DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, NIZAM COLLEGE B.Sc., CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS. B.Sc.

1st YEAR, SEMESTER - I

CALIBRATION OF APPARATUS : Calibration of weights and glass ware like measuring cylinders, pipettes and burettes. ACID BASE TITRATIONS :

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Estimation of bicarbonate in baking soda. Estimation of carbonate in washing soda. Estimation of carbonate and bicarbonate in a given mixture. Alkali content in antacid using HCl. Acetic acid content in commercial vinegar using NaOH. Estimation of ammonium ion.

REDOX TITRATIONS (Permanganometry ) : 1. 2. 3. Standardization of KMnO4. Estimation of Ferrous ion. Estimation of calcium ion in Chalk as Calcium oxalate.

ACID BASE TITRATIONS

1. ESTIMATION OF BICARBONATE ION ( HCO3- ) Aim: Apparatus: Chemicals: Principle: Estimation of bicarbonate ion in the given solution. Standard flask, burette, pipette, funnel, conical flask and weighing bottle. Na2 CO3, 0.1 HCl, Methyl Orange indicator. Total neutralization of bicarbonate in a given solution with HCl. NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2

Procedure:
Step I: Preparation of standard Na2CO3 Solution. Weigh the given Na2CO3 salt and transfer it into 100 ml standard flask. Make up the solution up to the mark with distilled water. Shake it thoroughly for uniform concentration and calculate the molarity of Na2CO3 by using the formula

M =
Step - II: Standardization of HCl.

Wt M. Wt

1000 V ml

Pipette out 10 ml of prepared Na2CO3 solution into a clean conical flask and add 2 or 3 drops of methyl orange indicator (solution turns yellow). Titrate against HCl solution taken in the burette until the colour changes from yellow to pink. Note down the burette reading and repeat the titration for concurrent values. Calculate the molarity of HCl by using the formula.

- 2 O 3

C - 2 O 3

V O-

n
S.No. Vol. of Na 2 CO3

*C n

l H C

H l

V C

Burette Reading Initial Final

Vol. of HCl

Step - III: Estimation of bicarbonate. Pipette out 10 ml of given unknown solution into a 250 ml conical flask and add few drops of methyl orange indicator and titrate with standard 0.1N HCl solution Until the colour changes from yellow to pink. Note down the burette reading and repeat the titration for concurrent values. Calculate the molarity and amount of NaHCO3 present in the solution.

*C n

l H C

H l

* O 3 HV
H C O

C3

O 3

S.No.

Vol. of Na HCO3

Burette Reading Initial Final

Vol. of HCl

2 . ESTIMATION OF CARBONATE ION (CO3-2 )

Aim: Apparatus: Chemicals: Principle: Estimation of Carbonate in the given solution. Standard flask, burette, pipette, funnel, conical flask and weighing bottle. Na2 CO3, 0.1N HCl, Methyl Orange indicator. Total neutralization of CO3-2 by the equation. present in given solution with HCL is given

Na2CO3 + 2HCl

2NaCl + H2O + CO2

Procedure:
STEP-I: Preparation of Standard Na2CO3 Solution. Weigh the given Na2CO3 salt and transfer it into 100 ml standard flask. Make up the solution up to the mark with distilled water. Shake it thoroughly for uniform concentration and calculate the molarity of Na2CO3 by using the formula

M =

Wt M. Wt
3

1000 V ml

STEP II:

Standardization of HCl.

Pipette out 10 ml of the prepared Na2CO3 solution into a clean conical flask and add 2 or 3 drops of methyl orange indicator (solution turns yellow). Titrate against HCl solution taken in the burette until the colour changes from yellow to pink. Note down the burrette reading and repeat the titration for concurrent values. Calculate the molarity of HCl by using the formula.

M
S.No.

- 2 O 3

C - 2 O 3

VO-

n
Vol. of Na2CO3

*C n

l H C

H l

V C

Burette Reading Initial Final

Vol. of HCl

STEP-III

Estimation of Carbonate Ion (CO32-):

Pipette out 10 ml of given unknown solution into a 250 ml conical flask, add a few drops of methyl orange indicator and titrate with a standard 0.1N HCl solution until the colour changes from yellow to pink. Note down the burette reading and repeat the titration for concurrent values. Calculate the molarity and amount of CO32- present in the solution.

*C n

l H C

H l

- 2 O 3

C C

VO-

- 2 O 3

S.No.

Vol. of Na2CO3

Burette Reading Initial Final

Vol. of HCl

3. ESTIMATION OF CO32- AND HCO3- IN A GIVEN MIXTURE

Aim: Estimation of CO32- and HCO3- in a given mixture 4

Apparatus: Chemicals: Principle:

Standard flask, burette, pipette, funnel, conical flask and weighing bottle. Na2 CO3, 0.1 M HCl, Methyl Orange indicator. Total neutralization of Na2CO3 in the given solution with HCl. Na2CO3 + HCl NaHCO3 + HCl Na2CO3 + 2HCl Phenophthalein Methyl orange NaHCO3 + NaCl NaCl + H2O + CO2 2NaCl +H2O +CO2

Procedure:
Step-I: Preparation of Standard Na2CO3 Solution. Weigh approximately 0.65 grams of Na2CO3 and transfer it into 100 ml standard flask. Make up the solution upto the mark with distilled water. Shake it thoroughly for uniform concentration and calculate the molarity of Na2CO3 by using the formula

M =
Step - II: Standardization of HCl.

Wt M. Wt

1000 V ml

Pipette out 20 ml of Na2CO3 solution into a clean conical flask and add 2 or 3 drops of methyl orange indicator (solution turns yellow). Titrate against HCl solution taken in the burette until the colour changes from yellow to pink. Note down the burette reading and repeat the titration for concurrent values. Calculate the molarity of HCl by using the formula.

M
S.No.

