2 power transformer

2.1
(power transformer)

2.2 (specification)
(specification)
IEC std, IEEE/ANSI std.
(ratings and features) specification

MVA cooling
cooling

insulation level
neutral
creepage distance bushing
off-load / on-load tap-changer
tapping range
tap-changer
vector group
% impedance voltage max. rating
top oil temperature rise
winding temperature rise
(noise)
bushing current transformer
system fault level
losses evaluation factor
bonus for losses
penalty for losses

MVA rating
vector group
voltage ratio / range
impedance voltage max-normal-min tap position
tap-changer control scheme

tank, sealing conservator, fault / short circuit (rate of
2 power transformer 1

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fault occurrence)

2.3 (losses) impedance

2.3.1 no-load loss
(energize) load
open no-load current
sinusoidal wave harmonic
(steel core) non-linear
no-load loss flux density, frequency, /
(grade) /
no-load loss harmonic
power factor
2.3.2 load loss
load
- I2R
- eddy current loss
- stray loss tank, core clamp
load loss I2R loss leakage flux
turn
(magnetic coupling) no-load
magnetic flux load ampere-turn
leakage flux flux

leakage flux
- short circuit
- eddy current loss
- stray loss
- reactive power reactive voltage drop
2 power transformer 1

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 load loss
(resistance)
I2R loss eddy current loss
loss 75 C
85 C 105C 120C guarantee

stray loss
resistance coefficient
eddy current loss stray loss
load losses power factor
capacity power factor watt-meter
2.3.3 impedance
impedance per unit impedance
short
(rated current) (rated voltage)
per unit voltage per unit impedance
percent impedance voltage
per unit impedance = Z
per unit resistance = R load loss kW kVA rating
per unit leakage reactance = X kVAR kVA rating
Z, ,R X ohm

Z 2 = R2 + X2
per unit rated impedance = V2/KVA
positive negative sequence impedance
positive sequence impedance source balanced three phase
zero sequence impedance
single phase terminal
line source ground source neutral
(multi-winding transformer)
impedance tap tap
impedance
- voltage regulation, start motor
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-
- load
- impedance
(stiffer)
- load losses impedance load
losses
- impedance
impedance
impedance

2.4 guarantee tolerance

guarantee impedance losses normal tap
guarantee
impedance losses
tolerance
- no-load load losses
=
0
- impedance at normal tap position
= + / - 7.5-10%

2.5 cooling transformer loading

2.5.1 cooling: core

cooling duct core
cooling surface hot spot (middle leg) top
yoke flux


loss stray flux
2.5.2 cooling: winding

(natural convection) natural cool (ON OA)

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forced air cool (ONAF OA/FA)
pump forced oil
cool (OF) forced oil forced air cool (OFAF FOA)
thermodynamic
hydrodynamic
temperature rise
fibre optic
hottest spot temperature
loading hottest spot temperature rise
temperature rise temperature rise test
(average temperature) hottest spot temperature

(ambient temperature)
total losses (core + load
loss) 75 C 85 C insulation
top oil temperature top oil temperature rise
rated current
dc resistance
resistance
resistance
(switch off)
average winding temperature rise hottest
spot temperature rise

2.6 transformer loading

IEC std., IEEE/ANSI std. guide to loading of oil immersed
transformers load insulation-ageing

2.7 transformer insulation

2.7.1 transformer insulation system

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- major insulation phase ground,

phase leg
major insulation oil duct
(solid spacer)
(barrier board)
- minor insulation turn, tap, section


voltage stress
- (power frequency voltage)
(stress)
load tap changer
unground single line to ground
fault line to line
major insulation
-
(impulse voltage)
surge direct stroke induced stroke

shielding grounding surge arrester

surge arrester
minor insulation
- - (switching surge)

circuit breaker high frequency

oscillation over voltage air blast breaker low inductive current
vacuum breaker
2.7.2 insulation level dielectric test
insulation
level
voltage stress
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 power frequency
(highest system voltage)
impulse insulation level
rating surge arrester
- applied voltage test insulation
- induced voltage test insulation (turn to turn insulation)
partial discharge
discharge
- impulse voltage test insulation

