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Iebpw KWn-Xhpw: kuµ-cy-im-kv{X-Ønse Bflo-b-

hmZw
at\mPv Ipdq¿

ASpØ ImeØp tI´ Hcp Km\-sØ-°p-dn®p {]tXy-I-ambpw kwKo-X-sØ-°p-dn®p


s]mXp-hmbpw h∂p-sIm-- n-cn-°p∂ Nne {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ {i≤n-°pI:
Pmkn Kn^v‰ns‚ ‘e÷m-h-Xntb’ F∂ {]kn-≤-amb Km\-Øn¬ {ipXn-`w-K-ap-s- ∂v Pdn
Aa¬tZ-hv.
‘Agp-°p-Nm-en¬\n∂pw Hcp sImXpIv hcp-∂p. B sImXp-In-s\-t∏m-se-bp≈ Pohn-Xw.
Hcp sImXpIv F{X-Imew Pohn-°ptam A{X’ -F∂v AØcw Km\-ß-fpsS Bbp- n-s\-°p-
dn®v Cf-b-cm-P.
‘a[p-c-Km-\-ß-fpsS kvac-W-Iƒ \jvS-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-∂m-tcm-]n®v Pmkn Kn^v‰ns\ {]Xn-°q-
´n¬ Ib-‰n-b-h¿ tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-Im-eØv PmXn-hy-h-ÿsb \ymbo-I-cn-°m≥ Nne¿
]d™ amXr-I-bn-ep≈ ÿnc-X, ImesØ AXn-ew-Ln-°p-∂-h, Krlm-Xp-c-Xzw, kph¿W-
`q-X-Imew apX-emb A`m-h-ß-fmWv D∂-bn-®-sX-∂Xv bmZr-—n-I-a-√’: sI. sI. sIm®v.
‘kwKo-X-sØ-∏‰n Kth-jWw sNøp-∂Xv Bflm-hns\ t]mÃvtam¿´w sNøp-∂Xp t]mse-
bmWv’: Cf-b-cm-P.
‘kwKo-X-Øn\v C°m-eØv Bflo-b-X-sb-°mƒ cmjv{So-b-Øn-t\m-SmWv IqSp-X¬ _‘w’:
Nmcp \nth-ZnX.
apI-fn-ep≈ {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ Cu {]_-‘-Øns‚ Bap-J-am-Ip-∂Xv, kwKo-X-Øns‚bpw
a‰p Ie-I-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-L-S-I-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw s]mXpth Iem-\n-cq-]-W-sØ-°p-
dn®pw ]- p-sXm-t´-bp≈ Nne [mc-W-I-sf-°p-dn®v kwkm-cn-°m≥ Ah Ah-kcw \¬Ip-
∂-Xp-sIm-- m-Wv. Ie-bpsS LS-I-ß-sf-°p-dn-°p∂ Nne kmt¶-Xn-I-hm-°p-I-ƒ, Ie-bpsS
Bkzm-Z-\-£-a-X, ImesØ AXn-ew-Ln-°¬, CX-c-hy-h-lm-c-ß-sf-°mƒ Iev]n-®p-In-´m-
dp≈ hnip-≤-]-Z-hn, cmjv{So-b-hn-h£ F∂n-ßs\ Cu {]kvXm-h-ß-fn-ep≈ kqN-\-I-
fmWv Cu km[yX \¬Ip-∂-Xv. IqSmsX `mj-bnepw Bem-]-\-ssi-en-bnepw {]I-S-ambn
c- p [mc-Isfbpw ]tcm-£-ambn hyXy-kvX-kw-Ko-X-co-Xn-I-sfbpw kam-¥-c-ambn hn\y-kn-
°p∂ Km\-Øns‚ kz`m-hhpw Cu {]_-‘sØ kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-- v. Ie-I-sf-°p-dn®p
kwkm-cn-°p-tºm-ƒ an°-t∏mgpw tIƒ°m-dp≈ Bfl-\njvThpw A\p-`q-Xn-am-{X-]-c-hp-amb
hnh-cWcoXn°p ]Icw Iem-k-t¶-X-ßsf kwkvIm-c-hp-ambn _‘n-∏n-®p≈ hni-I-e-\-
Øn\mWv CXn¬ Du∂¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
Cu {]_-‘-Øn¬ KWn-X-sa∂v hyh-l-cn-°p-∂Xv LS-\, {Iaw F∂n-h-bp-sSbpw FƬ,
Af-°¬, hkvXp-°-fpsS kzcq-]-hn-h-cWw F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂p-cp-Øn-cn-bp∂ _‘-Øn-
s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ IrXy-X-sbbpw ka-{K-X-sbbpw Imw£n-°p∂ imkv{X-sa∂
kmam-\ym¿∞-Øn-em-Wv. Bflo-b-hm-Z-sa-∂Xv Aaq¿Øhpw AXn-`u-Xn-Ihpw tIh-ehpw
ÿnc-hp-sa∂p Iev]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂tXm-sSm∏w aq¿Øsshhn-[y-߃°p-ta¬ tIµo-Ir-X-amb
A[n-Imcw ÿm]n°p∂ hyh-lm-c-sa∂ A¿∞-Øn-em-Wv.
Ie-I-fpsS kmt¶-Xn-I-L-S-I-ß-sf-°p-dn-°p∂ hn]p-e-amb ]Zm-h-en-Iƒ \ap°v e`y-am-Wv.
{ipXn, kzcw, cmKw, ebw, Xmfw F∂o kwKo-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hm°p-Iƒ Ah-bn¬
Nne-Xm-Wv. Hcp Km\-Øn¬ {ipXn-`w-K-ap- v F∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ kwKo-X-sØ \n¿W-bn-
°p∂ Hcp ASn-ÿm-\-am-\-ZWvUw ewLn-°p-∂p-sh-∂mWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. CXpt]mse-
bp≈ \n›nX-L-S-I-ß-fpsS kam-lm-c-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ kwKo-XsØ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn¬
¢m n-°¬ kwKo-X-Øns‚ kzm[o-\-ap-- v. ¢m n-°¬ kwKo-X-sa∂v FSp-Øp-]-d-™X - v
Cu kmt¶-Xn-I-kw-⁄m-hen ¢m n-°¬ kwKoXsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n cq]-s∏-´-XmWv
F∂-Xp-sIm-- m-Wv. CX-c-I-e-Isf Af-°p-∂-Xn\pw CØcw ¢m n-°¬ am\-Z-WvU-߃
s]mXp-\n-b-a-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ kzoI-cn-°m-dp-- v. Aßs\ Hmtcm {]tXy-I-h¿Kam°n Ie-
Isf Xcw-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb hymI-c-W-hy-hÿ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p.
CØ-c-Øn¬ kwKo-X-Øn\p Iev]n-°mdp≈ G‰hpw {][m-\-am-\-Z-WvU-ßfmWv {ipXnbpw
eb-hpw. {ipXn amXm eb: ]nXm F∂mWp {]am-Ww. {ipXn i_vZ-Øns‚ Db¿®-Xm-gvN-
Isf A`o-£vWX (frequency)-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \n¿W-bn-°p-∂p. ebw AXns‚
{Ia-_-≤-Xsb Ime-Øn-s‚bpw Ne-\-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hn]p-e-am-°p-∂p.
{ipXnsb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n kzchpw ebsØ Ah-ew-_n®v Xmfhpw D- m-Ip-∂p. CØ-c-
Øn-ep≈ ssieo-h-Xv°-c-W-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv Hmtcm ¢m n-°¬ Ie-bp-sSbpw LS-I-߃
\n¿W-bn-°-s∏-´-Xv. AXm-bXv ¢m n-°¬ ]≤-Xn-bn¬ Ie-bp-sS-Xs∂ ASn-ÿm\w tIh-
e-X-tbm-S-Sp-°p∂ ssieo-h-Xv°-c-W-am-Wv.
ssieo-h-Xv°-c-W-Øns‚ e£yw IrXy-Xbpw tIh-e-X-bp-am-b-Xp--sIm- v KWn-X-im-kv{X-
Øn\v C°m-cy-Øn¬ henb ]¶p-- v. {Ia-amb ASp-°¬, Xn´-s∏-Sp-ج F∂n-hbv°v
KWnXw Bh-iy-am-Ip-∂p. kwKo-X-Øns‚ coXn-im-kv{X-Øn¬ {ipXn apX-em-bhbv°p
]pdta Xmf-L-S-I-ß-fmb Imew, am¿§w, {Inb, AwKw, {Klw, PmXn, Ie, ebw, bXn,
{]kvXmcw F∂ Xmf-Z-i-{]m-W-ß-fn-tem-tcm∂pw hnhn-[-]m-t‰-Wp-I-fpsS hn\ym-kØn\pw
Ah-bpsS {Ia-_-≤-amb hnh-c-W-Øn\pw KWn-XsØ B{i-bn-°p-∂p-- v. DZm-l-c-W-ambn
Xmf-im-kv{X-Ønse Ime-]-cn-am-W-Øns‚ KpW-\-∏-´nI {i≤n-°pI:
8 £Ww = 1 ehw
8ehw = 1 ImjvTw
8ImjvTw = 1 \nanjw
8\nanjw = 1 Ie
2Ie = 1 {XpSn (NXp¿`m-Kw)
2{XpSn = 1 A\p-{Zp-Xw (-_nw-_m¿≤w, AWp)
2A\p-{Zp-Xw = 1 {ZpXw
2{ZpXw = 1 eLp
2eLp = 1 Kpcp
3eLp = 1 πpXw
4eLp = 1 ImI-]mZw (kwKo-X-I-ev]-{Zpaw ]p. 534)
