SLUMS IN PAKISTAN

MEMBERS:
BBA 9B

Letter of Authorization

I hereby authorize: Beenish Akram, and assign her the topic of problem of slum and problem by slum as her English assignment. This is an assignment which includes research and survey in business communication workshop.

Sincerely: Sir.Rauf

Date: 02-05-2009

Letter of Transmittal

This assignment was an experience unlike any other I have had before. This assignment was particularly hard to research. There were difficulties in the research because not much information is available online or in books regards slum of Pakistan. This took many hours of research that included online and survey. Also while completing this assignment I found out a lot of interesting facts and figures about Lahore and some interesting area in Karachi. Above all I got a chance to understand what makes an economy run and what kinds of difficulties are faced by any nation when it comes to see underdeveloped area. Another interesting experience while completing this assignment was when I found out how our country has a special relation with poor people. Some people feel pain for them but some are not. Overall this assignment proved to be one that led me to learn more about our country and its economy and behavior towards poor people overall.

TABLE OF CONTENT
1.

Introduction.4 2. Summary..............................5 3. Slum..6 4. Poverty in Pakistan.7 5. Poverty & slum...8 6. Survey in Lahore...10 7. Problem of slum on johar town...11 8. Survey in shadare.13 9. Problem by slum..14 10. Lahore development authority..15 11. Effect by slum...17 12. Owner ship right of slum resident..18 13. Slum upgrade18 14. Case study of Karachi...19 15. Conclusion.....25 16. Recommendation..26

Introduction

The Pakistan is very diverse in the sense that it has many people who are leaving below the poverty line. Pakistan is a developing country. Pakistan population has steadily risen in its history. Poverty has almost always surpassed the other people who are living easily in country when we take a glance at the history of Pakistan. Many of the department such as developing authorities of Pakistan is in countries that have bilateral relations along with rural area in Pakistan. Slum are increased steadily throughout the history of Pakistan Slum and their present in Pakistan play role economically and politically. Pakistan has wide range of slums.

Summary
Slum is a run-down area of a city characterized by substandard housing. The characteristics associated with slums vary from place to place. Slums are usually characterized by urban decay high rates of poverty unemployment They are commonly seen as "breeding grounds" for social problems such as Crime drug addiction alcoholism high rates of mental illness and suicide. In my report I focusd the condition of Pakistan in a katchi abadi point of view, Pakistan is home to a significant proportion of the worlds poor. Almost a quarter of the countrys 158 million people survive beneath a poverty line. When people migrate to urban areas they don't have proper shelter to cover themselves and they try to have their own shelters and which result in formation of new slum. When we took a glance on the history of Pakistan last twenty six years from 1976, the total population increase has been 50.13%, whereas, the number of household in these slum areas have risen by 35.68%, having a low trend between 1986 and 2000. According to the survey , Lahore is in a need of 80,000 units per year but to negative feature of the uncorroborated problem is that the building permits is only to 27,000 annually. So people construct that takes place in the city so called 'Katchi abadis that is also called slum of the city. I focused the Lahore city in my survey, and it describes the area of Lahore and the slum portion in the city. Survey is conducted in the area of the johar town and shahdare area there is low income living pople who live hand to mouth. And different slums are there to effect the daily life. And they are who people who live below the poverty line. Their sourse of income is begging and dependent others. This report show the living way of slum dweller in Bherpind and in shadara. This also explains the problem of developing authorities in this area.

Slum

A slum, as defined by the United Nations agency UN-HABITAT, is a run-down area of a city characterized by substandard housing and squalor and lacking in tenure security. According to the United Nations, one billion people worldwide live in slums. The term has traditionally referred to housing areas that were once respectable but which deteriorated as the original dwellers moved on to newer and better parts of the city, but has come to include the vast informal settlements found in cities in the developing world. The characteristics associated with slums vary from place to place. Slums are usually characterized by urban decay high rates of poverty unemployment They are commonly seen as "breeding grounds" for social problems such as Crime drug addiction alcoholism high rates of mental illness and suicide. In many poor countries they exhibit high rates of disease due to unsanitary conditions, malnutrition, and lack of basic health care. Many shack dwellers vigorously oppose the description of their communities as 'slums' arguing that this results in them being pathologies and then, often, subject to threats of evictions. Many academics have vigorously criticized UN-Habitat and the World Bank arguing that their 'Cities without Slums' Campaign has led directly to a massive increase in forced evictions.