- 2 O 3

C - 2 O 3

V O-

n
Vol. of Na2CO3

*C n

l H C

H l

V C

Burette Reading Initial Final

Vol. of HCl

Step - III: Estimation of CO32- and HCO3 - in a given mixture. Pipette out 20 ml of given mixture into a 250 ml conical flask add 2 or 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator and titrate with standard HCl solution. Until the colour changes from pink 5

to colourless. Stop the titration and note down the burette reading (V 1ml). To the same solution add 2 or 3 drops of methyl orange indicator; titrate with HCl solution until the colour changes from yellow to Pink. Note down the burette reading (V2ml). Repeat the titration for concurrent values. Calculate the molarity and amount of CO32- and HCO3- present in the given solution. S.No. Vol. of Mixture Initial reading ( I ) Burette Reading V1 V2 2V1 V2 2V1

4. ACETIC ACID CONTENT IN COMMERCIAL VINEGAR

Aim: Estimation of the Acetic acid in Vinegar using NaOH Apparatus: Standard flask, burette, pipette, funnel, conical flask and weighing bottle. Chemicals: Oxalic acid, NaOH, Acetic acid, Phenolphthalein indicator. Principle: Total neutralization of Acetic acid in a given solution by using the NaOH.

COOH + 2NaOH COOH CH3COOH + NaOH

COONa COONa

+ 2H2O

CH3COONa + H2O

Procedure :

Step I: Preparation of Standard oxalic acid Weigh approximately 0.63 grams of oxalic acid into a clean 100 ml standard flask and makeup the solution up to the mark with distilled water. Calculate the molarity of oxalic acid by using the formula.

M =

Wt M. Wt

1000 V ml

Step II: Standardization of NaOH solution.

Pipette out 20 ml of oxalic acid and add 2 or 3 drops of Phenolphthalein indicator titrate with NaOH taken in a burette until a permanent pale pink colour appears. Note down the burette reading and repeat the titration for concurrent values. Calculate the molarity of NaOH.

* n

2 H

O 2

H4 C

VC
2 O

=
4

a O

HN

a O H

a O

S.No.

Vol. of H2C2O4

Burette Reading Initial Final

Vol. of NaOH

Step III: Estimation of acetic acid. Pipette out 20 ml of acetic acid into a clean conical flask and add 2 or 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator. Titrate it against NaOH solution until a permanent pale pink colour appears. Note down the burette reading and repeat the titration for concurrent values. Calculate the molarity and amount of CH3COOH.

a O

H N a O

Va
H

n
S.No.

*C
C

O H

OC 3 C

HH

V
O

3 O

O H

Vol. of CH3COOH

Burette Reading Initial Final

Vol. of NaOH

5. ESTIMATION OF ALKALINE CONTENT IN ANTACID.

Aim: Apparatus: Chemicals: Principle: An antacid contains usually magnesium and aluminium hydroxides. The alkali content in the antacid can be estimated by titrating a solution of the antacid against hydrochloric acid using methyl orange as indicator. Mg (OH)2 + 2HCl MgCl2 + 2H2O To analyze the given antacid for its alkali content. Standard flask, burette, pipette, funnel, conical flask and weighing bottle. Na2CO3, HCl, Methyl Orange indicator, Antacid Tablets.

Procedure:
Step-I: Preparation of standard Na2CO3 Solution. Weigh approximately 0.65 grams of Na2CO3 and transfer it into 100 ml standard flask. Make up the solution upto the mark with distilled water. Shake it thoroughly for uniform concentration and calculate the molarity of Na2CO3 by using the formula

M =

Wt M. Wt

1000 V ml

Step IIs: Standardization of Hydrochloric acid. Pipette out 20 ml of Na2CO3 solution into a clean conical flask and add 2 or 3 drops of methyl orange indicator (solution turns yellow). Titrate against HCl solution taken in the burette until the colour changes from yellow to pink. Note down the burette reading and repeat the titration for concurrent values. Calculate the molarity of HCl by using the formula.

M
S.No.

- 2 O 3

C - 2 O 3

V O-

n
Vol. of

*C n

l H C

H l

V C

Burette Reading Initial Final

Vol. of HCl

Na 2CO3

Step III: Estimation of the alkali in antacid. Make a fine powder of a tablet of antacid, add to it 25 ml of distilled water. It may not dissolve completely and may remain suspension. Add 2 drops of methyl orange and titrate against the standard HCl with vigorous shaking till the orange changes to light pink. Repeat the experiment to get concurrent values. Tabulate and calculate the alkali content in the antacid.

S.No.

Vol. of Antacid (V1)

Burette Reading Initial ( R1) Final ( R2 )

Vol. of HCl R2 R1 = V 2

6. ESTIMATION OF AMMONIUM ION (NH4+).

Aim: Estimation of Ammonium Ion (NH4+) Apparatus : Standard flask, burette, pipette, funnel, conical flask and weighing bottle. Chemicals: Na2CO3, HCl, NH4Cl, NaOH, Mercurous Nitride (HgN3), phenolphthalein, Methyl red indicators. Principle : NH4Cl + NaOH HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O + NH3 NaCl + H2O

Procedure:
Step I : Preparation of standard Na2CO3 Solution. 9

Weigh approximately 0.65 grams of Na2CO3 and transfer it into 100 ml standard flask. Make up the solution up to the mark with distilled water. Shake it thoroughly for uniform concentration and calculate the molarity of Na2CO3 by using the formula

M =
Step II : a) Standardization of HCl.

Wt M. Wt

1000 V ml

Pipette out 20 ml of Na2CO3 solution into a clean conical flask and add 2 or 3 drops of methyl orange indicator (solution turns yellow). Titrate against HCl solution taken in the burette until the colour changes from yellow to pink. Note down the burrette reading and repeat the titration for concurrent values. Calculate the molarity of HCl by using the formula.

M 2C O3

* M
2-

2-

C O3

n
S.No. Vol. of

C O3

HC l

* V

HC l

HC l

Burette Reading Initial Final

Vol. of HCl

Na 2CO3

b)

Standardization of NaOH solution. Pipette out 20 ml of NaOH solution into a clean conical flask and add 2 or 3 drops of

Phenolphthalein indicator and titrate it against HCl ( in the burette). The end point is the colourless. Note the titre value and repeat for concurrent readings.
M HCl * V HCl N HCl = M NaOH * VNaOH N NaOH

S.No.

Vol. of Na OH

Burette Reading Initial Final

Vol. of HCl

10

Step III : Estimation of Ammonium Ion . Pipette out 20 ml of the unknown solution into a conical flask and add 100 ml of NaOH to it, place funnel in the neck of the flask and boil the solution until the vapours does not turns the paper. Moistured with HgN3 solution black. Now bring the conical flask to room temperature and add 2 or 3 drops of methyl red indicator and titrate with standard HCl solution. Repeat the process for concurrent readings. Calculate the molarity and amount of NH4+ in the given solution.
M HCl * V HCl N HCl + + M NH4 * V NH4 N NH4+

S.No.

