Mn hoc: Phn in trong nha may in va tram bin ap

Chng 2

CAC CH LAM VIC CUA IM TRUNG TNH

Trong h thng in ba pha, im trung tnh la im chung ba cun dy ni hnh sao cua may phat in hay may bin ap co trong h thng. im trung tnh cua h thng in co th cach in i vi t, ni t qua cun dp h quang hay ni t trc tip. Tnh trang lam vic cua im trung tnh co anh hng n vic chon cac thng s cua bao v r le, chon mc cach in cho cac may in va kh cu in , chon cac bin phap ni t v.v... 2.1/ Mang in ba pha trung tnh cach in i vi t: 2.1.1/ Tnh trang lam vic bnh thng:

a/

b/ Hnh 2.1 Hnh 2.1a : S mang in n gian gm mt may phat in, ng dy va phu tai. Hnh 2.1b : th vect in ap va dong in: Mi mt pha cua mang in, i vi t co mt in dung nao o,

phn b u doc theo ng dy. n gian, chung ta coi rng in dung cua 3 pha i vi t, i xng va tp trung gia ng dy. Gia cac dy dn cac pha khac nhau, cung co cac in dung, nhng ai lng cua no, khng co anh hng n s phn tch tnh trang lam vic cua im trung tnh, nn khng cn chu y n va khng biu din chung trn hnh ve.
Nhom Nha may in - B mn H thng in - HBK a Nng

Mn hoc: Phn in trong nha may in va tram bin ap

Trong tnh trang lam vic bnh thng, in ap cua 3 pha i vi t Ua, Ub, Uc i xng bng in ap pha cua thit b. Do o dong in dung cua cac pha I C0A, I C0B, IC0C cung i xng vi nhau va tng cua chung bng khng, cho nn khng co dong nao chay trong t.
IC0A+ IC0B+ IC0C = 0 I
* C0A * * *

=I
*

C0B

=I
*

C0C

= C .

Dong in trong cac pha cua may phat in IFA, IFB, IFC bng:
I FA = I ptA+ IC0A I FB = I ptB+ IC0B I FC = I ptC+ IC0C
* * * * * *

T th Vect thy rng dong in dung co anh hng lam giam goc lch pha cua dong in trong cac may phat, tc la no co kha nng lam tng h s cng sut . 2.1.2/ Khi co mt pha cham t: Gia thit rng pha C cua mang in cham t trc tip, khi o in ap i vi t cua pha C bng khng. in ap cua pha C bng khng co th coi nh tai ch cham t, c t thm vao mt in ap th t khng bng -Uc. Nh vy, in ap mi cua cac pha i vi t U'A , U'B , U'C bng tng hnh hoc in ap cac pha i vi t trc khi cham t va in ap th t khng.

Hnh 2.2

a/

b/
Nhom Nha may in - B mn H thng in - HBK a Nng

Mn hoc: Phn in trong nha may in va tram bin ap

* , * *

U A =U AUC U B =U BUC UC =UCUC

* , * * * , * *

=0

T th vect hnh b d dang tnh c:

U A = 3U A U B = 3U B UC = 0
* , * , * * , *

Tc la in ap cua pha b cham t bng khng, con 2 pha kia tng ln 3 ln ( bng in ap dy ). Do o, dong in dung qua in dung cua pha b cham t bng khng, con dong in dung qua in dung cua hai pha kia tng ln 3 ln so vi dong in dung luc bnh thng.
I CC = 0; I

ve tnh c dong in chay trong t (cung la dong in chay trong pha b cham t nh sau).
IC = I CA + I CB = 3I
* * * CA

Chung ta quy c chiu dong in tnh t dy dn vao t, t hnh

CA

= 3I

C0

CB

= 3I

C0

=3I

C0

=I

Tc la dong in dung trong pha b cham t tng ln gp 3 ln dong in dung bnh thng. ai l ng tuyt i cua IC co th xac nh nh sau:
I
C

= 3I

C0

3U f X
C

= 3UfC

Trong o Uf la in ap thit b . T o ta thy rng dong in in dung phu thuc vao in ap , tn s va in dung cua pha i vi t . in dung cua pha i vi t lai phu thuc vao cu tao va chiu dai ng dy. Vi tn s cng nghip , dong in dung Ic co th xac nh theo cng thc kinh nghim sau y : i vi ng dy trn khng : i vi ng dy cap: y: Ud L : :
IC = Ud.L [A] 350 IC = Ud.L [A] 10

in ap dy cua thit b [ KV]. Chiu dai tng cng cac ng dy co ni in vi nhau [Km ] .

