A REPORT ON IMPACT OF TERRORISM IN MUMBAI ON INDIAN ECONOMY A CASE STUDY

Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of BBA

GUIDED BY: Mr.Sunil Kumari

SUBMITTED BY: Ankur Jaiswal

Kasturi Ram College Of Higher Education (2009-2012)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page | 1

PAGE S.NO PARTICULARS NO.

Page | 2

1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

LITERATURE REVIEW OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT RESEARCH METHODOLOGY INTRODUCTION TERRORIST ATTACKS IN INDIA MUMBAI-FINANCIAL CAPITAL OF INDIA BOMBAY BLAST 1993 MUMBAI ATTACK 2008 STEPS TAKEN TO COUNTER TERRORISM IN INDIA HOW OTHER ECONOMIES FOUGHT TERROR SUGGESTIONS CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY

1 2 3 4 6 7 9 12 20 25 27 28 29

DECLARATION

This is to certify that Report entitled Impact of Terrorism in Mumbai on Indian Economy- A Case Study which is submitted by me in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of BBA to Kasturi Ram College Of Higher Education, Delhi

Page | 3

comprises only my original work and has not been submitted in part or full for any other degree or diploma of any university.

(ANKUR JAISWAL) 046/DSPSR/FT-08

(Mrs. SUNIL KUMARI) Supervisor

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Page | 4

I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude to all those who have contributed significantly by sharing their knowledge and experience in the completion of this project work. I am greatly obliged to, for providing me with the right kind of opportunity and facilities to complete this venture.

I am highly thankful to Mr. Gaurav Ahuja my internal faculty guide under whose able guidance this project work was carried out. I thank him for his continuous support and mentoring during the tenure of the project. Finally, I would also like to thank all my dear friends and my family for their cooperation, advice and encouragement during the long and arduous task of carrying out the project and preparing this report.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Terrorist attacks are usually shocking to us, the sheer unpredictability of the attack on innocent people is what makes us gape and gasp. One of the common targets that
Page | 5

terrorists choose, are high profile political or economic targets, such as the the Bombay stock exchange, the Indian Parliament, THE Twin Towers, etc. Many countries of the world have been spending time and resources to counter terrorism. To see the impact of terrorism on the economy, we have to first define what we mean by the economy. Economy involves activities that are related to the production and distribution of goods and services in a particular geographic region. There have been various terrorist attacks in India and the Mumbai has been their target many times. The reason is that Mumbai is the economic capital of India. Many foreign investors tend to look at India through the prism of Mumbai. the city has seen many terrorist attacks like Bombay Blast 1993 and Mumbai Attack 2008. Terrorist attacks affects the economy of the country, its various industries like tourism, aviation, insurance, business etc.

OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

As the title of the project suggests, the objective of the project is to study the impact of terrorist attacks in Mumbai on Indian Economy.
Page | 6

SUB-OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT:

To know how well the Indian Government deals with terrorist attacks and its aftermath. To study the laws or provisions related to terrorism. To study the impact of terrorism on various sectors such as productivity, business, tourism, IT, oil and gas, insurance. To know how other economies have fought terrorism.

Page | 7

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The purpose of research methodology is to provide a sound platform for the researcher to achieve the aim and objectives of the study. Present study work is a descriptive and analytical research .The secondary data for the study has been drawn from various magazines such as Business Today, Corporate India., Business world and internet for collecting the information.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The information used in the research is based on the Macro Scenario. The Research Design used in this project is rigid and is not flexible. The Research is entirely based on Secondary Data .

Page | 8

INTRODUCTION

TERRORISM

Terrorism is the systematic use of terror, violent or destructive acts (using sophisticated weapons) committed by groups in order to intimidate a population or government into granting their demands. Terrorism refer only to those acts which (1) Are intended to create fear (terror), (2) Are perpetrated for an ideological goal (as opposed to a materialistic goal or a lone attack) (3) deliberately target (or disregard the safety of) non-combatants. The strategy of terrorists is to commit acts of violence that draws the attention of the local populace, the government, and the world to their cause. The terrorists plan their attack to obtain the greatest publicity, choosing targets that symbolize what they oppose. A person who practices terrorism is a terrorist. Acts of terrorism are criminal acts according to United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373 and the domestic jurisprudence of almost all nations. Terrorist attacks are often targeted to maximize fear and publicity. They usually use explosives or poison, but there is also concern about terrorist attacks using weapons of mass destruction.