Vol. of NH4+Solution

Burette Reading Initial Final

Vol. of HCl

REDOX TITRATIONS ( permanganometry)

1. ESTIMATION OF FERROUS ION ( Fe+2). Aim : Estimation of Ferrous Ion. Apparatus : Standard flask, Burette, Burette stand, Pipette, Funnel, Conical flask, Weighing bottle. Chemicals : KMnO4, Na2C2O4, dil H2SO4, FeSO4. Principle : KMnO4 solution is standardized against Na2C2O4 solution. Fe+2 is oxidized to Fe+3. by KMnO4 in the presence of dil H2SO4 11

2KMnO4 + 5Na2C2O4 + 8H2SO4

K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + Na2SO4 + 8H2O + 10CO2 Mn+2 + 4H2O 2CO2 + 2e2Mn+2 + 8H2O + 10CO2 Mn+2 + 4H2O Fe + e+3

2MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e5C2O42MnO4- + 16H+ + 5C2O4MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e5Fe+2 MnO4- + 8H+ + 5Fe+2

Mn+2 + 5Fe+3 + 4H2O

Procedure:
Step I : Preparation of Na2C2O4 solution.

Weigh approximately 0.67 grams of Na2C2O4 into a clean 100 ml standard flask dissolve with distilled water and add a few drops of dil H2SO4 until the solution is coloured and make up the solution up to the mark. Calculate the molarity of Na2C2O4by using the formula.

M =
Step II : Standardization of KMnO4 .

Wt M. Wt

1000 V ml

Pipette out 20 ml of Na2C2O4 solution into the clean conical flask and add 20 ml of dilute H2SO4 heat the solution about 700 C , add titrate against KMnO4 in a permanent pink colour is produced. Repeat the titration for concurrent values and calculate the molarity of KMnO4 by using the formula.
M Na2C2O4 * VNa2C2O4 n Na2C2O4 = M
K MnO4

* V K MnO4

n K MnO4

S.No.

Vol. of Na 2C2O4

Burette Reading Initial Final

Vol. of KMnO4

Step III :

Estimation of Fe+2 in a given solution. 12

Pipette out 20 ml ferrous sulphate ( FeSO4) solution into a clean conical flask and add 20 ml of dilute H2SO4. Titrate against the KMnO4 slowly with constant stirring. Until a permanent Pink colour appears. Note down the burette reading at end point. Repeat the titration for concurrent values and calculate the molarity , amount of Fe+2 in the given solution by using the formula.
M
K MnO4

* V K MnO4

K MnO4

2+ M Fe * V Fe2+

2+ Fe

S. No.

Vol. of test solution

Burette Reading Initial Final

Vol. of KMnO4

2. ESTIMATION OF CALCIUM ION IN CHALK AS CALCIUM OXALATE

Aim : Estimation of calcium ion in chalk Apparatus : Standard flask, Burette, Burette stand, Pipette, Funnel, Conical flask, Weighing bottle. Chemicals : Chalk Powder ( CaCO3), HCl, NaOH, Methyl Orange. Principle : A known weight of the chalk sample is dissolved in known excess volume of standard HCl . The excess of residual acid in the solution is back titrated against a standard solution of sodium Hydroxide using Methyl Orange indicator. CaCO3 + 2HCl HCl + NaOH 13 CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O NaCl + H2O

Proedure :
Weigh accurately about 1 gram of given chalk transfer it into a 150 ml beaker. Add to it accurately 25 ml of HCl store to the solution cover it with a watch glass and heat it for few minutes to expel CO2 completely. Transfer the solution and washing to a 250 ml standard flask. And make up the solution with distilled water. Shake it well and use the solution for titrating against NaOH. Using methyl orange as indicator. S.No. Vol. of Test solution Burette Reading Initial Final Vol. of NaOH

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, NIZAM COLLEGE, B.Sc., CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS.

B.Sc., Ist YEAR - II- SEMESTER.

PRECIPITATION TITRATION. 1. Estimation of Zinc ion by ferrocyanide. REDOX TITRATIONS 1. Dichrometry: Estimation of (i) Ferrious and (ii) Ferric ions. 2. Iodometry: (i) Standardization of thiosulphate, (ii) Estimation of Copper ion. 14

COMPLEXOMETRIC TITRATIONS. 1. Standardization of EDTA. 2. Estimation of Magnesium ion in talcum powder. 3. Hardness of Water. 4. Estimation of Nickel.. 5. Estimation of Copper. GRAVIMETRY 1. Estimation of Barium sulphate . 2. Estimation of Nickel as Nickel dimethylglyoxime.

PRECIPITATION TITRATIONS ESTIMATION OF ZINC. Aim: bottle. Chemicals: Principl: Procedure Step-I : Preparation of Standard Zinc solution. Weigh accurately about 0.81 gm of zinc Oxide ( Mol. Wt =81,38) transfer it into a 100 ml standard flask and dissolve the solid in dilute Sulphuric acid and makeup to the with water. 15 Potassium Ferrocyanide, Zinc solution, diphenyl amine, Potassium Ferricyanide. Zinc ion in neutral or acid medium reacts with potassium ferrocyanide solution to Estimation of Zinc ion by Ferrocyanide. Standard flask, Burette, Burette stand, Pipette, Funnel, Conical flask, Weighing

Apparatus:

form very sparingly soluble potassium zinc ferrocyanide.

M =
Step-II :

Wt M. Wt

1000 V ml

Standardization of Potassium Ferrocyanide :

Pipette out 20 ml of Zinc solution into a conical flask add 2 drops of diphenyl amine indicator. Titrate the solution with ferrocyanide slowly and with vigorous shaking till the first permanent colour changes from blue to red. Repeat the titrations for concurrent readings.
* V
Ferrocyanide

M ZnCl

V ZnCl

M =

Ferrocyanide

NZnCl 2

N Ferrocyanide

S.No.

Vol. of Zinc solution 10ml 10ml

Burette Reading Initial 0 0 Final

Vol. of K4[Fe(CN)6]

1 2 Step III

Estimation of Zinc Ion in a given solution.