AXm-bXv ¢m n-°¬ -]-≤-Xn-bn¬ kwKoXw CX-c-i-_vZ-ß-fn¬\n∂v hyXn-cn-‡-am-Ip-∂Xv
Cu LS-I-ß-fpsS km∂n[ywsIm- m-Wv. CtX-t]mse a\p-jy-i-co-c-Øns‚ hn\ym-k-\n-e-
I-fp-sSbpw Ne-\-Øn-s‚bpw hnhn-[-A-\p-]m-X-sØ-(proportion)°p-dn-®p≈ Nn¥-Iƒ hnhn-
[-¢m- n-°¬ \rØ-I-e-IfpsS kzcq-]-w \n¿W-bn°p∂Xn\pw ]c-kv]cw th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂-
Xn\pw ASn-ÿm-\-am-Ip-∂p. ico-c-hn-\ym-k-Øns‚ Pyman-Xo-b-ssh-hn-[y-Øn-\mWv ChnsS
Du∂¬. ¢m n-°¬ inev]-I-ebpw (DZm: _n-w_-\n¿Ωm-Ww) Nn{X-I-ebpw (Xm-{¥n-I-Nn-{X-
߃, Nph¿®n-{X-߃) KWn-X-im-kv{X-]-c-amb A\p-]m-X-I-ev]-\-Isf A\p-jvTm-\-am-bn-
Øs∂ kzoI-cn-°p-∂p-- v. DZm-l-c-W-ambn- \h-Xm-e-_w-_Øn-s‚ AwKhn-`mK-sØ-°p-dn-®v
X{¥-k-ap-®-bØn-¬ hn-hcn-°p∂Xp t\m°pI:
aq¿≤m-hp-ap-X¬ s\‰n- hsc aq∂w-Kp-ew-sIm- pw, s\‰n-apX¬ XmSn- Ign-bpt∂-S-tØbv°p
]{¥- p AwKp-ew-sIm- pw, IgpØp aq∂w-Kp-ew-sIm- pw IgpØn-s‚ Ah-km\w apX¬
lrZbw htcbpw Ahn-sS\n-∂p s]m°n-ƒhscbpw Ahn-sS\n-∂p en-wKw-h-scbpw ]{¥-
- oX AwKp-ew-sIm-- pw,-c- p Imen-t‚bpw ap´p-Ifpw sRcn-bmWn- apX¬ AS Ign-
thmfhpw apΩq-∂w-Kp-ew-sIm-- pw, XpS-Ifpw IW-¶m-ep-Ifpw Ccp]Øn-\meoX AwKp-e-
߃sIm- pw Af∂p Zo¿Lw IW-°m-°-Ww.-(X-{¥-k-ap-®bw in-ev]`m-Kw, ]p.64)
Nph¿®n-{XI-ebn-¬, apJsØ aq∂mbn- hn-`Pn-°pIbpw IÆphsc-bp≈ apJ-`m-KsØ Hcp
GI-I-am-bn(-bq-Wn-‰v) ImWp-Ibpw aq°ns‚ Iog-‰w-h-sc-bp≈ `mKsØ c- v GI-I-ß-
fmbn ImWp-I-bp-amWv Xm≥ sNøp-∂-sX∂v {]i-kvX-Np-h¿®n-{X-I-em-Im-c-\mb aΩn-bq¿
IrjvW≥Ip´n \mb¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.(tIc-f-Ønse Nph¿®n-{X-߃, ]p.107).
hc, \ndw, shfn-®w F∂n-h-bp-sSbpw, Nn{X-Ønse -h-kvXp-°ƒ XΩnepw {]X-ehpw
Nn{Xhpw XΩn-ep-sams°-bp≈ hnhn-[- A-\p-]m-X-߃ KWn-X-im-kv{X-]-c-amb ka-{K-Xsb
Imw£n-°p-∂p. hoSpw ]pc-bn-Shpw XΩnepw hoSn-s‚bpw ]pc-bn-S-Øn-s‚bpw Hmtcm
kq£va-L-S-Ihpw XΩn-ep-ap≈ A\p-]m-X-\n¿W-bw-hsc hmkvXp-in-ev]-Ønepw KWn-X-
Øn\v ]c-a-{]-[m-\-amb ]¶p-- v.
a\p-jym-e-b-N-{µn-I-bn¬ ap√-Ø-d-bpsS ÿm\-sØ-°p-dn®p ]d-bp-∂Xp t\m°pI:
\Sp-ap-‰-Øns‚ hnkvXm-c-tØ-°mƒ A[n-I-ap≈ Zo¿LsØ sXt°m´pw hS-t°m´pw ka-
ambpw \o°n a≤yw ka-N-Xp-c-{i-am-°p-I. ]ns∂ B NXp-c-{i-t£-{XsØ Adp-]-Øn-\mep
I≈n-Iƒ(-tIm-jvT-߃) Bb hmkvXp-]-Z-am°n I¬∏n°pIbpw sNøp-I. F∂m¬ Cu
c- p tImjvT-ß-fn-embn B]-h-’-t‚bpw B]-t‚bpw ÿm\-߃ hcpw. AXn¬ B]-h-
’s‚ c- p tImjvT-ß-fn¬ sXt°-Xn-tem, B]s‚ c- p tImjvT-ß-fn¬ hS-t°-Xntem
BWv ap√-Ød D- m-t°-- -Xv.(-a-\p-jym-e-b-N-{µn-I, ]p.88)
CØ-c-Øn¬ KWn-X-cq-]-ß-fn-eqsS hne-bn-cp-Øp-tºmƒ kn≤-am-b-h˛{]tbm-K-Øn-ep-≈h˛
am{X-a√ km[y-am-b-h-sb-°qSn \n¿h-Nn-°m-\p≈ {]h-W-X-bp-- m-Ip-∂p. Aßs\ ]q¿W-
ambpw KWnX-cq-]-ß-fn-eqsS \n¿Wbn°m-hp-∂-˛-tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-˛-A-h-ÿ-bn-
seØp∂XmWv ssieo-h-Xv°-c-W-Øns‚ ka-{K-X. ]q¿WX ]e-t∏m-gpw A\-¥-X-X-s∂-
bm-Wv. `mc-Xo-b-¢m- n-°¬ kwKo-X-Øn¬ jUvPw, Ej-`w, Km‘m-cw, a[y-aw, ]©-aw,
ss[h-Xw, \njmZw F∂o kzc-ßfnse jUvPhpw ]©-a-hp-sam-gn-®p≈hbpsS Cuc- p
]ncn-hp-Iƒ IqSn IW-°n-se-Sp-°p-tºmƒ BsI ]{¥- p kzc-ßfmWp-≈-Xv. (]m-›m-Xy-
kw-Ko-X-Ønepw Hcp HIvtS-hn¬ ]{¥- p kzc-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.) {ipXn-sb-Øp-S¿∂p-- m-
Ip∂˛ ‘kwKo-Xm-fl-I’hpw hy‡-ambn Xncn-®-dn-bm-hp-∂-Xp-amb˛ A\p-c-W-\-amWv kzcw.
AXm-bXv kzc-Øn-\m-[mcw {ipXn-bm-Wv. A`o£vWXbpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \n¿W-bn-°-
s∏´ Cu {ipXn-I-fpsS kwJy-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ A`n-{]m-b-t`Zw t\m°pI: ‘{ipXn-Iƒ 22 F∂p
Nnecpw 24 F∂p a‰p Nnecpw 66 F∂p thtd Nnecpw Akw-Jy-sa∂p \mem-a-sXmcp
Iq´cpw ]d-bp-∂p’(kw-Ko-X-im-kv{X-{]-th-inI ]p.6,7).
]{¥- p kzc-߃°m-[m-c-amb {][m\{ipXn-ÿm-\-߃ IqSmsX ]Øp {ipXnIfpwIqSn
tN¿ØmWv 22 {ipXn-I-fp-- m-hp-∂Xv. `c-X-ap-\n-(_n.-kn. aq∂mw \q‰m-- v)bpsS \mSy-im-
kv{X-Ønse {[ph-˛-N-e-ho-Wm-]-co-£Ww apX¬ kwKo-X-c-Xv\m-I-c-I¿Øm-hmb im¿MvK-
tZ-h≥ (F.-Un. ]Xn-aq∂mw \q‰m-- v), cmam-am-Xy≥ (]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-- v). NXp¿±-WvUn-{]-
Im-in-Im-Im-c-\mb sh¶-S-aJn (]-Xn-t\gmw \q‰m-- v), kwKo-X-]m-cn-Pm-X-sa-gp-Xnb Atlm-
_e (]-Xn-t\gmw \q‰m-- v)F∂n-h-scms° \S-Ønb ]co-£-W-߃ {ipXn-\n¿W-b-Øns‚
Ncn-{X-Øn¬ {][m-\-am-Wv. CXn-sem-cp-Zm-l-c-W-ambn kwhm-Z-Zz-b-Øn-eqsS (j-UvP-˛-]-©-a,
jUvP-a-[y-a-hy-h-ÿ-bn-eqsS) {ipXnÿm\-߃ \n¿W-bn-°p-∂Xv ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. CXn¬
]©-a-N{Iw jUvP-]-©-a-ß-sfbpw a[y-a-N{Iw jUvP-a-[y-a-ß-sfbpw ASn-ÿm-\-am-°p-
∂p. ]©-a-N-{I-Øn-eqsS A`o-£vW-X IW-°m-°p∂ coXn t\m°pI: CXn\v a[y-ÿmbn
jUvPsØ Bcw-`-kz-c-am-sb-Sp-°p-∂p. AXns‚ A\p]mXw 1. jUvP-Øns‚ A©mw
kzcw ]©-aw. jUvP-hp-am-bp≈ A\p-]mXw 3/2.
]©-a-Øns‚ A©mw kzcw Xmc-ÿm-bn-bnse NXp:{ipXn Ej-`w. A\p]mXw 3/2 x
3/2=9/4.
CXns\ a[y-ÿm-bn-bn-em-°m≥ c- p-sIm- p lcn-°-Ww. 9/4 x 1/2=9/8.
Xmc-ÿm-bn-bnse NXp:{ipXn Ej-`-Øns‚ ]©aw Xmc-ÿm-bn-bnse NXp:{ipXn ss[h-
Xw. A\p]mXw 9/4 x 3/2=27/8. a[y-ÿm-bn-bn-teXv 27/8 x 1/2=27/16.
Cu {]{In-b-bn-eqsS a[y-ÿm-bn-bnse ]Xn-s\m∂p {ipXn-˛-kz-c-ÿm-\-߃ e`n-°p-∂p.
CtX-t]mse a[y-a-N-{I-Øn-eqsS Hmtcm kzc-Øn-s‚bpw \mem-asØ kzcw ASn-ÿm-\-
am°n {ipXn-˛-kz-c-\n¿Wbw \S-Øp∂p: jUvP-hp-ambn a[y-a-kz-c-Øns‚ A\p-]mXw 4/3.
CXns‚ \memw kzcw tIma-f-ssI-in-In-\n-jm-Zw. A`o-jvWX 4/3 x 4/3=16/9. Cu{]-{In-b -
Xp-S-cp-tºmƒ a[y-ÿm-bn-bn¬ thtd ]Xn-s\m∂p {ipXn-˛-kz-c-ÿm-\-߃ e`n-°pw.
Aßs\ BsI 22 {ipXn. {]I-º-\-kw-Jy-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ ASpØ ImeØp \S∂ ]co-
£-W-ß-fn¬ hyXym-k-ß-fp-- v.
{]mNo-\-{Ko-°p-Im-cpsS Imew apX¬ kwKo-tXm-]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS {ipXn-kz-
