AVIONICS IMPORTANT TWO MARKS UNIT I

1.What are the major drivers in avionic systems? The major drivers in avionic system are pilot, co-pilot(it reduces the crew workload), increased safety, air traffic control requirements, all weather operations, reduction in fuel consumption, improved aircraft performance control and handling and reduction in maintenance cost. 2..What are the different tasks of Flight Management System(FMS)? The different tasks of FMS are Flight planning, navigation management, engine control to maintain the planned speed, control of the aircraft flight path, control of the flight profile, flight envelope monitoring, minimising fuel consumption and ensuring the aircraft is at planned 3-d position at the planned time slot. 3.What is FADEC? FADEC stands for Full Authority Digital Engine Control system. This automatically controls the flow of fuel to the engine combustion chamber by the fuel control unit so as to provide a closed loop control of engine thrust in response to the throttle command. The control system ensures the engine limits in terms of temperature, engine speeds and acceleration are not exceeded and the engine responds in an optimum manner to the throttle command. 4. Define avionics. Avionics is a word derived from the combination of Aviation and Electronics. The term avionics system or avionics subsystem is used to mean any system in the aircraft which is dependent on electronics for its operation although the system may contain electromechanical elements. EG: Fly By Wire FCS. 5. How to relate reliability and maintainability? Reliability can be defined as the duration or probability of failure free performance under stated conditions. The probability that an item can perform its intended function for a specific interval under stated conditions. Maintainability is closely related to reliability. Every system needs preventive or corrective maintenance, so maintainability can be defined as how easily the system can be maintained. When there is high reliability, the maintenance is low. 6. What are the mission phases of Civil and military aircrafts? The general mission phases of aircrafts are Taxiing Take off Cruise 1

Descent Landing

The mission phases of civil aircraft are: Safety Economy The mission phases of military aircraft are: Air to Air combat Air to ground combat Bombing Reconnaissance Interdiction 7. Explain DR navigation system Dead Reckoning (DR) navigation systems derive the vehicles present position by estimating the distance travelled from a known position from a knowledge of speed and direction of motion of the vehicle. They have the major advantages of being completely self contained and independent of external systems. The main types are: Inertial Navigation Systems(INS) Doppler or Heading Reference Systems Air data / Heading reference systems 8.Explain illities of Avionics system. Capability Reliability Maintainability Certificability Survivability(military) Availability Susceptibility vulnerability Life cycle cost(military) or cost of ownership(civil) Technical risk Weight & power

UNIT II
1.Define Stack, stack pointer A stack is a set of memory locations in the Read/Write memory of a micro computer system. These memory locations are used to store binary information during the execution of a program. A stack pointer is a 16-bit register which is used to store the top of the stack address.

2. Define DATAC Digital autonomous terminal access communication is a carrier sense, multiple access, collision avoidance two-way data bus concept with an operating frequency and word structure identical to MIL-STD-1553 data buses but without a bus controller. Now called ARINC -629. 3.Define ATLAS Abbreviated test language for all systems, a standard abbreviated English language used in the preparation and documentation of test specification which can be implemented either and manually or with automatic or semiautomatic test equipment. 4. What is Sampling frequency and Aliasing? Sampling rate/frequency defines the number of sample per unit time (usually in seconds) taken from continuous signal to make a discrete signal. For time domain signal, unit of signal rate is Hertz. Aliasing refers to an effect that causes different signals to become undistinguishable i.e., they become aliases of one another, when sampled. It also refers to distortion that results when signals reconstructed from samples is different from original continuous signal. 5. Differentiate between volatile and non-volatile memory. Non volatile memory will be such that loss of power due to an equipment power-down or power-interrupt does not cause loss of the program. Eg.ROM Volatile memory will be such that the loss of power due to an equipment power-down or power-interrupt causes the loss of program. Eg. RAM 6. Explain the important instruction sets RLC Rotate Accumulator Left. Each bit of the accumulator is rotated left by one position. RRC-Rotate Accumulator Right. Each bit of the accumulator is rotated right by one position . RAL-Rotate Accumulator Left through carry. Each bit of the accumulator is rotated left by one position, through the carry flag. RAR-Rotate Accumulator Right. Each bit of the accumulator is rotated right by one position, through the carry flag. DAD - the content of the register pair is added to the content of HLregister pair and the result is stored in the register pair. DAA- Decimal Adjust Accumulator. The 8-bit content of the accumulator is adjusted to form 2 four bit BCD digits 7.Define PUSH RP a and POP Rp PUSH Rp command is used to push the contents of the register pair of the operand into the stack memory. POP Rp command is used to move the 16 bit content of the stack memory into the register pair. 8. Explain De-Morgans Law 3