- switching voltage test

2.8 connections tapping

2.8.1 connections
transformer connection
vector Yyn0, Dy1, high
voltage Y, D, Z wye, delta, zigzag
high voltage neutral YN, ZN
low voltage phase displacement
HV 12
wye
delta phase displacement 0 30 Yy0, Dy1, Dy11, Yd1, Yd11

delta connection wye connection
voltage ratio 2.5 auto connection
connection
2.8.2 delta tertiary
wye-wye d : delta tertiary
connection load (unloaded delta) zero sequence
impedance third harmonic voltage
losses
(three limb core) zero sequence triplen harmonic flux
2 power transformer 1

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 reluctance zero sequence

impedance triplen harmonic voltage (five limb core)
three single phase bank
2.8.3 tappings
tap HV constant flux voltage variation
HV tap induced flux
LV tap LV variable flux voltage variation
HV tap HV induced flux
tap LV
induced flux LV
tapping losses impedance tap
impedance (mechanical withstand)
tap impedance
impulse tap tap
impulse tap insulation tap
tap resonant frequency frequency frequency switching surge
resonant frequency tap

2.9 (short circuit withstand)

2.9.1


fault level

- insulation tape bus
- neutral series reactor fault
- bus fault level
- auto-reclosing
- tertiary winding insulate terminal
load
2.9.2
2 power transformer 1

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250C 2
(current density) 94 A/mm2 impedance short
circuit current density short circuit
current 2
2.9.3 dynamic effect
(conductor)
(mechanical force and stress)
peak (asymmetry current) asymmetry factor : k
X/R
X= reactance
R=
peak k2
k X/R 14 k2 =2.55
k2 2.828 R
three phase
zero impedance positive impedance
zigzag impedance
leakage flux
(right hand rule) leakage flux
leakage flux
source hoop tension
hoop compression /
(buckle)
(press board)
insulating support
stress geometric symmetry
stress
self support winding


2 power transformer 1

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 leakage flux
flux flux radial
axial radial flux (axial force)
balance magnetic center

magnetic center (axial force)
axial collapse (tilting)
support spacer end support collapse axial
pressure
hoop compression
axial force spiral tightening hoop compression
(discontinuity) crossover disc coil,
lead, tapping support
2.9.4 short circuit test
short circuit test
routine test short circuit

impedance (geometry)
impedance
impedance
2%
0.5%

2.10 (sound level)

2.10.1
no-load
magnetic force

- magnetostriction alternating
magnetic flux

2 power transformer 1

10

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 magnetize 2
flux 50 Hz 100, 200 Hz
- mechanical vibration
structure
- tank wall
- damping
magnetrostriction

sound level meter microphone, attenuator, amplifier,
indicating meter sound pressure logarithm scale
dB
2.10.2
vibration - natural frequency mechanical part

(audible tone)
(radiator) (plain
unreinforce tank wall) natural frequency 100 /
(clamping) natural frequency

auxiliary equipment
flux density

2.11 accessories

-
- no load tap changer
- on load tap changer
-
- radiator and conservator
- cooling fan
- cooling pump
2 power transformer 1

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- temperature controller
- (self protection)
- buchholtz relay
- sudden pressure relay
- sudden pressure relief
- winding temperature
- oil temperature
-

2.12

load
(capacity) load

-
- transformer losses

operating maintenance

2.12.1 losses

- no-load loss
energized
- load loss : I2
losses
- losses

- losses

losses losses
unit price

2 power transformer 1

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no-load loss energize

inflation rate
(present worth)
load losses load

demand charge
average load factor losses factor
load
no-load loss losses
2.12.2 (repair or replace)

losses

2.12.3 (insulation life)

(mechanical strength)

ANSI std. cellulose
load (average winding
temperature) 95C ( insulation class 105) 105C ( insulation
class 120) 6.5x104 ( 7.4 )
load dairy load

30 loading
120C hottest spot 140C overload
200%
load loading guides for oil-filled
transformer IEEE/ANSI std. IEC std.