Pipette out 20 ml of Zinc solution into a conical flask add 2 drops of diphenyl amine indicator. Titrate the solution with ferrocyanide slowly and with vigorous shaking till the first permanent colour changes from blue to red. Repeat the titrations for concurrent readings.
* V
Ferrocyanide

Ferrocyanide

N Ferrocyanide

M ZnCl

* V ZnCl 2

NZnCl 2

S.No.

Vol. of Zinc solution

Burette Reading Initial Final

Vol. of potassium ferrocynide

1 2 3

20ml 20ml 20ml

0 0 0

16

REDOX TITRATIONS ESTIMATION OF FERROUS BY DICROMETRY. Aim: To estimate the amount of ferrous present in given solution by dichrometry. Apparatus: Principle: as indicator. Cr2O72- + 6Fe2+ + 14H+ Procedure: Step-I Preparation of standard K2Cr2O7 Solution. Weigh accurately 0.7008 gm of pure anhydrous potassium dichromate into a clean 100 ml standard flask . Dissolve the salt in water and make it up to the mark. Calculate the molarity of K2Cr2O7 . 17 2Cr3+ + 6Fe3+ + 7H20 Standard flask, Burette, Burette stand, Pipette, Funnel, Conical flask, Weighing bottle Ferrous ion is oxidized to ferric ion by the acidified K2Cr2O7 and diphenylamine is used Chemicals: K2Cr2O7 , H2SO4, H3PO4, diphenylamine, Ferrous solution.

M =
Step-II Estimation of Ferrous.

Wt M. Wt

1000 V ml

Pipette out 20 ml of the given ferrous solution into a clean conical flask and add 20 ml of Dilute H2S04 add 20 ml of distilled water . Now add 20 ml of acid mixture ( a mixture of H2SO4 and H3PO4) Titrate this solution against standard K2Cr207 solution until blue violet colour appears. Repeat the titration for concurrent readings . Then the molarity of the solution can be calculated by the formula.
M K 2Cr2O7 * V K 2Cr2O7 nK 2Cr2O7
2+ M Fe * V Fe2+

2+ Fe

S.No.

Vol. of Given solutions 20ml 20ml 20ml

Burette Reading Initial 0 0 0 Final

Vol. of K2Cr2O7

1 2 3

ESTIMATION OF FERRIC BY DICHROMETRY. Aim: To estimate the amount of Ferric. Apparatus: Standard flask, Burette, Pipette, Conical Flask, Funnel and Burette Stand. Chemicals: K2Cr207 , H2SO4 , H3PO4, SnCl2, HgCl2, diphenyl amine and Ferric solution. Principle: Fe3+ is in highest oxidation state. It is reduced to Fe2+ state by treating with stannous chloride and conc HCl.. The excess unreacted stannous chloride is oxidized by the addition of few drops of HgCl2. The solution is titrated with K2Cr207 with diphenyl amine as an indicator. 2Fe3+ + SnCl2 SnCl2 + 2HgCl2 Cr2072- + 6Fe2+ + 14H+ Procedure: Step-I Preparation of standard K2Cr207 Solution. 18 2Fe2+ + SnCl4 SnCl4 + Hg2Cl2 6Fe3+ + 2Cr3+ + 7H20.

Weigh accurately 0.7008 gm of pure anhydrous potassium dichromate into a clean 100 ml standard flask . Dissolve the salt in water and make it up to the mark. Calculate the molarity of K2Cr2O7 .

M =
Step-II Estimation of Ferric ion.( Fe3+)

Wt M. Wt

1000 V ml

Pipette out 20 ml of the mixture into a clean conical flask and add 20 ml of distilled water 5ml of conc.HCl . Heat the solution and add SnCl2 in a dropwise manner until the solution becomes colourless. Cool the solution under tap water. To this solution of HgCl2 until the formation of silky white precipitate. If the white precipitate is heavy or grey in colour reject the solution and repeat the reduction process. To this solution add 20 ml of acid mixture and one or two drops of diphenylamine indicator. Titrate this solution against K2Cr207 taken in the burette to get bluish violet colour. Repeat the titration until two concurrent readings. Then calculate molarity. MK2Cr2O7 V K2Cr2O7 N K2Cr2O7 S.No. Vol. of Given 1 2 3 solutions 20ml 20ml 20ml 0 0 0 IODOMETRY ESTIMATION OF COPPER ION. Aim: To estimate the amount of Copper in the given solution. Apparatus: Standard flask, Burette, Pipette, Conical Flask, Funnel and Burette Stand Chemicals: Copper solution, Na2S203, K2Cr207, KI, HCl, NaHCO3 and starch. Principle: solution. Cr2072- + 14H+ + 6e2Cr3+ + 7H2O 19 In the estimation of copper solution , hypo (Na2S203) is standardized with K2Cr207 = MFe3+ VFe3+ NFe3s+ Vol. of K2Cr2O7

Burette Reading Initial Final

2ICr2072- + 14H+ + 6I-

I2 + 2e2Cr3+ + 3I2 + 7H20

Copper is estimated by titrating it against hypo using starch as indicator. In this titration KI is added and liberated iodine is titrated against hypo solution. 2Cu2+ + 4II2+2Na2S203 Procedure: Step-I Preparation of standard K2Cr207 solution. Weigh accurately 0.7008 gm of pure anhydrous potassium dichromate into a clean 100 ml standard flask . Dissolve the salt in water and make it up to the mark. Calculate the molarity of K2Cr2O7 . Cu2I2 + I2 Na2S406 + 2NaI

M =

Wt M. Wt

1000 V ml
Step-II Standardization of Hypo.

Pipette out 10 ml of K2Cr207 solution and 20 ml distilled water add a pinch of NaHCO3 and 10 ml of KI solution and 2 ml of conc.HCl shake it well and cover the conical flask with a watch glass and keep it in dark for 5 minutes. Take out the flask from the dark, wash down the watch glass into the flask. Titrate against hypo solution taken in the burette. Till light yellow colour is obtained and few drops of starch indicator continue the titration till the blue colour due to the starch just disappears . Repeat the titration for concurrent values. Calculate the molarity of hypo by using the formula. S.No. Vol. of K2Cr2O7 Burette Reading Initial Final Vol. of hypo

Step-III

Estimation of Copper.