c-ß-fpsS FÆw, XΩn-ep≈ A\p-]m-Xw,Ah-bpsS {^oIz≥kn F∂nh \n¿W-bn-°p-∂-
Xn-\p≈ KWn-X-im-kv{X-˛-kw-Ko-X-imkv{X]co-£-W-߃ ]m›m-Xy-cm-Py-ß-fnepw \S-°p-
∂p-- v. kwKo-Xm-fl-I-amb i_vZ-ßsf \n¿W-bn-°p∂ KWn-X-im-kv{X-]-c-amb A\p-]m-X-
ß-sf-°p-dn®v ss]X-tKm-d-kns‚ Imew apX¬t° Nn¥-I-fp-- m-bn-´p-- v. kzc-ß-fpsS CS-
thfIfpsS A\p-]m-X-߃, Hcp X¥n-bpsS \ofhpw kzc-Øns‚ {ipXnbpw XΩn-ep≈
_‘w F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v ss]X-tKm-d-kn\p ⁄m\-ap-- m-bn-cp-∂p. B[p-\n-I-D-]-I-c-W-
ß-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS ]©-a-N-{I(cycle of fifth)sØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n ASpØ
ImeØv tUhv dkn≥ \S-Ønb ]co-£Ww ka-Im-en-I-amb DZm-l-c-Ww. Hcp HIvtS-hn¬
]{¥- p kzc-ß-fmWv {][m-\sa∂p ÿm]n-°p-∂p-sh-¶nepw 41, 72 XpSßn \m\q-‰n-]-Xn-
s\t´m AXn¬°q-Sp-Xtem {ipXn-Iƒ At±lw k¶-ev]n-°p-∂p-- v. Xs‚ ssIbnse
kwKo-tXm-]-I-cWw ]cn-an-X-amb thƒUv ¢m v sF. _n. Fw. ]n. kn. kv]o°dmsW∂pw
Hcp 5˛tdm Iºyq-´¿ Io t_m¿Uv CXn-t\mSp _‘n-∏n-®m¬ {ipXn-\n¿W-b-{]-iv\-Øn\p
]cn-lm-c-am-Ip-sa∂pw At±lw ]d-bp-∂p.
km[y-am-b-Xn-s\-sb√mw \n¿h-Nn-°m-\p≈ {ia-Øn¬ {]tbm-K-Øn¬\n∂p th¿s]´v ]uc-
kvXyhpw ]m›m-Xy-hp-amb Cu ¢m n-°¬ k¶-ev]-\-߃ Ah-bn¬Øs∂ A`n-c-an-
°p∂ hyh-lm-c-ß-fm-bn-Øo-cp-∂tXmsSm∏w Ah-bpsS D¤-h-Øns‚bpw {]tbm-
KØns‚bpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hnh-£Isf ad-®p-h-bv°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.- ]m›m-tXy-X-chpw
BtVy-X-c-hp-amb LS-I-߃sIm- p \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-´-sX∂p Xm≥ Icp-Xp∂ ]m›m-Xy-¢m-
 n-°¬kwKo-X-sØ-°p-dn®v F-tUz¿Uv kbvZv ]d-bp∂p:
‘...“Western” classical music, what is impressive about musical practice in all its variety
is that it takes place in many different places, for different purposes, for different
constituencies and practitioners, and ofcourse at many different times. To assemble all
that, to herd it under one dialectical temporal model is - no matter how compelling or
dramatic the formulation - simply an untrue and therefore insufficient account of what
happens’.(Musical Elaborations)
Cu {]kvXmhw “`mc-Xo-b”-¢m- n-°¬kwKo-X-Øn\pw _m[-I-am-Ip-∂p.
ssieo-h-Xv°-c-W-Øns‚ ^e-ambn KWn-X-im-kv{X-h-Xv°-cn-°-s∏´ kt¶-X-ß-fn-te°p
aS-ßn-h-cmw. G‰hpw IrXy-am-bn-cn-°p-I, ka-{K-am-bn-cn-°p-I, ]q¿W-am-bn-cn-°pI F∂Xv
Hc¿∞-Øn¬ ssZhn-IX-sb-°p-dn-°p-∂p. Iem-kr-jvSn-bpsS A\p-]m-X-sØbpw ebm-fl-I-
X-sbbpw Ipdn-®p≈ k¶-ev]-\-ßsf {]]-©-kr-jvSn-bpsS {Iaw, A\p-]mXw F∂n-h-bp-
ambn tN¿Øp hbv°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. C{µn-b-߃°p ta¬ _p≤n-sbbpw C{µn-b-_-≤hpw
hymPhp-amb Iem-ku-µ-cy-Øn\p ta¬ _u≤n-Ihpw bYm¿∞-hp-amb Pyma-Xo-b-cq-]-ß-
sfbpw {]Xn-jvTn-°p∂ tπt‰m-bpsS Z¿i\w Dw_¿tSm Ft°m kw{K-ln-°p∂p:
‘Since in Plato’s view the body is a dark cavern that imprisons the soul, the sight of the
senses must be overcome by intellectual sight, which requires a knowledge of the
dialectical arts, in other words philosophy. And so not every one is able to grasp true
Beauty. By way of compensation, art in the proper sense of the term is a false copy of
true Beauty and as such is morally harmful to youth: better therefore to ban it from the
schools, and substitute it with the Beauty of geometrical forms, based on proportion and
a mathematical concept of the universe’ (On Beauty. p.50)
IrXy-amb A\p-]m-X-ß-fn¬ cq]-s∏´ H∂ns\ kpµ-c-am-bn-°m-Wp∂ kmam-\y-t_m-[-
Øn¬\n-∂mWv temIsØ Hscm‰ \nb-a-Øm¬ `cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ {Ia-_-≤-amb ka-{K-X-bm-
bn-°m-Wp∂ {]mNo-\-{Ko°v Z¿i\w cq]-s∏-´-sX∂v tkm{I-´o-kn\pw ap≥]p≈ Nn¥-I-
∑msc ]cm-a¿in-®p-sIm- v Dw_¿tSm Ft°m ]d-bp-∂p. CuPn-]vjy≥ KWn-X-im-kv{X-hp-
ambn kº¿°-ap-- m-bn-cp∂ ss]X-tKm-dkv {]]-©-Øns‚ AkvXn-Xz-sØ-°p-dn®v kuµ-
cy-im-kv{X-sØbpw KWn-X-im-kv{X-sØbpw ka-\z-bn®v cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb Z¿i-\sØ
Ft°m Cßs\ ]cm-a¿in-°p∂p:
‘...all things exist because they are ordered and they are ordered because they are the
realisation of mathematical laws, which are at once a condition of existence and of
Beauty.’(On Beauty)
t⁄b-amb Hmtcm hkvXphn\pw Hmtcm kwJy-bp-s- ∂pw kwJy-bn-√msX B hkvXp-hn-
s\-°p-dn®v Adn-bm-t\m Nn¥n-°mt\m km[y-a-s√∂pw ^ntem-em-thmkv (_n. kn. A©mw
\q‰m-- v) ]d-bp-∂p. kwJy-bn-eqsS {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°m-hp∂ IrXyX, Ah-bpsS A\p-]m-X-
Øn-eq-sS-bp≈ ebw, AXns‚ ssZhn-IX CØ-c-Øn¬ _‘n-∏n-°m-hp∂ Nne IÆn-Iƒ
hnip-≤-I-e (-hym-P-amb euIn-I-I-e-bn¬\n∂p `n∂w)sb°p-dn-®p≈ hnNm-c-ß-fn¬°m-
Wmw.
]m›mXy ¢m n-°¬ kwkvImcØns‚ km¿∆-Im-en-I-X, km¿∆-eu-In-IX F∂o
t_m[y-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-sIm- v ÿnc-Xbpw KWn-Xhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-sØ-°p-dn®p kzcq-
]n® [mc-W-bmWv Pn. F®v. lm¿Un F∂ KWn-X-im-kv{X-⁄-s\-s°m- v Cßs\ ]d-bn-
°p-∂Xv:
‘Archimedes will be remembered when Aeschylus is forgotten, because languages die
and mathematical ideas do not. ‘ Immortality ’ may be a silly word, but probably a
mathematician has the best chance of whatever it may mean’ ( A Mathematition’s
Apology )
`mc-X-Øn¬ ¢m n-°¬ Iem-Nn-¥-Iƒ GXm- p ]q¿W-am-bn-Øs∂ KWn-X-im-kv{X-
tØmSpw Bflo-b-hm-Z-tØmSpw KmV-ambn _‘n-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. hm°p-I-fpsS D®m-c-W-
