L02 Feedback Amplifiers

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 1
Lecture 2 Feedback Amplifier

Introduction of Two-Port Network
Negative Feedback (Uni-lateral Case)
Feedback Topology
Analysis of feedback applications
Close-Loop Gain
Input/Output resistances
Two-Port Network (z-parameters)
(Open-Circuit Impedance)
2 12 1 11 1
I z I z V + =
2 22 1 21 2
I z I z V + =
0
2 1
1
11
=
=
I I
V
z
0
1 2
1
12
=
=
I I
V
z
Open-circuit
input impedance
At port 1
Open-circuit reverse
transimpedance
0
1 2
2
22
=
=
I I
V
z
0
2 1
2
21
=
=
I I
V
z
At port 2
Open-circuit forward
transimpedance
Open-circuit
output impedance
V1
+
I1
V2
+
I2
z11
z22
z12I2
z21I1
+
=
(
2
1
22 21
12 11
2
1
I
I
z z
z z
V
V
Two-Port Network (y-parameters)
(Short-Circuit Admittance)
2 12 1 11 1
V y V y I + =
2 22 1 21 2
V y V y I + =
0
2 1
1
11
=
=
V V
I
y
0
1 2
1
12
=
=
V V
I
y
Short-circuit
input admittance
At port 1
Short-circuit reverse
transadmittance
0
1 2
2
22
=
=
V V
I
y
0
2 1
2
21
=
=
V V
I
y
At port 2
Short-circuit forward
transadmittance
Short-circuit
output admittance
V1
+
V2
+
I1 I2
1/y11 1/y22
y12V2
y21V1
(
=
(
2
1
22 21
12 11
2
1
V
V
y y
y y
I
I
Two-Port Network (h-parameters)
(hybrid)
2 12 1 11 1
V h I h V + =
2 22 1 21 2
V h I h I + =
0
2 1
1
11
=
=
V I
V
h
0
1 2
1
12
=
=
I V
V
h
Short-circuit
input impedance
At port 1
Open-circuit reverse
voltage gain
0
1 2
2
22
=
=
I V
I
h
0
2 1
2
21
=
=
V I
I
h
At port 2
Short-circuit forward
current gain
Open-circuit
output admittance
V2
+
I2
1/h22
h21I1
V1
+
I1
h11
h12V2 +
=
(
2
1
22 21
12 11
2
1
V
I
h h
h h
I
V
Two-Port Network (g-parameters)
(inverse-hybrid)
2 12 1 11 1
I g V g I + =
2 22 1 21 2
I g V g V + =
0
2 1
1
11
=
=
I V
I
g
0
1 2
1
12
=
=
V I
I
g
Open-circuit
input admittance
At port 1
Short-circuit reverse
current gain
0
1 2
2
22
=
=
V I
V
g
0
2 1
2
21
=
=
I V
V
g
At port 2
Open-circuit forward
current gain
Short-circuit
output impedance
V2
+
I2
g22
g21V1
V1
+
I1
1/g11
g12I2
+
=
(
2
1
22 21
12 11
2
1
I
V
g g
g g
V
I
z-parameter example
I1
I2
V1
+
V2
+
6O
I1
I2
V2
+
V1
+
12O
3O
V2
+
V1
+
I1
I2 3O 12O
6O
| |
(
=
O =
=
=
O =
=
=
O = O =
3 0
0 12
0
0
0
0
3 12
2 1
2
21
1 2
1
12
22 11
Z
I I
V
Z
I I
V
Z
Z Z
| |
(
=
O =
=
=
O =
=
=
O = O =
6 6
6 6
6
0
6
0
6 6
2 1
2
21
1 2
1
12
22 11
Z
I I
V
Z
I I
V
Z
Z Z
| |
(
=
O = =
=
=
O = =
=
=
O = O =
9 6
6 18
6
6
0
6
6
0
9 18
1
1
2 1
2
21
2
2
1 2
1
12
22 11
Z
I
I
I I
V
Z
I
I
I I
V
Z
Z Z
Note: (1) z-matrix in the last circuit = sum of two former z-matrices
(2) z-parameters is normally used in analysis of series-series circuits
(3) Z
12
= Z
21
(reciprocal circuit)
(4) Z
12
= Z
21
and Z
11
= Z
22
(symmetrical and reciprocal circuit)
y-parameter example
I1
I2
V1
+
V2
+
0.05S
V2
+
V1
+
I1
I2
0.2S 0.1S
0.025S
| |
(