2 power transformer 1

13

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2.13
2.13.1
power transformer
- (visual inspection)
arrival check inspection (unloading)

dew point meter
shock recorder battery shock recorder
-
- part bushing, radiator accessories
- condenser type bushing dielectric loss
measurement (tan delta) ()
- cover plate bushing
dry air

- bushing, radiator, conservator, cooling fan, control cubicle,

accessories
- lock OLTC
OLTC
- hot line oil filter OLTC filter

- core
, ground insulation
resistance meter (megger ohm meter) ()
- voltage ratio tap
- exciting current low voltage ()
- winding resistance
- dielectric loss
- (vacuum)
OLTC main tank
OLTC OLTC
(rubber bag) conservator tank
2 power transformer 1

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vacuum pump valve cover plate (

valve conservator tank) condense
conservator tank ()
- vacuum pressure
- purify dielectric strength

- tank
- dry air conservator
0.3 bar 24 .
- dielectric
- insulation resistance
- dielectric loss
- (wiring)
- OLTC, cooling,
- breather, silica-gel
- OLTC cooling fan
- dissolved gas analysis reference
- no-load energize 6
-
- load
2.13.2

2.13.2.1
visual inspection
-
- bushing OLTC driving mechanism
- breather silica-gel main tank OLTC
- ?
2 power transformer 1

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- volt-meter amp-meter, temperature indicator, oil level gauge,

tap-position indicator visual check

2.13.2.2 6 / 1
dissolved gas analysis : DGA

capacity 6

7 bottom valve

- hydrogen gas hydrocarbon gas partial discharge
- hydrogen gas hydrocarbon gas acetylene gas
overheat carbon
dioxide gas hydrocarbon gas

- overheat acetylene arc
- carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
cellulose load

key gas, ratio method, , rate of increase,

oxidation
sludge


OLTC mechanism
cooling fan bearing 6 1
overhaul OLTC
contact
50,000 5 tank
cover control cabinet
2 power transformer 1

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cellulose press board
(ageing) oxidation cellulose


free water
dry out

- dew point measurement
nitrogen filled (equilibrium)
partial pressure partial pressure
dew point

- oil test oil filled equilibrium

partial pressure partial pressure
Karl Frischer

- insulation resistance dry out
( PI:
polarization index)
OLTC OLTC
- dielectric loss tangent tan delta / 20 - 90C
tan delta 20C
90C


Karl Frischer
6-12 capacity
2 power transformer 1

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dielectric strength

acid, oxidation inhibitor, interfacial tension,

2 power transformer 1

18

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 2
Magnetizing Inrush Current
energize no load exciting current
induced flux magnetizing current
core loss
- magnetizing current induced voltage lead 90
- core loss in phase supply voltage
- induced voltage (out of phase 180) supply voltage
- magnetizing current in phase induced flux
- exciting current induced voltage 90
- capacity Ie Im
energize transient magnetizing inrush current
source winding energize normal rated current
inrush current energizing
-
- resistance energizing circuit : system resistance, winding resistance, core loss
- system
- saturation curve
- remanence flux
- energize power source voltage
Inrush current

2 power transformer 1

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ie
R

switch S

switch S

1
energize magnetizing current
flux ampere-turn B-H curve magnetizing current
(distort) sinusoidal wave flux sine wave
switch S magnetizing ie flux
magnetize hysteresis loop R (remanence flux)
switch S wave form source
flux remanence flux R ( lead induce voltage 90 : e = -d/dt)
flux flux
switch S energize flux

switch S
transient inrush current
2

ies
ie

max(t)
R

(t)

max

switch S

switch S

2
2 power transformer 1

20

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 switch S energize energize flux

peak : -max (t) remanence flux
switch S flux flux
flux R -max (t)
flux - (t) curve sine
wave oscillate B-H curve
max 2max+R
flux switch S energize maximum 2
max flux
R -max t=0 di/dt source (
flux )
flux 2 1 oscillation frequency
2 DC component exponential time constant
L/R 2 flux oscillate remanenece flux flux
saturation core inrush () time
constant L/R saturation core
2-3 cycles saturation L
resistance loss damp saturation L
time constant inrush

