An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers FIFTH EDITION Ivan Niven University of Oregon Herbert S. Zuckerman University of Washington Hugh L. Montgomery University of Michigan ® John Wiley & Sons IneDeagser Laws Neda sing en i Sa ene Mae amon " {aii © 0, 185, 197 1, 151 be Wy Se te A iene. aa ~~ tv antantihe te Une Snes Cop Secrets ‘SeRemnen Depart a Wey Sm ar of Cog ain ie aioe a anew in Co, tno. 24052 ‘hans eyo mae / fa Ne, Hee sas Sine tse Preface : “Tis text i intended for use in a Sst course in number theory, a the upper undergraduate or begining graduate level. To make the book pproprate Tor a wide audience, we have included lage calletions of prubians of varying diet. Some effort has been devoted to make the Fist chapters less demanding. In general, the chapters become prada tore challenging. Similry sections wii a piven chapter are proses ‘ely ore aficl, and the material within a-gven section likewise. At "ich juncture the instructor must decide how deeply to purse particular {opic before moving ahead to 4 new subject aesumed that he reader fava command of raster covered in standitd courses oa ear algebra nd on advanced caus although in the early eluptess these prerequ Sites are only slighty used. A modest course fequting only freshman ‘mathematics could be constructed by covering Sections 1, 12, (Theo rem 119 6 optional, L4 through Theorem 121 21,22, 25,24 though Brample 9,25, 26 though Example 12,27 (he mate folowing Corlly 230 optionad, 28 through Corlary 228, 41,42, 43,5153, 5 61, 62 In any eat the isco should obtain from the peblsher a ‘copy of the fnructor's Manual, wich provides Turlher suggertios cow ‘cting selection of material as well a solutions to al tarred problems. ‘The Inrctor's Manual also dcrerives computational experiment, and Provides information concering ssocated software that salable oe New in this edition are accounts of the Binomial theorem (Section 1.4), publickey eryplography (Section 24), the singular situation in Hanae’ lemma (Section 28, simulteneovs stems of bear Diopantne ‘equation (Section 5.2), rational pois on canes (Section 5, elit ‘snes (Section $7, description of Falting theorem tSection 59), the sromety of aumbers Section 64), Mertens estimates of prime nuaber Sums (in Section & 1), Dinhlet series Section 82) and ammptotic et ‘mates of arithmetic fantions (Section §3). Many other part ofthe books Ihave aso een extensively revised, nd many new started problems havePofice teem introduced. We address a number of calculation! sues, most notably in Section 12 (Euciean algorithm), Section 2.3 (the Chinese Femainder theorem), Section 24 (pseudoprine tests and Pollard tbo factorization), Secon 29 (Shanks RESSOL algorithm), Section 36 (ume ‘of two squares), Seton 4 (linear recurrences and Lacs pcudoprimes) Sesion 38 Leia cipte cane eth fterenton) and Seon Contents . 79 (he continued faction of «quadratic bration In te Appendage ‘we have provided seme important materia that ll 00 olen i st inthe Sacks ofthe undergraduate cucu. ‘Naber theory i broad sujet with many strong connections with ‘ther branches of mathematics Our desire to present a balanced wien of the area. Each subspecialty possesses a personality uucly ts own, which oe sre have sought to portray acarately. Although nich maybe learned by Exploring the exten to which advanced theorems may be proved sing ‘ny elementary techniques, we elev tat many sich arguments fall © orney the pit of cutrent research, and thus are of es value to the aitity beginner who wants to develop a fel forthe subject. In an flr to 1 todction 1 ‘optimize the snstrtional vale of the tet, we sometimes avoid the 12 Dis 4 Shortest known proot of 4 result in for of longer pro that offers 1 ine 2 ‘ renter insights 14 Teton Trem Wile revising the book we sought adhice from many Hens and oes on Chapter ‘leagues, and we would most especially ike to thank GE, Andrews, ‘A.O-L Akin, PT. Bateman, E Berke, P. Blase, A. Bremner, J. Dy 2 Congruences Trithar, J. WS. Casey T- Cochrane, RK. Guy, HW. Lenstea Jr DJ. Lewis, D. G Mali, B. W: Mase, JE MeLauglin, AM Od 21 congrencs 7 C-Pomerance, KA. Ress, L-Sehocafl, JL Sele” RC. Vaughan 22 Sette ingures 6d 5.5. Wagstaff J. HL. Ricker, @ Willams KS. Wiliams, and MC 233 The Gnee Reminder Theorem Wanderch for thei valuable stggestons We hope that readers wil 2 Techies of Namen Calon contac wi ater comments 8d sgstons 35 ii Copegus 8 san Noon 37 rane Madar 94 igh 1. Monesomey 218 Primi Rows ad Pores Reskues 97 29 Cogn a ape Tes ie Male 1 3 Quadratic Reciprocity and Quadratic Forms BI Quai Residues SE 32 Quadratec Recprociy I 33 The twobi Symbol TE 3M nay Ova Forme 80