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
= =
05 . 0 05 . 0
05 . 0 05 . 0
05 . 0
05 . 0
0
05 . 0
05 . 0
0
05 . 0 05 . 0
1
1
2 1
2
21
2
2
1 2
1
12
22 11
y
V
V
V V
I
y
V
V
V V
I
y
y S y
S
S
S
| |
(

=
= =
=
= =
+
=
= =
=
=
= |
.
|
\
|
+
+ =
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ =
0769 . 0 0615 . 0
0615 . 0 0692 . 0
S 0615 . 0 , reciprocal By
S 0615 . 0
0615 . 0 8 . 0
025 . 0 1 . 0
0769 . 0 But
0
S 0769 . 0
025 . 0 1 . 0
1
2 . 0
1
S 0692 . 0
025 . 0 2 . 0
1
1 . 0
1
12 21
12
2 2 1
1 2 1
2 2 22 2
1 2
1
12
1
22
1
11
y
y y
y
V I I
I I I
V V y I
V V
I
y
y
y
y-parameter example (Cont)
V2
+
V1
+
I1
I2
0.2S 0.1S
0.025S
0.05S
| |
(

=
= =
= =
=
+
=
= =
= =
= =
=
= =
= + =
= + =
1269 . 0 1115 . 0
1115 . 0 1192 . 0
1115 . 0
1115 . 0 05 . 0 0615 . 0
0615 . 0 0769 . 0
025 . 0 1 . 0
1 . 0
0769 . 0
05 . 0
1269 . 0
05 . 0
1269 . 0
0
1269 . 0 769 . 0 05 . 0
1192 . 0 692 . 0 05 . 0
21 12
2 2 2 1
2 2 1 . 0
2 05 . 0 2 2 . 0
2 2 05 . 0
2 2 22 2
1 2
1
12 21
22
11
Y
y y
V V V I
V V I
V I I I
V I I
V V y I
V V
I
y y
y
y
S
S S
S
Note: the y-matrix is equal to
the sum of two former ones.
Therefore, y-parameters is
normally used in analysis of
shunt-shunt circuits

What connection should be for
h- or g- parameters?
General Feedback Structure
A
|
Source
Load
+
-
Vs
Vf
Vc
Vo
A : Open Loop Gain
A = V
o
/ V
c

| : feedback factor
| = V
f
/ V
o
c
c
c
|
|
V A V
V V V
V V
V V V
o
o S
o f
f s
=
=
=
=
|
|
|
| |
1
: Note
1 : feedback of Amount
: Gain Loop
)
1
(
1
1
: gain loop Close
=
+
=
+
=
+
= =
A
CL
s
o
CL
A
A
A T
T
T
A
A
V
V
A
Negative Feedback Properties
Negative feedback takes a sample of the output signal and applies
it to the input to get several desirable properties. In amplifiers,
negative feedback can be applied to get the following properties
Desensitized gain : gain less sensitive to circuit component
variations
Reduce nonlinear distortion : output proportional to input
(constant gain independent of signal level)
Reduce effect of noise
Control input and output impedances by applying appropriate
feedback topologies
Extend bandwidth of amplifier
All of these properties can be achieved by trading off gain
Gain De-sensitivity
Feedback can be used to desensitize the closed-loop gain to variations in the
basic amplifiler.
Assume | is constant. Take differentials of the closed loop gain equation
gives,

Divided by A
v
, the close loop gain sensitivity is equal to,

This result shows the effects of variations in A on A
CL
is mitigated by the
feedback amount.
(1+A|) is also called the desensitivity amount.
2 2
) 1 (
or
) 1 (
1

1 | | | A
dA
dA
A dA
dA
A
A
A
CL
CL
CL
+
=
+
=
+
= Differential respected with A
A
dA
A A
A
A
dA
A
dA
CL
CL
|
|
| +
=
+
+
=
1
1 ) 1 (
) 1 (
2
Basic Feedback Topologies
Depending on the input signal (voltage or current) to be amplified
and form of the output (voltage or current), amplifiers can be
classified into four categories. Depending on the amplifier
category, one of four types of feedback structures should be used.