2 power transformer 1

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V = Vmsin ( t+)

di + iR
dt
H dL

= NI

H =

+ R

v
Ni
Ni
NI
B =
= A
h
h
h

.
.
= kI

Complementary Function

di
L
dt

+ iR = 0
.

d
KL
dt

di
dt

If R << L

+ K R = 0
1
d = KR dt = R dt

KL
L
Rt
= C1 e L

+ iR = V m sin( t + )

di
dt
KLd
L

= V m sin(t + )
= V m sin(t + )dt

Vm
sin(t + )dt
KL
V
= m cos(t + )
KL

V
Rt
T = m cos(t + ) + C1 e L
KL

t = 0, = R
Let t = 0 , R = Vm cos(0 + ) + C1
KL

V
If m = max
KL

R = max cos + C1 C1 = R + max cos

Rt
T = max cos(t + ) + (R + max cos) e L

At

t = and = 0
R

T = max ( 1) + (R + max ) whereas e L 1

= 2max + R

2 power transformer 1

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vector group
terminals single phase phase angle
different primary secondary three phase
primary, secondary
phase angle different primary secondary terminals
vector diagram
- primary secondary in-phase
induced emf.
- induced emf. three phase balance
displacement 120
vector group phase voltage
3 phase
primary
delta: D, star: Y, interconnection (zigzag): Z
secondary
delta: d, star: y, interconnection (zigzag): z
phase displacement induced e.m.f.
primary terminal-neutral ( imaginary neutral) secondary
terminal-neutral phase vector secondary primary
phase sequence
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
30 60 90 120 150 180 4 group
group 1: zero phase displacement
Yy0, Dd0, Dz0
group 2: 180 degree phase displacement
Yy6, Dd6, Dz6
group 3: 30 degree lag phase displacement
Dy1, Yd1, Yz1
group 4:
30 degree lead phase displacement Dy11, Yd11, Yz11
phase displacement

vector group
high side terminal A low side
terminal c 400 volts 3 phase high side terminals
terminal high side low side neutral
high side low side terminals

2 power transformer 1

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Yy0

a
N

B c

Yy6

A1
B1
C1
N

Dy1

a2
b2
c2

a
A
A2 b
B
B2 c
C
C2

a2
b2
c2

a1
b1
c1

a1
b1
c1
n

A a
A2
B b
B2
C c
C2

a2
b2
c2

a1
b1
c1

a
n

A1
B1
C1

B
Dy11

A a
A2
B b
B2
C c
C2

A1
B1
C1
N

A1
B1
C1

A a
A2
B b
B2
C c
C2

a2
b2
c2

a1
b1
c1

Dy5 Dy11 secondary

Dy11 neutral wye Dy5
phasor

2 power transformer 1

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 vector group
3

1. primary secondary
2. induced e.m.f. in-phase substractive
polarity
3. 3 phase 120 rotation

Dy1
1. Dy1 rotation polarity + 2
a
A +
+ -

c +
C+

--n
+

+
-B
b

2. leg vector
A
A

n
c

leg A

leg C

leg B

3. primary secondary polarity

A
B
C
terminal
+

2 power transformer 1

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4. primary leg polarity vector diagram 1

- A
leg A + terminal B leg
B
- B
leg B + terminal C leg
C
- C
leg C + terminal A leg
A
+

+
-

5. secondary

polarity - + terminal
leg
+

+
-

+
-

vector diagram
polarity vector 3

load

- rated voltage
- polarity
- voltage ratio
- tap voltage % tap voltage tap
2 power transformer 1

