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a
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d
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Z
Zc
Zv
1
2
1
2
A
A
a
Simetrine komponente
Danas gotovo svi elektroenergetski sustavi rade trofazno. U normalnom pogonu mrea se
sastoji od jednakih elemenata u svim fazama, a optereenja se takoer u veini praktinih
sluajeva mogu smatrati simetrinima. Zbog toga prilike na vodovima u normalnom pogonu
najee odreujemo tzv. jednofaznim proraunima, pri emu pretpostavljamo jednakost
struja, napona i impedancija u svim fazama. Sve veliine za jednu fazu jednake su i na dvije
preostale faze, zakrenute za 120, odnosno 240.
Prilikom kvarova u mrei i znaajnijih nesimetrinih optereenja esto dolazi do
nesimetrinih stanja u mrei. U nesimetrinom sustavu nije mogue odrediti prilike u mrei
promatranjem stanja u samo jednoj fazi. Odrediti prilike u nesimetrinom sustavu pomou
trofazne sheme raunski je vrlo zahtjevno.
Rastavljanjem trofaznog nesimetrinog sustava na tri simetrina trofazna sustava, koja se
mogu prikazati sa tri jednofazne sheme, moe se znatno pojednostavniti odreivanje prilika u
nesimetrinom sustavu.
C. L. Fortescue: Method of Symmetrical Coordinates Applied to The Solution of
Polyphase Networks, Transactions of AIEE, vol.37, 1918.
Rastav sustava od n fazora na n sustava simetrinih fazora
Za trofazne sustave - rastav na tri simetrina sustava:
Direktni sustav
tri fazora, jednaka po iznosu, pomaknuta za 120,
Inverzni sustav
tri fazora, jednaka po iznosu, pomaknuta za -120,
Nulti sustav
tri fazora, jednaka po iznosu i kutu
(1 )
(2 )
(1 )
c
(2 )
(0 )
a
(0 )
(0 )
(2 )
(1 )
(0 )
V
V
(2 )
(1 )
c
(1 )
(2 )
(0 )
c
(2 )
V
b
(1 )
(0 )
Uvijek vrijedi:
Va = Va(0 ) + Va(1) + Va(2 )
Vb = Vb(0 ) + Vb(1) + Vb(2 )
(0 )
(1)
(1)
(2 )
Vc = Vc + Vc + Vc
(1)
(2)
(2 )
Vc = Va + aVa + a Va
2
Va(0 )
1 Va(0 )
a Va(1) = [A ] Va(1)
Va(2 )
a 2 Va(2 )
Va(0 )
1 1
(1) 1
Va = 3 1 a
Va(2 )
1 a 2
Id>
Ed
(3)
1 Va
Va
1
2
a Vb = [A ] Vb
Vc
a Vc
(4)
Ii>
Vd
I0>
Vi
V0
Primjeri
Simetrian sluaj
Vabc
v
= a 2v
a v
V012
0
= v
0
V012
0
= 0
v
V012
v
= 0
0
V012
v / 3
= v / 3
v / 3
v
= a v
a 2v
v
= v
v
v
= 0
0
0
= v
v
V012
= j v / 3
j v / 3
V012
0
= v
v
V012
v
= 2v
2v
2v
= v
v
Vabc
3v
= 3v
3v
Izraunaj provjese zaleenog vodia Al/Fe 360/60 prema tonoj i priblinoj formuli za
raspone 300 i 1000 metara. Izraunaj postotnu pogreku priblinog prorauna. Izraunaj
relativne provjese. Parametri voda: A = 417.54 mm2, d = 26.60 mm,
G0 = 1471 kg/km, n = 6, d = 100 N/mm2.
Odabrano je max = 80 N/mm2. Pri tome je zadovoljeno max d.