t`Zw EtKz-Z-Øn¬\n∂pw KoXw kma-th-Z-Øn¬\n∂pw A`n-\bw bPp¿th-Z-Øn¬\n∂pw
ck-߃ AY¿h-th-Z-Øn¬\n∂pw kzoI-cn®p \n¿Ωn-°-s∏´ A©m-aXp thZ-amb \mSy-
thZw Nm£p-j-b-⁄-am-Wv. kwKo-X-Zm-tam-Z-c-Øn¬ ]c-a-in-hs‚ ktZym-Pm-Xw, kma-tZ-
hw, AtLm-cw, XXv]p-cp-jw, Cuim\w F∂o ]©-ap-J-ß-fn¬\n∂v \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-´-XmWv
kwKo-X-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂p. kwKo-X-c-Xv\m-I-cØ - n¬ {_“mhv kma-th-Z-Øn¬\n-∂p
hm¿sØ-Sp-Ø-XmWv kwKoXw F∂p ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p.
hoWm-hm-Z-\-X-Xz⁄:
{ipXn-im-kv{X-hn-im-cZ:
Xmf-⁄m-›m-{]-bm-tk\
tam£-am¿§w \nb-—Xn (k-MvKo-X-Z¿]W: ]p. 108)
F∂n-ßs\ kwKo-X-Im-c\p Iev]n-°-s∏´ tam£-sØ-∏‰n tam£-ap-K-e-Zm, kzc-cm-K-kp[
XpS-ßnb Io¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS XymK-cm-P\pw Bh¿Øn-°p-∂p. kwKo-X-Im-c≥ sNs∂-
Øp∂ tam£-]Zw HmwIm-c-kz-cq-]-amb \mZ-{_-“-am-Wv. \mZsØ Bl-Xw, A\m-lXw
F∂p c- mbn Xncn-°p-∂-Xn¬ A\m-lXw tbmKn-Iƒ°p am{Xw Adn-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂Xpw
BlXw euIn-I-hp-am-Wv. Cu \mZ-hn-`-P-\-Øn¬ Bt]-£n-I-ambn Aaq¿Ø-am-b-Xn\p
{]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂ Bflo-b-hm-Z-kv]¿i-ap-- v.
tam£-{]m-]vXn-sb-∂m¬ tIh-e-amb {_“-Øn¬ ebn-°p-I-bm-Wv. {_“w ]q¿W-am-Wv.
F¥mWp ]q¿W-sa∂v D]-\n-j-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂p:
]q¿W-aZ: ]q¿W-anZw
]q¿Wm¬ ]q¿W-ap-Z-NytX
]q¿Wky ]q¿W-am-Zmb
]q¿W-ta-hm-h-in-jy-tX. (D-]-\n-jXvk¿hkzw ]p. 33)
]q¿W-tØmSp ]q¿WsØ Iq´n-t®¿Ømepw ]q¿W-Øn¬\n∂p ]q¿W-sa-Sp-Ømepw
]q¿Ww. KWn-X-im-kv{X-{]-Imcw CXv ]qPy-Øn-s‚tbm A\-¥-X-bp-sStbm kz`m-h-am-Wv.
Pyman-Xo-b-cq-]-ß-fn¬ ]q¿W-X-bpsS {]XoIw hrØ-am-Wv. ]qPy-sa∂ t]cpw AXns‚
Nn”hpw al-Xzw, tIh-e-X, ÿnc-X, A\-iz-c-X, Aaq¿ØX F∂o Bflo-b-hm-Z-k-¶-ev]-
\-ß-tfmSp _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. arZwKw X\n-bm-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Bh¿Øn-°p∂ hrØ-L-
S\ Bfl-h-Ø-bpsS Hcm-Zn-cq-]-L-S-\-bm-sW∂v tUm. Sn. ]n. kpIp-am-c≥ ]d-bp-∂p. hrØ-
cq-]-amb ]q¿W-Xm-k-tµiw ka¿∏n-°m≥ hrØ-cq-]-amb Hcp _mly-L-S\ AXp hln-
°p-∂p. X\n-bm-h¿Ø-\-sa∂ imkv{Xo-b-I-esb tIh-e-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw ]q¿W-X-bp-sSbpw
ip≤-X-bp-sSbpw Ie-bmbn At±lw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. ({]-Xn-`m-\-]-Yw. ]p. 111-˛113)
Iem-Nn-¥-bn¬ Bflo-b-hm-Z-Øns‚ kzm[o\w DØ-ahpw hnip-≤hpw ÿnc-hp-sa∂p k¶-
ev]n-°-s∏-Sp∂ Iebv°v ta¬ss° t\Sn-s°m-Sp-°pI am{X-a√ kmaq-ln-I-amb PmXn-hy-
hÿbn¬ hsc \n¿Wm-b-I-ÿm\w hln-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-- v. EtKz-ZØ - nse ]pcp-j-
kq-‡-Øn¬ hncm-Sv]p-cp-js‚ apJ-Øp-\n∂p {_m“-W\pw _mlp-°-fn¬\n∂p £{Xn-
b\pw XpS-bn¬\n∂p sshiy\pw ]mZ-Øn¬\n∂p iq{Z\pw P\n-®-Xmbn ]d-bp-∂p. apJ-
Øn\p a‰w-K-ß-sf-°mƒ {]m[m\yw Iev]n-°m-dp-- v. AXv DØ-amw-K-am-Wv. A`n-\-b-I-e-
bn¬ apJw kmXzn-Im-`n-\-b-Øn-\p≈ am[y-a-am-Wv. kmXzn-Im-`n-\-b-am-Is´ ckm-`n-\-b-hpw.
ckw Ie-bpsS Bflm-hm-Wv. Aaq¿Ø-amb Cu Bflmhns\ Hcp ]cn-[n-h-scsb¶nepw
{]Xy-£o-I-cn-°p-∂Xv apJ-am-Wv. Aßs\ ico-c-tI-{µn-X-amb \rØ-sØ-°mƒ apJ-tI-{µn-
X-amb \mSy-Øn\v {]m[m-\y-ap-- m-Ip-∂p. ico-csØ apJ-Øn\p Xmsg-bm-°p-∂-Xnse LS-
\m-t_m[w Ie-I-fp-sSbpw kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw LS\m-t_m-[sØ \n¿W-bn-°p-∂p-- v.
NmXp¿h¿Wy-hy-h-ÿbpw Iem-k-t¶-X-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-\n¿W-b-Øn\v Bflo-b-
hm-Z-Øns‚bpw KWn-X-im-kv{X-Øn-s‚bpw kw_-‘-Øn¬ ]nd∂ Iem-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬
th- p-thmfw DZm-l-c-W-ß-fp-- v. Xmf-im-kv{X-{]-Imcw Xmf-Øn\p {][m-\-ambpw \mep
PmXn-I-fp-- v. NXp-c-{iw, {Xy{iw, an{iw, JWvUw F∂o \mep PmXn-Iƒ bYm-{Iaw 4, 3, 7,
5 F∂o kwJy-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. Xmf-k-ap-{Z-sa∂ Xangv{KŸ-Øn¬ Cu
\mep PmXn-I-fn¬ NXp-c{iw {_m“-W\pw {Xy{iw £{Xn-b\pw an{iw sshiy\pw
JWvUw iq{Z-\p-am-Wv. CXn¬ NXp-c-{ihpw {Xy{ihpw Xmf-im-kv{X-Øns‚Xs∂ ASn-ÿm-
\-k-t¶-X-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. NXp-c-{i-amb N©-Xv]pSw, {Xy{i-amb NmN-]pSw
F∂n-ßs\ Xmf-sØ-Øs∂ c- mbn Xncn-°p∂ \mSy-imkv{Xw a‰p Xmf-ß-fp-sS-sb√mw
ASnÿm-\-ambn Chsb IcpXp∂p. AXm-bXv NXp-c-{ihpw {Xy{ihpw ip≤hpw a‰p≈
Xmf-߃ Ie¿∏p-I-fp-am-Ip-∂p.
ip≤hpw Aip-≤hpw th¿Xncn°p∂-Xn¬ ip≤-am-b-Xn¬\n∂v Ai-p≤-ambXns\ AI-‰n-
\n¿Øp∂ {]{In-b-IqSn AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Iem-h-kvXphpw ImgvN-°m-c\pw XΩn-ep≈
AIew \n¿W-bn-°-ens\ Dº¿tSm Ft°m ]uc-kvXy-I-em-Nn-¥-bn¬\n∂p hyXy-kvX-
amb {Ko°v ImgvN-∏m-Sm-bmWv ImWp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ At±lw \¬Ip∂ DZm-l-c-W-߃
s]mXpth Pm∏-\okv, Sn_-‰≥ kwkv°m-c-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-h-bm-Wv. C¥y-bn¬,
{]tXy-In®p tIc-f-Øn¬ CXv kmaq-ln-I-amb D®-\o-N-Xz-ß-fp-ambnhsc _‘-s∏´ Imcy-
am-Wv. {iotIm-hn-e-Iw, tkm]m-\w, aWvU-]w, \me-ºew, IqØ-º-ew, aXn¬°Iw F∂n-
ßs\ t£{X-ÿm-\-ß-tfm-tcm∂nepw PmXn-t{i-Wn-bn-ep≈ ÿm\-a-\p-k-cn-®mWv {]th-
i\w \n¿W-bn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. hn{K-l-hp-am-bp≈ ASp∏w/AIew, hmkvXp-\n¿Ωn-Xn-
bmb t£{X-Øns‚ ÿm\-߃ F∂n-h Cu {]th-i-\-\n-b-{¥-WsØ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p-
- v. {iotIm-hn-en-\p-≈nse a{¥w sNm√¬, tkm]m-\-Ønse Km\m-em-]-\w, \me-º-e-
Ønse hmZy-ta-fw, IqØ-º-e-Ønse IqSn-bm-´-kw-KoXw, t£{X-a-Xn-en-\-ItØm ]pdtØm
Bbn IY-I-fn-kw-KoXw F∂n-ßs\ KoX-Ønepw, {iotIm-hn-en-\p-≈n¬ ip≤-amb hn{K-
