Year 9 Science Semester Revision

Light
Remember
1. 2. What is refraction and what causes it? Complete the light rays in the diagram below as they move from one medium into another. All blocks are glass and surrounded by air.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

How does the speed of light in glass compare with the speed of light in air? In which direction does light bend, in relation to the normal, if it moves from glass into air? Draw and label the shape of: a convex lens a concave lens. Which type of lens causes light rays to diverge? A friend is looking through a lens and says that she can see everything smaller and upright. What kind of lens is she most likely looking through? Which two parts of the eye work together to form a sharp image on the retina? What is the visible spectrum? According to Isaac Newton, how many colours make up white light? How can you prove that white light is, in fact, a mixture of colours? How many colours are our eyes sensitive to? What is a primary colour? What are the three primary colours in human vision? What is a secondary colour? Explain how each of the three secondary colours is formed.

Think
1. 2. Hot air above a fire or a hot stove makes the objects behind it seem distorted. What does this tell you about the speed of light in hot air? Light travels more slowly through diamond than any other transparent material. How could a jeweller determine if a piece of diamond is real or fake? What happens to the car in the diagram at right if it meets the bitumensand boundary head-on?

3.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

11. 12. 13.

Explain, with the aid of a diagram, why the image in a convex lens can be upside down. Why can only convex lenses make real images? What is a virtual image? If an object is nearby, the lens of the eye changes shape to create a sharp image. Does the lens become thicker or thinner? Is the image that the eye produces on the retina real or virtual? Explain your answer. In what substance is light refracted to form a rainbow? Look at the picture of the triangular prism on the right and decide which colour blue or red has been refracted most by the glass. Which colour red or blue has the lower speed in glass? The primary and secondary colours make up only six colours altogether. How are all the other colours made? What is the difference between total internal reflection and the reflection of light by a mirror?

Extension
1. Show what happens to the light ray as it passes through these glass shapes surrounded by air. (Hint: In each case, draw the normal first.) An alien species from the planet Chroma has four types of colour-sensitive cell. a. How many primary colours would there be in this aliens world? b. How many secondary colours would exist on the planet Chroma? If you are underwater in a swimming pool, looking up at the surface, you may notice that a large part of the surface looks like a mirror. Explain why the water surface looks like a mirror rather than being transparent? Why does total internal reflection happen only when light travels from a medium like glass or water to air, but not the other way around

2. 3. 4.

Check and Challenge Questions

1. 2. 3. What causes light to change direction when it travels from air to glass? In your own words, explain how a change of speed can lead to a change in direction of a light ray. Identify the glass objects that are hidden in each box in the diagram below.

4. 5. 6. 7.

8. 9.

10. 11. 12.

13.

When light moves from one medium to another, it bends. However, there is one exception to this rule. What is it? When light travels from glass to air, it changes speed. Does it speed up or slow down? What happens to light that moves from glass to air when its angle of incidence is equal to the critical angle? Complete these sentences about light which strikes a boundary at an angle other than 90: i. When travelling from air to water, light bends _____________the normal. ii. When travelling from glass to air, the light bends ________________ the normal. What happens to light that moves from glass to air when its angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle? Total internal reflection can occur only when light travels a. from a slower medium to a faster medium. b. from a faster medium to a slower medium. c. from air into water. d. between any two media. Which shaped lens causes incoming light to diverge convex or concave? Imagine a convex lens. Where should an object be placed so that its image is enlarged and the right way up? The image of a candle flame is smaller than the actual flame. It is projected onto a screen, but it is upside down. a. What type of lens is used to form the image? b. Is the image real or virtual? How do you know? Seen through a particular lens, everything looks smaller, but remains upright. What kind of lens is it? Explain your answer.

14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

How does the focal length of a thick convex lens compare with the focal length of a thinner convex lens? If you are unable to focus on a nearby image, it is usually because your cornea and lens dont bend light enough. Which shaped lens could correct this problem convex or concave? What are the seven colours that Newton identified when he used a prism to split white light into colours? Given that the eye has only three kinds of colour sensitive cells (red, blue and green), how is it possible that we see many different colours in a variety of shades? Why does blue light refract more than red light as it travels through a glass prism? The balloons in the photo at right are all illuminated by white light. Explain why each of the three objects appears, to our eyes, to have a colour other than white. Selective absorption and reflection describes why we see objects in different colours. Red objects reflect red light, but absorb all other colours. Yellow objects absorb some colours but reflect two colours. The two colours of light mix together, and we see a yellow object. The main two colours of light that are reflected from a yellow object are most likely a. blue and green. b. red and blue. c. green and red. d. cyan and magenta. e. white and black.