De Morgan's laws are rules relating the logical operators "and" and "or" in terms of each other via negation. With two operands A and B:

9. What is digital computer? A computer that stores data in terms of digits (numbers) and proceeds in discrete steps from one state to the next. The states of a digital computer typically involve binary digits which may take the form of the presence or absence of magnetic markers in a storage medium (see memory), on-off switches or relays. In digital computers, even letters, words and whole texts are represented digitally. Unlike analog computers, digital computers can only approximate a continuum by assigning large numbers of digits to a state description and by proceeding in arbitrarily small steps. 10. What are the advantages of Digital Systems over Analog Systems? In analog systems, noise are induced and amplified resulting in distortion and inaccuracy whereas digital system do not have this problem. Digital System are more durable than Analog. Digital systems have better resolution and analog. Digital Systems requires less storage space than Analog. 11. What are the Universal Gates? The logic gates NAND and NOR are called universal gates because they can be used to construct other 12. Applications of 8085 Traffic control lights Stepper motor control LED/LCD Interface

UNIT III

1.What is the need for two different speeds in ARINC 429? The two different speeds are Low speed (12.4 kb/s) and high speed(100kb/s). Low speed is used for low critical application and high speed is used for high critical applications. 2.Explain the status word of MIL STD 1553 Status words are transmitted by the RT in response to command messages from the BC and consist of: 3 bit-time sync pattern (same as for a command word) 5 bit address of the responding RT 11 bit status field 1 parity check bit. 4

The 11 bits in the status field are used to notify the BC of the operating condition of the RT and subsystem. 3.Explain Dynamic Bus control acceptance, Instrumentation bit and message error. DBCA : It informs the bus controller that remote terminal has received the dynamic bus control mode code and has accepted control of the bus. For remote terminal, the setting of this bit is controlled by sub system and is based on passing some level of built in test, i.e., a processor passing its power up and continuous background tests. The Instrumentation bit is used to differentiate status word and command word. If the instrumentation bit is 1 , it represents command word. If the message error bit(9th bit) of status word is one, the received message is error. 4.Define Manchester II biphase encoding and explain half duplex and coupling methods Half duplex : The transmission is possible in both directions but only one at a time. Either RT to BC or BC to RT Coupling methods: Direct coupling and transformer coupling. In MIL STD 1553, if the direct coupling fails, the entire system fails but this does not occur in transformer coupling. 5.Define the third generation architecture of avionics system. 6.What is pave pace and pave pillar? 7.What is brick walling? The purpose of partitioning is fault containment: a failure in one partition must not propagate to cause failure in another partition. The function in a partition depends on the correct operation of its processor and associated peripherals, and partitioning is not intended to protect against their failurethis can be achieved only by replicating functions across multiple processors in a fault-tolerant manner. 8.Define ARINC 429, ARINC 629 and MIL STD 1553. SL MIL STD 1553 5 ARINC 429 ARINC 629

1. 2. 3.

Adopted in 1970 Half duplex data bus SPEED 1 Mb/s

4.

Command/Response protocol

Adopted in 1977 Simplex data Bus SPEED Critical data 100 Kb/s Non critical data 12-14.5 Kb/s Williamsberg Protocol

Adopted in 1989 Duplex data bus SPEED 2 Mb/s

5.