lw, {iotIm-hn-en\p Np‰nepw aWvU-]-Øn-ep-ambn CX-c-in-ev]-߃ F∂p inev]-I-e-
bnepw {iotIm-hn-en-\p-≈n¬ Xm{¥n-I-ap-{Z-Iƒ, IqØ-º-e-Øn¬ IqSn-bm-´-ap-{Z-Iƒ, AXn-\p-
a-∏p-dØv IY-I-fn-ap-{Z-Iƒ F∂v BwKn-I-I-e-bnepsa√mw Cu ASp∏w/AIew {]h¿Øn-
°p-∂p. Xo- ¬, sXmSo¬ XpSßn Abn-Øm-N-cWwXs∂ CXn-t\mSp _‘-s∏-´-Xm-sW-∂-
Xn-\m¬ k¶o¿W-amb Cu hyhÿ khn-ti-j-]-T-\-am-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p.
tIc-f-Øn¬ ¢m n-°¬ F∂dnb-s∏-Sp∂ IqSn-bm-´w, IrjvW-\m-´w, IY-Ifn F∂nh
kmaq-ln-I-˛-kmw-kvIm-cn-I-k-µ¿`-ß-fn¬\n∂v AS¿Øn-sb-SpØv ]q¿W-ambpw KWn-X-cq-]-
ß-fn-eqsS {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°m-hp∂ hn[w ssieo-h-XvI-cn-°-s∏´ Ie-I-f-√. ssieo-h-XvI-c-
W-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ Ah tIc-f-Ønse a‰p Ie-I-sf-t∏mse ]e Xe-ß-fn¬ \nev°p-∂-
hbpw kmt¶-Xn-I-ambn \mtSm-Sn-sb∂p s]mXpsh hyh-l-cn-°m-dp≈ Ie-I-fn¬\n∂v
]q¿W-ambn hnt—-Zn-°m\mhmØ-h-bp-am-Wv. ]e kmaq-ln-I-L-´-ß-fn-eqsS IS∂p t]mb
Cu Ie-I-fpsS {]tbm-‡m-°-fmb Iem-Im-c-∑mcpw c£n-Xm-°fpw XΩn-ep≈ _lp-ap-J-
amb _‘-ßfpw Ah-bpsS ]cn-Wm-a-]-c-Xbpw h¿Ko-I-cWßfnse kmam-\y-h-XvI-c-
WsØ ]e-t∏mgpw Akm-[p-hm-°p-∂p. tUm. Sn. ]n. kpIp-am-c≥ ]d-bp∂p: Ie-bpsS
BVym-\m-Vy-\n¿W-b-Øn¬ ]pXn-sbmcp ]cn-t{]£yw Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p... Hcp ]cn-an-
X-h-e-b-Øn¬ \n¿Ø-s∏-´-Xp-sIm- p am{X-amWv Ie-bnse Hcp hn`mKw BVy-am-b-Xv
(D¿h-c-X-bpsS Xmfw. ]p. 78). F¶nepw Cu Ie-I-fpsS Nne {]Jym-]n-X-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ Nne-
bn-S-ß-fn¬ ewLn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Fhn-sS-sbm-s°-bm-sW∂v Btem-Nn-°p-∂Xv IuXp-I-I-c-
am-Wv. kwkvIr-X-\m-S-Im-`n-\-b-amb IqSn-bm-´-Øn¬˛\mS-I-]mTsØ-Øs∂ ASn-ÿm-\-am-
°n˛\mb-I-I-Ym-]m-{X-߃°p hn[n-®n-´p≈ kwkvIr-X-Øn¬\n∂p `n∂-ambn {]mIr-X-`m-
j-kw-km-cn-°p-∂Xv kv{XoI-Ym-]m-{X-ßfpw A[-a-I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-fp-am-Wv. ssieo-h-XvIr-X-
amb {_m“-W-a-t{¥m-®m-cW(kz-cn®p sNm√¬-˛-Hm-Øv)Øn¬\n∂p hyXy-kvX-amWv IqSn-
bm-´-Ønse kzcn-®p-sNm-√¬. HmØp ]ng-®m¬ IqØmbn F∂ {_m“-W-]-cn-lm-k-Øn¬
kvam¿Ø-hn-Nm-c-Øn¬ {`jvS-cm-°-s∏´hsc kzoI-cn-°p∂ NmIym¿k-ap-Zm-b-tØm-Sp≈
\ne-]mSpw AS-ßn-bn-´p-- v. IqSn-bm-´-Ønse hnZq-j-I≥ kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-Ønse {]mIr-X-
Øns‚ ÿm\Øv kh¿W-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ ae-bmfw kwkm-cn-°p-tºmƒ iq¿∏-W-J-bpsS
kwkm-c-hpw (Ft∂ XpIta! F{Xbpw XpI-ap-- m-tb, Xmt\ XpI-sa∂p sNm√n-bmepw
t]mcm-tb, XpIw XpIw XpI-sa∂p ]e-h´w sNm√n-bmte aXnbm-th, AsX-s¥-∂√o?...)-
D¬L-´-\hpw
(Xe-h-enb Xºn-cm≥ cmh-W-®≥
]mXm-f-Øn¬s®∂p NpØw sh´n
NpØ-Øn¬®-Ømt\ hn´n-®n-ß≥) (Iq-Ø-º-e-ß-fn¬. ]p. 86)
Ah¿W-`m-j-tbm-S-Sp-∏-ap≈ ae-bm-f-Øn-em-Wv. IY-I-fn-bn¬ Blm-cy-Øns‚ ka-{K-Xsb
ewLn-°p∂ thj-a-Wn-bp-∂Xpw IqSn-bm-´-Ønse iq¿∏-W-J-bp-tS-Xp-t]m-ep≈ kwkmcw
]n≥Xp-S-cp-∂Xpw `ocp-th-j-߃(-\-c-Im-kp-c-h-[w, cp‹n-Wo-kz-bw-h-cw, IoN-I-h-[w), B\-
°m-c≥(-Iw-k-h-[w), am∏n-f(-Aw_-co-j-N-cnXw) F∂n-h-cm-Wv. IY-I-fn-bnse ico-c-hn-\ym-k-
Øns‚ Iem-k-t¶-X-ßfpsS ebm-fl-I-Xsb kt¶-X-ß-fn-eq-sS-Øs∂ ewLn-°p∂
thjw Bim-cn-(_-I-h-[w)bm-Wv. CsXms° IY-I-fn-®n-´-bn¬ A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-b-˛-A-Xp-
sIm-- p-Xs∂ t_m[-]q¿∆-amb ewL-\-ß-fm-Ip-∂p. AXm-bXv Cu Ie-I-fpsS ]q¿h-kw-c-
£n-Xm-°ƒ CX-c-L-S-I-ßsf ssieo-h-XvI-cn-°m≥ {ian-®-t∏mgpw Nne hn≈-ep-Iƒ
krjvSn-°p-Itbm \ne-\n¿Øp-Itbm sNbvXXv t_m[-]q¿∆am-Wv. Cu {]{In-b-bn¬ PmXn-
t{i-Wn-bpsS ÿm\-߃°p kam-¥-c-ambn ssieo-h-XvI-c-W-Øns‚ ]cn-Wm-a-ÿm-\-
ßfpw AS-bm-f-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.
tIc-f-Ønse Ie-I-fpsS \mtSmSn/¢m n-°¬hn`-P-\w Bt]-£n-I-am-b-Xp-sIm- v Cu
kmam-\y-h-Xv°-c-W-Ønep- m-Ip∂ Nne- {]iv\-߃ \ne-\n-ev°p-∂p. as‰m-cp-Xcw h¿Ko-I-
c-W-Øn¬ (C-hn-sS-bp-ap- v kmam-\y-h-XvI-c-W-Øns‚ {]iv\-߃) tIc-f-Ønse cwK-I-e-
Ifpw A\p-jvTm-\-I-e-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ Nne {][m-\-hy-Xym-k-߃ Cßs\ \nco-£n-°-s∏-
´n-´p- v: A\p-jvTm-\-I-e-Iƒ Hcp t{]£-I-k-aq-lsØ Dt±-in-®p-sIm-- √ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-
∂-Xv...-\-S≥, IYm-]m{Xw F∂o Zzµz-Øns‚ {]iv\hpw A\p-jvTm-\-I-e-I-fn¬ DZn-°p-∂n-
√...Ah-Xm-c-I≥ Xs‚ Iem-{]-I-S-\-sØ-°p-dnt®m kZ v Ah-Xm-c-Is‚ Iem-]-c-amb Ign-
hn-s\-°p-dnt®m Nn¥n-°p-∂-tX-bn-√(-]p. 65, tIc-f-Ønse \mS≥I-e-Iƒ). tIc-f-Ønse -
kw-Ko-X-cq]-ßfn-em-Is´ I¿Wm-S-I-kw-Ko-XsØ At]-£n®v {ipXn, kzcw, cmKw F∂n-h-
bpsS IrXy-amb hn\ym-k-{I-a-߃ Zp¿e-`-am-tb-°mw. IrXy-amb Btcm-l-Wm-h-tcm-l-W-
{I-a-ap≈ cmK-ß-fpsS ¢m n-°¬ am\-Z-WvU-ap-]-tbm-Kn®p kao-]n-®m¬ Ah Nne-t∏mƒ
cmK-ß-fmbn hnI-kn-°mØ CuW-ß-fmtbm cmK-ß-fpsS Ie¿∏p-I-fmtbm hne-bn-cp-Ø-
s∏-Smw. Cu Ahy-h-ÿn-Xn-bpsS kzX-{¥-X-bn¬ Ah Hcp s\mt´-j≥ hyh-ÿ-bv°p-
t]mepw hg-ßn-bn-s√-∂p-h-cpw. Htc Ie-bpsSXs∂ {]mtZ-in-I-t`-Z-߃, Hcp {]tZ-i-Øp-X-
s∂-bp-≈-h-cpsS Bem-]-\-ssh-hn-[yw, Htc Kmb-I-cp-sS-Xs∂ ]e ka-b-Øp≈ ]e ]m´p-
co-Xn-Iƒ F∂n-h-sIm- v Ah Hcp hyh-ÿm-I-ev]-\-sb-Øs∂ Akm-[y-am-°p-∂p.
kwLw-tN¿∂p≈ ]mS-en¬ {ipXn Hcp am\-Z-WvUta Bbn-s√∂p hcpw. ]e
Xmf߃°pw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ t]cp-I-fn-√. t]cpw {]tbm-K-\n-b-a-ßfpw (-\n-b-X-ß-fmb
Xmfmw-K-ß-sf-s°m- v \nP-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-´-h-bmWv imkv{Xo-b-Xm-f-߃ F¶n¬ \nb-X-ß-
fmb hmbvØm-cn-I-sf-s°m- v \nP-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-´-h-bmWv P\-Io-b-Xm-f-߃ As√-¶n¬
\mS≥Xm-f-߃...-]p. 140, ]tS-\n-bpsS Poh-Xm-fw) D≈h t]mepw Bh¿Øn-°p-tºmƒ