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- % impedance maximum MVA base MVA

MVA
- vector group
vector group secondary terminal
vector secondary terminal

Dy1, Dy5

Dy7 Dy11
vector groiup
high side phase
Dy1 Dy5
Dy1 : A, B, C terminal H11, H21, H31
phase rotation secondary terminal x11, x21, x31
phase rotation secondary e.m.f. phase displacement
primary e.m.f. 30
Dy5 : A, B, C terminal H15, H25, H35
phase rotation secondary terminal x15, x25, x35
phase rotation secondary e.m.f. phase displacement
primary e.m.f. 150

x11 x35
x21 x15 x31 x25
phase rotation phase displacement
2 power transformer 1

27

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 high side phase

Dy11 Dy5
Dy11 : A, B, C terminal H111, H211, H311
phase rotation secondary terminal x111, x211, x311
phase rotation secondary e.m.f. phase
displacement primary e.m.f. 150 primary e.m.f. 30
Dy5 : A, C, B terminal H15, H25, H35
phase rotation secondary terminal x15, x25, x35
phase rotation secondary e.m.f. phase displacement
primary e.m.f. 210
Dy11
b-phase A-phase
90
Dy5
b-phase A-phase
90
phase rotation low side Dy5
terminal

x211

x25

2 power transformer 1

x111

28

x35

x311

x25

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 Zigzag
zigzag
bushing
phase bushing 4
line 3 neutral bushing (ground)
bushing bushing
wye delta
interconnection zigzag

- grounding transformer
ungrounded system delta connected source
ground grounding transformer line-ground fault
current protective relay grounding
transformer path zero sequence current
ungrounded Yd (wye-delta transformer)
- load zigzag
primary secondary
ground

A
A1

C1
C

C2 A2 N
B2

Yz11

a4

a3

B1

b1

B c
c4

b2 n
a2 c2

c1

b3

b4

A2 B2 C2
b

a1
c3

A1 B1 C1
Aa Bb Cc
a4 b4 c4
a3 b3 c3
a2 b2 c2
a1 b1 c1

Yz11
2 power transformer 1

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A B C
a4 b4 c4

a4

a3

b1

C c4

b2 N
a2 c2

c1

a1
c3

b3

b4

a3 b3 c3
B

a2 b2 c2

a1 b1 c1

zigzag grounding transformer

Yz Yz1 Yz11 third
harmonic voltage line unbalance loading Dy
connection Dy short circuit current Delta
turn Yz
Dy
Zy ground path ground
current primary (ungrounded source side) unbalance loading
tertiary winding delta

2 power transformer 1

30

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 Insulation Drying Methods

(kraft paper), pressboard,

dry out
(0.5%) (heat) vacuum

Dry out
dry out (heat process)
dry out 2

1.

2.

dry out
3
1

2

(latent heat)

(Moisture Equilibrium)
(vapor)
(partial vapor pressure)
partial vapor pressure partial gas pressure
total pressure
2 power transformer 1

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 maximum partial vapor pressure

(saturated vapor pressure) (P), (V),
(T) (n) ideal gas PV = nRT
Piper chart /

partial vapor pressure dew point
chart relative humidity

partial vapor pressure

ageing
ageing
dry out

(solubility of water)


saturation
part per million (ppm) saturation vapor pressure
vapor pressure saturation relative saturation
percent saturation
relative humidity percentage
80% saturation 80%
saturation
2 ppm 30oC relative saturation
2.5% (2/80) x100 30oC saturation
80 ppm Piper chart 30oC 2 ppm Vapor Pressure = 1 mm Hg
saturation vapor pressure 30oC (1/2.5)x100 = 40 mm Hg

2 power transformer 1

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 vapor pressure equilibrium dry out

sealed type
Piper chart
1 30 oC gas space dew point -36 oC
Piper chart 0.5 %
0.3 ppm 60 oC

