WHAT IS PID

PID CAN BE DESCRIBED AS A SET OF RULES WITH WHICH PRECISE REGULATION OF A CLOSED LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM IS OBTAINED. CLOSED LOOP CONTROL MEANS A METHOD IN WHICH A REALTIME MEASUREMENT OF THE PROCESS UNDER CONTROL IS CONSTANTLY FED BACK TO THE CONTROLLING DEVICE TO ENSURE THAT THE VALUE WHICH IS DESIRED IS, IN FACT ,BEING REALIZED.

FUNCTION OF CONTROLLER

THE MISSION OF CONTROLLING DEVICE IS TO MAKE THE MEASURED VALUE USUALLY KNOWN AS PROCESS VARIABLE , EQUAL TO THE DESIRED VALUE , USUALLY KNOWN AS SET POINT. THE VERY BEST WAY OF ACCOMPLISHING THIS TASK IS WITH THE USE OF THE CONTROL ALGORITHM WE KNOW AS PID .

CLOSED LOOP CONTROL

PROPORTIONAL CONTROL IN ITS BASIC FORM, PID INVOLVES 3 MATHE-MATICAL CONTROL FUCTIONS WORKING TOGETHER. THE MOST IMPORTANT OF THESE, PROPORTINAL CONTROL DETERMINES THE MAGNITUDE OF DIFFERNCE THE SP & PV. (ERROR) & THEN APPLIES APPROPRIATE PROPORTIONAL CHANGES TO THE CONTROL VARIABLE TO ELIMI-NATE ERROR.

INTEGRAL CONTROL

INTEGRAL CONTROL EXAMINES THE OFFSET OF SET POINT & PV OVER TIME & CORRECTS IT WHEN & IF NECESSARY .

DERIVATIVE CONTROL

DERIVATIVE CONTROL MONITORS THE RATE OF CHANGE OF PV & CONSEQUENTLY MAKES CHANGES TO THE OUTPUT VARIABLE TO ACCOMMODATE UNUSUAL CHANGES .

AUTOMATIC CONTROLLERS

MOST INDUSTRIAL PROCESS REQUIRE CERTAIN VARIABLES SUCH AS FLOW, PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE & LEVEL SHOULD REMAIN AT OR NEAR SOME REFERANCE VALUE , CALLED SET POINT (SP). THE DEVICE THAT MAINTAINS A PROCESS VARIBALE ( PV ) AT SET POINT IS A CONTROLLER .

FUNCTION OF AUTOMATIC CONTROLLER

1. 2. 3.

RECEIVE ACTUAL MEASURED VALUE OF THE VARIABLE BEING MEASURED COMPARE THAT VALUE WITH A REFERANCE OR DESIRED VALUE ( SET POINT ) DETERMINE THE MAGANITUDE & DIRECTION OF ANY ERROR OR DEVIATION BETWEEN THE SP & PV . PROVIDE AN OUT PUT CONTROL SIGNAL AS SOME FUNCTION OF THE DEVIATION WHICH WILL REDUCE THE DEVIATION TO ZERO OR TO A SMALL VALUE.

4.

CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO CONTROL ACTION

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

TWO POSITION ON/OFF CONTROLLERS. PROPORTIONAL CONTROLLERS. INTEGRAL OR REST CONTROLLERS. PI CONTROLLERS. PD CONTROLLERS. PID CONTROLLERS.

CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO CONTROL ACTUATING MEDIUM

1. PNUEMATIC 2. HYDRAULIC

CONTROLLERS. CONTROLLERS. CONTROLLERS.

3. ELECTRONIC

SELECTION CRITERIA OF CONTROLLERS

THE KIND OF CONTROLLER TO BE USED FOR A PARTICULAR APPLICATION SHOULD BE DECIDED BY :
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

NATURE OF PLANT. OPERATING CONDITIONS. SAFETY. COST. RELIBILITY. AVAILABILITY. ACCURACY. WEIGHT & SIZE

TUNING OF PID
EACH OF THESE 3 CONTROL FUNCTIONS IS GOVERNED BY USER DEFINED PARAMETER. THESE PARAMETERS VARY IMMENSLY FROM ONE CONTROL SYSTEM TO ANOTHER & AS SUCH NEED TO BE ADJUSTED TO OPTIMISE THE PRECISION OF CONTROL. THE PROCESS OF DETERMINING THE VALUES OF THESE PARAMETERS IS KNOWN AS PID TUNING .