T th vect ( H.2.2b) ta thy rng :

Nhom Nha may in - B mn H thng in - HBK a Nng

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Mn hoc: Phn in trong nha may in va tram bin ap

* , * , * , B *

U AB =U AU U BC =U BU
* , * , * , * ,

=U
*

AB

* , C

=U BC =U CA
*

U CA =U C U

* , A

Nh vy in ap dy trc va sau khi cham t mt pha khng thay i. Tom lai khi cham t trc tip 1 pha, th tnh hnh mang in co nhng thay i sau: a) in ap cua pha cham t bng khng, con hai pha kia tng ln bng in ap dy. b) Dong in in dung trong pha cham t tng ln 3 ln, con hai pha kia tng 3 ln. c) in ap dy cua thit b trc va sau khi cham t khng thay i. d) in ap cua im trung tnh tng t khng n in ap pha. Do dong in dung sau khi cham t rt nho so vi dong phu tai va in ap dy khng thay i, nn cac phu tai vn lam vic bnh thng. Tuy vy, i vi mang in nay ngi ta cung khng cho phep lam vic lu dai vi mt im cham t, v nhng nguyn nhn sau y: a) Sau khi cham t, in ap cua cac pha con lai tng ln 3 ln so vi in ap pha, do o nhng ch cach in yu se b choc thung va gy ra ngn mach gia cac pha. khc phuc phai thit k cach in chu c in ap dy dn ti tng gia thanh thit b. b) Dong in dung se sinh h quang, co th t chay cach in tai ch cham t va dn n ngn mach gia cac pha. Vi mt tr s nht nh cua dong in dung, h quang se chay chp chn ngha la chay i tc lai mt cach chu ky. V mang in la mt mach vong dao ng nn hin tng nay se dn n qua in ap, lam cho in ap cac pha tng ln n (2,5 3)ln in ap pha nh mc. Do o cach in cua cac pha khng b cham t d dang b choc thung va dn n ngn mach gia cac pha, mc du no a c thit k bng cach in in ap dy . Quy trnh ky thut vn hanh quy nh mang in co th lam vic vi trung tnh cach in i vi t - nu dong in cham t mt pha la: - Khng ln hn 20 30A i vi mang 6 10KV - Khng ln hn 15A i vi mang 15 20KV - Khng ln hn 10A i vi mang 35KV Vi mang ln hn 110KV noi chung khng lam vic vi trung tnh cach in vi t v trong cac mang ny d tr cach in rt be. Trong mang trung tnh cach in vi t nht thit phai

co thit b bao tn hiu cham t 1 pha nhn vin vn hanh bit, tm cach sa cha hay thm ch ct lun phn t h hong.
Nhom Nha may in - B mn H thng in - HBK a Nng

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Mn hoc: Phn in trong nha may in va tram bin ap

Cui cung, cn noi thm rng nu cham t 1 pha qua 1 tng tr trung gian nao o, th in ap pha b cham t ln hn 0 nhng nho hn U f , con in ap 2 pha kia ln hn U f nhng nho hn Ud va in ap trung tnh ln hn 0 nhng nho hn U f. 2.2 /Mang in ba pha trung tnh ni t qua cun dp h quang : Nh a noi trn, cac mang in 35KV tr lai, khi cham t 1 pha ch cho lam vic vi dong in in dung nht nh. V vy, trong nhng mang in nay khi dong in dung ln hn, trung tnh cua mang in phai c ni qua cun dp h quang, giam dong in in dung tai ch cham t. Cun dy dp tt h quang la mt cun dy in cam co loi thep t trong 1 thung cha y du may bin ap. Trng b ngoai rt ging may bin ap in lc 1 pha. in khang cua cun dy dp tt h quang rt ln, con in tr cua no khng ang k. in khang co th thay i c bng cach thay i s vong dy hoc khe h cua loi thep