(Type of Feedback) (Type of Sensing)
(1) Series (Voltage) Shunt (Voltage)
(2) Series (Voltage) Series (Current)
(3) Shunt (Current) Shunt (Voltage)
(4) Shunt (Current) Series (Current)

Feedback Structure (Series-Shunt)
Voltage amplifier voltage-controlled
voltage source
Requires high input impedance, low
output impedance
Voltage-voltage feedback
Voltage Gain Calculation:
) 1 (
1
get we And,
where
)
1
(
1
Gain) Voltage Loop (Close
|
|
|
|
|
|
c
c
c
+ =
+

=
=
+
= =
+ = + =
=
=
A V V
A
A V
V
A T
T
T
V
V
A
V
A
V
V V V
V V
V A V
i
i
o
i
o
CL
o
o
f i
o f
o
+
Basic amplifier
Feedback network
Ii
+
Vo
ri
ro
AVc
Vf=|Vo
Vi
Vc
Input/Output Resistance (Series-Shunt)
Input Resistance:
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
r T
I
V
R
r T
V
r
V
I
V T V
I
V
R
+ = =
+
= =
+ =
=
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 (
in
in
c
c
Output Resistance
(Closed loop output resistance with zero input voltage)
+
AVc
ro
Vo
Io
+
T
r
A
r
I
V
R
r
V A V
I
V V
V V V
r
V A V
I
I
V
R
o o
o
o
o
o o
o
o
i o
o
o
o
o
o
V
i
+
=
+
= =
+
=
=
= = +

=
=
=
1 1
0
|
out
0 out
|
|
|
|
c
c
c
h-parameter Modeling
Only uni-lateral case
will be considered :
(1) NO reverse
dependent signal
found in the
amplifier network.
|h
12a
| = 0
(2) NO reverse
dependent signal
found in the
feedback network.
|h
21f
| = 0
+
V1
+
zs +
V2
1/yL
1/h22a
h11a
h11f
1/h22f
h12aV2
h12f V2
h21aI1
h21f I1
I1
Uni-lateral
f a o i
a
o i
f a
o i
a
CL
f
L f a o s f a i
o i
a
L f a s f a
a
f
L f a
a
a L f a
f s f a
h h y z
h
y z
h h
y z
h
A
A
A
h f
Y h h y Z h h z
y z
h
Y h h Z h h
h
V
V
A
h
Y h h
I h
V
I h V Y h h
V h I Z h h V
12 21
21
12 21
21
12
22 22 11 11
21
22 22 11 11
21
1
2
12
22 22
1 21
2
1 21 2 22 22
2 12 1 11 11 1
1
1
is Gain Loop Closed the , feedback With the
and where
) )( (
Gain, Loop Open the , 0 For
equation, first back to
) (
Put
0 ) ( : port output From
) ( : port Input From

=

+
=
+
=
=
+ + = + + =
=
+ + + +

= =
=
+ +
=
= + + +
+ + + =
|
V2 1/yL
1/h22a
1/h22f
h21aI1
V1
zs
h11a
h11f
h12f V2
I1
+

Series-Shunt Example
+
Vc
Vi
Vf
R1
R2
Vo
Equivalent circuit
+
AVc
Vc
Vi
rt
ro
+
Vo
Vf
Vo
R1
R2
Amplifier
Feedback
It is observed that:
(1) Series connection in input ports
(2) Shunt connection in output ports
Series-Shunt connection
h-parameter should be used.
O = O = O = O = = 40 and M 10 , 9 , 1 , 10 : Given
2 1
5
o
r r k R k R A
t
h-parameter analysis
+
h11f
h22f
h12fV2
R1
R2
V1 V2
I1
k R R R R I
I
I V
I
h
R R
R
R R I
R I
I V
V
h
R R
R R
R R
V I
V
h
f
f
f
10
1 1
) ( 0
1 . 0
) ( 0
9 . 0 //
0
2 1 2 1 2
2
1 2
2
22
2 1
1
2 1 2
1 2
1 2
1
12
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
1
11
=
+
=
+
=
=
=
=
+
=
+
=
=
= =
=
+
= =
=
=
|
1
10 ~
) 1 . 0 )( 10 ( 1
10
1
A
gain, voltage loop close the And
10 ~
) (
A
is gain voltage loop open the Therefore,

1 1
get we ,
1
and putting by
0
port, output from
~ V
port, input the from
and circuit loop open for 0 set Firstly,
5
5
CL
5
2 1 0
2 1
1
2
OP
1
2
2 1
2 1
22 1
2 22
2
1
11
1
12
+
=
+
=
=
+ +
+
= =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
+
= =
= +
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
=
|
c
t
t
c
OP
OP
o o
f
f
o
f
f
A
A
A
R R r
R R A
V
V
r
AV
V
R R r
R R
h V V
V h
r
AV V
V
h r
r
V
h
0
1
) / 1 //(
) )( 1 (
22
11
+
=
+ + =
|
|
t
OP
f o
f OP
A
h r
r h A
out
in
R
impedance, output The
R
impedance, input The
V2 1/h22f
AVc
V1
rt
h11f
h12f V2
I1
+
Vc
+
ro
Feedback Structure (Series-Series)
+
Basic amplifier
Feedback network
Ii
+
Vc
ri
Vf=|Io
ro
AVc
Io
Vi
Vo +
) 1 (
1
get we And,
where
)
1
(
1
Gain) tance Transadmit Loop (Close
: n Calculatio Gain
|
|
|
|
|
|
c
c
c
+ =
+