hyXy-kvX-am-sb∂p hcmw. CS-th-f-bpsS Ime-¢n-]vXn°p Nne-t∏m-sg-¶nepw {]m[m\yw
\¬Im-Ø-Xn-\m¬ Ime-Øn-s‚bpw eb-Øn-s‚bpw \n¿Wbw km[y-am-I-W-sa-∂n-√.
\rØ-N-e-\-ßfpw KoX-hm-Zy-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn-se-∂-t]mse Ahy-h-ÿn-X-am-hmw. AXm-
bXv Ct∏mƒ sNbvX-Xp-t]mse ¢m n-°¬ am\-Z-WvU-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬
Ch-tbm-tcm∂pw ssieo-h-XvI-c-W-Øns‚ hnhn-[-X-e-ß-fn-em-sW∂p hcp-w. ssieo-h-Xv°-
cWw F∂ am\-Z-WvUw-Xs∂ A[n-Im-c-t{i-Wn-bpsS apI-fn¬\n∂p Xmtg-bv°p≈ Hcp
ImgvN-bn-emWv cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-sX∂pw ]d-tb-- n-h-cpw. AXn\p ]Icw Ch-tbm-tcm∂pw AXm-
Xns‚ {]tbm-K-k-µ¿`-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v hyXy-kvX-k-ao-]-\-co-Xn-Iƒ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p.
\nc-¥cw ssieo-h-XvI-cn-°m\pw ¢m n-°¬ Ie-tbm-S-Sp-°m-\p-ap≈ {]h-WX \mtSm-Sn-
sb∂p Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂ Ie-I-fnepw D- m-Ip-∂p-- v. tIc-f-I-em-a-WvU-e-Øn-se-Øn-s∏´
Hm´≥, ]d-b-≥, ioX-¶≥ Xp≈-ep-Iƒ°v h∂p tN¿∂ ¢m n-°¬ kz`mhw \nc-¥-c-hn-
a¿i\w t\cn-´p-sIm-- n-cn-°p∂ Hcp Imcy-am-Wv. ¢m n-°¬ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Ie-I-fn-em-
Is´ lnµp-ÿm-\n, I¿Wm-S-I-kw-Ko-X-]-≤-Xn-I-fm¬ hen-sbm-c-f-hn¬ kzm[o-\n-°-
s∏´psIm-- n-cn-°p∂ IY-I-fn-kw-Ko-Xhpw sN- -ta-fsØ {ipXn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ {ian-°p∂
{ipXn-ta-f-hp-sams° ssieo-h-XvI-c-W-Øns‚ ]e L´-ßsf kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
\nc-¥cw ssieo-h-XvI-cn-°p∂˛K-Wn-X-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn IrXy-am-°m≥ {ian-°p∂˛ip-≤o-I-
cn-°m≥ Imw£n-°p∂ ¢m n-°¬ kz`m-h-Øn-s\-Xntc ¢m n-°-se-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Ie-I-
fn¬t∏mepw {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Nne LS-I-ß-fp-- v. Ah-bn¬®n-eXv t\csØ ]d-™-Xp-
t]mse t_m[-]q¿∆w hn\y-kn-°-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. a‰p Nne LS-I-߃ AXmXp Ie-I-fnte
Xs∂ hymI-c-W-\n-b-a-ß-fn¬ sacp-ßmsX \nev°p-∂-h-bm-Imw. Ahsb ]cp-h-s∏-Sp-Øm-
\p≈ {ia-ß-fmWv ¢m n-°¬ kz`m-h-Øn-te°v ASp-∏n-°p-∂-sX∂pw I- p Ign-™p.
a‰p NneXv ¢m n-°¬ Ie-bpsS ]c-º-cm-K-X-t{i-jvTm-kzm-Z-Isc [n°-cn-®p-sIm- v hymI-c-
W-\n-b-a-ß-sf-Øs∂ sh√p-hn-fn-°p∂ Iem-Im-c-∑m-cpsS {]I-S-\-ß-fm-Wv. P\-{]n-b-Xsb
e£y-am°n Ch¿ ip≤-I-esb t\¿∏n-°p-∂p-sh-∂Xv t{ijvTm-kzm-Z-I¿ \nc-¥cw D∂-bn-
°m-dp≈ Btcm-]-W-am-Wv. Nne \mtSm-Sn-°-e-I-fnepw Km\-ß-fnepw P\-{]n-b-X-sb
e£yam°n hn]-Wn-tI-{µn-X-amb ]cn-jv°-c-W-߃ \S-°p-∂p-sh∂pw ]cn-`-h-ß-fp-- v.
CØ-c-Øn¬ ¢m n-°¬/t^mIv XpS-ßnb ]c-º-cm-K-X-h¿Ko-I-c-W-߃ Ie¿∏p-Iƒ°p
hnt[-b-am-Ip-∂-Xn-eqsS {]iv\-h-Xv°-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xp ImWmw. Iesb/kwkvImcsØ
Dev]m-Z-\w, hn]-W-\w, D]-t`mKw F∂n-h-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hni-I-e\w sNøp∂
am v Iƒ®¿ ]T-\-߃ Cu kµ¿`-Øn¬ {]k-‡-am-Ip∂p. D]-t`m-‡m-°-fn¬\n∂v
hyXn-cn-‡-cmb Dev]m-Z-I¿ \n¿Ωn-°p∂ kmwkvIm-cn-tIm-ev]-∂-Øns‚ Dev]m-Z-\-sØ-°p-
dn®v aIv sUmWmƒUv ]d-bp∂p:
‘It is fabricated by technicians hired by businessmen; its audiences are passive
consumers, their participation limited to the choice between buying and not buying’ (‘A
Theory of Mass Culture’)
¢m n-°¬ kt¶-X-ßsf \n¿W-bn® Bi-b-hmZ-˛-B-flo-b-hm-Z-]-c-amb KWn-X-im-kv{X-˛-
ku-µ-cy-im-kv{X-_‘w ¢m n-°¬/t^mIv hyXym-k-an-√msX hn]-Wn-bpsS kmº-Øn-I-
im-kv{X-Øn\p Iogvs∏-SpIbpw ]cp-h-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂ ka-Im-en-I-hy-Xn-bm\w ImWm-
Xn-cp-∂p-Iq-Sm. Ie-bpsS kmt¶-Xn-I-hym-I-cWw hn]-Wn-bpsS em`m-[n-jvTn-X-hym-I-c-W-
Øn\p hgn-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ ]c-º-cm-K-X-I-e-I-fn¬ Nne henb am‰-ß-fp-- m-Ip∂p; H∏w Nne
]pXnb Iem-cq-]-߃ ]nd-hn-sb-Sp-°p∂p; imkv{X-˛-km-t¶-Xn-I-cw-K-Øp-- m-Ip∂ \nc-¥-c-
\-ho-I-c-W-߃ Cu Ie-Isf kzm[o-\n-°p-Ibpw \n¿W-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. F¶n-epw,
hn]-Wn-bpsS {]iv\-߃ \ne-\n-evs°-Øs∂, Cu Ie-I-fn¬ h∂p-tN¿∂ kuµ-cy-im-
kv{X-]-chpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hp-amb am‰-ß-fpsS hnhn-[-am-\-߃ ]cn-tim-[n-t°-- -Xp-- v.
]m›mXy ¢m n-°¬ k¶-ev]-Øns‚ A[o-i-Xz-]-c-amb s]mXp-am-\ZWvU߃ ewLn®
CØcw Ie-I-fn¬®n-e-Xn\p h∂p-tN¿∂ hnt£m-`-I-c-amb kuµ-cy-Øns‚ {]m‡-\-kz-
`m-h-sa-¥m-sW∂p t\m°mw. U¬^nbnse {Ko°v t£{X-Øns‚ ]Sn-™m-dp-`m-KØp≈,
A\p-]m-X-Øn-s‚bpw eb-Øn-s‚bpw ka-{K-X-bp-sSbpw tZh-\mb At∏m-tfm-bp-sSbpw Ing-
°p-`m-K-Øp≈ Aÿn-c-X-bp-sSbpw {Ia-an-√m-bva-bp-sSbpw tZh-\mb Ub-ss\-k-kn-s‚bpw
Nn{Xo-I-c-W-ßsf Bkv]-Z-am°n ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-- n¬ {^U-dnIv \otj c- p-Xcw
kuµ-cy-k-¶-ev]-ß-sf-°p-dn®p hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv Dº¿tSm Ft°m Cßs\ kqNn-∏n-
°p∂p:
‘ Serene harmony, understood as order and measure, is expressed in a Beauty that
Nietzsche called Apollonian Beauty. But this Beauty was at the same time a screen that
attempted to conceal the presence of a disquieting, Dionysiac Beauty, which was not
expressed in apparent forms, but over and above appearances.’
B[p-\n-I-Imew hsc ap{Z hbv°-s∏´ Blvfm-Z-I-chpw A]-I-S-I-chpw \nKq-Vhpw
ssPhn-Ihpw Ccp-- -Xp-amb Cu Ub-ss\-kn-bmIv kuµ-cy-Øns‚ Bhn-jv°-cWw
]m›m-Xy-kw-Ko-X-tem-IØv hen-sbm-c-f-hn¬ ^e-{]m-]vXn-bn-se-Øp-∂Xv Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-
- n-em-Wv. t]m∏p-e¿ kwKo-X-sa∂ h¿K-sØ-Øs∂ ssIb-S-°nb kwKo-X-im-J-Iƒ