Hnh 2 - 3 Trong iu kin lam vic bnh thng, in ap t ln cun dp h quang coi nh bng 0, v in ap cua im trung tnh gn bng 0, do o trong cun dy dp tt h quang khng co dong in.Khi 1 pha cham t trc tip, in ap im trung tnh tng ln bng in ap pha, do o cun dy dp tt h quang t di in ap pha va trong no se co dong in in cam IL chm

pha so vi in ap im trung tnh 1 goc 90o. Kt qua la tai ch cham t, se co dong in IL va Ic ngc pha nhau. Nu iu chnh IL thch hp th dong in tai ch cham t bng 0, h quang khng th xut hin. Trong thc t vn hanh, phai ong ct cac ng dy nn dong Ic thay i do o khng th thc hin c IL = Ic . Mt khac, ngi ta mun rng dong in tai ch cham t sau khi bu con co 1 tr s nao o, cho bao v r le tac ng cho tn hiu bao cho nhn vin trc nht bit kp thi sa
Nhom Nha may in - B mn H thng in - HBK a Nng

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Mn hoc: Phn in trong nha may in va tram bin ap

cha nn ngi ta thng iu chnh IL > Ic tc la I = IL Ic > 0 . Mang in c iu chnh nh vy goi la mang qua bu. Cn chu y rng trong mang in trung tnh ni t qua cun dy dp tt h quang, cach in pha cung phai c thit k bng cach in dy. Mang in 3 pha trung tnh cach in hay ni t qua cun dp h quang, goi la mang co dong in cham t be va cn phai co thit b kim tra tnh trang cach in. 2.3/ Mang in ba pha trung tnh trc tip ni t :

a/ Ni t trc tip b/ Ni t qua in khang nho . Hnh 2.4 Cac mang 110KV va cao hn, u co trung tnh trc tip ni t v nguyn nhn sau y. - Dong in dung cua cac mang nay rt ln do in ap cao va chiu dai ng dy ln. - Du co dung cun dp h quang cung khng giai quyt c nhc im cua mang in co dong cham t be la khi cham t 1 pha in ap cac pha con lai tng ln bng in ap dy, trong khi o d tr cach in cua cac mang in ap ln hn 110KV rt be, nn cach in d dang b choc thung dn n ngn mach gia cac pha, tng cng d tr cach in trong cac mang nay rt tn kem. u im c ban cua mang in trung tnh trc tip ni

t la lam cho gia thanh kh cu in va cach in ng dy re hn v ch cn ch tao vi in ap pha. Tuy vy mang in trung tnh ni t cung co nhc im sau : - Trung tnh trc tip ni t th khi cham t 1 pha la ngn mach thit b bao v se ct mach in lam cho vic cung cp in b ngng tr. Tuy nhin, thc t vn hanh chng to rng phn ln trng hp cham t 1 pha cua ng dy trn khng in ap ln hn 1000V ch la tam thi. Nn
Nhom Nha may in - B mn H thng in - HBK a Nng

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Mn hoc: Phn in trong nha may in va tram bin ap

mang nay thng dung thit b t ng ong lai giam thi gian mt in cua cac h tiu thu n mc thp nht. - Do dong in cham t 1 pha rt ln nn thit b ni t phc tap va t tin. - Dong in ngn mach 1 pha co th ln hn dong in ngn mach 3 pha. han ch dong in ngn mach 1 pha phai tng in khang th t khng bng cach giam bt s im ni t trung tnh trong h thng in hoc ni t trung tnh qua mt in khang nho. Li in trung tnh trc tip ni t hay ni t qua in khang nho (co in ap ln hn 1000V ) u goi la li in co dong in cham t ln (> 500A ). Cn chu y thm rng i vi cac mang in be hn 500V u lam vic vi trung tnh trc tip ni t khng phai v nguyn nhn tit kim cach in ma am bao an toan cho ngi. Ngoai ra mang in nay ngi ta con dung dy trung tnh ly in ap pha.

Nhom Nha may in - B mn H thng in - HBK a Nng

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