=
=
+
= =
+ = + =
=
=
A V V
A
A V
I
A T
T
T
V
I
A
I
A
I
V V V
I V
V A I
i
i
o
i
o
CL
o
o
f i
o f
o
Input/Output Resistance (Series-Series)
Input Resistance:
i
i
i
i
r T
I
V T
I
V
R
+ =
+
=
=
) 1 (
) 1 (

in
c
Output Resistance
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o f
o
o
V
r T
I
V
R
r
V
I T
r
V
AV I
I V V
I
V
R
i
) 1 (
port, output from
port, input from
|
out
0 out
+ = =
+ = + =
= =
=
=
c
c
|
Series-Series Example
CE amplifier with an un-bypassed emitter ac small signal equivalent circuit
R1
R2
RE
RC
vs
vo
+VCC
vs
vo
B
E
C
R1//R2
RC
RE
Feedback network
rt
+
ro
Feedback Network with z-parameter
RE
V1 V2
I1 I2
E f
E f
E f
R
i i
v
Z
R
i i
v
Z
R
i i
v
z
=
=
=
=
=
= =
=
=
=
0
0
0
1 2
2
22
1 2
1
12
2 1
1
11
|
Reduce equivalent circuit
+
rt vt
+
z12fio
vo
+
ro
gvt
io
z11f
z22f
+
vs
ii
Close loop analysis
)] 1 )( [( R
: is impedance Output
) (
) (
1 ) ( ) 1 )( ( R
: is impedance Input
1
1
is gain ttance transadmi loop close The
Therefore,
is gain ttance transadmi loop open Then
and
22 out
11 in
11
|
|
|
t t
t
t
t t
t t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
OL f
E E
E
E
E OL f
E E
E
E
E
op
op
CL
E s
o
op
o s
f
A z
R gr R r
R r
gR r
R r A z r
gR r R r
g r
R r
gR r
R r
g r
A
A
A
R r
g r
v
i
A
gv i v
Z r
r
v
+ =
+ + =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ + = + + =
+ +
=
+
+
+
=
+
=
+
= =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
Final R
in
and R
out
+
rt vt
+
z12fio
vo
+
ro
gvt
io
z11f
z22f
+
vs
ii
R1//R2
RC
Rin R'in Rout R'out
2 1
2 1 in in
// // ] ) [(
// // R R'
R R R gr R r
R R
E E t t
+ + =
=
C OP f
C
R A z
R
// )] 1 )( [(
// R R'
22
out out
| + =
=
Feedback Structure (Shunt-Shunt)
) 1 (
1
get we And,
where
)
1
(
1
Gain) ance Transimped Loop (Close
) 1 (
) (
) (
: n Calculatio Gain
|
|
|
|
|
|
c
c
+ =
+

=
=
+
= =
+ =
=
=
= =
A I I
A
A I
V
A T
T
T
I
V
A
V T AI
V V I A
V I
I I A I A V
i
i
o
i
o
CL
o i
o o i
o f
f i o
Feedback network
Ii
ri
If=| Vo
Vi
+
Ic
Basic amplifier
+
Vo
ro
AIc
+