Gl = 0.18 d (kg/m, ako je d u milimetrima) = 0.928 kg/m
f par =
flan =
max
z
a z
2
1000 m
89.788 m
8.0887 m
90.757 m
-9.66910-4
-1.06810-2
2.69610-2
9.07610-2
8 max
a z
1
ch
2 max
f f lan
f = par
f lan
=
2.
300 m
8.0809 m
f
a
Kolike su duljine zaleenog vodia Al/Fe 360/57 ovjeenog u rasponima 300 i 1000 metara.
Raunaj po tonoj i priblinoj formuli i prikai postotnu pogreku uslijed priblinog rauna.
Odredi i relativan otpust.
l par = a 1 +
llan
1000 m
1021.498 m
300.5808 m
1021.637 m
l par llan
-1.12110-6
-1.36110-4
llan
la
=
a
1.93610-3
2.16410-2
a z
2
24
max
a z
2 max
=
sh
z
2 max
l =
300 m
300.5804 m
3.
1 = 20 C
2 = 5 C
1 = 0
2 = z
a = a kr
dobivamo da je
360
a kr = max 2 2 = 200 m
z 0
4.
Izraunajte provjes i naprezanje Ale voda pri temperaturi 10 C. Zadani su sljedei podaci:
nazivni presjek 240/40 mm2
stvarni presjek 282.58 mm2
promjer 21.9 mm
doputeno naprezanje 110 N/mm2
Raspon voda je 150m.
Kubne jednadbe je mogue rijeavati na vie naina. Jedan od naina rjeavanja je preko
Cardanove metode. Prema toj metodi za svaku kubnu jednadbu oblika:
, dobije se rjeenje:
Dakle, naprezanje Ale ueta pri temperaturi
je jednako:
.
y0
y1
x
x1
x0
2. Odrediti presjecite tangente s osi apsica ime se dobije nova toka s koordinatama
T
. Vrijednost je mogue izraunati pomou sljedeeg izraza:
2. Iteracija
3. Iteracija
4. Iteracija
5.
jednako:
U kojem e stanju nastupiti najvee naprezanje i najvei provjes pri rasponu od 150 m, za ue
26/7, nazivnog presjeka 70/12 mm2, stvarnog presjeka 69.9/11.4 mm2, promjera 11.7 mm i
specifine teine 3.5104 N/m3. Doputeno naprezanje je 1.1108 N/m2, temperaturni koeficijent
rastezanja 1.8910-5 1/K, modul elastinosti 7.71010 N/m2.
Prvo treba izraunati kritini raspon. Pretpostavljamo da je maksimalno naprezanje jednako
doputenom naprezanju.
360
a kr = 2 2
z 0
Specifina teina ueta uz dodatni teret (led) iznosi
d
z = 0 + 0.18
= 1.107 10 5 N/m 3
A
pa je kritini raspon 86.4 m.
Pravi raspon je vei od kritinog pa najvee naprezanje nastaje pri 5C uz dodatni zimski
teret.
Kritina temperatura
0
1 + t z = 46.69 C
t kr =
E z
Kritina temperatura vea je od 40 C pa najvei provjes nastupa pri 5C uz dodatni zimski
teret.
a z
f z = ch
1 = 2.8 m
z 2
x (m)
-6.6
0
6.6
-4.6
4.6
y (m)
12.5
12.5
12.5
18.8
18.8
Matrica Z vod :
93 1000
= 0.13 + j0.790 /km
.
0
010124
93 1000
= 3.05 + j0.857 /km
0
0035046
.
93 1000
= 0.05 + j0.383 /km
Z12 = Z 21 = Z 23 = Z 32 = 0.05 + j 0.0628 ln
6
.