Pipette out 10 ml of Cu2+ solution and add 20 ml of distilled water and few drops of NH40H solution till a small quantity of blue coloured precipitate forms. Dissolve this by adding a small amount of glacial acetic acid until the solution is clear. Then add 10 ml of KI solution and cover with watch glass, and keep it in dark for 5 minutes. Take out the flask wash down the watch glass. Titrate this against hypo. Until the solution becomes very light brown. Add few drops of starch 20

indicator. So as to turn the solution dark blue continue the titration till a blue colour just discharges and solution becomes curdy white. Note down the burette reading and repeat the titration for concurrent readings. Calculate the molarity of Cu2+ by using formula. S.No. 1 2 Vol. of CuSO4 10ml 10ml 0 0 Burette Reading Initial Final Vol. of hypo

COMPLEXOMETRIC TITRATIONS STANDARDIZATION OF EDTA. Aim: Standardization of EDTA. Apparatus: Standard flask, Burette, Pipette, Conical Flask, Funnel and Burette Stand Chemicals: MgSO4. 7H2O, EDTA , Buffer Solution.

M =

Wt M. Wt

1000 V ml

Principle: Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid is one of the potential ligand, use in the estimation of metal ions by complexometric titrations. It is a hexadentate ligand. Addition of EDTA to the solution of metal ions complexed with indicator results in the replacement of ineicator to form a more stable metal EDTA complex. This can be observed by a colour change. That is wine red to blue. The Mg-EDTA complex is colourless. The blue colour is due to the indicator is in free form. Mg2+ + EBT Mg(EBT) + EDTA [ Mg-EBT ] Unstable [ Mg-EDTA ] + EBT 21

Stable Step-I Preparation of Standard MgSO4 solution.

blue

Weigh above 1.346 gr of MgSO4.7H2O into a clean 100 ml standard flask. Dissolve the salt in water and make it up to the mark.

M =
Step- II Standardization of EDTA.

Wt M. Wt

1000 V ml

Pipette out 20 ml of standard MgSO4 solution into a clean conical flask and add 20 ml of water, 10 ml of buffer solution of PH-10 and add a pinch of Eriochrome black T indicator. (EBT) Heat the contents upto 400 C and titrate with EDTA taken in the burette until the colour changes from wine red to blue. Note down the burette readings and repeat the titrations till you get concurrent values. Then calculate the molarity of EDTA solution.
M
Mg2+

* V Mg 2+ =
Mg2+

M EDT A

* V EDT A n EDT A

S.No.

Vol. of MgSO4

Burette Reading Initial Final

Vol. of EDTA

ESTIMATION OF Ni2+ Aim: Estimate the amount of given Ni2+ solution per 500 ml. Apparatus: Standard flask, Burette, Pipette, Conical Flask, Funnel and Burette Stand Chemicals: MgSO4.7H2O, EDTA, buffer and unknown Ni2+ solution. Principle: : Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid is one of the potential ligand, use in the estimation of metal ions by complexometric titrations. It is a hexadentate ligand. Addition of EDTA to the solution of metal ions complexed with indicator results in the replacement of ineicator to form a more stable metal EDTA complex. This can be observed by a colour change. That is wine red to blue. The Mg-EDTA complex is colourless. The blue colour is due to the indicator is in free form. Mg2+ + EBT [ Mg-EBT ] 22

Unstable Mg(EBT) + EDTA [ Mg-EDTA ] + EBT Stable Ni2+ + Mu [ Ni(Mu)] + EDTA Procedure: Step-I : Preparation of Standard MgSO4 Solution. Weigh above 1.346 gr of MgSO4.7H2O into a clean 100 ml standard flask. Dissolve the salt in water and make it upto the mark. [ Ni(Mu) ] Unstable [ Ni EDTA ] + Mu Stable blue

M =

Wt M. Wt

1000 V ml

Step-II : Standardization of EDTA. Pipette out 20 ml of standard MgSO4 solution into a clean conical flask and add 20 ml of water, 10 ml of buffer solution of PH-10 and add a pinch of Eriochrome black T indicator. (EBT) Heat the contents upto 400 C and titrate with EDTA taken in the burette until the colour changes from wine red to blue. Note down the burette readings and repeat the titrations till you get concurrent values. Then calculate the molarity of EDTA solution.
M
Mg2+

* V Mg 2+ =
Mg2+

M EDT A

* V EDT A n EDT A

S.No.

Vol. of MgSO4

Burette Reading Initial Final

Vol. of EDTA

Step-III: Estimation of Ni2+ solution. Make up the given unknown Nickel solution upto the mark by adding distilled water and shake it well for uniform concentration. 23

Pipette out 10 ml of given Nickel solution into a clean conical flask and add 10 ml of distilled water 5 ml of buffer solution and add a pinch of Muroxide indicator . Titrate this solution against EDTA taken in the burette until the colour changes from Yellow to Voilet . Note down the burette reading and repeat the titration to get the concurrent values . Calculate the molarity and the amount of Nickel in the given solution.
M
EDT A

* V EDT A =

M Ni 2+

2+ Ni

n EDT A

n Ni2+

S.No.

Vol. of Ni2+ solution

Burette Reading Initial Final

Vol. of EDTA

ESTIMATION OF COPPER ( Cu2+) Aim : Estimate the amount of given Cu2+ solution per 500 ml. Apparatus: Standard flask, Burette, Pipette, Conical Flask, Funnel and Burette Stand Chemicals: MgSO4.7H2O, EDTA, buffer , unknown Cu2+ solution, Fast sulpho Black F.Indicator. Principle: : Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid is one of the potential ligand, use in the estimation of metal ions by complexometric titrations. It is a hexadentate ligand. Addition of EDTA to the solution of metal ions complexed with indicator results in the replacement of ineicator to form a more stable metal EDTA complex. This can be observed by a colour change. That is wine red to blue. The Mg-EDTA complex is colourless. The blue colour is due to the indicator is in free form. Mg2+ + EBT [ Mg-EBT ] Unstable Mg(EBT) + EDTA Chemical Reaction: Cu2+ + FBF [ Mg-EDTA ] + EBT Stable Unstable blue [ Cu (FBF) ]

24

[Cu(FBF)] + EDTA Procedure: Step-I

[Cu-EDTA] + FBF Stable

Preparation of Standard MgSO4 solution.

Weigh above 1.346 gr of MgSO4.7H2O into a clean 100 ml standard flask. Dissolve the salt in water and make it upto the mark

M =
Step-II Standardization of EDTA.