Input/Output Resistance (Shunt-Shunt)
Input Resistance:
) 1 (

) 1 (

in
T
r
T I
r I
I
V
R
i
i
i
i
+
=
+
=
=
c
c
Output Resistance
) 1 (
port, output from
port, input from
|
out
0 out
T
r
I
V
R
r
TV V
r
AI V
I
V I I
I
V
R
o
o
o
o
o o
o
o
o
o f
o
o
V
i
+
= =
+
=
=
= =
=
=
c
c
|
Shunt-Shunt Example
+
RS
RL
RC
vS
C1
C2
Vcc
RF
CE amplifier
+
Rs
rt
+
Vt
gVt
Rc RL Vs Vo
RF
ac small signal equivalent circuit
Shunt-Shunt connection found! y-parameter
F
F
F
R V V
I
y
R V
I
V V
I
y
R V V
I
y
V y V y I
V y V y I
1
0
1
0
1
0
1 2
2
22
2
2
1 2
1
12
2 1
1
11
2 22 1 21 2
2 12 1 11 1
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
+ =
+ =
I1 I2
V1 V2
RF
V1
I1
I2
RF
RF
1/RFVo
Feedback Network
y-parameter modeling
|
|
t t
t
t
t
t
t t
OP
OP
CL
F
F L C F OP
S
o
L C F o
L C F
o
F
S
F S
A
A
A
R
r R R R R gV A
I
V
R R R gV V
gV
R R R
V
r R
V
I
r R I V
+
=
=
=
=
= +
=
=
1
: gain dance transimpe loop close the
,
1
factor feedback With
) // )( // // (
: gain ance tranimped loop Open
) // // (
0
// //
port, output from And
) // (
) // (
port, input From
) (
: Gain Voltage
) 1 (
) // // (
) 1 (
) 1 (
) // (
) 1 (
out
in
in s s
o
s
o
OP
L C F
OP
o
OP
F
OP
i
R R I
V
V
V
A
R R R
A
r
R
A
r R
A
r
R
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
|
|
|
|
t
Is
RF
1/RF EVo
rt
+
Vt
gVt
RF
RC//RL
Vo
Feedback Structure (Shunt-Series)
) 1 (
1
get we And,
where
)
1
(
1
Gain) Current Loop (Close
) 1 (
) (
) (
: n Calculatio Gain
|
|
|
|
|
|
c
c
+ =
+

=
=
+
= =
+ =
=
=
= =
A I I
A
A I
I
A T
T
T
I
I
A
I T AI
I I I A
I I
I I A I A I
i
i
o
i
o
CL
o i
o o i
o f
f i o
Feedback network
If=| Io
+
Ic
AIc
Io
Basic amplifier
Ii
Vi
ri ro
Input/Output Resistance (Shunt-Series)
Input Resistance:
) 1 (

) 1 (

in
T
r
I
r
T
I
I
r I
I
V
R
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
+
=
+
=
= =
c
Output Resistance
o
o
o
o o o o
o o o
o o o
o f
o
o
V
r T
I
V
R
r I T I V
r AI I V
AI r V I
I I I
I
V
R
i
) 1 (
) (
) (
/ port, output from
port, input from
|
out
0 out
+ = =
+ =
=
+ =
= =
=
=
c
c
c
|
Summary
Feedback
Structure
Close loop
gain
Input
impedance
Output
impedance
Parameter
used
Series-
Shunt
h-parameter
Series-
Series
z-parameter
Shunt-
Shun
y-parameter
Shunt-
Series
g-parameter
)
1
(
1
T
T
V
V
i
o
+
=
|
)
1
(
1
T
T
V
I
i
o
+
=
|
)
1
(
1
T
T
I
V
i
o
+
=
|
)
1
(
1
T
T
I
I
i
o
+
=
|
i
r T R + = ) 1 (
in
i
r T R + = ) 1 (
in
T
r
R
i
+
=
1
in
T
r
R
i
+
=
1
in
T
r
R
o
+
=
1
out
T
r
R
o
+
=
1
out
o
r T R + = ) 1 (
out
o
r T R + = ) 1 (
out
Supplementary
R1
RE
RC
vs
vo
+VCC
O =
=
O =
O =
O =
k r
k R
k R
R
E
C
10
200
2
1
100
1
t
|
Find the input and output resistance from
- Two port network, and
- Circuit theory
Circuit Theory
O = =
= =
O + + =
+ + = + =
+ =
=
= ' ' =
k R R
i v R
R r R R
R r i v r i v
i
R
v
r
v v
i
i
v
R R R R
C out
b s out
E in
E b E b s
b
E
E E s
b
b
s
in
1
0 0 , find To
100 ~ ] ) 1 ( //[
] ) 1 ( [
) 1 ( and but
where //
1
1
|
|
|
t
t t
t
R1
RE
RC
vs
vo
| ib
ib
rt
vE
Two Port Network
RE
vs
vo
| ib
ib
rt
RE
RE
+
RE i2
RE
E f
E f
E f
R
i i
v
Z
R
i i
v
Z
R
i i
v
z
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0
0
0
1 2
2
22
1 2
1
12
2 1
1
11
O = = '
O = = '
(
+
+ =
(
+
+ + =
+
=
+
= =
=
+ =
=
k R R R R
R R R R
R
R r
R R
R
R r
R r R
R r R r i
i
v
i
A
i i
R r i v
C C out out
in in
E
E
E out
E
E
E in
E E b
b
s
o
OL
b o
E b s
1 ~ //
100 ~ //
) (
1
) (
1 ) (
) ( ) (
) (
0 signal feedback setting by found is Gain tance Transadmit Loop Open The
1 1
t
t
t
t t
t
|
|
| |
|
+
rt
RE
RE io
RE
vs vo
| ib
ib
Rin R'in
Rout R'out
R1
RC

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