Although their characteristics vary between geographic regions, they are usually inhabited by the very poor or socially disadvantaged. Slum buildings vary from simple shacks to permanent and well-maintained structures. Most slums lack clean water, electricity, sanitation and other basic services.

Poverty in Pakistan
Pakistan is home to a significant proportion of the worlds poor. Almost a quarter of the countrys 158 million people survive beneath a poverty line evaluated as the cost of basic food and essential non-food items and which has been adopted as the benchmark for progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This indicator stood at 26.1% in 1990 but rose to 34.5% by the end of that decade. The figure of 23.9% reported by the most recent household survey conducted in 2004/05 therefore implies a rate of poverty reduction which would meet the 2015 target of 13%. However, the survey draws attention to the large number of families living just above the poverty line, warning that their status is very sensitive to economic shocks such as food price inflation. Adult literacy remains just over 50% and, in rural areas, literacy of women is only 20%. Poor awareness about the MDG amongst both public and private sectors allows the government to escape censure for inaction, for example, its exceptionally low spending on education and health which together amounts to less than 5% of GDP.

Poverty and Slums (Pakistan)

Poverty is not only having a low income but it is rather scarcity of essential capabilities and that comparative scarcity is related to income which can lead to absolute deprivation this is the argument which is placed by the Amritya Sen. He further says that income is not the only mechanism in extracting capabilities; there are many other social and cultural factors as well. He came up with the term 'instrumental significance' for low income whereas; he pointed out the various deficiencies as 'intrinsically important'. These intrinsically important factors could be disability and old age which require a bread winner to spend more on that old person or it could unequal distribution of resources or any other socially important reason but the conclusion is capability deprivations and result in migration from rural areas to urban areas for better opportunities. When these people migrate to urban areas they don't have proper shelter to cover themselves and they try to have their own shelters and which result in formation of new slum. The table below shows the population of slum areas in Lahore with respect to number of house holds. Population in 1974, 1986, 2000, are (709,000 1,036,000 1,064,400) respectively Number of Households (109,077- 164,000 -148,000) respectively (Source: Mohib&Hassan. The Case of Lahore Pakistan) Taking the year 1974 as a yardstick we can find out that, till 1986, the population augmented by 46.12% and the number of households increased by 50.35%, a little more than the population increase. Comparing this up to these last twenty six years from 1976, the total population increase has been 50.13%, whereas, the number of

household in these slum areas have risen by 35.68%, having a low trend between 1986 and 2000. However, creating housing units is not only solution in accommodating the less affluent class of our society, rather maintenance issues should be sorted out before thinking of building new ones. According to the survey , Lahore is in a need of 80,000 units per year but to negative feature of the uncorroborated problem is that the building permits is only to 27,000 annually. Often, the construction that takes place in the so called 'Katchi abadis', is sometimes undocumented and surface way to auxiliary densification. The housing units are developed or in other words maintained solely by the people themselves every year, government support or subsidies are not provided to them. Therefore, the residents of these units themselves pool in for maintenance such as sanitation, water and other necessities needed to make out their living and make both ends meet. This has gone to the extent that they even have invested in the creation of schools in these slum areas.