Wt M. Wt

1000 V ml

Pipette out 20 ml of standard MgSO4 solution into a clean conical flask and add 20 ml of water, 10 ml of buffer solution of PH-10 and add a pinch of Eriochrome black T indicator. (EBT) Heat the contents upto 400 C and titrate with EDTA taken in the burette until the colour changes from wine red to blue. Note down the burette readings and repeat the titrations till you get concurrent values. Then calculate the molarity of EDTA solution.
M
Mg2+

* V Mg 2+ =
Mg2+

M EDT A

* V EDT A n EDT A

S.No.

Vol. of MgSO4

Burette Reading Initial Final

Vol. of EDTA

Step-III

Estimation of Cu2+

Pipette out 10 ml of the given Cu2+ solution into a clean conical flask and add 10 ml of water and add 2.5 ml of ammonia solution and add 2 or 3 drops of Fast Sulphon black F indicator. Titrate this solution against EDTA taken in the burette, until the colour changes from blue to green. Note down the burette reading and repeat the titration to get the concurrent values. Calculate the molarity and amount of Cu2+ in the given solution.
M
EDT A

* V EDT A =

2+ Cu

V Cu2+

n EDT A

nCu2+

S.No.

Vol. of

Burette Reading

Vol. of

25

Cu2+ solution

Initial

Final

EDTA

HARDNESS OF WATER Aim : To estimate the amount of CaCO3 present in a given hard water. Apparatus: Standard flask, Burette, Pipette, Conical Flask, Funnel and Burette Stand Chemicals: MgSO4.7H2O, EDTA. Buffer, Eriochrome black T. Principle: Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid is one of the potential ligand, use in the estimation of metal ions by complexometric titrations. It is a hexadentate ligand. Addition of EDTA to the solution of metal ions complexed with indicator results in the replacement of ineicator to form a more stable metal EDTA complex. This can be observed by a colour change. That is wine red to blue. The Mg-EDTA complex is colourless. The blue colour is due to the indicator is in free form. Mg2+ + EBT [ Mg-EBT ] Unstable Mg(EBT) + EDTA [ Mg-EDTA ] + EBT Stable blue

Chemical Reaction: The reactions of soap with Ca and Mg salts are as follows. C17H35 COONa + M2+ M2+ = Procedure: Step-I Preparation of standard MgSO4 solution. Weigh above 1.346 gr of MgSO4.7H2O into a clean 100 ml standard flask. Dissolve the salt in water and make it up to the mark (C17H35COO)2 M + 2Na+ Ca2+ (or) Mg2+

M =

Wt M. Wt
26

1000 V ml

Step-II

Standardization of EDTA. Heat the

Pipette out 20 ml of standard MgSO4 solution into a clean conical flask and add 20 ml of water, 10 ml of buffer solution of PH-10 and add a pinch of Eriochrome black T indicator. (EBT) contents upto 400 C and titrate with EDTA taken in the burette until the colour changes from wine red to blue. Note down the burette readings and repeat the titrations till you get concurrent values. Then calculate the molarity of EDTA solution.
M
Mg2+

* V Mg 2+ =
Mg2+

M EDT A

* V EDT A n EDT A

S.No.

Vol. of MgSO4

Burette Reading Initial Final

Vol. of EDTA

Step-III

Estimation of CaCO3.

Take 50 ml of hard water into a clean conical flask add a pinch of EBT indicator. Titrate this solution with EDTA, until the colour changes from wine red to blue. Note down the burette reading and calculate the molarity and amount of CaCO3 present in the hard water. S.No. Vol. of Hardwater Burette Reading Initial Final Vol. of EDTA

EDT A

* V EDT A

M Hard water

VHard water

Hard ness of water is estimated interms of CaCO3 equivalence in gm/lit Vol of EDTA *Molarity of EDTA * 100 Total hardness interms of CaCO 3 = 50ml (or) vol of sample * 10002 ppm

ESTIMATION OF Mg2+ IN TALCUM POWDER.

27

Aim: To analyse the given talcum powder for its Mg content by complexometric titration. Apparatus: Standard flask, Burette, Pipette, Conical Flask, Funnel and Burette Stand Chemicals: 0.05M EDTA, buffer, EBT, MgSO4.7H2O. Principle: Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid is one of the potential ligand, use in the estimation of metal ions by complexometric titrations. It is a hexadentate ligand. Addition of EDTA to the solution of metal ions complexed with indicator results in the replacement of ineicator to form a more stable metal EDTA complex. This can be observed by a colour change. That is wine red to blue. The Mg-EDTA complex is colourless. The blue colour is due to the indicator is in free form. Mg2+ + EBT Mg(EBT) + EDTA Procedure: Step-I Preparation of standard MgSO4 solution. Weigh above 1.346 gr of MgSO4.7H2O into a clean 100 ml standard flask. Dissolve the salt in water and make it upto the mark [ Mg-EBT ] Unstable [ Mg-EDTA ] + EBT Stable blue

M =
Step-II Standardization of EDTA.

Wt M. Wt

1000 V ml

Pipette out 20 ml of standard MgSO4 solution into a clean conical flask and add 20 ml of water, 10 ml of buffer solution of PH-10 and add a pinch of Eriochrome black T indicator. (EBT) Heat the contents upto 400 C and titrate with EDTA taken in the burette until the colour changes from wine red to blue. Note down the burette readings and repeat the titrations till you get concurrent values. Then calculate the molarity of EDTA solution.
M
Mg2+

* V Mg 2+ =
Mg2+

M EDT A

* V EDT A n EDT A
Vol. of EDTA

n
S.No Vol. of MgSO4

Burette Reading Initial Final

Step-III

Estimation of Mg 2+ in talcum powder.

