57 ft Drag, and Moment Cocticint: How ‘They Vary 62 26 The Aerodynamic Center 70 2.7. NACA Airfoil Nomenclature 73 28 Liftand Deg Buildop 78 281" LitforaFinte Wing 78 ry 282 Wing Body Comboaions 103 283 Dog 108 2BA Summary 126 29 TheDag Polar 126 291 More ThoughsonDrag_ 126 292 The Ding Polar Whats a How Wed? 29 2.10 Historical Nowe: The Origin ofthe Drag Polar—Lilenhal and Eel 137 211 Summary 141 chopter 3 ‘Some Propulsion Characteristics 145 u 33 a4 as 36 a7 38 Inroducton 145 Thrust and Etneency—Ihe Teaeot 146 The Reciprocating Engine Propeller Combination 151 31 Nain of Power and SpesifeFuel Consumption wth lost and 332° Thetropller 156 ‘The Turbojet Engine 162 ‘rai of Thrust and Speci Fic Consumption with Vly and Asie 186 ‘The Tobofan Engine 170, 3S Vain of Tht nd Spc Fue Contin with Velo and Ade 134 The Tuboprop 178 G1 Vaitions f Power and Specie Fut Consumption th elo ad ‘Ate 18) ‘Miscellaneous Commens: AReyburing and More on Specific Ful Consumption 183, ‘Summary 185Airplane Performance 189 Chapter 4 ‘The Equations of Motion 191 41 ntdeton 191 42. The Four Forces of Fight 192 43. Thebqusion of Maton 194 44. Summary and Comments 157 chopter 5 ‘Airplane Performance: Steady Flight 199 51 Inredscion 199 52 Equations o Moon fr tay, Lvl Fin 201 53. Thrust Regie (Drag) 202 S31 ge Appa 202 baz Amijueu jp aot 333 Gina and Ar Appin Some ramen 216 54 The FundaneatlPanmetes ‘Thrstto- Weigh Rati, Wing Loading, Drag Poa, ai Litto Dg Ratio 216 S41 Ayame Reine Aas ‘rap hatimum C/o, C7 Coad jeg 28 55. Thrst Available andthe Masia Velocity of the Airplane 26 Sr epetenbene Aca 227 582° Kept ae 29 583 Movimin boy 230 56. PowerRegued 234 S61 Gopal pposh 235 S82 Rmlyueu appnch 336 157° Power Avalable and Maximom Velocity 239 S31 PapeleeDeiver Ate 239 552 Tajo Totnes 241 $23 Maioun Varo 2 38 Etec Drag Divergent on Maxima aocty 2a ‘59 Miniroum Velocity: Stall and High-ift Devices 252 S81 Caaaton of Sang Velo: Role Cnn 253 592 TheNacs of SulFlow Sepanon 235, 593 HigbLiRDescer 257 S94 Imerim Summary 253, 5:10 Rate of Climb 265 S101 Graphical Apposch 268 5102 Amalie Appoech 270 5103. Gig Unpaved) Fight 252 5.11 Service and AbsolteCelings 287 5:12 Timete Climb 290 SILL Graphical Approach 250 5122 Amiel Appeal 292 5.43 Range 293 S31 Range for Propel Driven Alcnes 296 5132 RangeforJet Propelled Aiplanes 297 5133 Ober Consdertons 299 5.14 Endurance 302 S14 Endurance for Propel Dives 142 Endurance Jet Propelled Alans 305 5.15 Range snd Endurance: A Summary and Some General Thoughts 305 5182 Meeon Range 308 S183 Graphical Sommary 309 S154. TheBecof Wind 509 5.46 Summary 314 chapter 6 ‘Airplane Performance: Accelerated Flight 321 61 Ineoduction 321 62. Level Tum 322 62. Minimo Ton Rane 329 622. Maximum Tum Rate 352 63. ThePull-pand Pulldown Maneuvers 336 64 Liming Case for Large Load Factor 329 65. The VenDiagram 341 66 nergy Concepes: Accelerated Rate of lind. 344 67 Takeot Performance 353 G1 Calelaion of Ground Ral 385 622 Calelan of Disance While Aitome toler an Obtacle 363 68 Landing Performance 367 6B Calclaon of Approsch Dinas 368 Caesatin of Pe itnce 70 (Calton of Grant Roll” 370 69° Summay 375 Airplane Design 379 chapter 7 ‘The Philosophy of Airplane Design 381 2 odetion 381 72 Phasesof Airplane Design 382 TRL Concept Design 382 122 Prclininary Deen 385 124 Inet Sommary 386 13. The Seven Inelletal Pivot Point for Conceptual Design 387 TAN Reqiements 388 TBD Weigh of te AiplaneFies Ente 389 723 Chia Pefomaace Paancens 391 134 Configuration Lanout 391 735 ever Weight imate 391 TRG Performan Analyse. 331 137 Optimization 392 138 Consrin Dig 392 739 Imerim Summary 398 chapter 8 Design of a Propeller-Driven Airplane 397 8A Induction 397 82 Requirements 398 83 The Weight ofan Airplane ad Is Fint Estimate 398 831" Eximatonot ,/Wy 399 532 EximationofW;/M 400 433° Caleuasoa of We 0s 84 Estimation of the Critical Performance Parameters 406. a1 Maxima Lif Coeicient 06 52 Wing Loading W/S 410 B43 Trost Wegh Rao. 412 85 Summary ofthe Criteal Performance Parmeter 419 86 Configuration Layout 419 61 Ove THpeof Cogan 20 862 Wing Conus 120 863. PoseageConigraion 431 B64 Conert-Gry Lato: Fist Esime 43 865 ozo and Vesa Sie 425 466 PropalerSie 0 67 Landing Gear and Wiog Placement 42 R68 The Rewling Layout tf 8:7 A Beter Weight Estimate #49, 8B Performance Analysis 453 BI Power Regised an Pomer Avie Cones 453 482 Rawat Chm 435 BRS Range 455 BRE Salling Speed 456 885. Landig Distance 456 R5 TakeottDitnee 457 $87 imenm Sonar 458 89. Summary 458 10 Design Case Stay: The Wright Fer 458 8.11 Design Case Sty: The Douglas DC-3 463 chapter 9 Design of Jet-Propelled Ainplanes 487 9.1 Inweduction 488 9.2. The Design of SubsonierTransonic Jet-Propelled Airplanes: A Case Study of the Boeing 707 and 727489,conte. Disign of he BATA Prcunor to he 9 Design ofthe 707 Ci et ‘Traspor 38 923 Desgnot te Boeing 727 ‘Transpo $00 924 Inteim Summary 513 93 Subsonic Jet Airplane Design: Addional Considerations "516 94 Supersonic Airplane