Page | 9

INDIAN ECONOMY

Indias economy has been one of the stars of global economics in recent years, growing 9.2% in 2007 and 9.6% in 2006. Growth had been supported by markets reforms, huge inflows of FDI, rising foreign exchange reserves, both an IT and real estate boom, and a flourishing capital market. India economy, the third largest economy in the world, in terms of purchasing power, is going to touch new heights in coming years. As predicted by Goldman Sachs, the Global Investment Bank, by 2035 India would be the third largest economy of the world just after US and China. It will grow to 60% of size of the US economy.

Page | 10

TERRORIST ATTACKS IN INDIA

The country has never been as terrorised as it is now. There have been various terrorist attacks in different parts of the country. Be it in Delhi, Mumbai, Punjab, Assam, Jammu and Kashmir, etc. hardly any state has been left from the attacks of the terrorists on the innocent people. Terrorism left no part of the country untouched, having made in-roads into the south by attacking Bangalore and Hyderabad, Ayodhya, Varanasi, Lucknow, Ahemdabad, etc.There has been increase in terrorist attacks from across the border in recent years. Repeated terror attacks have undermined citizens security. Overall taking all forms of violence together, 2004-08 witnessed 25,042 incidents and 6,646 casualties as compared to 36,259 incidents and 11,714 casualties during 19992003.

Mumbai has been the most preferred target for most terrorist organizations.

Page | 11

MUMBAI-FINANCIAL CAPITAL OF INDIA

It is the economic and financial capital of India. It is the base of India's offshore oil industry. It provides a vision of what the rest of India could be in years to come if the modernization and globalization policies of the government continue to make progress. It is the home of India's largest share market. It is a major contributor of the tax revenue of the government. Many multinational companies prefer to locate their corporate headquarters in Mumbai. Mumbai, home to Asias oldest stock exchange, the countrys central bank and capital markets regulator, and Indias largest corporate housesthe Reliance, Tata and Birla groupsaccounts for 5% of the countrys $1 trillion (Rs49.9 trillion) economy and contributes one-third of its direct taxes.

Though Mumbai is not India, many foreign investors tend to look at India through the prism of Mumbai. If internal security in Mumbai is good, they look at internal security in India as a whole as satisfactory. If it is bad in Mumbai, they tend to look on security of life and property in the rest of the country as worrisome, even if this is not necessarily so. Mumbai is one of the world's top 10 centres of commerce and contributes to about 5 per cent of India's GDP and accounts for 25 per cent of the industrial output, 40 per cent of maritime trade, and 70 per cent of capital transactions to the economy.

Page | 12

Mumbai has been the most preferred target for most terrorist organizations because they want to disrupt economic progress of India. The city has seen eight major terrorist attacks in the past 15 years. For example:

12 March 1993 Series of 13 bombs go off killing 257. 26 November 2008 to 29 November 2008 series of attacks killing at least 172.

These terrorist attacks have affected Indian Economy.

Page | 13

BOMBAY BLAST 1993 12 March 1993 Series of 13 bombs go off killing 257.

Mumbai in India has been a tempting target for jihad terrorists since 1993. The 13 bomb blasts that occurred in public places on March 12, 1993 killing 257 people and injuring nearly thrice as many in March 1993, the places where the blasts took place include the stock exchange building on Dalal Street, the Air India building in Nariman Point, three hotels (Sea Rock, Juhu Centaur and Airport Centaur) besides crowded markets. The targets chosen were of economic significance, such as the Mumbai Stock Exchange building, the office of an airline, a hotel near the airport, etc.

SHATETERING THE PEACE India is no stranger to major attacks, with a string of uprisings and explosions since independence in 1947. Bombay, the financial centre, was also hit by a series of bomb blasts in 1993 that killed 317 people and wounded more than 1,000. The terror attacks in Mumbai were not merely aimed at exacerbating tensions between India and Pakistan, between Hindus and Muslims. These attacks were also aimed at hurting the economy of one of the worlds fastest-growing large countries. The attacks were designed to destroy the relative peace and economic rise being enjoyed by the city. The explosions were aimed at targeting the economic activity of the city as well as Bombay as a tourist destination.

Page | 14

DOLLAR PRESSURE The immediate reaction was one of shock. The rupee lost 0.15% against the dollar to close at its lowest level for 10 days. The slump came at a time when the share market had been expected to rally into a sixth straight week, buoyed by strong foreign investment and expectations of strong economic growth after a good monsoon.