Ccp]Xmw \q‰m- nt\mS-SpØpw Ccp]Xmw \q‰m-- ns‚ ]e-L-´-ß-fn-embpw DZ-bw-sIm-
- p. bqtdm-]y≥ N¿®v kwKo-X-tØmSpw Bt{^m˛-A-ta-cn-°≥ h¿°v tkmßp-I-tfmSpw
IS-∏m-Sp≈ ªm°v Ata-cn-°≥ kwKo-X-cq-]-amb ªqkv, bqtdm-]y≥ ¢m n°¬ kwKo-X-
Ø-ns‚bpw B{^n-°≥ kwKo-X-Øns‚bpw thcp-I-fp-≈ \mK-cn-Ihpw k¶o¿Whpw at\m-
[¿a-{]-[m-\-hp-amb ªm°v Ata-cn-°≥ Pmkv kwKo-Xw, ªqkpw Pmkpw XΩn¬°-e¿∂
dnYw B≥Uv ªqkv, dnYw B≥Uv ªqkn¬ \n∂p-¤-hn-°p-Ibpw {ZpX-K-Xn-bn-ep≈ ]mZ-N-
e-\-߃°v {]m[m\yw \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvX tdm°v kwKo-Xw, CuWsØ ]n∂n-em°n
Xmf-K-Xn-b-\p-k-cn-®p≈ kwkm-c-Øn\p {]m[m\yw \evIp∂ dm]v kwKoXw F∂nh Ch-
bn¬ Nne-Xm-Wv. CtXmsSm∏w Pm n-s‚bpw dnYw B≥Uv ªqkn-s‚bpw kzm[o\Øn¬
cq]w-sIm- kvIm, kvIm kwKo-X-Øns‚ Xo£vW-cq-]-amb tdm°v sÃUn, Chbn¬\n∂v
B{^-n°≥ thcp-I-fn-te-°p≈ aS-°sØ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ ds§ XpS-ßnb Pssa-°≥ kwKo-
X-cq-]-߃, Ico_nb≥-˛-B{^n°≥˛ em‰n≥ Atacn°≥ kwKo-X-coXnIƒ F∂nhIqSn
]cnKWn°ptºmƒ ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb ¢m n°¬/t^mIv h`-P-\sØ At]£n®v kwKo-
XØns‚ h¿Ko-I-c-Ww, kmt¶XnIX F∂nhbn¬ kw`hn® NSp-e-]cnWma-ß-fpsS
sshhn[yw hy‡-am-Ipw.
h¿W-i-_-fhpw hnNn{Xhp-amb ^mj\n-ep≈ thjhn[m\-߃, tIƒhn°mtcm-Sp≈
sshImcnIXo-£vW-amb kwth-Z-\-X-{¥-߃, Ah-Xm-c-I-tcm-sSm∏w t{]£-Icpw tN¿∂v
Km\hpw \rØhpw GtIm]n∏n°p∂ {]I-S-\-߃, {]IrXnsbbpw arK-ß-sfbpw XpSßn
t{]X-ß-sf hsc \mhpw hmbbpw Ihnfpw sXm- bpw ]e XcØnep]-
tbmKn®psIm- p\ncvΩn® A\p-I-c-Wm-fl-I-amb i_vZ-߃ F∂nhbn-eqsS Idp∏ns‚
thcp-Ifp≈ Kmb-I¿ krjvSn® khntij-kw-KoXw bqtdm-]y≥-˛-A-tacn°≥ kuµ-cy-aq-
ey-ß-tfmSv s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂ns√∂v t]m¿jy auƒkv_n ]d-bp-∂p.
\mZ-Im-esØ
Sound time - Unmeasured
Measured - Metronomic
Non-metronomic (Speech, Music, Sound)
F∂p h¿Ko-Icn°p∂ Xntbm hm≥ eyqh≥ kwKo-XØnse ]cnamW-Ir-Xy-Xbn√mØ
Imew Bt{^m-˛-A-tacn°≥kzm[o\Øns‚ ^e-amsW∂p kqNn∏n°p∂p. kwKo-
XØnse Ime-]cnamW-Ir-XyX Hc¿∞Øn¬ kmt¶XntIm]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS klm-bw-
sIm- p km[n°p∂-Xm-Wv. b{¥-ß-fpsS KWnXim-kv{X-]-c-amb IrXy-Xsb
am\pjnIambpw Iem-]-c-ambpw adnIS-°p-∂Xv CØcw Iem-X-{¥-ßfneqsS-bm-Wv. kwKo-
Xmfl-I-amb i_vZ-ß-sf-°-pdn®p≈ km{º-ZmbnI[m-c-W-Isf XncpØp∂ ]co-£-W-߃
¢m n°¬ ]mc-º-cy-ap≈ Nne kwKo-X-⁄cpw \SØnbn´p≈Xn\m¬ C°mcyØn¬ Hcp
kmam-\y-h-Xv°-c-WØn\p {]k‡nbps- ∂p tXm∂p∂n√. ssS]v ssd‰¿, SmIvkn
tlm¨, s{]ms∏-s√¿ XpSßnbh-bpsS i_vZ-߃, kwKo-Xm-fl-I-a-√mØ shdpw-kw-km-c-
߃ F∂nhsbms° Ahcn¬ ]ecpw kwKo-X-inev]ß-fn¬ ]co£n®n´p- v. F¶nepw
]m›m-Xy-kw-Ko-XØns‚ hyh-ÿm]nXaqeyßfn¬ h∂ NSp-e-amb ]cnWma-ß-sf∂
\nebn¬ B{^n°\nkßsf hnebncpØmw.
tIc-fØn¬, `mc-XØn¬Øs∂, Ccp]Xmw \q‰m-- n¬ \nehn¬h∂ ]pXnb Iem-cq-]-
ßfn¬ {][m\w kn\nabm-Wv. ]c-º-cm-K-X-I-em-cq-]-ßfn¬\n∂p hyXy-kvX-ambn kn\na
{]mYanIambnØs∂ imkv{X-˛-km-t¶XntIm]-I-c-W-ßsf B{ibn°p∂p. kn\nabn¬
kmt¶XnIambn IS-∂p-h∂ i_vZØns‚ km∂n[ysØ ]m›m-Xy-temIw A¬
tPm¨k¨s‚ Zn Pmkv knwKdneqsS BtLmjn®t∏mƒ (-Hcp thm-sUhn¬ Kmb-Is‚
IY {]tabamb Cu kn\nabv°v kmt¶XnIm¿∞Øn¬ Pm p-ambn _‘an√) i_vZw
IS-∂p-h∂ Imew apX¬ kn\namKm-\-߃ Gsd-°psd C¥y≥kwKo-XØns‚ Ahn`mPy-
L-S-I-ambn; kn\nabnse Zriyhn\ymkØneqsS-bp≈ BJym-\-sØ-Øs∂ khntij-
ambn \n¿hln°p∂Xns‚ C¥y≥am-Xr-I-Ifnsem∂mbn. ae-bm-fkn\nabn¬ BZy-Im-
eØv Sn.-sI. tKmhnµdm-hphns\t∏m-ep≈ ¢m n°¬ kwKo-X-⁄cn¬ XpSßnb Km\m-
em-]\w ]n∂oSv ¢m n°¬/t^mIv F∂ hn`P-\sØ adnIS∂v kn\namkw-Ko-X-sa∂
khntijhn`mK-ambnØo¿∂p. Ccp]Xmw \q‰m- ns‚ ]q¿∆m¿≤Ønse kwKo-X-\m-S-I-
Km\߃°p ]Icw DØ-cm¿≤Øn¬ kn\namKm\߃°p kZr-i-amb \mS-I-Km-\-߃
henb {]Nmcw t\Sn. Nne kzm[o-\-߃°p IS-∏m-Sp-s- ¶nepw ¢m n°¬/t^mIv F∂
]c-º-cm-K-X-th¿Xncnhns\ A{]-k-‡-am°n P\{]nbX-bpsS s]mXp-a-WvU-esØ tI{µo-
Icn®v kn\namKm-\-߃ Hcp khntij-kw-h¿K-ambn. kn\namkw-Ko-XØns‚ BZy-Im-e-
{]-tbm-‡m-°-fpsS sshhn[yam¿∂ i_vZ-߃°p ]Icw kv{Xo˛-]p-cp-j-i-_vZ-߃°v
Nne amXr-I-Iƒ Iev]n°s∏-´p. `mj-bnse kzc-hy-RvP-\-߃t]mepw kwKo-Xm-fl-I-am-
bh/A√m-Øh F∂p Xcw Xncn°s∏-´p. kwKo-X-ssienbn¬ Nne ]mt‰-Wp-Iƒ am{Xw
\nc-¥cw Bh¿Øn°s∏-´p. Cu amXr-I-I-fpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ \nehn¬h∂
kn\namkw-Ko-X-hym-I-cWw ¢m n°¬ kwKo-X-]-≤Xnbpambn _‘-s∏´ {ipXn˛e-b-hy-h-
ÿ-bpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬Øs∂ cq]-s∏´XmWv. AXm-bXv ae-bm-fkn\namkw-Ko-
XØnse {]_-e-imJ ¢m n°¬kw-Ko-XsØ efn-X-hXv°cn®p \n¿Ωn® `mh-Ko-X-ß-fp-
tS-Xm-Wv.
kn\namkw-Ko-XsØ At]£n®v kzX-{¥hpw [mcmfw km[y-X-Iƒ Ah-tijn°p∂-Xp-
amb taJ-e-bmWv ASpØ ImeØv [mcm-f-am-bp-- m-Ip∂ kwKoXB¬_-ß-fp-tS-Xv.
kn\nabpw B¬_-ßfpw ]c-kv]cwkzm[o\n°p∂Xn\pw DZm-l-c-W-ß-fp-- v. tIc-fØn¬
kwKoX B¬_-ßfnsebpw {][m-\-[mc `mh-Ko-X-Ønt‚-Xm-Ip-∂p. AXm-bXv kn\namKm-
\-ß-fpsS A[o-i-Xz-]-c-amb s]mXpkwth-Z-\-io-e-ßsf Ahbpw adnIS-°p∂n√.
CØcØnep≈ {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ km[y-am-Ip-∂Xv kwKo-X-⁄cpw kwKo-X\ncq]-Icpw
s]mXpth ]n≥]‰p∂ kwth-Z-\-ioew kwKo-XØns‚ hyh-ÿm]nXamb cq]-am-Xr-I-Ifp-
tS-Xp-X-s∂-bm-Ip-∂Xn\mem-Wv. Pmkn Kn^v‰ns‚ Km\w {i≤n°s∏-´Xns‚ Imc-W-߃
FÆn∏d-bp-∂Xv Cu {]_-‘Øns‚ e£y-a-√. B Km\w Hcp sNdnb kw`-h-sa¶nepam-
Ip-∂Xv AXns\°pdn®p≈ hna¿i-\-ß-fpsS _mlp-eyw-sIm-- pw, AXns\°mƒ B
hna¿i-\-߃ an°Xpw bmYmÿnXnIam-b-Xp-sIm-- p-am-Wv. Ah ]eXpw kuµ-cy-im-
kv{XØnse Bi-b-hm-Z-]-c-amb {]_-e-[m-csb \nba-]-c-amb ]gp-Xp-Iƒ Xncbp∂
_yqtdm-{Im‰nIv B\-µ-tØmsS ]p\: {]XnjvTn°p∂-Xp-sIm- pw ip≤-kw-Ko-Xw, Bflo-b-
X, A\-iz-cX XpSßnb hm°p-Iƒ Xam-i-bm-b-√msX {]tbmKn°p∂-Xp-sIm-- p-am-Wv.