Design S19 941 DeignofibeF16 SID 942. Desgmofite SK Blatbied 527 943 Dosgnofihe Laczed 2 Advanced ‘real Fier 538 95 Summary 542 Postface 543 Aopendix A Standard Atmosphere, SIUnits 545 ‘Appendix Standard Atmosphere, English Engineering Units 557 Answers to Selected Problems 567 References 569 Index 573 AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE AND DESIGNPART 1 PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS Putt consis of tre chapters which seth stage for our subsequent discussion of sirlane performance and design. Chapter Ii shot history ofthe evcuton of he silane and its design: its purpose isto sete poper philosophical perspective for the material in this book. Chapters 2 and 3 cover aspects of applied serolynanics and propulsion, respectively insofar ak they directly relate tothe peformance td ‘esi considerations ote dicaredin he remain ofthis bookchapter The Evolution of the Airplane and Its Performance: A Short History Instead ofa pate of cols, the ential enginer has his un ais pale of options” Howe mies tee engineering options on is tecnologia pale Sd apis ther is amas (sg) dtemines he performance of is plane ‘When te sytbess is bea tyes serpin, esl has ceil pear Shane umof its pats. Thisishaleds-innrton” Palin ths her wil eu sedioe ilan tht maybe goo enough orpechaps an aiplane of vel xtra penance but cers an iron peacock tha everyone mats ng Richard Smith, Aeronautics Historian From Mileiones of dvation, National Air and Space Museum, 1989 INTRODUCTION "The next time you are outside on clear ay lok up. With some like, you will see evidence ofan airplane—posibya smal priate aircraft hanging ow nthe sk, Slowly making it way to some nearby destination (sch as the Cessna 172 shown in Fig 1.1), or maybe acne white contr high nthe sky produced by a fast jt transport on ts way from one end ofthe continent to theater (sich asthe Being “777 sown n Fig. 12). These airplanes these fying machines —we take for granted today. The airplane is a par of everyday life, whether we simply ee one, By #9 one, or receive someone or something (package, Jeter, et) tha was delivered by one ‘The invention ad development of the silane are arguably ene of the three most important echnical developments ofthe twentieth cetury—the othe to being the clecroncsreveation andthe unleashing of the power ofthe atom. The aipane as—_ — ‘volved over the past 2,500 yer, stating with ancien Greek science, I was pt unl a cold day sn December 1903 that thes laws were nally haresee by human beings toa dpre sulfcient to allow a beaver than, powered, huma-carying rmschine to execute a rocesful sustained Aight dough te aiz.On December 17 ‘of tha year, Orville and Wilbur Weight, with pide an prea sabsaction, reaped the fruits oftheir labors and Became the fst to Hy the fist success flying machine In Fig. 13. the Wright Flher is shown athe instant of if fom the sands Kil Devil Hil, nea Kity Hawk, North Calta, t 10:35 on tht morning, on is way to the fist sucessful igh-you ace looking the mow Famous photograph in he annals ofthe history of seronaatics At that momen, the Wright brothers knew hey ‘ad complished something importante fen aris t0 by many before then, heretofore never achieved, But they had no way of knowing the temendos extent to which hei invention ofthe rst success nrplane wast dominate the couse of ‘he enter century—tehnicly, oily, nd politically. Te airplane ithe sujet ofthis Baok-—is performance and its design. The purpose ofthis book ist pass 1 you an appreciation ofthe Laws of ight and the embodiment ofthese laws i for that allows the understanding and predic tion of how the plane wl seually perfor i he sir Caplan performance) and how to approach the eesti ofthe sipane inthe is plein rd ta achiese 3 esr performance or mission (the eesti proces of airplane design). By 1903, the Weight bothers ha achieved rien understanting ofthe prinepes of sirlane performance, andthey had ceniny demented sigh depres of eeaivity inthe inventive process lading tothe design ofthe Wah ber ee the bok ‘ska, Ref. fora define analysis ofthe Wegts's proces of invention) Toy. ‘ur analyses of plane performance have advanced rch farther. and the moder ress of airplane design demands even gresereeainty The processes of a lane performance andstplane design ae intimate coopled—one doesnot Mapp Without ie other Three. the purpose of tvs hook ito presen the elements of ‘both performance and design in a ittgrted treatment, nd to-do 0m sch fa ian 3810 give you both avecnical anda philosophical understanding ofthe process Fire 1) Cain 172, Couey Ce Ac) transformed life nthe west century, and this wansformation continues as you read these words i Homevet, the airplane didnot jst “happen” When you se an arraftn he sy, you are observing the eoling action ofthe natural aw of ature that govern Fight. The human understanding of these ows of Right did ot come easily it has Fre 13 The Wight Fhe, th roman fl na ih, Cac 17,1909.