Problem
Problem of slum Problem by

slum
Problem in local area

Problem in developing city

Survey in Lahore

The people of Lahore, when they want to emphasize the uniqueness of their town say Lahore is Lahore. The traditionally capital of the Pakistan is Punjab for a thousand years. Location The district lies between 31 15' and 31 43' north latitudes and 74 10' and 74 39' east longitudes. Boundary The district is bounded by Sheikhupura district on the north and seperation the two districts by Ravi River, on the east by the Indian district Amritsar and on the south by Kasur district. Area The total area of the district is 1,772 square kilometers. Lahore covers a total land area of 404 km. Lahore is the second largest city in Pakistan with a population of roughly 8.5 million. The traditional capital of Punjab for a thousand years, it had been the cultural center of Northern India extending from Peshawar to New Delhi. Government and administrative division: The Lahore district comprises nine administrative towns and one separate military cantonment but there are also some historic neighborhoods of Lahore. Demographics: According to the 1998 census 86.2%, or 6,896,000 of the population are Punjabis, 10.2% or 816,000 are Muhajirs. There are known to be more than a million Pashtun in Lahore probably about 15% of the population. Finally, the Seraikis at 0.4% number about 32,000.

Johar town slum

In Johar Town, the population comprises of 1.2 million people are there. Astonishingly, the private schools and government school are there. It has been found out that there are 509 private schools and 76 government schools, and out of these 71% of school age children are enrolled in private schools. When it comes to the health sector, even here, the private clinics out number public clinics with them being 468 and the government clinics having as low a number as 18. They are being run by health visitors and qualified doctors. Other health facilities are run by NGO's in this area. LAHORE

Problem in slums of johar town

According to survey, its clear that

Place of origin: it is a village in earlier of Pakistan establishment. There are many villages in this area for example sattu katla, berhpind, are the two main villages that made the johar town when it become under the Lahore developing authority. Slum area: johar town, area of 3600 acre land and about of one third of area is covered by Katchi abadi that is called slum in our language. Household size: they are minimum 5-7 persons in a jhopri. And only 1-2 people are doing something to obtain the basic need of life. Plot size /Occupancy status: in this survey they are living in one canal plot and jhopari are 15-22 in that space. They are giving 300 per jhopari to different owner of there area. Monthly income: many people are there who have been earning 100-200 per day but it is not fixed income. And 85% slum dweller gets 3000 per month.

Place of work: according to survey they are earning through begging and different labor of daily bases. No fix place in jhor town for that place, mostly women doing work in different house and earning 3000-4000 per month. But men face difficulty to get job because they are not educated and not have skill. Facilities: There are no facilities provided by government like electricity, water and Sui gas etc. they are bagger of water in there nearby area.

In my survey I focused berhpind that is a big slum area in johar town. During the survey I came to know that there is a mansha and malik group who are the owner of the slums. There two things are cleared that they have no pure water and no proper water system. They are giving rent of there slums to some powerful groups. They said government never take care of their lives they are just a toys for government during the election for their vote after that no one there to ask about or help them to take out that dirty area. Mostly in johar town slum the main source of there income is daily base wages and some of them pick garbage from different areas. So they earn maximum 2000-4000 in a month but there are 5-7 members in a family and only one person earning is used to fulfill their necessities. In one canal area there are seven jhopar paati allotted` and each one paid 300 rents in a month. And they are also paying bill nearby home about to 4000 in a month for a canal area. According to this survey came to know that they are facing Water problem Food problem Electricity problem No facilities of education Facing different diseases Government pays no attention towards them

They have no skillful knowledge for getting the job for their betterment They are also facing different Qabza group in there area. And they all migrate from one location to another just because of these groups.

Survey in Shahdara
According to a survey of Shahdara conducted by Mohib and Hassan, income of 20 households was verified, and it was found out that average income of these households was ranging from Rs. 4,500 to Rs. 6000 with average per capita income being as low as Rs. 500. Highest household income had been Rs. 28,000 and the lowest had been Rs. 1,500 was is extremely low not just as compared to the rising cost of living but according to being a resident of the slums. This frequently turn into complicated situation to meet the expense of a life when on average the number of children in a residence is 9.5 as habitually families have four children and above. This is also shored up by the fact that the birth rate in Shahdara is 40.8 per 1000 people. With this surged birth rate, there will be a need of more and more housing units to lodge these people without merely getting their living conditions improved. The sewage, water and electricity problems continue more often in these areas. LDA has been a significant curriculum for the enhancement and regularization for the slums of Lahore. For the accomplishment of this curriculum, a loan of $ 7.3 million was taken from the Asian Development Bank and the World Bank in 2000 although the inhabitants would deny it. The governments representative have say that relevant work has been completed in slum areas and leases have been issued to 108,245 housing units as compared to a total of 415,000 units. However, there is

no declaration of the particulars accessible for any work conceded out through these councilor/MNA/MPA funds because of the nonexistence of monitoring and there is a elevated weight age that these funds may have been distorted. These slum areas are not openly connected with the city infrastructure for the reason that of which improvement programs fail.