TOURISM Bombay is attraction for foreign tourists for recuperation as well as for trading. Any act of terrorism is likely to deter tourists to come to the city. As a sequel there to the demand for hotel occupancy considerably came down. The demand for hotel accommodation in five star hotels in Mumbai dropped considerably. Tourism and allied industries were badly affected by the terrorist attack bringing down the foreign exchange reserves of India.

Page | 15

IMPACT ON BUSINESS Immediately after the blasts, Indian shares fell by nearly 3%, while The benchmark index of the Bombay stock exchange, the Sensex, closed down 3% or 119 points at 4,005 putting an end to the five-day rally which drove prices up 5% last week to their highest level in 29 months.

Page | 16

MUMBAI ATTACK 2008 26 November 2008 to 29 November 2008 series of attacks killing at least 172. The recent terror attacks in Mumbai, India took everyone by shock. It was one of the most deadly attacks because of the sophistication level of the terrorists and the planning that went into the operation. Just a handful of terrorists brought down a nation on its knees for 3 days. The attacks, which began on 26 November 2008 and lasted until 29 November, killed at least 173 people and wounded at least 308. The attacks drew widespread condemnation across the world. The attacks on Mumbai are a new blow to an economy already suffering from internal problems due to global recession. And when Mumbai aches, the soreness spreads across the entire economy.

IMMIDIATE IMPACT The immediate impact of terrorism is the loss of life, destruction of property and loss of man-days. There were vigils held across all of India with candles and placards commemorating the victims of the attacks. Besides the immediate impact on the victims and their families, the attacks caused widespread anger among the Indian public and condemnations throughout the world. Shooting of Bollywood films and TV series has also been halted in the city. Two remaining one-day internationals of the seven match series between the visiting England cricket team and India were cancelled. The inaugural Twenty20 Champions League scheduled from 3 to 10 December, Mumbai being one of the host cities, was postponed. The immediate impact of 26/11 attack in South Mumbai was:(a) Reduced business activity
Page | 17

(b) Higher cost of doing business

(c) Weakened sentiments

(d) Global scarcity of liquidity hitting business.

GLOBAL IMPLICATIONS International reaction for the attacks was widespread, with many countries and international organizations condemning the attacks and expressing their condolences to the civilian victims. Many important personalities around the world also condemned the attacks. Former US President George W. Bush said "We pledge the full support of the United States as India investigates these attacks, brings the guilty to justice and sustains its democratic way of life. Condolessa Rice, US Secretary of State, travelled to India on 4 Dec 2008 at the request of President George W. Bush in the wake of the Mumbai attacks. POLITICAL FALLOUT On the political front, the siege of South Mumbai has already taken its toll. Union home minister Shivraj Patil -- responsible for the nation's security -- has resigned. Former finance minister P. Chidambaram has taken over that job. Prime Minister Singh has taken charge of the finance portfolio. In the state of Maharashtra, too, of which Mumbai is the capital, heads have rolled. Chief minister Vilasrao Deshmukh has been forced to resign.

IMPACT ON VARIOUS INDUSTRIES TOURISM

Page | 18

The terror strikes are proving to be the proverbial final nail in the tourism coffin and body blow to the tourism. Hospitality and tourism are two sectors that will be affected by terrorist attacks. Estimates suggest that nationally hotels have seen about 60% booking cancellations. Holiday destinations such as Goa are feeling the pinch even more because of intelligence reports that they could be future targets for terrorists. Hotel occupancy in western India is down some 25% and rates have plunged and Gross earnings from foreign tourists are currently around 1% of GDP. There has been Rs. 4000 cr. Loss to the financial capital. The Taj and Oberoi were attacked by the terrorists which now require an estimated cost of 640 cr. For their restoration, Taj alone accounting for Rs. 500 cr. The Mumbai and Delhi have 30000rooms. 15000-18000 rooms remained empty in Mumbai and Delhis luxury hotels. Occupancy level is expected to go down by 50-60%. 25% cancellations in inbound travel in first week of dec.35%-40% dip in inbound tourism.acc to industry estimates dip in inbound tourism at 35-40%. Acc. To data from ministry of tourism , the tourism industry contributed $11.66 billion in forex earnings in 2007-08.Likely to be declined by 40% as an impact of the post terror attacks. Some executives and companies have cancelled their visit to India during that period like Glaxo Smithkline. Dell Inc. and Hewlett-Packard Company prohibited their staff from travelling to Mumbai during that period.

