CARDIOLOGY IMPORTANT EXAM THEMES

Abnormalities of the ECG Acquired Valvular Disease Actions of cardiac drugs Acute blood loss Acute chest pain Acute endocarditis - Causative organisms Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) Adenosine in SVT Aetiology of cardiomyopathy Alcoholic cardiomyopathy Anticoagulation levels Aortic dissection Aortic regurgitation Arrhythmias/ECG ASD hemodynamics Atrial fibrillation Atrial flutter Atrial myxoma Atrial septal defect Atrio-ventricular dissociation Bicuspid aortic valve Broad complex SV tachycardia Brugada Syndrome Cardiac drugs Cardiac enzymes Cardiac examination Cardiac tamponade Cardiac transplantation Cardiomyopathy Clinical examination Coarctation of the aorta Conditions increasing the risk for MI Congenital rubella syndrome Conn's syndrome Constrictive pericarditis Contraindications to exercise testing Coronary angioplasty Differential diagnosis of myocardial ischaemia Digoxin Discharge following Myocardial infarction Dominant R in V1 Drug interactions with warfarin Drugs causing gynaecomastia

Drugs used in atrial flutter ECG abnormalities ECG changes Eisenmenger's syndrome Electrical alternans End stage cardiac failure - Management Endocarditis Ethanol abuse Evidence Based Cardiology Features of alcoholic cardiomyopathy Features of aortic stenosis Findings in IHD Hyperlipidaemia Hypertension - special circumstances Hypertension in pregnancy Hypertension management Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Risk factors for sudden cardiac arrest Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy Imaging tests in coronary artery disease Infective endocarditis Ischemic heart disease JVP, Pulse, and Heart Sounds Kawasaki's disease Left atrial myxoma Lithium in pregnancy Management of MI Mid-systolic murmur Milkmaid grasp Mitral stenosis Mitral valve prolapse - associations Myocardial Disease Myocardial infarction New drug in cardiology Palpitations and anxiety Paradoxical embolism Peri-infarct period Permanent pacing Pleural effusion Causes Presystolic accentuation Primary Angioplasty Prolonged QT interval Prosthetic valve endocarditis Prosthetic valves Pulse Doppler imaging Raised JVP - Causes

Respiratory distress in neonate Rheumatic fever Rhythm disturbance Right sided valvular involvement Secundum atrial septal defect Short PR interval on the ECG Shunt lesions Split, fixed second heart sound ST-elevation on an ECG Sudden cardiac death Systolic dysfunction - Long-term management Teratogenic drugs Term baby who is cyanosed The JVP Thrombolysis on acute MI Thrombolytic therapy Treatment with proven benefit in DCM Turner's syndrome Unstable angina Unusual facial appearance and aortic coarctation Valve disease Valvular Heart Disease VSD hemodynamics Warfarin

TABLES (To Memorize) Table 1. Causes of an absent radial pulse Dissection of the aorta with subclavian involvement Iatrogenic: post-catheterization Peripheral arterial embolus Takayasu s arteritis Trauma

Table 2. Abnormalities of the S1 Closure of Mitral and Tricuspid valves Loud

Mobile Mitral Stenosis Hyperdynamic states Tachycardic states L-R shunts Short PR interval (=WPW)

Soft
Immobile Mitral Stenosis (calcified) Hypodynamic states Mitral Regurgitation Poor ventricular function Long PR interval RBBB LBBB

Split

Variable
Atrial Fibrillation Complete heart block

VT Inspiration Ebstein s anomaly

Table 3. Abnormalities of S2 (<0.05secs apart) Intensity Loud: Systemic HTN (Loud A2) Pulmonary HTN (Loud P2) ASD (loud P2) Tachycardic States Soft or Absent: Severe AS

Closure of Aortic followed by Pulmonary valves

Splitting Fixed: ASD Widely Split: RBBB Pulmonary stenosis Deep inspiration MR

Single S2 Severe Pulmonary stenosis/Aortic stenosis HTN Large VSD Tetralogy of Fallot Eisenmenger Syn. Pulmonary atresia Elderly

Reversed Split S2 LBBB RV pacing PDA Aortic Stenosis

Table 4. Causes of common abnormalities in the ECG Left Axis Deviation LBBB Left anterior hemi-block (LAHB) LVH Primum ASD Cardiomyopathies Tricuspid atresia Pulmonary emphysema Pericardial effusion Myxoedema Severe obesity Incorrect calibration Cardiomyopathies Global ischemia Amyloid Infancy RBBB RVH E.g. Lung disease, pulmonary embolism, large secundum ASD, severe pulmonary stenosis, tetralogy of fallot. Sinus arrhythmia Sinus bradycardia First-degree heart block Wenckebach phenomenon Junctional rhythm

Low-voltage ECG

Right Axis Deviation

Abnormalities in athletes