6
93 1000
= 0.05 + j0.3395 /km
Z13 = Z 31 = 0.05 + j 0.0628 ln
13.2
Matrica [P ]:
2 12.5
11
8
P11= P22= P33= 18 109 ln
= 1.361110 (Vm/As) = 1.361110 (km/F)
0.013
2 18.8
11
8
P44 = P55 = 18 10 9 ln
= 1.6255210 (Vm/As) = 1.6255210 (km/F)
0.0045
25.8565
10
7
P12= 18 109 ln
= 2.457910 (Vm/As) = 2.457910 (km/F)
6.6
28.2708
10
7
P13= 18 109 ln
= 1.370910 (Vm/As) = 1.370910 (km/F)
13.2
a. Neprepleten vod
Matrica impedancije vodia (/km)
0.13
0.790j 0.05
0.383j 0.05
0.34j 0.05
0.383j 0.05
0.341j
0.05
0.383j 0.13
0.790j 0.05
0.383j 0.05
0.373j 0.05
0.373j
0.05
0.340j 0.05
0.383j 0.13
0.790j 0.05
0.341j 0.05
0.383j
0.05
0.383j 0.05
0.373j 0.05
0.341j 3.05
0.857j 0.05
0.362j
0.05
0.341j 0.05
0.373j 0.05
0.383j 0.05
0.362j 3.05
0.857j
0.741j 0.116
0.333j 0.114
0.291j
0.116
0.333j 0.198
0.739j 0.116
0.333j
0.114
0.291j 0.116
0.333j 0.194
0.741j
1.379j 0.011
0.008j
0.013
0.005j
0.013
0.005j 0.080
0.421j
0.025
0.015j
0.011
0.008j 0.025
0.014j 0.080
0.421j
2.803
1.711
2.520
2.520
1.371
2.803
2.803
2.520
1.711
2.520
2.803
13.611 2.458
2.586 16.255
0.874
1.854 13.027
0.337
0.118
0.337 2.525
0.337
0.118
0.337 2.467
0.047j
0.027
0.047j
0.027
0.047j
2.75
0.083
0.143j
0.027
0.047j
0.083
0.143j
2.75
b. Prepleten vod
Matrica impedancije vodia (/km)
0.13
0.790j 0.05
0.369j 0.05
0.369j 0.05
0.376j 0.05
0.362j
0.05
0.369j 0.13
0.790j 0.05
0.369j 0.05
0.376j 0.05
0.362j
0.05
0.369j 0.05
0.369j 0.13
0.790j 0.05
0.376j 0.05
0.362j
0.05
0.376j 0.05
0.376j 0.05
0.376j 3.05
0.857j 0.05
0.362j
0.05
0.362j 0.05
0.362j 0.05
0.362j 0.05
0.362j 3.05
0.857j
0.740j 0.117
0.319j 0.117
0.319j
0.117
0.319j 0.197
0.740j 0.117
0.319j
0.117
0.319j 0.117
0.319j 0.197
0.740j
1.377j
0
0.080
0
0
0.421j
0
0.080
0.421j
2.345
2.345
2.345
2.345
2.096
2.345
2.345
2.345
2.345
2.345
2.345
13.611 2.096
2.586 16.255
1.512
1.512 13.028
0.257
0.257
0.257 2.471
0.257
0.257
0.257 2.471
1.957
2.728
2.728
7.