RETAIL INDUSTRY

Page | 19

Service businesses that thrive in open spaces like malls, multiplexes, hypermarkets and restaurants also borne the brunt of the strike. The retail industry was affected during first two days of the attacks. According To Morgan Stanley report, after the terrorist strike pantaloons total sales in Mumbai declined by 4.2% week end after the attacks compared to the previous weekends compared to increase of 15.1% retail sales in rest of India. Even restaurants are providing gun-toting guards for the safety of invited guests at their wine yards and wineries.

AVIATION There will be a short-term dip on account of terror in Mumbai but global economic crises will have far greater impact on international tourism and business. The reluctance to travel will hit the aviation sector. Many international airlines temporarily discontinued operations to Mumbai in the interest of passenger and crew safety.

INSURANCE There will be a direct loss on account of loss of life in case of victims. This will be directly billed to respective companies who covered the lives of the deceased individuals.
Page | 20

In the case of assets [loss of property], there is a terrorism risk mechanism. There will be an increased demand for insurance covers. Some sense of proper pricing will now prevail as the pricing would be carried out in keeping with the loss experienced.

Insurance companies will be choosy in providing cover for loss of property due to terror attacks at an enhanced premium.

IMPACT ON IT, OIL AND GAS The perception of increased risk in India could also impact the IT industry, which depends on client visits to seal deals

IT industry has already spread their risk; they have back-up operations in other countries such as China.

"Oil & gas and other large operations are vulnerable to attack,". Beefing up security will add to their costs. But these are strategic industrial assets for the country as a whole, and part of the expenditure is likely to be borne by the government.

Page | 21

IMPACT ON BUSINESS

Analysts have already started giving initial estimates that suggest the loss in business due to the attacks would be about $100 billion, arising from crucial institutions, such as the stock exchanges, commodities and money markets, and business and commercial establishments which remained closed. The most significant long term impact on the people of Mumbai- right from roadside hawker to the senior executive and indeed on urban masses on all major cities. There is also a hit of $20 billion on the foreign exchange front. Both investor and consumer confidence will have been dented by the terrorist attack on Mumbai, with overseas investors unlikely to rush back in. Business confidence has been hit by the financial and economic crisis. The terrorist attacks will be another burden on the Indian economy. The rupee fell to an all-time low of 50.60 against the dollar down more than 20% owing to capital outflows and a withdrawal of foreign credit lines from risky markets. Mumbai brings in 40% of foreign trade, 60% of customs duty collections, 40% of income tax collections, 20% of central excise collections and $10 billion in corporate taxes. The Mumbai terror attack has been the most dramatic in a long series of terror events in India. It involved foreign hostages and places where business leaders, executives and foreigners frequented. This grabbed worldwide attention and there is certainly a negative impact on India's risk and security perception. It will dent foreign investors' views of India and this will lead to a drop in investments.

Page | 22

According to recent data, in the second quarter (July-September) of 2008, GDP growth has fallen to 7.6% compared to 7.9% in the previous quarter. The growth rate in the first half of the year was 7.8%, compared to 9.3% for the corresponding period of the previous year.

The Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) Sensex has meanwhile been hovering around 9,000, a far cry from the 21,000 it had crossed in January. The Bombay Stock Exchange and National Stock Exchange remained closed on 27 November 2008. The downfall of Sensex was due to outflow of FDI. The government has meanwhile cut the administered price of petrol and other petroproducts. The central government has also been announcing components of a stimulus package to boost the economy. The Indias trade with other countries could also be affected because of terror attacks. Exports already down by 12% in October 08 could take a further dive. Exporters claim that most of the orders have been cancelled as they have cancelled their trips to the country and directly hitting medium and small units. Our loss is gain of China and Vietnam. We are likely to lose export targets of $200 billion.

Page | 23

FDI has grown robustly in first half of 2008-09 i.e., $ 19 billion against $ 7 billion in the same period in previous fiscal year. The negative sentiment after terror attack are likely to be reflected in the FII and FDI figures.

Page | 24

STEPS TAKEN TO COUNTER TERRORISM IN INDIA ANTI TERRORIST LAWS Terrorism is a persistent problem in India dating back in 1993. Time to time measures have been taken by the govt. to counteract it through various ordinances / acts viz. TADA, POTA. Anti-terrorism laws in India have always been a subject of much controversy. because of continuing terrorist activities, the statutes have been reintroduced with requisite modifications. The legislations in force to check terrorism in India are the National Security Act, 1980 Under this act the government gets judicial power to detain any person who breaches security of India, for a period of 12 months.