Problem by slums
People face difficulties due to poor people. I focused the problem in local area and also take a glance on the problem in developing the Lahore city due to this slum dweller. Local people face problem: The outcome of the survey is briefly mentioned below:

Pollution: they are facing pollution due to the slum people. About 89% women of johar town facing this problem/ Theft: the theft ratio is increased with in 10 year is 34-63% due to the jhopar pati of bherpind in johar town. immorality: children of that area captured in smoking and unethical issue rise in the johar town area is 34% Drugs addiction: this is the main problem of the society because this increases the ratio of the drugs supplier because slum people adopt this as a source of income.

Impression: creating bad impression is one of the favorite topic of the johar town women. They complained about them.

Lahore development projects LDA (Lahore developing authority)

On Tuesday, July 01, 2008 in LAHORE THE governing body of the Lahore Development Authority (LDA) in a meeting approved Rs 13.88b annual budget for 2008-09, of the authority and its subordinate agencies, WASA and TEPA. The meeting was held on Monday in which it was stated that the collective income of LDA, WASA and TEPA has been estimated at Rs 13.88b against expected expenditures of Rs 12.715b including Rs 7.74b earmarked for development works in Lahore. The total income of LDA has been estimated at Rs 8.07b against the expected expenditures of Rs 5.64b. The amount included development expenditure of Rs 3.9294b. For the development of housing sector, LDA will spend Rs 1.41b, which included development of necessary infrastructure in housing schemes LDA will also spend Rs 1b on the construction of new buildings during the fiscal year 2008-2009. The construction of LDA Urology Hospital at a cost of Rs 50m and completion of civil works for LDA office in Johar Town at a cost of Rs 70m. A new programmed for repair and maintenance of roads namely Lahore Rehabilitation Programmed will be launched at a cost of Rs 500m. These projects included construction of Madar-e-Millat Road from Pindi Stop, Maulana Shaukat Ali Road to Ghazi Chowk, College Road, Quaid-e-Azam Town, at a cost of Rs 325m; , MA Johar Town at a cost of Rs 18m; improvement and carpeting of internal roads in Blocks P, R, and M in Johar Town at a cost of Rs 18m; road from Butt Chowk, College Road to WASA Tanki No 4, Quaid-e-Azam Town at a cost of Rs 21m; widening, improvement and carpeting of road in Block Q. LDA will also spend Rs 430 million for improvement of internal roads in various housing schemes. Development works in Lahore Press Club Housing Scheme will

cost Rs 200 million whereas provision of basic amenities in Katchi Abadis will cost Rs 50m during the fiscal year 2008-2009. The new schemes of TEPA include rehabilitation of Shabbir Usmani Road from Y Junction, New Garden Town to Maulana Shaukat Ali Road at a cost of Rs 10.370m, construction of Southern Bypass Road from Ferozepur Road to College Road (Old Ring Road) at a cost of Rs 10 million and construction of Structure Road from Expo Centre, MA Johar Town to Valencia Town, Lahore at a cost of Rs 30 million. There are many projects in Lahore and Lahore developing authority are playing role in construction and improve the city. Specially Lahore developing authority after that Ecumenical Resource Center Ecumenical Commission for Human Development No. 88, Street No. 8, Modern Colony, Nazareth Road, Kot Lakhpat, Lahore 54000 Pakistan Tel: 0092-42-5002311, E-mail: info@echd.org.pk Play important role in human betterment. The investment in Lahore development in 2006-2008 is -Lahore Compositing, US$5 million, Aug 08 -Water Sector, US$38 million, Jun 08 -Electricity, US$257 million, Jun 08 -2nd Poverty Alleviation Fund, US$75 million, Oct 07 -Polio Eradication, US$21.14 million, Jun 08 -Punjab Education, US$900 million, Jun 07 -Punjab-Irrigation, US$248 million, Jun 07 -Second Poverty Reduction Support, US$350 million, May 07