Z = 380 m
f = 3% (d = 300-400 m)
f = 2% (d < 300 m)
h1 = Liz + f + hS
y1 = hS + 0.3f = h1 Liz 0.7f
za vodi: Liz + 0.7f = 9.9 m
za zatitno ue: 0.7fZ = 8.5 m
y1 = 15.8 m
y2 = 18.8 m
y3 = 21.8 m
y4 = 27. 3 m
DS = 2 d S D = 58.84 mm
D12 = 11.69 m D13 = 6.18 m
D23 = 10.25 m D24 = 10.02 m
Z11 =
D14 = 12. 97 m
D34 = 7. 106 m
93
R1
+ 0.05 + j 0.0628 ln
2
DS
Z 44 = Rz + 0.05 + j 0.0628 ln
93
rZ
93
D12
Z12 = Z21 = 0.05 + j 0.3168 /km
Z14 = Z41 = 0.05 + j 0.3102 /km
Z24 = Z42 = 0.05 + j 0.32064 /km
[Z ]
vod
1.472 + j 0.807
[Z ] = [Z ] [Z ][Z ] [Z ]
e
[Z ]
e
II
IV 1
III
0.1630 + j 0.5969
1 e
e
Z 11 + Z 22
+ Z 33e
3
1
Z se = (0.1510 + j 0.606 + 0.1559 + j 0.6023 + 0.1630 + j 0.5969 ) = 0.1566 + j 0.6017
3
Z se =
1 e
e
Z 12 + Z 23
+ Z 13e
3
1
Z me = (0.0924 + j 0.2722 + 0.0956 + j 0.3096 + 0.0983 + j 0.2756 ) = 0.0954 + j 0.2858
3
Z 1 = Z se Z me = 0.1566 + j 0.6017 0.0954 j 0.2858 = 0.0612 + j 0.3159 /km
Z me =
10
[Z ]
vod
0.05 + j 0.3568
0.05 + j 0.3102
0.11095 + j 0.649 0.05 + j 0.3168
0.11095 + j 0.649
0.05 + j 0.325
0.05 + j 0.3264
1.472 + j 0.8073
[Z ] = [Z ] [Z ][Z ] [Z ]
e
[Z ]
e
II
IV 1
III
0.1630 + j 0.5969
[Z ] = [A] [Z ][A]
1
012
[Z ]
012
b. Prepleten vod
[Z ]
vod
1.472 +
j 0.328
j 0.328
j 0.328
j 0.807
[Z ] = [Z ] [Z ][Z ] [Z ]
e
[Z ]
e
II
IV 1
III
0.1565 + j 0.6018
[Z ] = [A] [Z ][A]
012
[Z ]
012
0
0
0.3475 + j1.1733
=
0
0
0.0610 + j 0.3160
0
0
0.0610 + j 0.3160
11
8.
broj
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
vodi
a
b
c
a
b
c
p
R1 (/km)
0.0802
0.0802
0.0802
0.0802
0.0802
0.0802
0.7426
dV (mm)
26.2
26.2
26.2
26.2
26.2
26.2
13.86
93
Z12 = R1 + 0.05 + j 0.0628 ln
D
11
x (m)
4.5
6.5
5.0
-4.5
-6.5
-5.0
0
y (m)
27.4
21.4
15.4
27.4
21.4
15.4
36.4
93
Z12 = 0.05 + j 0.0628 ln
D
12
[S ]
0
0
[S ]
[S ]1
=
0
[S ]1
0
012012
Z
=
[S ]1
0
0
Z abcabc
1
[S ]
] [S0 ] [S0 ]
Neprepleten vod
Matrica impedancije vodia (/km)
12
0.13
0.76j 0.05
0.36j 0.05
0.32j 0.05
0.34j 0.05
0.32j 0.05
0.31j 0.05
0.33j
0.05
0.36j 0.13
0.76j 0.05
0.36j 0.05
0.32j 0.05
0.32j 0.05
0.32j 0.05
0.3j
0.05
0.32j 0.05
0.36j 0.13
0.76j 0.05
0.31j 0.05
0.32j 0.05
0.33j 0.05
0.29j
0.05
0.34j 0.05
0.32j 0.05
0.31j 0.13
0.76j 0.05
0.36j 0.05
0.32j 0.05
0.33j
0.05
0.32j 0.05
0.32j 0.05
0.32j 0.05
0.36j 0.13
0.76j 0.05
0.36j 0.05
0.3j
0.05
0.31j 0.05
0.32j 0.05