The Unlawful Activities(Prevention) Act, 1967. The UAPA was designed to deal with associations and activities that questioned the territorial integrity of India. However, there were many instances of misuse of power for collateral purposes.

(THE) TERRORIST AND DISRUPTIVE ACTIVITIES (PREVENTION) ACT, 1987(TADA) Commonly known as TADA, the act was the first and only legislative effort by the Union government to define and counter terrorist activities. It was formulated in the back drop of growing terrorist violence in Punjab which had its violent effects in other parts of the
Page | 25

country too, including capital New Delhi. The Act, which was criticized on various counts by human rights organizations and political parties, was permitted to lapse in May 1995 though cases initiated while it was in force continue to hold legal validity

The Maharashtra Control of Organized Crime Act, 1999(MCOCA) Other major Anti-terrorist law in India is The Maharashtra Control of Organized Crime Act, 1999(MCOCA) which was enforced on 24th April 1999. This law was specifically made to deal with rising organized crime in Maharashtra and specially in Mumbai due to the underworld.

POTA(Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act) In 2002 March session of the Indian parliament the Prevention Of Terrorist Activities Act was introduced and it had widespread opposition not even in the Indian parliament but throughout India especially with the human rights organization because they thought that the act violated most of the fundamental rights provided in the Indian constitution. The protagonists of the Act have, however, hailed the legislation on the ground that it has been effective in ensuring the speedy trial of those accused of indulging in or abetting terrorism. POTA is useful in stemming "state-sponsored cross-border terrorism". The Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002 (POTA), was seen as a controversial piece of legislation ever since it was conceived as a weapon against terrorism.

Page | 26

SECURITY MEASURES

We are fundamentally not a security conscious culture. Until one actually experiences a threat, there is a tendency not to take security seriously. We look at security as an expenditure rather than an investment. Several companies and public places in Mumbai have completely overhauled their security systems like Siddhivinayak temple in Mumbai is installing more CCTVs, metal detectors and x-ray baggage machines.

Several companies like Zicom Electronic security system, Tops Group and Zen Technologies have offered their latest technologies to provide security systems. Security has become a good business in India. And overall security market is worth Rs.4000cr. IRDA has created a common pool for terrorism insurance. General insurance cos. Route the premium collected to the common pool and settle claims from the same. An insurance co must assess a propertys value, its structure and all its contents. Insurance agreement should clearly and specifically list all types of terrorism acts in the policy documents.

Specific terrorist covers are being launched as group schemes with limited benefits and cheaper cost. When it comes to terror companies have to look at all three aspects- prevention, reaction and resumption. Prevention otherwise is the responsibility of the state but terrorists can be deterred by implementing strict security, educating employees about the same. Every person from junior most service employee to the senior most manager should be subjected to same level of security. Companies should audit both crises plan and resumption plan either virtually or through practice.

Page | 27

CURBING FUNDING LINES Even as India plans to beef up its security and surveillance system it is equally important to choke the funding lines to the terror organizations. Terrorists find many sources of money. Some sources of terror funding are: Foreign governments Charitable organizations Financial markets Legitimate business fronts Various forms of international trade Criminal activities such as extortion, video piracy, prostitution rings & drug trafficking. In south Asia, the heroin and drug trade is one major source of terrorist financing. India is yet to make any progress in identifying such sources. Indian safeguards: Prevention of Money Laundering Act 2002 The Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA 2002) forms the core of the legal framework put in place by India to combat money laundering. PMLA 2002 and the Rules notified there under came into force with effect from July 1, 2005.

Page | 28

The PMLA 2002 impose obligation on banking companies, financial institutions and intermediaries to verify identity of clients, maintain records and furnish information to FIU-IND. PMLA 2002 defines money laundering offence and provides for the freezing, seizure and confiscation of the proceeds of crime. Financial Intelligence Unit(FIU) set up in November 2004 to investigate suspicious transactions. FIU as the central national agency is responsible for receiving, processing, analyzing and disseminating information relating to suspect financial transactions. FIU-IND is also responsible for coordinating and strengthening efforts of national and international intelligence, investigation and enforcement agencies in pursuing the global efforts against money laundering and related crimes. FIU-IND is an independent body reporting directly to the Economic Intelligence Council (EIC) headed by the Finance Minister.