Different project effect by the slums

Expo centre Lahore is underconstruction such as long delayed Lahore expo centre, the Mubarak complex, consisting of four towers and a small eclipse shaped building, housing uniquely designed apartments along with a five story covered shopping mall, which will be biggest and most exclusive shopping and entertainment complex in the region.The project is being carried out as a joint venture between the Abu Dhabi Group and the Government of Punjab. Lake City is a resort and residential development planned on the outskirts of Lahore.

Covering an area of more than 2104 acres, the resort with its lush green parks, sinuous lakes, an 18 hole regulation Golf course and other features.Many other projects under construction in lahore are Pace tower(under construction), Lahore Expo Center, Expo Center tower(under construction), Mubarak Complex(under construction), IT tower(under construction, Lahore Ring Road(under construction), Lahore Sports City(under construction), Kot Lakhpat elevated expressway(approved), Lahore Mass Transit System(under construction),Xinhua mall (completed), Lahore-Sialkot motorway (under construction).The economy is also enhanced by Lahore's historic and cultural importance. Being the capital of the largest province in Pakistan brings the city on of the largest development budget in the country. They are effecting because of the slums near by and they dont vacate the slum area quickly thats why these projects are affected .LDA focus one third policy in which thirty percent is for developed plots and seventy percent for the road,building and park maintenance.it is independent organization and they make state manamgement for protection of lda owned property.

Ownership rights to slum residents

LAHORE: Punjab Chief Minister Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi has directed authorities to grant ownership rights to slum dwellers in Punjab, including 49 slums in Lahore. Presiding over a meeting, he directed the authorities at that time to develop a strategy to provide basic amenities like education, health, potable water, sewerage and electricity to slum residents. Mr Elahi ordered the heads of development authorities to formulate packages for slums. The CM said it was Pakistan Muslim Leagues priority to provide houses to the poor with ownership rights. This is my governments prime objective to improve living standards and provide every facility to all citizens of Punjab, he added. Mr Elahi said the issue of granting ownership rights to slums had been pending since 1985. The PML government has decided to resolve the issue and has taken several steps, he said. He said those who built slums built on Punjab government land before March 23, 1985 would be given ownership rights. The CM said a programmed had been chalked out to provide facilities like education, health and other infrastructure to slum dwellers. Mr Elahi directed the authorities to ensure timely development schemes in slums. The meeting decided to grant ownership rights to slum residents in Bahawalpur, Rahimyar Khan, Gujranwala, Gujarat, Hafizabad, Sialkot, Okara, Sheikhupura, Khanewal, Multan, Rawalpindi, Sargodha and Lahore. He warned any official found delaying the ownership case of a slum resident would be punished.

Slum upgrading
Slum upgrading consists of physical, social, economic, organizational and environmental improvements undertaken cooperatively and locally among citizens, community groups, businesses and local authorities. The main objective of slum upgrading is to alleviate the poor living standards of slum dwellers. Many slums lack basic local authority services such as provision of safe drinking water, sanitation, wastewater and solid waste management. Slums are characterized by unhealthy sanitary conditions, poor and unplanned housing, destitute families and low community cohesion save for lack of identity.

Case study of Karachi area

Case Study Methodology The methodology used for the case study at Ghousia Colony is described as under: 1. Review of available literature, data and information. 1. Informal and formal interviews with the Community leaders, religious leaders, minority representatives and women. 1. Informal interviews with the municipal staff. 1. Informal interviews with the sample households. 1. Discussion with the CBO's and NGO's representatives 1. Focus Group Discussions were held in which homogenous group of participants were selected and invited by the researcher. Specific topics were discussed and outcome of tasks undertaken by the community/ NGO were assessed. Limitation of the Case Study During the course of study following limitations were observed:

Difficulty in communicating with the women respondents at Ghousia Colony. A female helper was employed for the purpose.