2 ppm dew point gas space -15 oC
2 core-coil tank
tank dry out 25 oC
5% Piper chart gas space dew point 0 oC
10 ppm gas space
80 oC 0.5%

Dry Out Transformer

dry out
dry out

(Volume)

different pressure vapor pressure gas space

20 oC 5% (
cellulosic material 20% )
relative humidity 25% (5/20)x100
dry out 0.5 %
Dry Air tank container
vapor
pressure different
dry air dew point -40 oC

2 power transformer 1

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 differential pressure 2.97 mm Hg 3.0 (pressure 5%)

0.07 (pressure 0.5%) 3 mm Hg (torr)
Heat 10 oC
vapor pressure 2 80 oC
drying out different pressure dry out
200 mm Hg 80 oC
ageing
insulation
Vacuum vacuum pump
differential pressure tank gas
tank vapor pressure
gas space vacuum different pressure
dry air
(latent heat)
Heat and Vacuum vacuum
cycle dry air
vacuum dry out
hot oil circulation drain vacuum
5
gas space heat and
vacuum tank vacuum
pump
cold trapper vacuum pump vacuum
conservator tank conservator tank trapper
main tank conservator tank blind flange vacuum
valve main tank
Vapor Phase vapor phase heating
heat and vacuum hot
solvent vacuum tank,
heat system, solvent, condenser vacuum pump
- Heat Cycle core coil vacuum
tank tank vacuum pump
2 power transformer 1

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 70 mm Hg boiling point solvent 100 oC solvent

vacuum super-heated liquid
vacuum solvent solvent tank
tank pressure 5 mm Hg vapor pump vapor
vacuum tank vapor solvent core
(condense)
10-20 vacuum
pump condenser solvent vacuum tank
solvent gravity
- Vacuum Drying
vapor solvent
condenser vacuum pump vacuum
pressure 0.5 mm Hg 100 oC Piper
chart 0.1% dry out 1-4

vacuum pump ultimate pressure
vapor pressure dry out
dry out 50 oC 0.5% vacuum pump
ultimate pressure 0.6 mm Hg ( Piper chart)

Dry Out Site ( Field Practices)

Heat Vacuum field bushings
leads dry-air tank purge
safety
0.5%
installation manual
5%
core coil tank hot oil circulation hot oil spray
vapor phase hot oil spray oil film
dry out dew point dew
point -35 oC 0.2 Kg/sq-cm 12-24
30 oC dry out 24

2 power transformer 1

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 site dew point -25 oC

ambient 30 oC 1%
Drying Time dry out
dry out pressure different
vacuum
differential pressure
vapor pressure 80oC 0.5% partial pressure 5
torr vacuum pump 0.02 torr 0.1 torr differential
pressure 50.02 = 4.98 torr 50.1 = 4.9 torr
diffusion time
vacuum pump 0.05 torr
hot oil circulation oil purifier insulation
insulation overhaul
hot oil circulation
capacity 12,000 / 80oC main tank 12,000
2,000 3% 60 100 ppm
80oC 1.2 12,000
100 ppm 1. 1.2
1.5 1.0% 10
20
core structure
100 ppm
dry out vacuum
pump maximum different partial pressure
dry out site ageing
accessories bushing, radiator, conservator
hot oil circulation
vacuum leads oil/winding
temperature dial gauge tan mega-ohm winding core
LV winding LV bushing vacuum
65oC dry out accessories
vacuum
2 power transformer 1

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 dry out
1. dew point meter gas phase dry out
process dry out
Piper chart
gas phase
() 0.2 bar

12-24
2. tan dry out
plot dry out
dielectric strength
under vacuum 30 volt
3. megger ohm meter tan
100 volt
4. cold trapper vacuum
5. vacuum gauge vacuum
pump
6. thermometer vacuum

dry out vapor

pressure site heat hot oil circulation
vacuum
dry out

2 power transformer 1

37

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ie
R

switch S

switch S

ies
ie

max(t)
R

(t)

max

switch S

2 power transformer 1

switch S

38

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