Weigh accurately about 1 gr of talcum powder and transfer it into a 250 ml beaker. Add 10 ml of concentrated HCl and boil carefully till the value reduces to about 2 ml. Add 50 ml of distilled 28

water and filter through a whatman filter paper (NO-42) into a 250 ml standard flask. Make up the value to the mark with distilled water. Pipette out 20 ml of this solution into a 250 ml conical flask, dilute with 50 ml distilled water and add 5 ml of PH-10 buffer and add EBT indicator. Titrate with O.O5 M EDTA until the colour changes from wine red to blue. Note down the burette reading and repeat the titration for concurrent values. Calculate the percentage of Mg present.
M
EDT A

* V EDT A

n EDT A
S.No Vol. of Talcum powder

Mg

2+

* V Mg 2+

n Mg 2+
Vol. of EDTA

Burette Reading Initial Final

GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS ESTIMATION OF NICKEL. Aim: Estimation of Nickel as the Dimethylglyoximate. Pipette, Measuring jar, sintered glass crucible. Apparatus: Principle: Ni2+ is precipitated by the addition of an ethonolic solution of DMG (H2 DMG) to a hot, faintly acidic solution of Ni2+ salt and then adding a slight excess of aqueous Ammonium solution. The precipipate is washed with cold water and then weighed as (NiDMG) . Nickel dimethyl glyoximate after drying at 110-120o C. So that the volatile reagent can evaporate. Procedure: Weigh about accurately 0.3 grm ammonium Nickel sulphate into a 500 ml beaker provided with a glass covering and stirring rod dissolve it in water and digest it with 5 ml of conc. HCl on a water bath for about 20 to 30 minutes and heat it to 70 to 80oC and add approximately 20 to 25 ml of DMG solution and immediately add ammonium solution drop wise ( directly to the solution not touching the beaker walls) with constant stirring until precipitate takes place. Then add 4 to 5 drops excess ammonia. Stir it again and allow it to stand on the water bath for 20 to 30 minutes when the red precipitate settles down. Allow the precipitate to stand at room temperature for 30 minutes. 29

Chemicals: Nickel solution. dil.HCL, Dimethylglyoximate, Ammonia solution.

Filter the mixture through crucible ( Heat at 100oC, Cool and then weigh the crucible). Wash the precipitate with cold water ( 10 ml, each time 2 to 3 times) and dry it in an oven at 100 to 120o C for 15 to 20 minutes. Allow it to cool then weigh the crucible along with precipitate weigh it as nickel DMG and report the percentage of Nickel present in complex. CALCULATIONS: Weight of the empty crucible = W1gms Weight of the empty crucible + precipitate = W2 gms Weight of the precipitate =(W2-W1) gms in 20ml of solution 288.79gms of Ni(DMG)2 ppt. Contains 58.71gms of Nickel(II) W2-W1gms of ppt. Contains gms of Nickel (II) ESTIMATION OF BARIUM Aim : Estimation of Barium as Barium Sulphate. Apparatus : Pipette, Measuring jar, sintered glass crucible Chemicals : HCl, dil. H2SO4, BaCl2. Principle : Barium is precipitated by addition of dil. H2SO4 to a hot faintly acidic solution of barium salt .The precipitate is filtered off washed with water, dried and weighed as barium sulphate. It is carried out precipitate in weakly acidic medium solution in order to prevent the possible formation of barium salts of anions such as Chromate, Carbonate , Phosphate which are insoluble in neutral solution. Ba2+ + SO42BaCl2 + H2SO4 Procedure: BaSO4 BaSO4 + 2HCl

Weigh about accurately 0.3 grms of BaCl2.2H20 into 100 ml beaker add 20-25 ml of

distilled water with constant stirring digest it with 1 ml of 6N HCl and heat to boil. Now add to this hot solution dil H2SO4 solution drop wise with stirring (about 20 ml) till precipitate is complete. After allowing the solution to cool and settle test the supernatant liquid for completion of precipitate by adding few drops of dil.H2SO4 . Now filter the precipitate through a previously weighed sintered glass crucible. Wash with hot water until the solution is not acidic ( test with blue litmus paper) dry it at 1200 for about 30 minutes in an oven and weigh the dried crucible with the precipitate. 30

CALCULATIONS: Weight of the empty crucible = W 1gms Weight of the empty crucible + precipitate = W2 gms Weight of the precipitate = (W2-W1) gms in 20ml of solution 233.3 gms of BaSO4 ppt Contains 137.33gms of Ba2 W2-W1gms of ppt Contains gms of Ba2+

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, NIZAM COLLEGE, B.Sc., II YEAR - IV SEMESTER. I. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. Inorganic Preparations: Preparation of Ammonium chloride. Preparation of Potash alum. Preparation of Copper-ammonia complex. Preparation of Nickel DMG complex. II. Organic Preparations: Preparation of Tribromophenol. Preparation of Tribromoaniline. Preparation of Benzilideneaniline. Preparation of 2,4-dinitrophynyl hydrazone of aldehyde. III. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Determination of Physical Constants:

Determination of density using pyknometer. Determination of surface tension using Stalagnometer. Determination of Viscosity using Viscometer. Determination of refractive index using Abbe refractometer. Calculation of Parachor and Refrachor. PREPARATION OF POTASH ALUM. 31

Aim:

To prepare Potash alum `

Chemicals: K2SO4 = 2 gms , Al2(SO4)3 = 8 gms. Theory: Potash alum is commonly known as alum is a double salt of K2SO4 and Al2(SO4)3 Potash alum can be obtained by mixing equimolar solution of K2SO4 and Al2(SO4)3 K2SO4 + Al2(SO4)3.18H2O +6H2O K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O (Potash alum) Procedure: Dissolve Potassium sulphate and aluminium sulphate separately in minimum amt of water (10ml). Since aluminium sulphate is less soluble in water,its turbid solution can be made clear by warming and adding 3-4 drops of Con.H2SO4. Mix the 2 solutions in a china dish and heat it. Separate the crystals formed from the mother liquor. Dry them at the room temperature and weigh. Record the yield of sample. PREPARATION OF TETRAMINE COPPER (II) SULPHATE. Aim: To prepare Tetramine Copper (II) sulphate . Chemicals: 1 gram of CuSO4, 5 ml of NH3, and 10 ml of alcohol. Procedure: Dissolve 1 gram of CuSO4 in minimum amount of distilled water in a clean and dry beaker. To this add 5 ml of conc.NH3 solution and stirr well . And keep it aside for 5 minutes now add 10 ml of alcohol to separate the complex. Filter the complex and dry it. PREPARATION OF BIS ( DIMETHYL GLYOXIME) NICKEL (II). Aim: To prepare the sample of Nickle DMG, Chemicals: 1 gram of NiSO4, DMG solution, conc.NH3 solution and dil.HCl. Procedure: Dissolve 1 gm of NiSO4 in minimum amount of distilled water and add 10 ml of HCl and dilute it to 50 ml. Heat the solution from 70 to 80 C and add 10 ml of DMG solution and immediately add NH3 solution with constant stirring until precipitation completes. Allow it to stand for 5 minutes. Filter the solid and dry it. ORGANIC PREPARATIONS PREPARATION OF 2,4,6 TRIBROMO PHENOL Aim: Preparation of 2,4,6 Tribromo Phenol. Chemicals: 1 drop Phenol. 32