Lack of availability of information from the municipal staff and coordination during the field study work.

CASE STUDY
Community Background Location Ghousia Colony is also known as part of Pir Ilahi Buksh (P.I.B) Colony or as 'Aqab' (Behind) Jail Colony. Ghousia Colony is located behind the backwall of Karachi Central Prison. The boundaries of Ghousia Colony are well demarcated with University Road on one side, P.I.B. road on the other side while Al Mohajir Street lies between the Karachi Central Prison and Ghousia Colony and at the back of Ghousia Colony is P.I.B. Colony and City Center Apartments. Ghousia Colony is an inner city slum and is located close to wholesale fruit and vegetable market adjacent to the main traffic arteries and bus terminal. History Colony which was created in early fifties the refugees from India after Independence in 1947. Earlier some sweepers started living in the area and then the area kept growing by accretion. The migrants from India majority settled in the area. Pathans from N.W.F.P. Province working at the fruit and vegetable market and vehicle drivers also settled in the area but mainly on the fringes to allow parking of their owned/ rented vehicles. Security of tenure remained low as extension of Central Prison was planned on this land and basic services were not extended till early eighties when Ghosia Colony was among one of the 72 non- regularizable 'Katchi Abadis'. The colony was regularized in 1984 .People showed genuine interest and assisted the Directorate of Katchi Abadis & Evaluation, (DKAE), and KMC in conducting survey and road alignment work. DKAE demarcated the lanes which were to be widened and roads which were to be constructed for easy movement of traffic and pedestrian movement. A main road was to be created along the Central Prison for security and safety purposes. People voluntarily evacuated their houses lying with the walls of

Central Prison for creating the Al Mohajir Street. The residents sacrificed space, labor and invested on restructuring their houses as per the improved layout plans. For regularization of slums in Karachi, the efforts put in by the community in Ghousia Colony is often quoted who due to fear of eviction, combined their efforts and cooperated with the municipality for getting the legal title of their land. Demographic Data Ghousia Colony is located on an area of 18.5 acres with 1286 housing plots, 121 commercial cum residential plots and 5 amenity plots. Over 90% of the area is residential. The population of Ghousia Colony is approx. 10,000 with an average household size of 8 and one household is doubling up with every tenth household. Socio-economic conditions To assess the socio-economic conditions of Ghousia Colony, the available data and reports were studied and reviewed. The data was then confirmed during community meetings and informal interviews with the community leaders. The outcome of the survey is briefly mentioned below: Place of Origin : Ghousia Colony is composed of people different ethnic groups housing 54% refugees from India (Mohajirs) 22% people from NWFP province (Pathans), 8% Punjabi Christians, 12% Punjabi Muslims and 4% others.

Length of Stay : Around 60% of the households interviewed have Ghousia Colony as their first residence in the city after independence in 1947, while 35% are living here since past 15-20 years. Only 5% households were found residing here with less than 15 years. The major reason of settling here are comparatively low price of land as compared with the adjoining localities, availability of transport, basic infra-structure facilities, nearness to work centers and security.

Household Size: The average household size is found to be 8 with minimum no. of 2 and maximum number of 20 persons in one household. Though 2 to 3 families are also living in one household but are sharing one kitchen. In many cases the first floor is also occupied by the same family.

Monthly Income: Mostly people of low income are living here with an average monthly salary of Rs.3, 000 (US$ 85). Usually one earning member per family was witnessed. Only few housewives are supporting their families as teacher and part time workers. Place of Work : 52% households work at places beyond 10 km while 35% work in an around 2 km periphery from the Ghousia Colony. Occupancy Status : 95% of the households owns the houses while 3% are found to be on rent and 2% rent free. Plot sizes : Plot sizes in the area are very small with an average size ranging between 20-100 sq.yds. The average size being 48 sq.yds. and only 22% houses were found to be more than 60 sq.yds. The smaller size of plots are due to subdivision and bifurcation within a family which has occurred with time. No. of Storey : Around 70% of the houses are single storey, 25% double storeys and 5% three storey houses were witnessed. No. of Rooms : The average no. of rooms was found to be two. One room houses are found to be 30%, two room 45%, three rooms 15% and rest 10% have more than 3 rooms. Obtaining of Lease Title : More than 75% households have obtained lease title of their land from the municipality. Availability of Infra-Structure Facilities and Utilities : Water supply is available in the area through house connections and yard taps. Sanitation facilities exist in the houses with sewer pipe network outside their houses. Electricity and gas connections are available. Street lights are present on the main roads. Peripheral roads are in workable condition. Internal roads and streets are paved but require renovation and improvement. Similarly several of the backlanes are paved or tiled.