Called as Digital Time Division Command/Response Multiplex Data bus

Called as Digital Data Compendium

Protocol: CSMA/CA Carrier sense multiple access/ Collision avoidance Called as DATACDigital Autonomous Terminal Access Control

9.Explain Federated architecture. In FEDERATED ARCHITECTURE Data conversion occurs at the system level and the datas are send as digital form called Digital Avionics Information Systems(DAIS). Several standard data processors are often used to perform a variety of Low Bandwidth functions such as navigation, weapon delivery , stores management and flight control Systems are connected in a Time Shared Multiplex Highway. Resource sharing occurs at the last link in the information chain via controls and displays. 10. Explain centralized architecture. As the digital technology evolved, a central computer was added to integrate the information from the sensors and subsystems. The central computing complex is connected to other subsystems and sensors through analog, digital, synchro and other interfaces. When interfacing with computer a variety of different transmission methods, some of which required signal conversion (A/D) when interfacing with computer. Signal conditioning and computation take place in one

or more computers in a LRU located in an avionics bay ,with signals transmitted over one way data bus. Data are transmitted from the systems to the central computer and the DATA CONVERSION TAKES PLACE AT THE CENTRAL COMPUTER.

UNIT IV
1.Define Direct Voice Input with example. The Digital Visual Interface (DVI) is a video interface standard designed to provide very high visual quality on digital display devices such as flat panel LCD computer displays and digital projectors. It was developed by an industry consortium, the Digital Display Working Group (DDWG). It is designed for carrying uncompressed digital video data to a display. Ex. To enter the change of communication frequency , the pilot says RADIO (followed by) select frequency 345 decimal 6. 2.Differentiate STROKE and RASTER. Refer Digital Avionics by Spitzer under the topic CRT displays 3.What is HOTAS HOTAS, an abbreviation for Hands On Throttle-And-Stick, is the name given to the concept of placing buttons and switches on the throttle stick and flight control stick in an aircraft's cockpit, allowing the pilot to access vital cockpit functions and fly the aircraft without having to remove his hands from the throttle and flight controls. Having all switches on the stick and throttle allows the pilot to keep his "hands on throttle-and-stick", thus allowing him to remain focused on more important duties than looking for controls in the cockpit. 4. What are MFD and its significance in Aircraft? A Multi-function display (MFD) is a small screen (CRT or LCD) in an aircraft surrounded by multiple buttons that can be used to display information to the pilot in numerous configurable ways. Often an MFD will be used in concert with a Primary Flight Display. MFDs are part of the digital era of modern planes or

helicopter. The first MFD were introduced by airforces. The advantage of an MFD over analog display is that an MFD does not consume much space in the cockpit. Many MFDs allow the pilot to display their navigation route, moving map, weather radar, NEXRAD, GPWS, TCAS and airport information all on the same screen. 5. Explain HUD? A head-up display, or abbreviated as HUD, is any transparent display that presents data without requiring the user to look away from his or her usual viewpoint. The origin of the name stems from the user being able to view information with his head "up" and looking forward, instead of angled down looking at lower instruments. Although they were initially developed for military aviation, HUDs are now used in commercial aircraft, automobiles, and other applications. 6.Night vision goggles A night vision goggle is an optical instrument that allows images to be produced in levels of light approaching total darkness. They are most often used by the military and law enforcement agencies, but are available to civilian users. The term usually refers to a complete unit, including an image intensifier tube, a protective and generally waterresistant housing, and some type of mounting system