0.33j 0.05
0.32j 0.05
0.36j 0.13
0.76j 0.05
0.29j
0.05
0.33j 0.05
0.3j 0.05
0.29j 0.05
0.33j 0.05
0.3j 0.05
0.29j 0.79
0.81j
0.672j 0.090
0.280j 0.088
0.242j 0.095
0.252j 0.090
0.240j 0.088
0.232j
0.090
0.280j 0.165
0.686j 0.083
0.288j 0.090
0.240j 0.085
0.246j 0.083
0.248j
0.088
0.242j 0.083
0.288j 0.162
0.690j 0.088
0.232j 0.083
0.248j 0.082
0.260j
0.095
0.252j 0.090
0.240j 0.088
0.232j 0.175
0.672j 0.090
0.280j 0.088
0.242j
0.090
0.240j 0.085
0.246j 0.083
0.248j 0.090
0.280j 0.165
0.686j 0.083
0.288j
0.088
0.232j 0.083
0.248j 0.082
0.260j 0.088
0.242j 0.083
0.288j 0.162
0.690j
0.003j
0.008
0.008j
0.341
1.223j 0.015
0.016j
0.004
0.013j 0.261
0.733j 0.004
0.004
0.013j 0.08
0.413j
0.023
0.013j 0.007
0.003j
0.015
0.016j 0.023
0.013j
0.08
0.413j
0.004
0.006j 0.009
0.008j
0.0
0.261
0.733j 0.004
0.006j 0.007
0.003j
0.341
1.223j 0.015
0.016j
0.004
0.013j
0.007
0.003j
0.008
0.008j
0.004
0.013j 0.08
0.413j
0.023
0.013j
0.004
0.006j 0.009
0.015
0.016j 0.023
0.013j
0.08
0.0
0.013j
0.008j
0.0
0.013j
0.0
0.013j
0.013j
0.413j
Prepleten vod
Matrica impedancije vodia (/km)
0.13
0.76j
0.05
0.3313j 0.05
0.3313j 0.05
0.3313j 0.05
0.3313j 0.05
0.3313j 0.05
0.3067j
0.05
0.3313j 0.05
0.3313j 0.05
0.3313j 0.05
0.3313j 0.05
0.3067j
0.05
0.3313j 0.05
0.3313j 0.05
0.3313j 0.05
0.3067j
0.05
0.3313j 0.05
0.3313j 0.05
0.3067j
0.05
0.3313j 0.05
0.3067j
0.05
0.3067j
0.13
0.76j
0.05
0.3313j
0.05
0.3313j 0.05
0.3313j
0.05
0.3313j 0.05
0.3313j 0.05
0.3313j
0.05
0.3313j 0.05
0.3313j 0.05
0.3313j 0.05
0.3313j
0.05
0.3313j 0.05
0.3313j 0.05
0.3313j 0.05
0.3313j 0.05
0.3313j
0.05
0.3067j 0.05
0.3067j 0.05
0.3067j 0.05
0.3067j 0.05
0.3067j 0.05
0.13
0.76j
0.13
0.76j
0.13
0.76j
0.13
0.76j
0.3067j
0.79
0.81j
0.683j 0.087
0.254j 0.087
0.254j 0.087
0.254j 0.087
0.254j 0.087
0.254j
0.087
0.254j 0.167
0.683j 0.087
0.254j 0.087
0.254j 0.087
0.254j 0.087
0.254j
0.087
0.254j 0.087
0.254j 0.167
0.683j 0.087
0.254j 0.087
0.254j 0.087
0.254j
0.087
0.254j 0.087
0.254j 0.087
0.254j 0.167
0.683j 0.087
0.254j 0.087
0.254j
0.087
0.254j 0.087
0.254j 0.087
0.254j 0.087
0.254j 0.167
0.683j 0.087
0.254j
0.087
0.254j 0.087
0.254j 0.087
0.254j 0.087
0.254j 0.087
0.254j 0.167
0.683j
0.08
1.192j
0.429j
0
0.08
0.261
0.429j
0.763j
0.261
0.763j
0.341
1.192j
0.08
0.429j
0
0.08
0.429j
13