Cultural and Ethnic Composition Around 92% of the population of Ghousia Colony is Muslim, while 8% are Punjabi Christians and from lower caste. This community is usually segregated at one location in the colony. The other ethnic communities among Muslims are

'Mohajirs' (people who migrated from India and speaking Urdu as the main language), 'Pathans' (people from NWFP province speaking Pushto language), and 'Punjabis' (people from Punjab province speaking Punjabi language). They speak and understand Urdu' the national language. Due to difference in languages and provinces, the nature and traditions of these people are different yet the cooperation and understanding exists widely among the area. Inter-ethnic problems are usually solved among people themselves especially among ' Pathan while on community issues the consensus is sought from the respected elders and community leaders from all ethnic groups. The survey revealed that a feeling of respect for other communities prevails among different ethnic communities during consultation and discussion process by the researcher. Occupational Profile The survey conducted revealed that laborers are found to be 30 %, people in public and private sector service are found to be 35%, self employed are 30%, retired are 2% and unemployed . Quite many people are found to be employed within the area. Almost all shops in the area are being operated/ managed by the owners depicting a good potential of the area for employment. Due to its close proximity to wholesale Fruit and Vegetable market, the employment is quite easily obtained. The occupational profile of Ghousia Colony is not much different from other inner city slums. Obviously the higher paid occupations are under represented. The distinguishing feature in the area is presence of less skilled labor and more sales workers. The 'Pathan' transporters have also prospered with time. Daily wage earners among the ' mohajirs' and 'Punjabis' are found to be less common due to more education.

Educational Status The literacy level was found to be 44% among the male and 26% among the females. Education among the girls and boys are more common in ' Mohajirs' and 'Punjabis' as compared to ' Pathans'. The Pathan girls only get primary education and afterwards stay at home helping the mother in the household activities.

The 'Mohajir' children after getting education seek for white collar jobs as against 'Punjabis' who prefer business or acquiring technical skills, opening a shop etc. 'Pathans' are in fruit business, unskilled labor and in transport sector as driver, cleaner, helpers, coolies etc.

Conclusion

In the end we see that there are many problems in a country when it has a lower income people. It is not only affecting the local area of that place where they are living but also affects the economy and status of whole country. Similarly in Pakistan, many people lives below the poverty line and they are facing many problem even they have lack of basic necessities of life. Pakistan is a developing country and the big problem is to control the population of the country to give the direction of the country towards progress because they are facing less recourses, less productive people and more poverty is increases. So the main problem is caused by the slum that effect the common man life that I discuss above and mention in my questionnaire and also effect the economy of a city as well as country level. Slums are representing the status of a country and Pakistan has a large number of polluted and underdeveloped areas in form of slums or katchi adadi. Big cities in Pakistan like Lahore and Karachi also have one third area of slums.

Recommendation

In my point of view, We should increase the education level so after that they employee in a better way and help Pakistan towards progress Government should invest to improve the standard of people not in big cities and only for the sake of vote, but also help them to give them space to help the city. Government should try to give opportunity of job to slum people for their better life Different political issue as shown in the report should be away from them so people help them to take out from poverty line. Proper sanitation facilities should be given to them. Ethical learning is also important and they should be given them Government should take this matter to a really concern because this is a really important issue and they should take it serious.

Picture of johar towm slum

Picture of garbage near the johar town

A picture of jhopar paati near the shadhra