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃

ae-bmfw

Zmtam-Z-c≥ \ºq-Xncn∏mSv, ImWn-∏-øq¿, hym-Jym. X{¥-k-ap-®-bw. Ip∂w-Ipfw: ]©mwKw


]pkvX-I-im-e. 2003.
\ºym¿, F. sI. tIc-f-Ønse \mS≥I-e-Iƒ. tIm´bw: \mj-\¬ _p°v Ãmƒ. 1989.
\mcm-b-W-∏n-jm-tcm-Sn, sI. ]n. IqØ-º-e-ß-fn¬. tIm´bw: \mj-\¬ _p°v Ãmƒ. 1981.
apØøm `mK-h-X¿, F¬. kwKo-X-I-ev]-{Zp-aw. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f- `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
1989.
cho-{µ-\m-Yv, F. sI. Z£n-tW-¥y≥ kwKo-Xw. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: kmwkvIm-cn-I-{]-kn-≤o-I-
c-W-h-Ip-∏v. 2004.
hmkp-tZ-h≥ ]n≈, IS-Ω-\n-´. ]tS-\n-bpsS Poh-Xm-fw. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f- `mjm
C≥Ãn-‰yq´v. 1997.
sh¶-S-kp-{_-“-Wy-ø¿, Fkv. kwKo-X-im-kv{X-{]-th-in-I. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f- `mjm
C≥Ãn-‰yq´v. 1990.
i¶c≥ \ºq-Xn-cn∏mSv, ImWn-∏-øq¿, ]cn. a\p-jym-e-b-N-{µn-I. Ip∂w-Ipfw: ]©mwKw
]pkvX-I-im-e. 2003.
iin-`q-j¨, Fw. Pn., tIc-f-Ønse Nph¿®n-{X-߃. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf `mjm
C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v. 1994.
{ioam≥ \ºq-Xn-cn, Un., hnh. D]-\n-jXv k¿h-kzw. Xriq¿: k{am´v ]ªo-tj-gvkv. 2004.
kpIp-am-c≥, Sn. ]n. {]Xn-`m-\-]-Yw. tIm´bw: \mj-\¬ _p°v Ãmƒ. 1991.
kpIp-am-c≥, Sn. ]n. D¿h-c-X-bpsS Xmfw. IÆq¿: tUm. Sn. ]n. kpIp-am-c≥ kvamc-I-k-an-Xn.
2003.

Xangv

apcp-I≥, hn., hnh. aØ-f-hn-b¬. sNss∂: C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v Gjy≥ ÃUo-kv. 1988.
hmkp-tZhimkv{Xn, sI., FUn. Xmf-N-ap-Øn-cw. X©m-hq¿: kc-kz-Xo-a-l¬ \qeIw. 1998.

kwkvIrXw

hmkp-tZhimkv{Xn, sI., FUn. kMvKo-X-Z¿]W: X©m-hq¿: kc-kz-Xo-a-l¬. 1952.


kp{_-“-Wy-im-kv{Xn, Fkv. kwKo-X-c-Xv\m-Ic: sNss∂: AU-bm¿ sse{_dn B≥Uv
dntk¿®v sk‚¿. 1992.

Cw•ojv

Eco, Umberto, edi. On Beauty. London. Secker and Warberg. 2004.


Leeuwen, Theo Van. Speech, Music, Sound. London: Macmillan. 1999.
Said, Edward W. Musical Elaborations. London: Vintage. 1992.
Sambamurthy, P. South Indian Music Book V. Chennai: The Indian Music Publishing
House. 2002.
Scott, Derek B., edi. Music, Culture, and Society. London: Oxford. 2000.
Shepherd, Joseph and Peter Wikke. Music and Cultural Theory. Cambridge: Polity Press.
1997.

Electronic Publications

uwillman@facstaff.wise.edu.
daverusin@mathniu.edu.
at\mPv Ipdq¿ Manoj Kuroor
sNdnb Ipdq¿ Senior Scale Lecturer
]md-ºpg ]n. Hm. Dept. of Malayalam
tIm´bw 686 032. N. S. S. College, Pandalam.
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