UNIT V
1.Define ECM and ECCM. ECM or Electronic Counter Measures is defined as the actions taken to prevent, disrupt or reduce the enemies effective use of electronic spectrum. ECCM ( Electronic Counter Counter Measures )or EPM(Electronic Productive Measure) or EP(Electronic Production) involves actions taken to protect personnel ,facilities and equipment from any effects of friendly or enemy use of electro-magnetic spectrum that degrade, neutralize or destroy friendly combat capability. 2. Justify the certification process. Certification is the process of negotiation and compromise between the designers and the regulatory authorities buttressed by technical analysis and expertise on both sides. Federal Aviation Regulation(FAR) establish the requirements and spell out the procedures to be followed to 8

demonstrate that the avionics are air worthy and safe for use on civil transports. 3. What is line of sight propagation? Line-of-sight (LOS) propagation: Of an electromagnetic wave, propagation in which the direct ray from the transmitter to the receiver is unobstructed, i.e., the transmission path is not established by or dependent upon reflection or diffraction. Note: The need for LOS propagation is most critical at VHF and higher frequencies. Line-of-sight propagation refers to electro-magnetic radiation or acoustic wave propagation. Electromagnetic transmission includes light emissions traveling in a straight line. The rays or waves may be diffracted, refracted, reflected, or absorbed by atmosphere and obstructions with material and generally cannot travel over the horizon or behind obstacles. 4. Define Doppler Navigation. i. Dead reckoning performed automatically by a device that gives a continuous indication of position by integrating the speed derived from measuring the Doppler effect of echoes from directed beams of radiant energy transmitted from the craft. Most airborne Doppplers transmit three or four highly directional beams of frequency-modulated continuous-wave energy with a frequency of 8.8 GHz. These beams are directed from the aircraft as shown in the illustration. The Doppler computer analyzes the received reflections of these beams. By integrating the frequency changes of the four beams, the computer can determine the distance the aircraft has moved horizontally and vertically over the ground. The indicator shows the aircraft track, wind velocity, and ground speed.

ii. A system that determines positions based on the Doppler effect of satellite signals

5. What is RADAR? Radio Detection and Ranging(RADAR). It is an object detection system which used electro-magnetic waves, specifically radio waves to determine

the range, altitude, direction and speed of both moving and non-moving objects.Eg, Aircrafts, ships. 6. What is ESM? Electronic Support Measures is defined as the interception, location and identification of radiated electro-magnetic energy to provide threat recognition and intelligence. 7.What is APC? Aeronautical Public Correspondence aims at providing telephone facilities for passengers especially the business community, who need to be in constant telephone touch. In earlier days, the difficulty has been the lack of allocation of frequencies for public correspondence in aircraft, but nowadays with the help of satellite communication, almost global coverage is possible 8. Explain Navigation. Navigation is the process of reading, and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another. It is also the term of art used for the specialized knowledge used by navigators to perform navigation tasks. The word navigate is derived from the Latin "navigare", meaning "to sail".All navigational techniques involve locating the navigator's position compared to known locations or patterns. 9. Explain the types of Navigation. Dead reckoning Navigation by Piloting Celestial navigation Electronic navigation 10. What is INS? An Inertial Navigation System (INS) is a navigation aid that uses a computer, motion sensors (accelerometers) and rotation sensors (gyroscopes) to continuously calculate via dead reckoning the position, orientation, and velocity (direction and speed of movement) of a moving object without the need for external references. It is used on vehicles such as ships, aircraft, submarines, guided missiles, and spacecraft. 11. What are different types of INS? It is of two different configurations based on the inertial sensor placement. They 10

are a. Stable or Gimballed platform. b. Strap down platform 12. What is GPS? The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a U.S. space-based global navigation satellite system. It provides reliable positioning, navigation, and timing services to worldwide users on a continuous basis in all weather, day and night, anywhere on or near the Earth. GPS is made up of three parts: between 24 and 32 satellites orbiting the Earth, four control and monitoring stations on Earth, and the GPS receivers owned by users. GPS satellites broadcast signals from space that are used by GPS receivers to provide three-dimensional location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) plus the time.

MORE QUESTIONS
1. Strap down INS 2. Explain ELINTS 3. Gyros and accelerometers 4. FAR 25.32 (Certification) 5. Addressing modes of 8085 6. Flag register in 8085 7. Program status word 8. K map simplification 9. Reduce the logical expression 10. Define combinational and sequential logic circuits 11. Explain auto pilot 12. Explain MFK 13. What are the major factors to be considered to design HMD? 14. Justify the need for communication system in civil transport aircraft

11