10 ml Bromine in acetic acid solution. Principle: It is an aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction. Bromonium ion is an electrophile which is generated from Br2 in acetic acid in the presence of e- cloud. It attacks the ortho and para position because they are comparatively rich in electron density.
OH Br Br in CH3COOH OH Br

Br

Procedure:

Take 1 drop of Phenol into a clean beaker. Add 10 ml of Br2 in acetic

acid soluataion. Shake the solution with a glass rod. Keep it aside for 10 minutes. Then add 20 ml of water. Yellowish white precipitate of 2,4,6-Tribromophenol is obtained. Filter the sample and dry it. PREPARATION OF 2,4,6 TRIBROMO ANILINE Aim: Preparation of 2,4,6 Tribromo aniline. Chemicals: 1 drop Aniline 10 ml Bromine in acetic acid solution. Principle: It is an aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction. Bromonium ion is an electrophile e- Cloud, it attacks the ortho and which is generated from Br2 in acetic acid in the presence of
NH2 Br in CH3COOH Br NH2 Br

para positions because they are comparatively rich in electron density.

Br

Procedure:

Take 1 drop of aniline in a clean beaker and add 10 ml of Bromine in acetic acid

solution. Keep the beaker aside for 10 minutes. Add 20 ml of distilled water. A white precipitate of 2,4,6 trobromo-aniline is observed. Filter the sample and dry it. PREPARATION OF BENZELEDENE ANILINE Aim: Preparation of Benzeledene Aniline :Chemicals: 1ml of BenzaldehydeS 2-3 drops of Conc. H2SO4 33

1ml of Aniline Principle: In this mechanism condensation reaction takes place lone pair of electrons from Aniline attacks the carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde.The resulting product undergoes dehydration. (Dehydrating agent is conc.H2SO4 ) and forms Benzeledene-Aniline

H NH2 N

+
Benzaldehyde Aniline Benzelidine aniline

Procedure: Take 1ml of Benzaldehyde add 1ml of aniline in a clean dry china dish. Add few drops of conc.H2SO4 and stir the reaction mixture with a glass rod until the solid separates out. Heat the mixture if the reaction is not complete. PREPARATION OF 2,4-DINITROPHENYL HYDRAZONE OF ALDEHYDE Aim: To prepare 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone of aldehyde Chemicals: 0.25gm of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, 0.5ml of Conc. Hydrochloric acid, 4-5ml of ethanol, 0.1-0.2ml of alcohol. Chemical Reaction: Procedure: To the clear solution obtained by warming 0.25gm of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, 0.5ml of Conc.HCl acid and 4-5ml of ethanol, add 0.1-0.2ml of aldehyde dissolved in a small volume of ethanol and heat just to boiling. Allow to cool to room temperature, filter off the 2,4dinitrophenylhydrazone.

34

DETERMINATION OF PHYSICAL CONSTANTS 1.DETERMINATION OF DENSITY Aim: To determine the relative density of the given liquid. Principle: The density of a liquid is the mass of the unit volume of that liquid. The specific gravity or relative density is the weight a given volume of the liquid divided by the same volume of water at the same temperature. It is represented asd. Procedure: Wash the given specific gravity bottle (or) Pycnometer with distelled water and then with acetone. Take the empty weight (w1) of the bottle. Fill it with water and take its weight (w2). Remove the water, wash it with acetone, fill it with given liquid and find its weight. Then the density of the given liquid is calculated by using the formula. Density of the liquid = dw = density of water. M w = Mass of water. ML = Mass of liquid. Result: Density of 5% glycerol = 35

Density of 10% glycerol = DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY Aim: To determine the relative viscosity in the given liquid by using Viscometer. Principle: Viscosity is defined as the force per unit area to maintain unit difference of velocity between Two parallel layers of liquid 1 cm apart .Units of viscosity are centipoises (or) millipoise. It is Represented by the Greek letter (eta). The resistance to flow depends upon the dimensions of capillary and viscosity of the liquid. Thus, the time of flow of liquid from mark A to B is directly proportional to viscosity and inversely proportional to the driving force. Thus viscosity is Determined by formula, Viscosity of liquid ( l )= dl/dw *tl/tw * w Where , dl and dw = density of liquid and water. tl and tw = time taken by liquid and water w = Viscosity of water Procedure: The Ostwalds Viscometer consists of a U tube with two bulbs in each of the limbs . The bulbs are provided with markings. Clean the Viscometer with Acetone, introduce a definite quantity of distilled water into the small bulb. Bring the level of water to touch the mark X and hold it vertically . Notedown the time taken to run down the water to mark Y Repeat it , take the average value and find the viscosity of given liquid. Result: Viscosity of 5% glycerol = Viscosity of 10% glycerol = DETERMINATION OF SURFACE TENSION Aim: To determine the relative surface tension of a given liquid using Stalagmimeter. Principle:

36

Surface tension may be defined as the force in dynes acting at right angle above the imaginary line of 1cm apart on the surface of the liquid. It is due to the attraction existing between the molecules of a liquid. It is denoted by the Greek Symbol (gama). Relative surface tension may be determined by counting the number of drops formed by given liquid known as Relative drop number method If equal volumes of a liquids are allowed to flow slowly through the same capillary and 1and 2are the number of drops formed, then the surface tension of the liquid can be calculated by using the formula. Surface tension of liquid () = w / l * dl/dw * w w = number of drops of water. l = number of drops of liquid. dl = density of liquid. dw =density of water. w =surface tension of water. Procedure: Stalagmimeter is the instrument which is provided with a wide surface at the bottom which makes a droplet due to surface tension. First wash the stalagmometer by dipping it in the beaker containing acetone. Then wash it with water and fill it with water till it raises to mark X and remove the finger allow the water to the flow down and start counting the drops until the level reaches Y. Repeat the process take the mean value. Remove the water, wash with acetone fill it with the given liquid and repeat the process. Calculate the surface tension of the given liquid by using the formula. Result: Surface tension of 5% glycerol = Surface tension of 10% glycerol =

37