RBI, SEBI, IRDA Have Anti-money Laundering and Know Your Customer (KYC) guidelines. Banks and FIIs to report cash transactions involving more than Rs. 10lakhs , forged or counterfeit currencies or other suspicious transactions.

Page | 29

HOW OTHER ECONOMIES FOUGHT TERROR

US The US tragedy of 9/11 by Al-Qaida terrorists which used airplanes as missiles brought down two of the larger buildings in the world severely damaged the Pentagon and killed 3,025 people. Those attacks wiped out 200,000 jobs, busted 80,000 small businesses and raised $16 b worth of buildings, besides forcing a week long-shut down of Wall Street. The insurance and airline industries were the worst hit, and property and casualty claims mounted to $40 b. air services were cut back 20%, 100,000 airline jobs were cut. Within mere hours after the attack, the US Federal Reserve launched a rescue package by infusing $ 100 b into the economy everyday for 3 days. The Bank of Japan and other central banks across Canada and Europe were mobilized into supporting the dollar and easing the flow of money across money markets. Federal loans, grants and industry-specific bailouts followed. A week later, when Wall Street reopened and trading resumed on the NYSE, the Fed dropped interest rates by 0.5% to spur growth. With 3 more cuts it brought the rates down to 1.75 % by Dec.2001. US Airlines received a $ 15 billion aid package and small businesses which were adversely impacted by the attacks were given loans and grants. Plus, the city of New York was given $21.7 b of federal aid.

Page | 30

UK July 7, 2005 central London was bombed. Underground trains and double Decker bus were the targets killing 52 , injuring 700 people. There was little economic impact Bank of England kept rates unchanged to avoid panic. London Metal Exchange shut for a day. 20% more shoppers in central London the very next weekend. No drop off in hotels Less than 0.5% of GDP lost.

ISRAEL Various Terrorist attacks have also taken place in Israel. Some steps taken by Israel to deal with terrorism:-

At hotels and restaurants theres always an armed guard along with metal detectors and many restaurants charge a small fee for security services. The major advantage with Israeli corporate citizens is that all of them have served a stint in the armed forces. While adult males serve a minimum of three year tenure, females serve a minimum of 18 months.

Theres an act in Israel which compensates companies which are victims of terror attacks the Property Tax and Compensation Act 1961.

Page | 31

SUGGESTIONS

Security of citizens is a cornerstone of any democracy, along with liberty and equality. Repeated terror attacks have undermined citizens security. Not just that, it has eroded the citizens faith in the states ability to provide security. When the terror struck Mumbai in November 2008 was when government took some positive security measures after some dithering. The setting up of National Investigation Agency and making the existing anti-terror laws tougher are likely to change the scenario. There should be a separate compensation law for the victims of terrorist attacks. All the wings of armed forces should come forward to combat terrorism. Efforts should be made to prevent funding of terrorist activities. The Multi-Purpose National Identity Card (MNIC) scheme is another measure. The card includes an individuals biometrics and fingerprints. Government should also provide every citizen a Unique Identity Number.

CONCLUSION

Page | 32

Terrorism is a malady that has gripped the entire world community inflicting economic, social and cultural losses on the affected countries. There have been repeated terrorist attacks of the same dimensions particularly in US, Iran, Afghanistan, India, etc. These attacks will have a huge impact on long term economic growth. Terrorism cannot be controlled by a country individually but rather efforts of entire world community through the specialized institutions like UNO have to be ushered in. Everyone should come together and help fight against terror. Individual efforts to counteract terrorism have to be supplemented by International support by the affected countries. Boundaries of terrorism are increasing day by day. All-round efforts are needed like enhanced electronic surveillance at the international airports, sea routes, industries, atomic installations, hotels, tourist resorts. All the wings of armed forces should come forward to combat terrorism on a war footing. Concept of insurance has to be revamped to help the mishap victims psychologically and financially. On the political front efforts have to taken to prevent money laundering , funding of terrorist activities by religious fanatics to prevent diversion of funds, prevention of smuggling activities and drug trafficking. Ultimately the timing of the terror attacks with the economic slowdown is an unfortunate double whammy for India.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Page | 33

MAGAZINES:

Business Today, Volume 17, No.26, December 2008 Corporate India

NEWSPAPER:

Times of India, 17th March 2009, Where security is a paper tiger

INTERNET: wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_in_india www.livemint.com/2008/11/28001033/Only-shortterm-impact-on-Indi.html knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/india/article.cfm?articleid=4339

Page | 34